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{{Redirect2|.htm|.html||HTM (disambiguation){{!}}HTM}} |
{{Redirect2|.htm|.html||HTM (disambiguation){{!}}HTM}} |
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{{TAFI}} |
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{{selfref|For the use of HTML on Wikipedia, see [[Help:HTML in wikitext]].}} |
{{selfref|For the use of HTML on Wikipedia, see [[Help:HTML in wikitext]].}} |
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{{HTML}} |
{{HTML}} |
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'''Hypertext Markup Language''' ('''HTML''') is the standard [[markup language]] for |
'''Hypertext Markup Language''' ('''HTML''') is the standard [[markup language]] for documents designed to be displayed in a [[web browser]]. It can be assisted by technologies such as [[Cascading Style Sheets]] (CSS) and [[scripting language]]s such as [[JavaScript]]. |
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[[Web browser]]s receive HTML documents from a [[web server]] or from local storage and [[browser engine|render]] the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page [[Semantic Web|semantically]] and originally included cues for the appearance of the document. |
[[Web browser]]s receive HTML documents from a [[web server]] or from local storage and [[browser engine|render]] the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page [[Semantic Web|semantically]] and originally included cues for the appearance of the document. |
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===HTML versions timeline=== |
===HTML versions timeline=== |
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====HTML 2==== |
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; November 24, 1995: HTML 2.0 was published as {{IETF RFC|1866}}. Supplemental [[Request for Comments|RFC]]s added capabilities: |
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:; November 24, 1995: HTML 2.0 was published as {{IETF RFC|1866}}. Supplemental [[Request for Comments|RFC]]s added capabilities: |
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::* November 25, 1995: {{IETF RFC|1867}} (form-based file upload) |
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::* May 1996: {{IETF RFC|1942}} (tables) |
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:* January 1997: {{IETF RFC|2070}} ([[internationalization and localization|internationalization]]) |
::* August 1996: {{IETF RFC|1980}} (client-side image maps) |
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::* January 1997: {{IETF RFC|2070}} ([[internationalization and localization|internationalization]]) |
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====HTML 3==== |
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⚫ | :; January 14, 1997: HTML 3.2<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32|title=HTML 3.2 Reference Specification|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=January 14, 1997|accessdate=November 16, 2008}}</ref> was published as a [[W3C Recommendation]]. It was the first version developed and standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF had closed its HTML Working Group on September 12, 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTML-WG/|title=IETF HTML WG|accessdate=June 16, 2007|quote=Note: This working group is closed}}</ref> |
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⚫ | ::Initially code-named "Wilbur",<ref name="engelfriet" /> HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of [[Netscape]]'s visual markup tags. Netscape's [[blink element]] and [[Microsoft]]'s [[marquee element]] were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies.<ref name="raggett"/> A markup for mathematical formulas similar to that in HTML was not standardized until 14 months later in [[MathML]]. |
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====HTML 4==== |
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⚫ | ::Initially code-named "Cougar",<ref name="engelfriet">{{cite web|url=http://htmlhelp.com/reference/wilbur/intro.html|title=Introduction to Wilbur|author=Arnoud Engelfriet|publisher=Web Design Group|accessdate=June 16, 2007}}</ref> HTML 4.0 adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but at the same time sought to phase out Netscape's visual markup features by marking them as [[deprecation|deprecated]] in favor of style sheets. HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 – SGML.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/conform.html#h-4.2|title=HTML 4 – 4 Conformance: requirements and recommendations|accessdate=December 30, 2009}}</ref> |
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⚫ | :; December 24, 1999: HTML 4.01<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/html401/|title=HTML 4.01 Specification|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=December 24, 1999|accessdate=November 16, 2008}}</ref> was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and its last [https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html4-updates/errata errata] were published on May 12, 2001. |
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⚫ | :; May 2000: ISO/IEC 15445:2000<ref name="iso-html">{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=27688|title=ISO/IEC 15445:2000 – Information technology – Document description and processing languages – HyperText Markup Language (HTML)|author=ISO|year=2000|accessdate=December 26, 2009}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cs.tcd.ie/15445/15445.HTML Cs.Tcd.Ie]. Cs.Tcd.Ie (2000-05-15). Retrieved on 2012-02-16.</ref> ("[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] HTML", based on HTML 4.01 Strict) was published as an ISO/IEC international standard. In the ISO this standard falls in the domain of the [[ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34]] (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document description and processing languages).<ref name="iso-html" /> |
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====HTML 5==== |
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{{main|HTML5}} |
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⚫ | :;October 28, 2014: HTML5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-html5-20141028/|title=HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=28 October 2014|accessdate=31 October 2014 }}</ref> was published as a W3C Recommendation.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.w3.org/2014/10/html5-rec.html.en|title=Open Web Platform Milestone Achieved with HTML5 Recommendation|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=28 October 2014|accessdate=31 October 2014 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | :;November 1, 2016: HTML 5.1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/REC-html51-20161101/|title=HTML 5.1|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=1 November 2016|accessdate=6 January 2017 }}</ref> was published as a W3C Recommendation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/5932|title=HTML 5.1 is a W3C Recommendation|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=1 November 2016|accessdate=6 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/2016/11/html-5-1-is-the-gold-standard/|title=HTML 5.1 is the gold standard|author=Philippe le Hegaret|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=6 January 2017 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | :;December 14, 2017: HTML 5.2<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/REC-html52-20171214/|title=HTML 5.2|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=15 December 2017 }}</ref> was published as a W3C Recommendation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/6696|title=HTML 5.2 is now a W3C Recommendation|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=15 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/2017/12/html-5-2-is-done-html-5-3-is-coming/|title=HTML 5.2 is done, HTML 5.3 is coming|author=Charles McCathie Nevile|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=15 December 2017 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | ; January 14, 1997: HTML 3.2<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32|title=HTML 3.2 Reference Specification|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=January 14, 1997|accessdate=November 16, 2008}}</ref> was published as a [[W3C Recommendation]]. It was the first version developed and standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF had closed its HTML Working Group on September 12, 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTML-WG/|title=IETF HTML WG|accessdate=June 16, 2007|quote=Note: This working group is closed}}</ref> |
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⚫ | :Initially code-named "Wilbur",<ref name="engelfriet" /> HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of [[Netscape]]'s visual markup tags. Netscape's [[blink element]] and [[Microsoft]]'s [[marquee element]] were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies.<ref name="raggett"/> A markup for mathematical formulas similar to that in HTML was not standardized until 14 months later in [[MathML]]. |
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⚫ | :Initially code-named "Cougar",<ref name="engelfriet">{{cite web|url=http://htmlhelp.com/reference/wilbur/intro.html|title=Introduction to Wilbur|author=Arnoud Engelfriet|publisher=Web Design Group|accessdate=June 16, 2007}}</ref> HTML 4.0 adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but at the same time sought to phase out Netscape's visual markup features by marking them as [[deprecation|deprecated]] in favor of style sheets. HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 – SGML.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/conform.html#h-4.2|title=HTML 4 – 4 Conformance: requirements and recommendations|accessdate=December 30, 2009}}</ref> |
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⚫ | ; December 24, 1999: HTML 4.01<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/html401/|title=HTML 4.01 Specification|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=December 24, 1999|accessdate=November 16, 2008}}</ref> was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and its last [https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html4-updates/errata errata] were published on May 12, 2001. |
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⚫ | ; May 2000: ISO/IEC 15445:2000<ref name="iso-html">{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=27688|title=ISO/IEC 15445:2000 – Information technology – Document description and processing languages – HyperText Markup Language (HTML)|author=ISO|year=2000|accessdate=December 26, 2009}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cs.tcd.ie/15445/15445.HTML Cs.Tcd.Ie]. Cs.Tcd.Ie (2000-05-15). Retrieved on 2012-02-16.</ref> ("[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] HTML", based on HTML 4.01 Strict) was published as an ISO/IEC international standard. In the ISO this standard falls in the domain of the [[ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34]] (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document description and processing languages).<ref name="iso-html" /> |
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⚫ | ;October 28, 2014: HTML5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-html5-20141028/|title=HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=28 October 2014|accessdate=31 October 2014 }}</ref> was published as a W3C Recommendation.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.w3.org/2014/10/html5-rec.html.en|title=Open Web Platform Milestone Achieved with HTML5 Recommendation|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=28 October 2014|accessdate=31 October 2014 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | ;November 1, 2016: HTML 5.1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/REC-html51-20161101/|title=HTML 5.1|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=1 November 2016|accessdate=6 January 2017 }}</ref> was published as a W3C Recommendation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/5932|title=HTML 5.1 is a W3C Recommendation|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=1 November 2016|accessdate=6 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/2016/11/html-5-1-is-the-gold-standard/|title=HTML 5.1 is the gold standard|author=Philippe le Hegaret|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=6 January 2017 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | ;December 14, 2017: HTML 5.2<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/REC-html52-20171214/|title=HTML 5.2|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=15 December 2017 }}</ref> was published as a W3C Recommendation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/6696|title=HTML 5.2 is now a W3C Recommendation|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=15 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/2017/12/html-5-2-is-done-html-5-3-is-coming/|title=HTML 5.2 is done, HTML 5.3 is coming|author=Charles McCathie Nevile|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=15 December 2017 }}</ref> |
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; October 1991: ''HTML Tags'',<ref name="tagshtml" /> an informal CERN document listing 18 HTML tags, was first mentioned in public. |
; October 1991: ''HTML Tags'',<ref name="tagshtml" /> an informal CERN document listing 18 HTML tags, was first mentioned in public. |
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; June 1992: First informal draft of the HTML DTD,<ref>{{cite web|last=Connolly|first=Daniel|title=MIME as a hypertext architecture|url=http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992MayJun/0020.html|publisher=CERN|accessdate=24 October 2010|authorlink=Dan Connolly (computer scientist)|date=6 June 1992}}</ref> with seven<ref>{{cite web|last=Connolly|first=Daniel|title=HTML DTD enclosed|url=http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JulAug/0020.html|publisher=CERN|accessdate=24 October 2010|authorlink=Dan Connolly (computer scientist)|date=15 July 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Connolly|first=Daniel|title=document type declaration subset for Hyper Text Markup Language as defined by the World Wide Web project|url=http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/Frame/fminit2.0/html.dtd|publisher=CERN|accessdate=24 October 2010|authorlink=Dan Connolly (computer scientist)|date=18 August 1992}}</ref><ref name="html11">{{cite web|last=Connolly|first=Daniel|title=Document Type Definition for the Hyper Text Markup Language as used by the World Wide Web application|url=http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/MarkUp/Connolly/921125/archive.sh#html.dtd|publisher=CERN|accessdate=24 October 2010|authorlink=Dan Connolly (computer scientist)|date=24 November 1992}} See section "Revision History"</ref> subsequent revisions (July 15, August 6, August 18, November 17, November 19, November 20, November 22) |
; June 1992: First informal draft of the HTML DTD,<ref>{{cite web|last=Connolly|first=Daniel|title=MIME as a hypertext architecture|url=http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992MayJun/0020.html|publisher=CERN|accessdate=24 October 2010|authorlink=Dan Connolly (computer scientist)|date=6 June 1992}}</ref> with seven<ref>{{cite web|last=Connolly|first=Daniel|title=HTML DTD enclosed|url=http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JulAug/0020.html|publisher=CERN|accessdate=24 October 2010|authorlink=Dan Connolly (computer scientist)|date=15 July 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Connolly|first=Daniel|title=document type declaration subset for Hyper Text Markup Language as defined by the World Wide Web project|url=http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/Frame/fminit2.0/html.dtd|publisher=CERN|accessdate=24 October 2010|authorlink=Dan Connolly (computer scientist)|date=18 August 1992}}</ref><ref name="html11">{{cite web|last=Connolly|first=Daniel|title=Document Type Definition for the Hyper Text Markup Language as used by the World Wide Web application|url=http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/MarkUp/Connolly/921125/archive.sh#html.dtd|publisher=CERN|accessdate=24 October 2010|authorlink=Dan Connolly (computer scientist)|date=24 November 1992}} See section "Revision History"</ref> subsequent revisions (July 15, August 6, August 18, November 17, November 19, November 20, November 22) |
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===Transition of HTML Publication to WHATWG=== |
===Transition of HTML Publication to WHATWG=== |
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{{See also|HTML5#W3C and WHATWG conflict}} |
{{See also|HTML5#W3C and WHATWG conflict}} |
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On 28 May 2019, the W3C announced that WHATWG would be the sole publisher of the HTML and DOM standards.<ref name="W3C transfer blog">{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/2019/05/w3c-and-whatwg-to-work-together-to-advance-the-open-web-platform/|title=W3C and WHATWG to Work Together to Advance the Open Web Platform|last1=Jaffe|first1=Jeff|date=28 May 2019|website=W3C Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529021122/https://www.w3.org/blog/2019/05/w3c-and-whatwg-to-work-together-to-advance-the-open-web-platform/|archive-date=29 May 2019|dead-url=no|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="W3C transfer HTML">{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/html/|title=W3C and the WHATWG Signed an Agreement to Collaborate on a Single Version of HTML and DOM|last=|first=|date=28 May 2019|website=W3C|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529012655/https://www.w3.org/html/|archivedate=29 May 2019|dead-url=no|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="W3C transfer memo">{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html|title=Memorandum of Understanding Between W3C and WHATWG|last=|first=|date=28 May 2019|website=W3C|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529012854/https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html|archivedate=29 May 2019|dead-url=no|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="W3C transfer ZDNet">{{cite news |last1=Cimpanu |first1=Catalin |title=Browser vendors Win War with W3C over HTML and DOM standards |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/browser-vendors-win-war-with-w3c-over-html-and-dom-standards/ |accessdate=29 May 2019 |work=ZDNet |date=29 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529021959/https://www.zdnet.com/article/browser-vendors-win-war-with-w3c-over-html-and-dom-standards/ |archivedate=29 May 2019}}</ref>Previously, W3C and WHATWG published different standards both claiming to be authoritative, but the WHATWG standard was followed by major browser vendors. The W3C standard were forks of the WHATWG standards that were only versioned. |
On 28 May 2019, the W3C announced that WHATWG would be the sole publisher of the HTML and DOM standards.<ref name="W3C transfer blog">{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/2019/05/w3c-and-whatwg-to-work-together-to-advance-the-open-web-platform/|title=W3C and WHATWG to Work Together to Advance the Open Web Platform|last1=Jaffe|first1=Jeff|date=28 May 2019|website=W3C Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529021122/https://www.w3.org/blog/2019/05/w3c-and-whatwg-to-work-together-to-advance-the-open-web-platform/|archive-date=29 May 2019|dead-url=no|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="W3C transfer HTML">{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/html/|title=W3C and the WHATWG Signed an Agreement to Collaborate on a Single Version of HTML and DOM|last=|first=|date=28 May 2019|website=W3C|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529012655/https://www.w3.org/html/|archivedate=29 May 2019|dead-url=no|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="W3C transfer memo">{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html|title=Memorandum of Understanding Between W3C and WHATWG|last=|first=|date=28 May 2019|website=W3C|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529012854/https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html|archivedate=29 May 2019|dead-url=no|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="W3C transfer ZDNet">{{cite news |last1=Cimpanu |first1=Catalin |title=Browser vendors Win War with W3C over HTML and DOM standards |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/browser-vendors-win-war-with-w3c-over-html-and-dom-standards/ |accessdate=29 May 2019 |work=ZDNet |date=29 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529021959/https://www.zdnet.com/article/browser-vendors-win-war-with-w3c-over-html-and-dom-standards/ |archivedate=29 May 2019}}</ref> Previously, W3C and WHATWG published different standards both claiming to be authoritative, but the WHATWG standard was followed by major browser vendors. The W3C standard were forks of the WHATWG standards that were only versioned.<ref name="W3C forks">{{cite web |title=W3C - WHATWG Wiki |url=https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/W3C |website=WHATWG Wiki |accessdate=29 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529013834/https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/W3C |archivedate=29 May 2019}}</ref> Recognizing that two variants of the HTML standard is harmful, W3C agreed to work with WHATWG to develop one standard that is maintained by WHATWG.<ref name="W3C transfer HTML" /> |
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==Markup== |
==Markup== |
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WYSIWYG editors remain a controversial topic because of their perceived flaws such as: |
WYSIWYG editors remain a controversial topic because of their perceived flaws such as: |
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* Relying mainly on layout as opposed to meaning, often using markup that does not convey the intended meaning but simply copies the layout.<ref>[http://xhtml.com/en/xhtml/reference/blockquote/ XHTML Reference: blockquote]. Xhtml.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-16.</ref> |
* Relying mainly on layout as opposed to meaning, often using markup that does not convey the intended meaning but simply copies the layout.<ref>[http://xhtml.com/en/xhtml/reference/blockquote/ XHTML Reference: blockquote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325160356/http://xhtml.com/en/xhtml/reference/blockquote/ |date=2010-03-25 }}. Xhtml.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-16.</ref> |
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* Often producing extremely verbose and redundant code that fails to make use of the cascading nature of HTML and [[CSS]]. |
* Often producing extremely verbose and redundant code that fails to make use of the cascading nature of HTML and [[CSS]]. |
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* Often producing ungrammatical markup, called [[tag soup]] or semantically incorrect markup (such as {{code|lang=html|code=<em>}} for italics). |
* Often producing ungrammatical markup, called [[tag soup]] or semantically incorrect markup (such as {{code|lang=html|code=<em>}} for italics). |
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{{sisterlinks|d=Q8811|c=category:HTML|b=HyperText Markup Language|v=HTML|n=no|q=no|s=no|wikt=HTML|m=Help:HTML in wikitext|mw=HTML restriction|species=no}} |
{{sisterlinks|d=Q8811|c=category:HTML|b=HyperText Markup Language|v=HTML|n=no|q=no|s=no|wikt=HTML|m=Help:HTML in wikitext|mw=HTML restriction|species=no}} |
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*{{DMOZ|Computers/Data_Formats/Markup_Languages/HTML/Reference/}} |
*{{DMOZ|Computers/Data_Formats/Markup_Languages/HTML/Reference/}} |
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* |
*[[WHATWG]]'s [https://html.spec.whatwg.org/ HTML Living Standard] |
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* |
*[[W3C]]'s [https://www.w3.org/TR/html/ HTML specification (latest published version)] |
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* |
*[https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Guide/ Dave Raggett's Introduction to HTML] |
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* |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110412130543/http://computemagazine.com/man-who-invented-world-wide-web-gives-new-definition Tim Berners-Lee Gives the Web a New Definition] |
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{{Web browsers|fsp}} |
{{Web browsers|fsp}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Html}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Html}} |
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[[Category:HTML]] |
[[Category:HTML]] |
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[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1990]] |
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1990]] |