Lightbreather (talk | contribs) →Recent developments: mos, date format |
Miguel Escopeta (talk | contribs) →Background: correcting a common misunderstanding (The ATF counted all vendors. It is not correct to assume that all vendors are selling guns when they are not.) |
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After the [[Columbine High School massacre]] on April 20, 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate in the U.S.<ref name=BMSG2000>{{cite web |date=January 1, 2000 |title=The debate on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers |url=http://www.bmsg.org/resources/publications/issue-8-the-debate-on-gun-policies-in-US-and-midwest-newspapers |publisher=[[Berkeley Media Studies Group]] |accessdate= }}</ref><ref name=NCSL2000>{{cite web |author=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=June 1, 2000 |title=Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate. |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/COLORADO+AFTER+COLUMBINE+THE+GUN+DEBATE.-a063840684 |website=The Free Library by Farlex |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Group]] |accessdate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.thirdway.org/publications/7/AGS_Report_-_No_Questions_Asked_-_Background_Checks_Gun_Shows_and_Crime.pdf|title=No Questions Asked: Background Checks, Gun Shows, and Crime |publisher=[[Americans for Gun Safety Foundation]] |date=April 1, 2001}}</ref> Those concerned about the shows believe they are a source of illegally trafficked firearms, both domestically and abroad.<ref name=ATF-FTG2000>{{cite web |url=http://www.atf.gov/pub/fire-explo_pub/pdf/followingthegun_internet.pdf |title=Following the Gun |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 2000 |publisher=Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030331095704/http://www.atf.gov/pub/fire-explo_pub/pdf/followingthegun_internet.pdf |archivedate=March 31, 2003}}</ref><ref name=GAO09709>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/291223.pdf |title=Firearms Trafficking: U.S. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to Mexico Face Planning and Coordination Challenges |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 2009 |page= |website=gao.gov |publisher=United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) |id=GAO-09-709 |accessdate=June 24, 2014}}</ref> |
After the [[Columbine High School massacre]] on April 20, 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate in the U.S.<ref name=BMSG2000>{{cite web |date=January 1, 2000 |title=The debate on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers |url=http://www.bmsg.org/resources/publications/issue-8-the-debate-on-gun-policies-in-US-and-midwest-newspapers |publisher=[[Berkeley Media Studies Group]] |accessdate= }}</ref><ref name=NCSL2000>{{cite web |author=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=June 1, 2000 |title=Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate. |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/COLORADO+AFTER+COLUMBINE+THE+GUN+DEBATE.-a063840684 |website=The Free Library by Farlex |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Group]] |accessdate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.thirdway.org/publications/7/AGS_Report_-_No_Questions_Asked_-_Background_Checks_Gun_Shows_and_Crime.pdf|title=No Questions Asked: Background Checks, Gun Shows, and Crime |publisher=[[Americans for Gun Safety Foundation]] |date=April 1, 2001}}</ref> Those concerned about the shows believe they are a source of illegally trafficked firearms, both domestically and abroad.<ref name=ATF-FTG2000>{{cite web |url=http://www.atf.gov/pub/fire-explo_pub/pdf/followingthegun_internet.pdf |title=Following the Gun |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 2000 |publisher=Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030331095704/http://www.atf.gov/pub/fire-explo_pub/pdf/followingthegun_internet.pdf |archivedate=March 31, 2003}}</ref><ref name=GAO09709>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/291223.pdf |title=Firearms Trafficking: U.S. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to Mexico Face Planning and Coordination Challenges |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 2009 |page= |website=gao.gov |publisher=United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) |id=GAO-09-709 |accessdate=June 24, 2014}}</ref> |
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Their efforts included reversing a key feature of the [[Firearm Owners Protection Act]] by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows, which, have become prolific in the U.S. since the law's passage in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Olinger|first1=David|title=Dealers live for gun shows|url=http://extras.denverpost.com/news/shot0213.htm|website=Denverpost.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Baum|first1=Dan|title=What i saw at the gun show|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/what-i-saw-at-the-gun-show-20000608|website=rollingstone.com|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> |
Their efforts included reversing a key feature of the [[Firearm Owners Protection Act]] by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows, which, have become prolific in the U.S. since the law's passage in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Olinger|first1=David|title=Dealers live for gun shows|url=http://extras.denverpost.com/news/shot0213.htm|website=Denverpost.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Baum|first1=Dan|title=What i saw at the gun show|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/what-i-saw-at-the-gun-show-20000608|website=rollingstone.com|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> The [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] reports that between 50% and 75% of all the vendors at gun shows possess a Federal Firearms License, when counting all vendors, including those that do not sell guns.<ref name=ATF_gun_show>{{cite web |url=http://topgunsmithingschoolsonline.com/gun_show.pdf |title=Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces |publisher=Washington, DC: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms|format=PDF}}</ref> According to the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and a news report from the [[The Charlotte Observer]] posted on the [[National Center for Policy Analysis]]' website, gun control advocates maintain that the "gun show loophole" appeared and was codified in the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gun law loophole lets some felons get guns|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-09-15/news/1991258007_1_felons-exemptions-firearms|website=baltimoresun.com|accessdate=31 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Jonathan|first1=Masters|title=U.S. Gun Policy: Global Comparisons|url=http://www.cfr.org/society-and-culture/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons/p29735|website=cfr.org|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Steele|first1=Cameron|title=Sheriff Bailey, Chief Monroe: Close gun show loophole|url=http://www.ncpa.org/media/sheriff-bailey-chief-monroe-close-gun-show-loophole|website=ncpa.org|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> The NRA has refuted this assertion that FOPA is a loophole, stating that "To be sure, it`s not a "loophole," because FOPA made clear no license is required to make occasional sales, exchanges or purchases of firearms for the enhancement of a personal collection or for a hobby. What some refer to as a “loophole” is actually federal law."<ref>{{cite web|title=The war on gun shows|url=https://www.nraila.org/articles/20100121/the-war-on-gun-shows|website=www.nraila.org|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The truth about gun shows|url=https://www.nraila.org/articles/20091001/the-truth-about-gun-shows-1|website=nraila.org|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> |
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Those supporting gun shows believe their [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment rights]] are being jeopardized.<ref name=DeCondep277>{{cite book |last=DeConde |first=Alexander |year=2003 |chapter=School Shootings and Gun Shows |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=YLv7QGlyTZ8C&lpg=PA277&vq=bitter%20opponents&pg=PA277#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Gun Violence in America: The Struggle for Control |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YLv7QGlyTZ8C |publisher=Northeastern University |page=277 |isbn=1-55553-592-5 |oclc=249850830|quote=The most bitter opponents of checks and licensing, the NRA and other gun clubs, sounded an alarm heard across the country. It immediately brought a massive response as well as a rise in their membership rolls. As a recruiter explained, the antigun sentiment frightened gun owners who believed their Second Amendment rights were in jeopardy. }}</ref><ref name=VPCGunShows1996>{{cite web |url=http://www.vpc.org/studies/tupstudy.htm |title=Gun Shows in America: Tupperware® Parties for Criminals |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=July 1996 |website=vpc.org |publisher=Violence Policy Center |quote=Amend the definition of 'engaged in the business' to close the loophole that allows sales from a personal collection in supposed 'pursuit of a hobby.' }}</ref> |
Those supporting gun shows believe their [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment rights]] are being jeopardized.<ref name=DeCondep277>{{cite book |last=DeConde |first=Alexander |year=2003 |chapter=School Shootings and Gun Shows |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=YLv7QGlyTZ8C&lpg=PA277&vq=bitter%20opponents&pg=PA277#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Gun Violence in America: The Struggle for Control |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YLv7QGlyTZ8C |publisher=Northeastern University |page=277 |isbn=1-55553-592-5 |oclc=249850830|quote=The most bitter opponents of checks and licensing, the NRA and other gun clubs, sounded an alarm heard across the country. It immediately brought a massive response as well as a rise in their membership rolls. As a recruiter explained, the antigun sentiment frightened gun owners who believed their Second Amendment rights were in jeopardy. }}</ref><ref name=VPCGunShows1996>{{cite web |url=http://www.vpc.org/studies/tupstudy.htm |title=Gun Shows in America: Tupperware® Parties for Criminals |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=July 1996 |website=vpc.org |publisher=Violence Policy Center |quote=Amend the definition of 'engaged in the business' to close the loophole that allows sales from a personal collection in supposed 'pursuit of a hobby.' }}</ref> |
Revision as of 21:11, 2 February 2015
Gun show loophole is a political term referring to private sellers at United States gun shows not being required to perform a background check on private buyers.
Background
In July 1996, the Violence Policy Center released a study titled Gun Shows in America: Tupperware® Parties for Criminals.[1] It claimed that an increase in gun shows resulted in "a readily available source of weapons and ammunition for a wide variety of criminals—including street gangs, white supremacists, would-be presidential assassins, and domestic terrorists."[2] The VPC later claimed that this study "was the first to analyze the origin and effect of what is now known as the 'gun show loophole.'"[3]
On November 6, 1998, then U.S. president Bill Clinton issued a memorandum for the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General expressing concern about sellers at gun shows not being required to run background checks on potential buyers.[4] He called this a "loophole" and said that it made gun shows prime targets for criminals and gun traffickers. He requested recommendations on what actions the administration should take, including legislation.[5][4] These offices reported gaps in current law and recommended "extending the Brady Law to 'close the gun show loophole.'"[6] Their report included proposals put forth by United States Attorneys, which included:
- Allowing only FFLs to sell guns at gun shows so that a background check and a firearms transaction record accompany every transaction;
- Strengthening the definition of “engaged in the business” by defining the terms with more precision, narrowing the exception for “hobbyists,” and lowering the intent requirement;
- Limiting the number of private sales permitted by an individual to a specified number per year;
- Requiring persons who sell guns in the secondary market to comply with the record-keeping requirements that are applicable to FFLs;
- Requiring all transfers in the secondary market to go through an FFL;
- Establishing procedures for the orderly liquidation of inventory belonging to FFLs who surrender their license;
- Requiring registration of non-licensed persons who sell guns;
- Increasing the punishment for transferring a firearm without a background check as required by the Brady Act;
- Requiring the gun show promoters to be licensed and maintain an inventory of all the firearms that are sold by FFLs and non-FFLs at a gun show;
- Requiring that one or more ATF agents be present at every gun show; and
- Insulating unlicensed vendors from criminal liability if they agree to have purchasers complete a firearms transaction form.
The report concluded that although most sellers at gun shows are upstanding people, a few corrupt sellers could move a large quantity of firearms into high-risk hands.[5]: 17
After the Columbine High School massacre on April 20, 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate in the U.S.[7][8][9] Those concerned about the shows believe they are a source of illegally trafficked firearms, both domestically and abroad.[10][11]
Their efforts included reversing a key feature of the Firearm Owners Protection Act by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows, which, have become prolific in the U.S. since the law's passage in 1986.[12][13] The ATF reports that between 50% and 75% of all the vendors at gun shows possess a Federal Firearms License, when counting all vendors, including those that do not sell guns.[14] According to the Council on Foreign Relations and a news report from the The Charlotte Observer posted on the National Center for Policy Analysis' website, gun control advocates maintain that the "gun show loophole" appeared and was codified in the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986.[15][16][17] The NRA has refuted this assertion that FOPA is a loophole, stating that "To be sure, it`s not a "loophole," because FOPA made clear no license is required to make occasional sales, exchanges or purchases of firearms for the enhancement of a personal collection or for a hobby. What some refer to as a “loophole” is actually federal law."[18][19]
Those supporting gun shows believe their Second Amendment rights are being jeopardized.[20][21]
On May 27, 1999, Wayne LaPierre, executive vice president of the National Rifle Association (NRA), testified before the House Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Crime, saying: "We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show. No loopholes anywhere for anyone. That means closing the Hinckley loophole so the records of those adjudicated mentally ill are in the system. This is not new or a change of position or a concession. I have been on the record on this point consistently, from our national meeting in Denver to paid national ads and position papers, to news interviews, and press appearances."[22]: 118
In February 2001, H. Sterling Burnett of the National Center for Policy Analysis said there is no gun show loophole. He cited a National Institute of Justice study released in 1997 reporting that only 2 percent of criminal guns came from gun shows and a U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics report from the same year saying that among federal firearms offenders only 1.7 percent of crime guns were acquired at gun shows.[23]
The Virginia Tech shooting on April 16, 2007, the deadliest shooting incident by a single gunman in U.S. history, again brought discussion of the gun show loophole to the forefront of U.S. politics.[24] Two weeks later, Virginia governor Tim Kaine signed a law to close the loophole at gun shows within the state.[25]
In 2008, Nicholas J. Johnson of the Fordham University School of Law, wrote:
- "Criticisms of the 'gun show loophole' imply that federal regulations allow otherwise prohibited retail purchases ('primary market sales') of firearms at gun shows. This implication is false. The real criticism is leveled at secondary market sales by private citizens."[26]
The next year, some gun rights group challenged federal jurisdiction in intrastate transactions between private parties, which they said exceeded the federal power created by the Commerce Clause.[27] In January 2010, the NRA said that gun control supporters' objectives are to reduce gun sales and register guns.[28]
Recent developments
In October 2012, the gun show loophole was cited by the news media after the 2012 Azana Spa shootings in Wisconsin. The shooter purchased a handgun through a private sale despite a restraining order that prohibited him from possessing a firearm.[29][30][31][32]
After the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting on December 14, 2012, national debate regarding a gun show loophole was renewed.[33][34]
In 2013, Garen J. Wintemute, director of the Violence Prevention Research Program at UC Davis wrote, "There is no such loophole in federal law, in the limited sense that the law does not exempt private-party sales at gun shows from regulation that is required elsewhere."[35]: 104 Wintemute said, "The fundamental flaw in the gun show loophole proposal is its failure to address the great majority of private-party sales, which occur at other locations and increasingly over the Internet at sites where any non-prohibited person can list firearms for sale and buyers can search for private-party sellers."[35] Indeed, according to the Firearm Owners Protection Act, a Federal Firearms Licensee may legally sell firearms as a private-party seller at gun shows in the United States, provided the firearm was transferred to the licensee's private collection at least one year prior to the sale. Hence, when a personal firearm is sold by an individual who also happens to hold an FFL, no ATF Form 4473 is required.[36][37]
Closing the gun show loophole has become part of a larger push for universal background checks to close "federal loopholes on such checks at gun shows and other private sales."[38]
Some gun control advocates call this the "private sale loophole." [39] [40]
The NRA says that a universal background check system for gun buyers is both impracticable and unnecessary, but an effective instant check system that includes records of the adjudicated mentally ill would prevent potentially dangerous people from getting their hands on firearms.[41]
Legislation
As of August 2013, 17 U.S. states require background checks at gun shows.[42] Seven states require background checks on all gun sales at gun shows: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, New York, Oregon, and Rhode Island. Four require background checks on all handgun purchases at gun shows: Hawaii, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Six require individuals to obtain a permit that involves a background check to purchase handguns: Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, and North Carolina. The remaining 33 states do not restrict private, intrastate sales of firearms at gun shows in any manner.[43][44][45]
Federal "Gun Show Loophole" bills were introduced in seven consecutive Congresses, in 2001 (H.R. 2377), 2004 (H.R. 3832), 2005 (H.R. 3540), 2007 (H.R. 96), 2009 (H.R. 2324), 2011 (H.R. 591), and 2013 (H.R. 141). None passed.
See also
- Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
- Firearm Owners Protection Act
- Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2009
- National Firearms Act
- National Instant Criminal Background Check System
References
- ^ "Gun Shows in America: Tupperware® Parties for Criminals". Violence Policy Center. July 1996. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
- ^ "Gun Shows in America: Tupperware® Parties for Criminals". Violence Policy Center. July 1996. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
- ^ "Closing the Gun Show Loophole: Principles for Effective Legislation". Violence Policy Center. 2001. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
- ^ a b Clinton, William J. (November 6, 1998). "Memorandum on Preventing Firearms Sales to Prohibited Purchasers" (PDF). gpo.gov.
- ^ a b "Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces" (PDF). atf.gov. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). January 1999. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=
(help) - ^ "History of Federal Firearms Laws in the United States Appendix C". justice.gov. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
- ^ "The debate on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers". Berkeley Media Studies Group. January 1, 2000.
- ^ National Conference of State Legislatures (June 1, 2000). "Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate". The Free Library by Farlex. Gale Group.
- ^ "No Questions Asked: Background Checks, Gun Shows, and Crime" (PDF). Americans for Gun Safety Foundation. April 1, 2001.
- ^ "Following the Gun" (PDF). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). June 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2003.
- ^ "Firearms Trafficking: U.S. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to Mexico Face Planning and Coordination Challenges" (PDF). gao.gov. United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). June 2009. GAO-09-709. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
- ^ Olinger, David. "Dealers live for gun shows". Denverpost.com. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ Baum, Dan. "What i saw at the gun show". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ "Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces" (PDF). Washington, DC: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms.
- ^ "Gun law loophole lets some felons get guns". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ Jonathan, Masters. "U.S. Gun Policy: Global Comparisons". cfr.org. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ Steele, Cameron. "Sheriff Bailey, Chief Monroe: Close gun show loophole". ncpa.org. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "The war on gun shows". www.nraila.org. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "The truth about gun shows". nraila.org. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ DeConde, Alexander (2003). "School Shootings and Gun Shows". Gun Violence in America: The Struggle for Control. Northeastern University. p. 277. ISBN 1-55553-592-5. OCLC 249850830.
The most bitter opponents of checks and licensing, the NRA and other gun clubs, sounded an alarm heard across the country. It immediately brought a massive response as well as a rise in their membership rolls. As a recruiter explained, the antigun sentiment frightened gun owners who believed their Second Amendment rights were in jeopardy.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
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|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Gun Shows in America: Tupperware® Parties for Criminals". vpc.org. Violence Policy Center. July 1996.
Amend the definition of 'engaged in the business' to close the loophole that allows sales from a personal collection in supposed 'pursuit of a hobby.'
- ^ LaPierre, Wayne (May 27, 1999). "Statement of Wayne LaPierre, Executive Vice President, National Rifle Association". commdocs.house.gov (Testimony). Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (help) - ^ Burnett, H. Sterling (February 23, 2001). "The Gun Show 'Loophole:' More Gun Control Disguised as Crime Control". ncpa.org. National Center for Policy Analysis.
- ^ "One year after tragedy, debate rages over solutions". USA Today. Associated Press. April 12, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
- ^ Urbina, Ian (May 1, 2007). "Virginia Ends a Loophole in Gun Laws". New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
- ^ Johnson, Nicholas J. (January 13, 2009). "Imagining Gun Control in America: Understanding the Remainder Problem": 837–891. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ McCullagh, Declan (June 16, 2009). "Gun Rights Groups Plan State-By-State Revolt". CBS Interactive.
- ^ Cox, Chris W. (January 21, 2010). "The War on Gun Shows". nraila.org. National Rifle Association of America Institute for Legislative Action. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
- ^ Davis, Stephen; Polcyn, Bryan. "Guns for sale: No background check required". fox6now.com. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
- ^ Galli, Tony. "Walker says budget will address domestic violence". wgem.com. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
- ^ Sikma, Brian. "Liberals, New York Times Misrepresent Wisconsin Shooting". redstate.com. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
- ^ Fuchs, Erin. "There's A Gaping Loophole In US Gun Laws". businessinsider.com. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
- ^ Dinan, Stephen (December 17, 2012). "Gun bills face tough sailing on Capitol Hill". Washington Times. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
- ^ Kesling, Ben (December 24, 2012). "Fear of New Restrictions Drives Crowds to Gun Shows". Wall Street Journal. Contributions to article by Jess Bravin. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
- ^ a b Wintemute, Garen J. (2013). "Comprehensive Background Checks for Firearm Sales: Evidence from Gun Shows". In Webster, Daniel W.; Vernick, Jon S. (eds.). Reducing Gun Violence in America. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421411101. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Records Required—Licenses". ATF.GOV. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
- ^ "FFL Application Form" (PDF). ATF.GOV. ATF. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
- ^ Martinez, Michael (January 28, 2013). "'Universal background check:' What does it mean?". CNN US. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
- ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/21/private-gun-sales-sandy-hook_n_2347420.html Huffington Post
- ^ "Universal Background Checks & the Private Sale Loophole Policy Summary". Smart Gun Laws. Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. August 21, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
- ^ Sherfinski, David (January 31, 2013). "NRA head wary on background checks, wants better instant check system". Washington Times. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
- ^ Rucker, Philip (August 5, 2013). "Study finds vast online marketplace for guns without background checks". Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
- ^ "2008 Brady Campaign State Scorecard" (PDF). West Virginia Public Broadcasting.
- ^ "Brady Background Checks: Gun Show Loophole: Frequently Asked questions". September 27, 2009. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009.
- ^ DeLuca, Matthew (April 10, 2013). "Background checks for guns: What you need to know". NBC News. u.s. news. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
Further reading
- Cooper, Michael; Schmidt, Michael S.; Luo, Michael (April 10, 2013). "Loopholes in Gun Laws Allow Buyers to Skirt Checks". New York Times.
- Kessler, Glenn (January 21, 2013). "The stale claim that 40 percent of gun sales lack background checks". Washington Post (blog).