151.36.36.57 (talk) Polished per WP:NEWSORG, WP:NOT#JOURNALISM, WP:NOTSTATS and WP:NOCRYSTAL. Removed news organizations, blogs, et. al. unreliable material, and redundant repetitions. |
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'''Growth of religion''' is the spread of religions and the increase of religious adherents around the world. The statistics are commonly measured by the absolute number of adherents, the percentage of the absolute growth per year, and the growth of the number of [[Religious conversion|converts]] in the world. Studies show that, in terms of percentage and world wide spread, [[Islam]] is the fastest-growing religion in the world. |
'''Growth of religion''' is the spread of religions and the increase of religious adherents around the world. The statistics are commonly measured by the absolute number of adherents, the percentage of the absolute growth per year, and the growth of the number of [[Religious conversion|converts]] in the world. Studies show that, in terms of percentage and world wide spread, [[Islam]] is the fastest-growing religion in the world. A religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center concludes that global Muslim population is expected to grow at a faster rate than the non-Muslim population due primarily to the young age and high [[fertility rate]] of Muslims.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.70] This significant projected growth is largely due to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims.</ref> [[Religious conversion|Religious switching]] has no impact on Muslim population relative to other religious groups.<ref name="fact-tank">{{cite web|title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/23/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/|publisher=www.pewresearch.org|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="www.pewforum.org">{{cite web|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|publisher=www.pewforum.org|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="www.pewforum.org"/><ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=cyzvLvtW-NoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Revelation+Hoofbeats&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2nsmH37bLAhUDz3IKHXz3ASMQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Revelation%20Hoofbeats&f=false] p.153</ref><ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=SAzizViY30EC&pg=PT21&dq=The+World%27s+Religions+in+Figures:+An+Introduction+to+International+Religious+...&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5kZC74LbLAhULAXMKHa_SBcMQ6AEIIDAA#v=onepage&q=The%20World's%20Religions%20in%20Figures%3A%20An%20Introduction%20to%20International%20Religious%20...&f=false The World's Religions in Figures]</ref> |
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== Growth of religious groups == |
== Growth of religious groups == |
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World religions statistics place the [[Bahá'í Faith]] around 0.1% of the world population in recent years.<ref>{{cite web| title =FIELD LISTING :: RELIGIONS | work =World Factbook | publisher =CIA= | year = 2013 | url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html | accessdate = Sep 9, 2013}}</ref><ref name="WCE2001">{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=David A.|title=World Christian Encyclopedia|url=http://www.bible.ca/global-religion-statistics-world-christian-encyclopedia.htm|year=2001|page=4}}</ref> The ''[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]'' estimated only 7.1 million Bahá'ís in the world in 2000, representing 218 countries,<ref name="WCE2001"/> and its evolution to the ''World Christian Database'' (WCD) estimated 7.3 million in 2010<ref>{{cite web| title = Most Baha'i Nations (2010) | work = QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions | publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2010| url =http://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp | accessdate = 2013-08-20}}</ref> while accredited through the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (ARDA). However the WCD stated: "The Baha'i Faith is the only religion to have grown faster in every United Nations region over the past 100 years than the general population; Baha'i(sic) was thus the fastest-growing religion between 1910 and 2010, growing at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region."<ref>{{cite book| last =Johnson| first =Todd M. |author2=Brian J. Grim | title =The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography |chapter =Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 |chapterurl =http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118555767.ch1|publisher =John Wiley & Sons| date =26 March 2013| pages =59–62| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=CkFVF8nFiqkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false|doi =10.1002/9781118555767.ch1| isbn = 9781118555767}}</ref> This source's only documented flaw was to consistently have a higher estimate of Christians than in other cross-national data sets.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hsu|first=Becky |author2=Amy Reynolds |author3=Conrad Hackett |author4= James Gibbon |year=2008 |title=Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations: An Empirical Assessment of the World Christian Database|journal=[[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]]|volume=47|issue=4|pages=691–692|url=http://www.conradhackett.com/uploads/2/6/7/2/2672974/evaluating_world_christian_database.pdf|accessdate=2012-01-27 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x}}</ref> |
World religions statistics place the [[Bahá'í Faith]] around 0.1% of the world population in recent years.<ref>{{cite web| title =FIELD LISTING :: RELIGIONS | work =World Factbook | publisher =CIA= | year = 2013 | url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html | accessdate = Sep 9, 2013}}</ref><ref name="WCE2001">{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=David A.|title=World Christian Encyclopedia|url=http://www.bible.ca/global-religion-statistics-world-christian-encyclopedia.htm|year=2001|page=4}}</ref> The ''[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]'' estimated only 7.1 million Bahá'ís in the world in 2000, representing 218 countries,<ref name="WCE2001"/> and its evolution to the ''World Christian Database'' (WCD) estimated 7.3 million in 2010<ref>{{cite web| title = Most Baha'i Nations (2010) | work = QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions | publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2010| url =http://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp | accessdate = 2013-08-20}}</ref> while accredited through the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (ARDA). However the WCD stated: "The Baha'i Faith is the only religion to have grown faster in every United Nations region over the past 100 years than the general population; Baha'i(sic) was thus the fastest-growing religion between 1910 and 2010, growing at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region."<ref>{{cite book| last =Johnson| first =Todd M. |author2=Brian J. Grim | title =The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography |chapter =Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 |chapterurl =http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118555767.ch1|publisher =John Wiley & Sons| date =26 March 2013| pages =59–62| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=CkFVF8nFiqkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false|doi =10.1002/9781118555767.ch1| isbn = 9781118555767}}</ref> This source's only documented flaw was to consistently have a higher estimate of Christians than in other cross-national data sets.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hsu|first=Becky |author2=Amy Reynolds |author3=Conrad Hackett |author4= James Gibbon |year=2008 |title=Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations: An Empirical Assessment of the World Christian Database|journal=[[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]]|volume=47|issue=4|pages=691–692|url=http://www.conradhackett.com/uploads/2/6/7/2/2672974/evaluating_world_christian_database.pdf|accessdate=2012-01-27 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x}}</ref> |
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From its origins in the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] empires of the 19th century the Bahá'í Faith was able to gain converts elsewhere in Asia, Europe, and North America by the early 20th century. [[John Esslemont]] performed the first review of the worldwide progress of the religion in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Moomen |first = Moojan | editor-last = Smith | editor-first = Peter | title = Bahá'ís in the West | publisher = Kalimat Press | year = 2004| chapter =Esslemont's Survey of the Baha'i World 1919–1920 | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/?id=x7wyJdyE60oC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63 | pages = 63–106 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=x7wyJdyE60oC| isbn = 1-890688-11-8}}</ref> [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]], son of the founder of the religion, then set goals for the community through his [[Tablets of the Divine Plan]] shortly before his death. [[Shoghi Effendi]] then initiated systematic [[Pioneering (Bahá'í)|pioneering]] efforts that brought the religion to almost every country and territory of the world and converts from more than 2000 tribes and peoples. There were serious setbacks in the [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="momen">{{cite conference | last = Momen | first = Moojan | title = Turkmenistan | booktitle = draft of "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith" | publisher = Bahá'í Library Online |year = 1994|url =http://www.northill.demon.co.uk/relstud/turkmnst.htm |accessdate = 2008-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210174708/http://www.northill.demon.co.uk/relstud/turkmnst.htm |archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="hass">[http://bahai-studies.ca/journal/files/jbs/5.3%20Hassall.pdf "Notes on the Bábí and Bahá'í Religions in Russia and its Territories"], by Graham Hassall, Journal of Bahá'í Studies, 5.3 (Sept.-Dec. 1993)</ref> where Bahá'í communities in 38 cities across Soviet territories ceased to exist. However plans continued building to 1953 when the Bahá'ís initiated a [[Ten Year Crusade]] after plans had focused on Latin America and Europe after WWII. That last stage was largely towards parts of Africa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Peter | editor1= Carole M. Cusack | editor2= Christopher Hartney | title = The Baha’i Faith: Distribution Statistics, 1925–1949 | journal = Journal of Religious History | volume = | issue = | pages = 1–18 | date = Dec 2014 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9809.12207/abstract | issn = 1467-9809 | doi = 10.1111/1467-9809.12207 | accessdate = Dec 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name="hassal-egypt">{{cite web | last = Hassall | first = Graham | title = Egypt: Baha'i history | work = Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies: Bahá'í Communities by country | publisher = Bahá'í Online Library | date = c. 2000| url = http://bahai-library.com/hassall_bahai_communities_country| accessdate = 2009-05-24}}</ref><ref name="basic">{{cite book|author=Cameron, G.|author2=Momen, W.|year= 1996|title= A Basic Bahá'í Chronology|publisher= George Ronald|location=Oxford, UK|isbn= 0-85398-404-2 }}</ref> Wide-scale growth in the religion across [[Sub-Sahara]]n Africa particularly was observed to begin in the 1950s and extend in the 1960s.<ref name="UofC">{{cite web | title = Overview Of World Religions | work = General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa | publisher = Division of Religion and Philosophy, [[University of Cumbria]] | url =http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sub/geness.html | accessdate = 2008-04-16 }}</ref> There was diplomatic pressure from northern arab countries against this development that was eventually overcome.<ref name="survey">{{Cite journal | last1 = Smith |first1 = Peter | authorlink = Peter Smith (Bahá'í) | last2 = Momen | first2 = Moojan | author2-link = Moojan Momen | title = The Baha'i Faith 1957-1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments | journal = Religion | volume = 19 | issue = 01 | pages = 63–91 | year = 1989 | url = http://bahai-library.com/momen_smith_developments_1957-1988 | doi = 10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8 |postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref> Starting in the 1980s with [[Perestroyka]] the Bahá'ís began to re-organize across the Soviet Union and [[Eastern Bloc]]. While sometimes failing to meet official minimums for recognitions as a religion, communities of Bahá'ís do exist from [[Bahá'í Faith in Poland|Poland]] to [[Bahá'í Faith in Mongolia|Mongolia]]. The [[Bahá'í Faith by continent|worldwide]] progress was such that the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] (2002) identified the religion as the second-most geographically widespread religion after Christianity.<ref name="britannica_stats">{{cite book |chapter=Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2002 |title = Encyclopædia Britannica |author= Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |year = 2002}}</ref> It has established [[Bahá'í House of Worship|Bahá'í Houses of Worship]] by continental region and been the object of interest and support of diverse non-Bahá'í notable people from [[Leo Tolstoy]]<ref>{{cite journal| last = Collins | first =William P. |author2=Jasion T. Jan | title =Lev Tolstoy and the Báb’i and Bahá'i Religions: A Bibliography | journal = The Journal of Bahá'i Studies | volume =3 | issue =3 | pages =1–10 | year =1991 | url =http://bahai-library.com/collins_jasion_lev_tolstoy| accessdate = Sep 9, 2013}}</ref> to [[Khalil Gibran]]<ref name="Bushrui 55">{{cite book|title=Kahlil Gibran, Man and Poet: a New Biography|year=1998|publisher=Oneworld Publications|author=Bushrui, Suheil B.|author2=Jenkins, Joe|page=55|isbn=978-1851682676|url=http://bahai-library.com/bushrui_gibran_man_poet}}</ref> to [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]]<ref>[http://bahai-library.com/gandhimohan_gandhi_bahais_nonviolence#10 Mahatma Gandhi and the Bahá'ís] -Striving towards a Nonviolent Civilization, by M. V. Gandhimohan, Copyright © 2000, Bahá'í Publishing Trust of India, New Delhi, ISBN 81-86953-82-5</ref> to [[Desmond Tutu]]. |
From its origins in the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] empires of the 19th century the Bahá'í Faith was able to gain converts elsewhere in Asia, Europe, and North America by the early 20th century. [[John Esslemont]] performed the first review of the worldwide progress of the religion in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Moomen |first = Moojan | editor-last = Smith | editor-first = Peter | title = Bahá'ís in the West | publisher = Kalimat Press | year = 2004| chapter =Esslemont's Survey of the Baha'i World 1919–1920 | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/?id=x7wyJdyE60oC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63 | pages = 63–106 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=x7wyJdyE60oC| isbn = 1-890688-11-8}}</ref> [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]], son of the founder of the religion, then set goals for the community through his [[Tablets of the Divine Plan]] shortly before his death. [[Shoghi Effendi]] then initiated systematic [[Pioneering (Bahá'í)|pioneering]] efforts that brought the religion to almost every country and territory of the world and converts from more than 2000 tribes and peoples. There were serious setbacks in the [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="momen">{{cite conference | last = Momen | first = Moojan | title = Turkmenistan | booktitle = draft of "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith" | publisher = Bahá'í Library Online |year = 1994|url =http://www.northill.demon.co.uk/relstud/turkmnst.htm |accessdate = 2008-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210174708/http://www.northill.demon.co.uk/relstud/turkmnst.htm |archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="hass">[http://bahai-studies.ca/journal/files/jbs/5.3%20Hassall.pdf "Notes on the Bábí and Bahá'í Religions in Russia and its Territories"], by Graham Hassall, Journal of Bahá'í Studies, 5.3 (Sept.-Dec. 1993)</ref> where Bahá'í communities in 38 cities across Soviet territories ceased to exist. However plans continued building to 1953 when the Bahá'ís initiated a [[Ten Year Crusade]] after plans had focused on Latin America and Europe after WWII. That last stage was largely towards parts of Africa.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Peter | editor1= Carole M. Cusack | editor2= Christopher Hartney | title = The Baha’i Faith: Distribution Statistics, 1925–1949 | journal = Journal of Religious History | volume = | issue = | pages = 1–18 | date = Dec 2014 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9809.12207/abstract | issn = 1467-9809 | doi = 10.1111/1467-9809.12207 | accessdate = Dec 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name="hassal-egypt">{{cite web | last = Hassall | first = Graham | title = Egypt: Baha'i history | work = Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies: Bahá'í Communities by country | publisher = Bahá'í Online Library | date = c. 2000| url = http://bahai-library.com/hassall_bahai_communities_country| accessdate = 2009-05-24}}</ref><ref name="basic">{{cite book|author=Cameron, G.|author2=Momen, W.|year= 1996|title= A Basic Bahá'í Chronology|publisher= George Ronald|location=Oxford, UK|isbn= 0-85398-404-2 }}</ref> Wide-scale growth in the religion across [[Sub-Sahara]]n Africa particularly was observed to begin in the 1950s and extend in the 1960s.<ref name="UofC">{{cite web | title = Overview Of World Religions | work = General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa | publisher = Division of Religion and Philosophy, [[University of Cumbria]] | url =http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sub/geness.html | accessdate = 2008-04-16 }}</ref> There was diplomatic pressure from northern arab countries against this development that was eventually overcome.<ref name="survey">{{Cite journal | last1 = Smith |first1 = Peter | authorlink = Peter Smith (Bahá'í) | last2 = Momen | first2 = Moojan | author2-link = Moojan Momen | title = The Baha'i Faith 1957-1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments | journal = Religion | volume = 19 | issue = 01 | pages = 63–91 | year = 1989 | url = http://bahai-library.com/momen_smith_developments_1957-1988 | doi = 10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8 |postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref> Starting in the 1980s with [[Perestroyka]] the Bahá'ís began to re-organize across the Soviet Union and [[Eastern Bloc]]. While sometimes failing to meet official minimums for recognitions as a religion, communities of Bahá'ís do exist from [[Bahá'í Faith in Poland|Poland]] to [[Bahá'í Faith in Mongolia|Mongolia]]. The [[Bahá'í Faith by continent|worldwide]] progress was such that the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] (2002) identified the religion as the second-most geographically widespread religion after Christianity.<ref name="britannica_stats">{{cite book |chapter=Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2002 |title = Encyclopædia Britannica |author= Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |year = 2002}}</ref> It has established [[Bahá'í House of Worship|Bahá'í Houses of Worship]] by continental region and been the object of interest and support of diverse non-Bahá'í notable people from [[Leo Tolstoy]]<ref>{{cite journal| last = Collins | first =William P. |author2=Jasion T. Jan | title =Lev Tolstoy and the Báb’i and Bahá'i Religions: A Bibliography | journal = The Journal of Bahá'i Studies | volume =3 | issue =3 | pages =1–10 | year =1991 | url =http://bahai-library.com/collins_jasion_lev_tolstoy| accessdate = Sep 9, 2013}}</ref> to [[Khalil Gibran]]<ref name="Bushrui 55">{{cite book|title=Kahlil Gibran, Man and Poet: a New Biography|year=1998|publisher=Oneworld Publications|author=Bushrui, Suheil B.|author2=Jenkins, Joe|page=55|isbn=978-1851682676|url=http://bahai-library.com/bushrui_gibran_man_poet}}</ref> to [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]]<ref>[http://bahai-library.com/gandhimohan_gandhi_bahais_nonviolence#10 Mahatma Gandhi and the Bahá'ís] -Striving towards a Nonviolent Civilization, by M. V. Gandhimohan, Copyright © 2000, Bahá'í Publishing Trust of India, New Delhi, ISBN 81-86953-82-5</ref> to [[Desmond Tutu]]. See [[List of Bahá'ís]] for a list of notable Bahá'ís. |
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ARDA/WCD statistics place the Bahá'í Faith as currently the largest religious minority in Iran |
ARDA/WCD statistics place the Bahá'í Faith as currently the largest religious minority in Iran (despite significant [[Persecution of Bahá'ís|persecution]] and the overall [[Iranian diaspora]]), Panama,<ref>{{cite web | title = Panama | work = National Profiles > > Regions > Central America > | publisher = Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2010 | url = http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_174_2.asp |accessdate = 2012-09-21}}</ref> and Belize;<ref>{{cite web |title = Belize |work =National Profiles > > Regions > Central America > | publisher = Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2010 | url = http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_23_2.asp |accessdate = 2012-09-21}}</ref> the second largest international religion in Bolivia,<ref>{{cite web | title = Bolivia |work = National Profiles > > Regions > Central America > |publisher = Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2010 | url = http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_27_2.asp | accessdate = 2012-09-21}}</ref> Zambia,<ref>{{cite web |title = Zambia |work = National Profiles > > Regions > Eastern Africa > | publisher = Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2010 |url = http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_245_2.asp|accessdate = 2012-09-21}}</ref> and Papua New Guinea;<ref>{{cite web | title = Papua New Guinea |work = National Profiles > > Regions > Melanesia > | publisher = Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2010 |url = http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_175_2.asp | accessdate = 2012-10-21}}</ref> and the third largest international religion in Chad<ref name="WCE-05">{{cite web | title = Most Baha'i Nations (2005) | work = QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions > | publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2005|url =http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp | accessdate = 2009-07-04}}</ref> and Kenya.<ref>{{cite web | title = Kenya |work = National Profiles > > Regions > Eastern Africa > | publisher = Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2010 |url = http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_121_2.asp |accessdate = 2012-09-21}}</ref> In 2014 the religion was officially recognized in Indonesia<ref>{{cite news | title = Indonesia’s Baha’i Community Grateful for Long-Awaited State Recognition | newspaper = The Jakarta Globe | date = Aug 7, 2014 | url = http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/indonesias-bahai-community-grateful-long-awaited-state-recognition/ | accessdate = September 16, 2014}}</ref> and in addition to various countries it is the second largest religion in state of South Carolina - a fact that, despite its small size, got some attention in 2014.<ref>{{cite news | last = Wilson | first = Reid | title = The second-largest religion in each state | newspaper = Washington Post | date = June 4, 2014 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/06/04/the-second-largest-religion-in-each-state/ | accessdate = September 16, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Weeks | first = Linton | title = The Runner-Up Religions Of America | publisher = NPR | date = June 22, 2014 | url = http://www.npr.org/blogs/theprotojournalist/2014/06/21/322919723/the-runner-up-religions-of-america | accessdate = September 16, 2014}}</ref> |
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A Bahá'í published survey reported 4.74 million Bahá'ís in 1987.<ref>{{cite news | last = Dr. Rabbani|first = Ahang | coauthors = Department of Statistics at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa, Israel | title = Achievements of the Seven Year Plan | newspaper = Bahá'í News | location = Bahá'í World Center, Haifa | publisher = Bahá'í International Community|date = July 1987| url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=12&page=97 | pages = 2–7|accessdate =October 4, 2009}}</ref> Bahá'í sources since 1991 usually estimate the worldwide Bahá'í population at "above 5 million".<ref name="whoare">{{Cite news | last = International Community | first = Bahá'í | author-link = Bahá'í International Community | title = How many Bahá'ís are there? |magazine = The Bahá'ís | page = 14 | year = 1992 | url = http://www.bahai.com/thebahais/pg14.htm | ref = harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics |author=Bahá'í International Community |authorlink=Bahá'í International Community|publisher = Bahá'í International Community |year = 2010 |accessdate =March 5, 2010 |url= http://news.bahai.org/media-information/statistics/}}</ref> |
A Bahá'í published survey reported 4.74 million Bahá'ís in 1987.<ref>{{cite news | last = Dr. Rabbani|first = Ahang | coauthors = Department of Statistics at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa, Israel | title = Achievements of the Seven Year Plan | newspaper = Bahá'í News | location = Bahá'í World Center, Haifa | publisher = Bahá'í International Community|date = July 1987| url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=12&page=97 | pages = 2–7|accessdate =October 4, 2009}}</ref> Bahá'í sources since 1991 usually estimate the worldwide Bahá'í population at "above 5 million".<ref name="whoare">{{Cite news | last = International Community | first = Bahá'í | author-link = Bahá'í International Community | title = How many Bahá'ís are there? |magazine = The Bahá'ís | page = 14 | year = 1992 | url = http://www.bahai.com/thebahais/pg14.htm | ref = harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics |author=Bahá'í International Community |authorlink=Bahá'í International Community|publisher = Bahá'í International Community |year = 2010 |accessdate =March 5, 2010 |url= http://news.bahai.org/media-information/statistics/}}</ref> |
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According to Johnson and Grim, [[Buddhism]] has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in [[Asia]], to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia.<ref name="Johnson&Grim2013"/> According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in [[Pakistan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Lebanon]] and several Western European countries (1910-2010). More recently (2000-2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and some African countries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |last2=Grim |first2=Brian J. |title=The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography |url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |accessdate=2 September 2013 |year=2013 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Hoboken, NJ |pages=34–36 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |
According to Johnson and Grim, [[Buddhism]] has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in [[Asia]], to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia.<ref name="Johnson&Grim2013"/> According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in [[Pakistan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Lebanon]] and several Western European countries (1910-2010). More recently (2000-2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and some African countries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |last2=Grim |first2=Brian J. |title=The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography |url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |accessdate=2 September 2013 |year=2013 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Hoboken, NJ |pages=34–36 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |
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The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], through statistical analysis, held [[Buddhism]] to be the fastest-growing spiritual tradition in Australia in terms of percentage gain, with a growth of 79.1% for the period 1996 to 2001 (200,000→358,000).<ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/9658217eba753c2cca256cae00053fa3?OpenDocument Year Book Australia, 2003] Australian Bureau of Statistics</ref> |
The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], through statistical analysis, held [[Buddhism]] to be the fastest-growing spiritual tradition in Australia in terms of percentage gain, with a growth of 79.1% for the period 1996 to 2001 (200,000→358,000).<ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/9658217eba753c2cca256cae00053fa3?OpenDocument Year Book Australia, 2003] Australian Bureau of Statistics</ref> |
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And according to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, over the next four decades the number of [[Buddhism by country|Buddhists around the world]] is expected to decrease from 487 million in 2010 to 486 million in 2050.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Buddhists] p.104</ref> The decline is due to several factors such as the low fertility level among Buddhists (1.6 children per woman),<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Buddhists] p.107</ref> and the old age (median age of 34), compare to the overall population.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Buddhists] p.109</ref> |
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[[File:Worship at the Great Temple of Shennong-Yandi in Suizhou, Hubei.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Public worship ceremony at the Temple of [[Shennong]]-[[Yan Emperor|Yandi]], in [[Suizhou]], [[Hubei]].]] |
[[File:Worship at the Great Temple of Shennong-Yandi in Suizhou, Hubei.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Public worship ceremony at the Temple of [[Shennong]]-[[Yan Emperor|Yandi]], in [[Suizhou]], [[Hubei]].]] |
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===Chinese traditional religion=== |
===Chinese traditional religion=== |
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According to a survey of [[religion in China]] in the year 2010, the number of people practicing some form of [[Chinese folk religion]] is near to 950 millions (70% of the Chinese),<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue |
According to a survey of [[religion in China]] in the year 2010, the number of people practicing some form of [[Chinese folk religion]] is near to 950 millions (70% of the Chinese),<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue |
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University’s Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People’s Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011]''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29-54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref> of which 173 millions (13%) practice some form of Taoist-defined folk faith.<ref name="CSLS2010"/> Further in detail, 12 million people have passed some formal initiation into Taoism, or adhere to the official [[Chinese Taoist Association]].<ref name="CSLS2010"/> Comparing this with other surveys, evidence suggests that nowadays three fifths to four fifths of the Chinese believe in folk religion.<ref>Johnson, Grim. 2013. pp. 290-291</ref> This shows a significant growth from the 300-400 million people practicing Chinese traditional religion that were estimated in the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref>[[Adherents.com]]: [http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Chinese Chinese traditional religion].</ref><ref> |
University’s Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People’s Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011]''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29-54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref> of which 173 millions (13%) practice some form of Taoist-defined folk faith.<ref name="CSLS2010"/> Further in detail, 12 million people have passed some formal initiation into Taoism, or adhere to the official [[Chinese Taoist Association]].<ref name="CSLS2010"/> Comparing this with other surveys, evidence suggests that nowadays three fifths to four fifths of the Chinese believe in folk religion.<ref>Johnson, Grim. 2013. pp. 290-291</ref> This shows a significant growth from the 300-400 million people practicing Chinese traditional religion that were estimated in the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref>[[Adherents.com]]: [http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Chinese Chinese traditional religion].</ref><ref>Pew Research Center: [http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-folk/ Folk religions].</ref> |
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This growth reverses the rapid decline that Chinese traditional religion faced in the 20th century.<ref name="Johnson, Grim. 2013. p. 31">Johnson, Grim. 2013. p. 31</ref> Moreover, Chinese religion has also spread throughout the world following the [[Chinese emigration|emigration of Chinese populations]], with 672,000 adherents in [[Canada]] as of 2010.<ref name="Johnson, Grim. 2013. p. 31"/> |
This growth reverses the rapid decline that Chinese traditional religion faced in the 20th century.<ref name="Johnson, Grim. 2013. p. 31">Johnson, Grim. 2013. p. 31</ref> Moreover, Chinese religion has also spread throughout the world following the [[Chinese emigration|emigration of Chinese populations]], with 672,000 adherents in [[Canada]] as of 2010.<ref name="Johnson, Grim. 2013. p. 31"/> |
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===Christianity=== |
===Christianity=== |
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{{further|Christian population growth}} |
{{further|Christian population growth}} |
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⚫ | According to the Pew Research Center as of 2011 there are 2.2 billion [[Christians]] around the world in 2010,<ref name="Pew2011"/> up from about 600 million in 1910.<ref name="Pew2011"/> Christians have 2.7 children per woman which is above replacement level (2.1).<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.26]</ref> |
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[[File:Catholic Church Cizhong Yunnan China.jpg|thumb|150px||A church, in [[China]]: The number of [[Christianity in China|Chinese Christians]] has increased significantly; from 4 million before 1949 to 67 million in 2010.<ref name="Pew2011"/><ref name="MIller, 2006. pp. 185-186">MIller, 2006. pp. 185-186</ref>]] |
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⚫ | According to |
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By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion.<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.59">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.59]</ref> Christians have 2.7 children per woman which is above replacement level (2.1).<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.26]</ref> According to [[Pew Research Center]] study by 2050 the number of Christians in absolute number is expected to grow to more than double in the next few decades,<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.60"/> from 517 million to 1.1 billion in Sub Saharan Africa,<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.60"/> and from 531 million to 665 million in [[Latin America]] and [[Caribbean]],<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.60"/> and from 287 million to 381 million in [[Christianity in Asia|Asia]],<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.60"/> and from 266 million to 287 million in [[North America]].<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.60">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |title= The Future of World Religions |publisher= [[Pew Research Center]] |date=13 January 2013 |accessdate=}}</ref> |
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⚫ | According to Mark Jürgensmeyer of the [[University of California]], popular [[Protestantism]] is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic5pyiIkTxAC&pg=PA16&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Religion in Global Civil Society by Santa Barbara Mark Juergensmeyer Professor of Sociology and Director of the Global and International Studies Program University of California]</ref> Changes in worldwide [[Protestantism]] over the last century have been significant.<ref>Hillerbrand, Hans J., [https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=4tbFBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT3311&pg=PT3311#v=onepage&q&f=false "Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set"], p. 1815, "Observers carefully comparing all these figures in the total context will have observed the even more startling finding that for the first itime ever in the history of Protestantism, ''Wider Protestants'' will by 2050 have become almost exactly as numerous as Roman Catholics - each with just over 1.5 billion followers, or 17 percent of the world, with Protestants growing considerably faster than Catholics each year."</ref><ref name="Noll">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1GKBgK00JSsC&pg=PA9&dq=protestantism+million&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KprPU7OWEYje4QTunYCgAQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=protestantism%20million&f=false Mark A. Noll: "Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction"]</ref><ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005"/><ref name = "Witte and Alexander">[https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ie-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44&dq=oceania+protestantism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MbrPU6KqKrLZ4QSRhoHICA&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=oceania%20protestantism&f=false John Witte, Frank S. Alexander: "The Teachings of Modern Protestantism on Law, Politics, and Human Nature"]</ref> Since 1900, due primarily to conversion, Protestantism has become a "primarily non-Western religion".<ref name="Noll"/><ref name = "Witte and Alexander" /> Much of the shift to the Third World has occurred after [[World War II]], when [[decolonization of Africa]] and abolition of [[Anti-Protestantism|various restrictions against Protestants]] in [[Latin America]]n countries occurred.<ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005"/> According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians.<ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005"/> In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively.<ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005">Jay Diamond, Larry. Plattner, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J. ''World Religions and Democracy''. 2005, page 119. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CTqTeiBfdxEC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=Not+only+do+Protestants+presently+constitute+13+percent+of+the+world's+population%E2%80%94about+800+million+people%E2%80%94but+since+1900+Protestantism+has+spread+rapidly+in+Africa,+Asia,+and+Latin+America&source=bl&ots=0sAhlX1bmb&sig=dRdPcUdtHU6yL_aAJyPYX6-A7YI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nt-qU6_qNK_44QS-iYH4Bw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Not%20only%20do%20Protestants%20presently%20constitute%2013%20percent%20of%20the%20world's%20population%E2%80%94about%20800%20million%20people%E2%80%94but%20since%201900%20Protestantism%20has%20spread%20rapidly%20in%20Africa%2C%20Asia%2C%20and%20Latin%20America&f=false link] (saying "''Not only do Protestants presently constitute 13 percent of the world's population—about 800 million people—but since 1900 Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.')</ref> |
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By 2050 Christianity is expected to remain the [[Christendom|majority of population]] and the largest religious group in Latin America and Caribbean (89%),<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.151]</ref> North America (66%),<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.158]</ref> [[Christianity in Europe|Europe]] (65.2%)<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.147]</ref> and [[Christianity in Africa|Sub Saharan Africa]] (59%).<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.59"/> |
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⚫ | The significant growth of Christianity's in non-Western countries, led to regional distribution changes of Christians.<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.59"/> In 1900 [[Europe]] and the [[Americas]] was home to the vast majority of the world’s Christians (93%), at the same time, Christianity has grown in Sub Saharan Africa and the Asia and Pacific region.<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.59"/> In 2010 (26%) of the world’s Christians lived in Europe, followed by (24.4%) in Latin America and the Caribbean, and (23.8%) in Sub Saharan Africa, and (13.2%) in Asia and the Pacific, and (12.3%) in North America, and (1%) in the Middle East and North Africa.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf The Global Religious Landscape: Christians] p.17</ref> |
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⚫ | According to Mark Jürgensmeyer of the [[University of California]], popular [[Protestantism]] is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic5pyiIkTxAC&pg=PA16&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Religion in Global Civil Society by Santa Barbara Mark Juergensmeyer Professor of Sociology and Director of the Global and International Studies Program University of California]</ref> Changes in worldwide [[Protestantism]] over the last century have been significant.<ref>Hillerbrand, Hans J., [https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=4tbFBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT3311&pg=PT3311#v=onepage&q&f=false "Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set"], p. 1815, "Observers carefully comparing all these figures in the total context will have observed the even more startling finding that for the first itime ever in the history of Protestantism, ''Wider Protestants'' will by 2050 have become almost exactly as numerous as Roman Catholics - each with just over 1.5 billion followers, or 17 percent of the world, with Protestants growing considerably faster than Catholics each year."</ref><ref name="Noll">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1GKBgK00JSsC&pg=PA9&dq=protestantism+million&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KprPU7OWEYje4QTunYCgAQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=protestantism%20million&f=false Mark A. Noll: "Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction"]</ref><ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005"/><ref name = "Witte and Alexander">[https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ie-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44&dq=oceania+protestantism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MbrPU6KqKrLZ4QSRhoHICA&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=oceania%20protestantism&f=false John Witte, Frank S. Alexander: "The Teachings of Modern Protestantism on Law, Politics, and Human Nature"]</ref> Since 1900, due primarily to conversion, Protestantism has |
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⚫ | According to [[Harvard University]] professor [[Robert D. Putnam]], there is increasing numbers of Americans who are leaving their faith and becoming unaffiliated.<ref name="irreligion2">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/01/14/169164840/losing-our-religion-the-growth-of-the-nones |title=Losing Our Religion: The Growth Of The 'Nones' |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=13 January 2013 |accessdate=}}</ref> By 2050 Christianity is expected to remain the majority in the [[United states]] (66.4% down from 78.3% in 2010), and the number of Christians in absolute number is expected to grow from 243 million to 262 million.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.62]</ref> According to Pew Research Center, Christianity is declining in the [[United states]] while non-Christian faiths are growing.<ref>{{cite news|title=America’s Changing Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/|accessdate=4 May 2016|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Speiser|first1=Matthew|title=Christians are leaving the faith in droves and the trend isn't slowing down|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Christians-are-leaving-the-faith-in-droves-and-the-trend-isnt-slowing-down/articleshow/47088859.cms|accessdate=4 May 2016|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=28 April 2015}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The significant growth of Christianity's in non-Western countries, led to regional distribution changes of Christians.<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.59"/> In 1900 [[Europe]] and the [[Americas]] was home to the vast majority of the world’s Christians (93%), |
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⚫ | According to [[Harvard University]] professor [[Robert D. Putnam]], there is increasing numbers of Americans who are leaving their faith and becoming unaffiliated.<ref name="irreligion2">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/01/14/169164840/losing-our-religion-the-growth-of-the-nones |title=Losing Our Religion: The Growth Of The 'Nones' |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=13 January 2013 |accessdate=}}</ref> By 2050 Christianity is expected to remain the majority in the [[United states]] (66.4% down from 78.3% in 2010), and the number of Christians in absolute number is expected to grow from 243 million to 262 million.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.62]</ref> According to |
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[[File:전동성당.jpg|thumb|150px||A church, in [[South Korea]]: [[Christianity]] has grown in [[Christianity in Korea|South Korea]], from 2.0% in 1945<ref name="Korean Overseas Information Service 1993">Korean Overseas Information Service, ''A Handbook of Korea'' (1993) p, 132</ref> to 29.3% in 2010.<ref name="Pew2011"/>]] |
[[File:전동성당.jpg|thumb|150px||A church, in [[South Korea]]: [[Christianity]] has grown in [[Christianity in Korea|South Korea]], from 2.0% in 1945<ref name="Korean Overseas Information Service 1993">Korean Overseas Information Service, ''A Handbook of Korea'' (1993) p, 132</ref> to 29.3% in 2010.<ref name="Pew2011"/>]] |
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According to a 2005 paper submitted to a meeting of the [[American Political Science Association]], most of [[Christianity]]'s growth has occurred in non-[[Western countries]]. The paper concludes that the [[Pentecostalism]] movement is the fastest-growing religion worldwide.<ref name="Barker">{{cite web |year= 2005 |last= Barker |first= Isabelle V. |pages= 2, 8 and footnote 14 on page 8 |url= http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/3/9/8/7/pages39879/p39879-1.php |title= Engendering Charismatic Economies: Pentecostalism, Global Political Economy, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction |publisher= [[American Political Science Association]] |accessdate= March 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217004703/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/3/9/8/7/pages39879/p39879-1.php |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref> Protestantism is growing as a result of historic missionary activity and indigenous Christian movements by Africans in [[Africa]], |
According to a 2005 paper submitted to a meeting of the [[American Political Science Association]], most of [[Christianity]]'s growth has occurred in non-[[Western countries]]. The paper concludes that the [[Pentecostalism]] movement is the fastest-growing religion worldwide.<ref name="Barker">{{cite web |year= 2005 |last= Barker |first= Isabelle V. |pages= 2, 8 and footnote 14 on page 8 |url= http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/3/9/8/7/pages39879/p39879-1.php |title= Engendering Charismatic Economies: Pentecostalism, Global Political Economy, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction |publisher= [[American Political Science Association]] |accessdate= March 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217004703/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/3/9/8/7/pages39879/p39879-1.php |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref> Protestantism is growing as a result of historic missionary activity and indigenous Christian movements by Africans in [[Africa]], and due primarily to [[religious conversion|conversion]] in [[Korea]],<ref name="Korean Overseas Information Service 1993"/> [[Latin America]],<ref name="Religion in Latin America">{{cite web|title=Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/#|website=http://www.pewforum.org|publisher=Pew Research Center, November 13, 2014|accessdate=March 4, 2015}}</ref> the [[Muslim world]],<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background">[https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census]</ref> and [[Oceania]].<ref name = "Witte and Alexander" /> |
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In [[Christianity in Korea|South Korea]], Christianity has grown from 2.0% in 1945<ref name="Korean Overseas Information Service 1993"/> to 20.7% in 1985 and to 29.3% in 2010,<ref name="Pew2011"/> with the Catholic Church having increased the most (by 70%) in the last ten years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=262&aid=0000000521 |script-title=ko:한국 가톨릭 태두 정진석 추기경 :: 네이버 뉴스 |language=ko |publisher=News.naver.com |date=25 July 2007 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> In [[Christianity in Singapore|Singapore]] the percentage of Christians among Singaporeans increased from 12.7% in 1990 to 17.5% in 2010. In recent years, the number of Chinese Christians has increased significantly; Christians were 4 million before 1949 (3 million Catholics and 1 million Protestants), and the Pew Research Center claims that they are 67 million today,<ref name="Pew2011"/> while empirical surveys find that they are around 30 million.<ref name="CFPS2012-013CGSS">[[Chinese Family Panel Studies]]'s survey of 2012. Published in ''The World Religious Cultures'' issue 2014: [http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf 卢云峰:当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS(2012)调查数据]. p. 13</ref> |
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{{cite news |
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| agency = [[Agence France-Presse]] |
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| date = 7 February 2008 |
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| title = In Indonesia, Lunar New Year an old practice for young Christians |
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| url = http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gZ68H857ADsOp81TePJQmLhShESw |
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| accessdate = 15 August 2011 |
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| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/60y2wqSF7 |
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| archivedate = 15 August 2011 |
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}} |
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</ref> According to poll conducted by the [[Gallup Organization]] in 2006, found that Christianity is has increased significantly in [[Christianity in Japan|Japan]], particularly among youth, and a high numbers of teens are becoming Christians.<ref>[http://www.christianpost.com/news/more-people-claim-christian-faith-in-japan-1549/ More People Claim Christian Faith in Japan ]</ref> In [[Christianity in Iran|Iran]] Christianity is reportedly the fastest growing religion with an average annual rate of 5.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.222ministries.org/articles/view/62|title=Religion and Religious Freedom|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref> |
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In 1900, there were only 8.7 million<ref name="Pew2011"/> adherents of Christianity in [[Africa]]; and in 2010 there are 390 million |
In 1900, there were only 8.7 million<ref name="Pew2011"/> adherents of Christianity in [[Africa]]; and in 2010 there are 390 million.<ref name="Pew2011"/> In [[Christianity in Nigeria|Nigeria]], the percentage of Christians has grown from 21.4% in 1953 to 50.8% in 2010.<ref name="Pew2011">{{cite web |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Global Christianity: Regional Distribution of Christians |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-regions/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |accessdate=August 11, 2013}}</ref> In [[South Africa]] [[Pentecostalism]] has grown from 0.2% in 1951 to 7.6% in 2001.<ref name="Religious Demographic Profiles">[http://pewforum.org/world-affairs/countries/?countryID=150 Religious Demographic Profiles – Pew Forum] {{wayback|url=http://pewforum.org/world-affairs/countries/?countryID=150 |date=20100421200729 |df=y }}</ref> |
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[[File:Gateway Church 114 Campus.jpg|thumb|150px|An event at Evangelical church: [[Protestantism]] is among the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.<ref name="books.google.com"/>]] |
[[File:Gateway Church 114 Campus.jpg|thumb|150px|An event at Evangelical church: [[Protestantism]] is among the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.<ref name="books.google.com"/>]] |
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[[Catholic Church]] membership in 2013 was 1.254 billion, which is 17.7% of the world population, an increase from 437 million in 1950<ref name="Froehle5">Froehle, pp. 4–5</ref> and 654 million in 1970.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bazar|first=Emily|title=Immigrants Make Pilgrimage to Pope|work=USA Today|date=16 April 2008|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2008-04-15-popeimmigrants_N.htm|accessdate=3 May 2008}}</ref> The main growth areas have been Asia and Africa, with 39% and 32% increases respectively since 2000, Since 2010, the rate of increase was a 0.3% increase in the Americas and Europe.<ref name="Cath pop steady">{{cite web|title=World's Catholic population steady|publisher=Catholic Culture.org|date=13 May 2013|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=17853&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+CatholicWorldNewsFeatureStories+%28Catholic+World+News+%28on+CatholicCulture.org%29%29|accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref> On the other hand, Eric Kaufman of [[University of London]], argued that the main reason for expansion of Catholicism and conservative Protestantism along with other religions is because their religions tend to be “pro-natal” and they have more children and not due to religious conversion.<ref name="vancouversun.com">[http://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/think-religion-is-declining-look-at-who-is-going-forth-and-multiplying Think religion is in decline? Look at who is 'going forth and multiplying]</ref> |
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[[Catholic Church]] membership in 2013 was 1.254 billion, which is 17.7% of the world population, an increase from 437 million in 1950<ref name="Froehle5">Froehle, pp. 4–5</ref> and 654 million in 1970. |
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⚫ | [[Protestantism]] is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.<ref name="books.google.com"/> From 1960 to 2000, the global growth of the number of reported Evangelicals grew three times the world's population rate, and twice that of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book| title=Know the Truth: A Handbook of Christian Belief | last=Milne | first=Bruce | year=2010 | publisher=InterVarsity Press | page=332 |isbn=0-83082-576-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_ttliPuhjQC&dq=%22population+rate%22+%22growth+rate%22+of+evangelical&source=gbs_navlinks_s/ |accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> [[Evangelical Christian]] denominations also are among the fastest-growing denominations in some [[Catholic Christian]] countries, such as [[religion in Brazil|Brazil |
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Eric Kaufman of [[University of London]] argued that the main reason for expansion of Catholicism and conservative Protestantism along with other religions is because these religions tend to be “pro-natal” and they have more children, and it is not due to religious conversion.<ref name="vancouversun.com">[http://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/think-religion-is-declining-look-at-who-is-going-forth-and-multiplying Think religion is in decline? Look at who is 'going forth and multiplying]</ref> |
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⚫ | According to the records of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], its membership has grown every decade since [[History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|its beginning in the 1830s]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Stark | first = Rodney | authorlink = Rodney Stark | title = The Rise of a New World Faith | journal = Latter-day Saint Social Life: Social Research on the LDS Church and its Members | pages = 1–8 | publisher = Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University | year = 1998 | url = http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/latter-day-saint-social-life-social-research-lds-church-and-its-members/1-rise-new-world | accessdate = December 30, 2013 }}</ref> that it is among the top ten largest Christian denominations in the U.S., |
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⚫ | [[Protestantism]] is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.<ref name="books.google.com"/> From 1960 to 2000, the global growth of the number of reported Evangelicals grew three times the world's population rate, and twice that of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book| title=Know the Truth: A Handbook of Christian Belief | last=Milne | first=Bruce | year=2010 | publisher=InterVarsity Press | page=332 |isbn=0-83082-576-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_ttliPuhjQC&dq=%22population+rate%22+%22growth+rate%22+of+evangelical&source=gbs_navlinks_s/ |accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> [[Evangelical Christian]] denominations also are among the fastest-growing denominations in some [[Catholic Christian]] countries, such as [[religion in Brazil|Brazil]]. There, the total number of Protestants jumped from 16.2% in 2000 to 22.2% in 2010 (for the first time, the percentage of Catholics in Brazil is less than 70%). These cases don't contribute to a growth of Christianity overall, but rather to a substitution of a brand of Christianity with another one. |
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Studies and reports<ref name="World Christian Encyclopedia p.374">{{cite book |date=February 15, 2001 |editor1=David B. Barrett |editor2=George Thomas Kurian |editor3=Todd M. Johnson |title=World Christian Encyclopedia p.374|url= |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |isbn=0195079639 }}</ref> estimate significantly more people have converted from Islam to Christianity in the 21st century than at any other point in Islamic history.<ref>Garrison, David; 2014; "A Wind In The House Of Islam: How God Is Drawing Muslims Around The World To Faith In Jesus Christ"; WIGTake Resources</ref> According to 2015 ''Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census study'' estimates 10.2 million [[Muslim]] [[convert to Christianity]] around the world.<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background">[https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census]</ref> Conversion into Christianity have also been well documented, and reports estimate that hundreds of thousands of Muslims convert to Christianity annually, significant numbers of Muslims converts to Christianity can be found in [[Afghanistan]],<ref name="state2009">{{cite web | author= USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |year=2009 |title= International Religious Freedom Report 2009| url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm |accessdate= 6 March 2010}}</ref> [[Albania]],<ref name="Albanian Government">{{cite web|url=http://www.consolatoalbanesemilano.org/lalbania_oggi.html |title=L'Albania oggi |last=Albanian Government |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Albania |language=Italian |accessdate=30 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510072227/http://www.consolatoalbanesemilano.org/lalbania_oggi.html |archivedate=May 10, 2008 }}{{failed verification|date=May 2016}}</ref> [[Azerbaijan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.day.az/society/85160.html|title=5,000 Azerbaijanis adopted Christianity|publisher=Day.az|date=7 July 2007|language=Russian|accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://azeri.irib.ir/tehliller/item/148029-xristian-missioner-t%C9%99riq%C9%99tl%C9%99r-ar-da-aktivl%C9%99sir?tmpl=component&print=1|title=Christian Missionaries Becoming Active in Azerbaijan|publisher=Tehran Radio|date=19 June 2011|language=Azerbaijani|accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> [[Algeria]],<ref>[http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/256856/368809_en.html Algeria: Situation of Christians, including the treatment of Christians by society and by the authorities]</ref> [[Belgium]],<ref>[http://www.oneindia.com/international/in-europe-many-muslims-renounce-islam-embrace-christianity-report-1567395.html In Europe, many Muslims renounce Islam, embrace Christianity: Report]</ref> [[Bulgaria]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nsi.bg/Census/StrReligion.htm | title = Structure of the population by confession | publisher = NSI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nccedi.government.bg/page.php?category=92&id=247 | title = Ethnic minority communities | publisher = NSI}}</ref> [[France]],<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/?rep=2&aid=352375&sid=ZNS France: Muslims convert to Christianity]</ref> [[Germany]],<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/may/12/iran-converted-christians-sanctuary-germany-muslim 'Our second mother': Iran's converted Christians find sanctuary in Germany]</ref> [[Indonesia]],<ref>History of Christianity in Indonesia. pp. 527-569</ref> [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=Duane Alexander|title=The Conversion Narrative of Samira: From Shi'a Islam to Mary, her Church, and her Son|journal=St Francis Magazine|date=October 2009|volume=5|issue=5|pages=81–92|url=http://stfrancismagazine.info/ja/images/pdf/7DuaneMillerSFM5-5.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=Duane Alexander|title=The Secret World of God: Aesthetics, Relationships, and the Conversion of ‘Frances’ from Shi’a Islam to Christianity|journal=Global Missiology|date=April 2012|volume=9|issue=3|url=http://nazarethseminary.org/datadir/en-events/ev78/files/Miller%20Duane%20Secret%20World%20of%20God%20v2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nasser|first=David|title=Jumping through Fires|year=2009|publisher=Baker|location=Grand Rapids}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rabiipour|first=Saiid|title=Farewell to Islam|year=2009|publisher=Xulon}}</ref> [[Kazakhstan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar |title=Нац состав.rar |accessdate=24 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110723084232/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar |archivedate=23 July 2011 }}</ref> [[Kyrgyzstan]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=IJRR|date=2015|volume=11|issue=10|pages=1–19|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref> [[Malaysia]],<ref name="Musa">{{cite web |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/10/22/focus/9749626&sec=focus |title=What is Himpun about? |author1=AHMAD FAROUK MUSA |author2=MOHD RADZIQ JALALUDDIN |author3=AHMAD FUAD RAHMAT |author4=EDRY FAIZAL EDDY YUSUF |date=22 October 2011 |work= |publisher=The Star |accessdate=16 December 2011}}</ref> [[Morocco]],<ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2013/may/christian-converts-in-morocco-fear-fatwa-calling-for-their.html Christian Converts in Morocco Fear Fatwa Calling for Their Execution]</ref><ref>[https://news.vice.com/article/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret]</ref> [[Netherlands]],<ref>[http://www.frieschdagblad.nl/index.asp?artID=50476 Netherlands: Muslim converts to Christianity live in fear]</ref> [[Russia]],<ref>[http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=513 2 million ethnic Muslims adopted baptism in Russia while only 2,5 thousand Russians converted to Islam - expert]</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of religious freedom|last=Cookson|first=Catharine|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|isbn=0-415-94181-4|page=207|pages=|url=http://books.google.de/books?id=R0PrjC1Ar7gC&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q=&f=false|accessdate=}}</ref> [[Tunisia]],<ref name=report>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90222.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Tunisia]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (September 14, 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref name="hurriyetdailynews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=christians-in-east-remain-worried-despite-church-opening-2011-07-20|title=TURKEY - Christians in eastern Turkey worried despite church opening|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-03/turkish-protestants-still-face-long-path-religious-freedom|title=Turkish Protestants still face "long path" to religious freedom - The Christian Century|work=The Christian Century|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://churchinchains.ie/node/743|title=TURKEY: Protestant church closed down - Church In Chains - Ireland :: An Irish voice for suffering, persecuted Christians Worldwide|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=khadijabibi |url=http://www.chowk.com/ilogs/74358/51514 |title=35,000 Muslims convert into Christianity each year in Turkey |publisher=Chowk.com |date=30 October 2009 |accessdate=19 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924020548/http://www.chowk.com/ilogs/74358/51514 |archivedate=September 24, 2012 }}</ref> [[Kosovo]],<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/12868180 Christians in Kosovo Conversion rate]</ref> The [[United States]]<ref name="pew2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life |date=May 12, 2015 |accessdate=}}</ref> and [[Central Asia]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeni Mitchell |url=http://icsr.info/blog-item.php?id=111 |title=FREEradicals – Targeting Christians in Central Asia |publisher=Icsr.info |date= |accessdate=17 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20120224154546/http://icsr.info/blog-item.php?id=111 |archivedate=24 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opendoorsusa.org/pray/prayer-updates/2011/December/Christianity-Is-Alive-in-Central-Asia |title=Despite Government Set-backs, Christianity Is Alive in Central Asia |publisher=Opendoorsusa.org |date=30 November 2011 |accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> Many of the Muslims who converts to Christianity faces social rejection or imprisonment and sometimes murder or penalty, for becoming Christians.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7355515.stm How When Muslims become Christians.]</ref> |
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⚫ | According to the records of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], its membership has grown every decade since [[History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|its beginning in the 1830s]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Stark | first = Rodney | authorlink = Rodney Stark | title = The Rise of a New World Faith | journal = Latter-day Saint Social Life: Social Research on the LDS Church and its Members | pages = 1–8 | publisher = Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University | year = 1998 | url = http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/latter-day-saint-social-life-social-research-lds-church-and-its-members/1-rise-new-world | accessdate = December 30, 2013 }}</ref> that it is among the top ten largest Christian denominations in the U.S., and that it was the fastest growing church in the U.S. in 2012. |
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⚫ | The 19th century saw at least 250,000 [[Jews]] [[convert to Christianity]] according to existing records of various societies.<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Stanley N | last1 = Gundry | first2 = Louis | last2 = Goldberg | title = How Jewish is Christianity?: 2 views on the Messianic movement | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=sYfcuBdLqyEC&pg=PA24 | publisher = |
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Studies and reports estimate significantly more people have converted from Islam to Christianity in the 21st century than at any other point in Islamic history.<ref>Garrison, David; 2014; "A Wind In The House Of Islam: How God Is Drawing Muslims Around The World To Faith In Jesus Christ"; WIGTake Resources</ref> According to 2015 ''Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census study'' estimates 10.2 million [[Muslim]] [[convert to Christianity]] around the world.<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background">[https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census]</ref> Conversions to Christianity have also been well documented, and reports estimate that hundreds of thousands of Muslims convert to Christianity annually. |
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While according to Pew Research Center survey it is expected that from 2010 to 2050 significant number of Christians will leave their faith.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.in/Christians-are-leaving-the-faith-in-droves-and-the-trend-isnt-slowing-down/articleshow/47088859.cms Christians are leaving the faith in droves and the trend isn't slowing down; Business Insider]</ref> Most of the switching are expected into the [[Irreligion|unaffiliated]] and Irreligion.<ref name="pewforum.org">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Projected Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010-2050, p.44]</ref> The Pew Research study also found that Christianity has the highest number of defectors between 2010 to 2050 compared to any other religions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leaving the Faith Because of the Faithful|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/leaving-the-faith-because_b_7607188.html|publisher=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref> On the other hand, conversion into Christianity have also been well documented.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-10942954 Christian faith plus Chinese productivity]</ref><ref name="paaia1">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://paaia.org/galleries/new-gallery/Survey_of_Iranian_Americans_Final_Report_Dec_10%202008.pdf|title=Public Opinion Survey of Iranian Americans|publisher=[[Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans|PAAIA]]|date=December 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20081221105629/http://paaia.org:80/galleries/new-gallery/Survey_of_Iranian_Americans_Final_Report_Dec_10%202008.pdf|archivedate=December 21, 2008}}</ref> large increases in the developing world (around 23,000 per day) have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Europe and North America.<ref>Werner Ustorf. "A missiological postscript", in McLeod and Ustorf (eds), ''The Decline of Christendom in (Western) Europe, 1750–2000'', ([[Cambridge University Press]], 2003) pp. 219–20.</ref> According to the ''[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]'', approximately 2.7 million converting to Christianity annually from another religion, ''[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]'' also cited that Christianity rank at first place in net gains through religious conversion.<ref>{{cite book |date=February 15, 2001 |editor1=David B. Barrett |editor2=George Thomas Kurian |editor3=Todd M. Johnson |title=World Christian Encyclopedia p.360|url= |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |isbn=0195079639 }}</ref> On the other hand, demographer Conrad Hackett of Pew Research Center stated that the [[World Christian Encyclopedia]] gives a higher estimate for percent Christian when compared to other cross-national data sets''".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hsu |first=Becky |author2=Amy Reynolds |author3=Conrad Hackett |author4= James Gibbon |year=2008 |title=Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations: An Empirical Assessment of the World Christian Database |journal=[[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=691–692 |url=http://www.conradhackett.com/uploads/2/6/7/2/2672974/evaluating_world_christian_database.pdf |accessdate=2012-01-27 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The 19th century saw at least 250,000 [[Jews]] [[convert to Christianity]] according to existing records of various societies.<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Stanley N. | last1 = Gundry | first2 = Louis | last2 = Goldberg | title = How Jewish is Christianity?: 2 views on the Messianic movement | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=sYfcuBdLqyEC&pg=PA24 | publisher = | page = 24}}.</ref> Data from the Pew Research Center that as of 2013, about 1.6 million adult [[American Jews]] identify themselves as [[Christians]], most are [[Protestant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/02/how-many-jews-are-there-in-the-united-states/|title=How many Jews are there in the United States?|work=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref name="pew: portrait">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/chapter-1-population-estimates/|title=A PORTRAIT OF JEWISH AMERICANS: Chapter 1: Population Estimates|work=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/news/.premium-1.549713|title=American-Jewish Population Rises to 6.8 Million|work=haaretz}}</ref> According to same data most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry.<ref name="pew: portrait" /> According to a 2012 survey 17% of [[History of the Jews in Russia|Jews in Russia]] identify themselves as [[Christians]].<ref name="ArenaAtlas">[http://sreda.org/en/arena Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia]. Sreda.org</ref> |
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It’s been reported also that increasing numbers of young people are becoming Christians in several countries.<ref>[http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2014/08/12/five-ways-south-korea-might-be-the-church-of-the-future/ Why South Korea could be the church of future]</ref><ref>[http://www.christianpost.com/news/more-people-claim-christian-faith-in-japan-1549/ More People Claim Christian Faith in Japan]</ref> It's been also reported that conversion into Christianity is significantly increasing among Korean,<ref>{{cite book|last=Yoo|first=David|author2=Ruth H. Chung |title=Religion and spirituality in Korean America|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-252-07474-5}}</ref> Chinese,<ref>[http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/11/leave-china-study-in-america-find-jesus-chinese-christian-converts-at-american-universities/ Leave China, Study in America, Find Jesus | Foreign Policy]</ref> and Japanese in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Niiya|title=Japanese American History: An A-To-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZg6Ft_jvJ0C&pg=RA1-PA28|year=1993|publisher=VNR AG|page=28}}</ref> By 2012 percentage of Christians on mentioned communities was 71%, more than 30% and 37%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projects.pewforum.org/2012/07/18/religious-affiliation-of-asian-americans-2/asianamericans_affiliation-9-2/|title=Japanese Americans - Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life|publisher=|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref> respectively. According to the ''[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]'', between 1965-1985 about 2.5 million Indonesian converted from Islam to Christianity.<ref name="World Christian Encyclopedia p.374"/> Many people who convert to Christianity face [[Persecution of Christians|persecution]].<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/27/dying-for-christianity-millions-at-risk-amid-rise-in-persecution-across-the-globe Dying for Christianity]</ref> |
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Meanwhile, according to the Pew Research Center sit is expected that from 2010 to 2050 significant number of Christians will leave their faith. Most of them become irreligious.<ref name="pewforum.org">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Projected Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010-2050, p.44]</ref> The Pew Research study also found that Christianity has the highest number of defectors between 2010 to 2050 compared to any other religions. Large increases in the developing world (around 23,000 per day) have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Europe and North America.<ref>Werner Ustorf. "A missiological postscript", in McLeod and Ustorf (eds), ''The Decline of Christendom in (Western) Europe, 1750–2000'', ([[Cambridge University Press]], 2003) pp. 219–20.</ref> |
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According to the ''[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]'', approximately 2.7 million convert to Christianity annually from another religion. ''[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]'' also cited that Christianity rank at first place in net gains through religious conversion.<ref>{{cite book |date=February 15, 2001 |editor1=David B. Barrett |editor2=George Thomas Kurian |editor3=Todd M. Johnson |title=World Christian Encyclopedia p.360|url= |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |isbn=0195079639 }}</ref> On the other hand, demographer Conrad Hackett of Pew Research Center stated that the World Christian Encyclopedia gives a higher estimate of the percentage of Christians by country when compared to other data sets''".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hsu |first=Becky |author2=Amy Reynolds |author3=Conrad Hackett |author4= James Gibbon |year=2008 |title=Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations: An Empirical Assessment of the World Christian Database |journal=[[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=691–692 |url=http://www.conradhackett.com/uploads/2/6/7/2/2672974/evaluating_world_christian_database.pdf |accessdate=2012-01-27 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x}}</ref> |
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===Deism=== |
===Deism=== |
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===Hinduism=== |
===Hinduism=== |
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[[File:Rath Yatra russia winter.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Ratha Yatra]] celebration in [[Russia]]. In the late 20th century forms of Hinduism have grown indigenous roots in parts of Russia, significantly in [[Altai Republic|Altay]] where Hinduism is now the religion of 2% of the population.]] |
[[File:Rath Yatra russia winter.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Ratha Yatra]] celebration in [[Russia]]. In the late 20th century forms of Hinduism have grown indigenous roots in parts of Russia, significantly in [[Altai Republic|Altay]] where Hinduism is now the religion of 2% of the population.]] |
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Hinduism is a growing religion in countries such as [[Ghana]],<ref>Rev. Abamfo Ofori Atiemo, [http://orid.ug.edu.gh/publiclectureintroduction.php?inter_fac_id=17 Returning to Our Spiritual Roots': African Hindus in Ghana Negotiating Religious Space and Identity], public lecture at the University of Ghana</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Religion on the Move!: New Dynamics of Religious Expansion in a Globalizing World|publisher=BRILL|author1=Afe Adogame |author2=Shobana Shankar |year=2012|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqO-AxrSbqgC&pg=PA135&dq=}}</ref> the [[United States]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZohdcPSo3LsC&pg=PA559|publisher=Wiley|page=559|title=The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America|author1=Khyati Y. Joshi |author2=Philip Goff }}</ref> and others.{{Specify|date=October 2015}} According to 2011 census, Hinduism has become fastest-growing religion in [[Australia]] since 2006<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics (21 June 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140318063452/http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/CO-61 2011 Census reveals Hinduism as the fastest growing religion in Australia]</ref> due to migration from India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mercer|first=Phil|title=Immigrants Change Australia's Cultural Identity|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/immigrants-change-australias-cutural-identity/1246298.html|accessdate=19 May 2014|newspaper=[[Voice of America]]|date=June 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=P D'Souza|first=Stephen|title=Hinduism: Australia's Fastest Growing Religion|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=2119|publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]]|accessdate=19 May 2014 |
Hinduism is a growing religion in countries such as [[Ghana]],<ref>Rev. Abamfo Ofori Atiemo, [http://orid.ug.edu.gh/publiclectureintroduction.php?inter_fac_id=17 Returning to Our Spiritual Roots': African Hindus in Ghana Negotiating Religious Space and Identity], public lecture at the University of Ghana</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Religion on the Move!: New Dynamics of Religious Expansion in a Globalizing World|publisher=BRILL|author1=Afe Adogame |author2=Shobana Shankar |year=2012|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqO-AxrSbqgC&pg=PA135&dq=}}</ref> the [[United States]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZohdcPSo3LsC&pg=PA559|publisher=Wiley|page=559|title=The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America|author1=Khyati Y. Joshi |author2=Philip Goff }}</ref> and others.{{Specify|date=October 2015}} According to 2011 census, Hinduism has become fastest-growing religion in [[Australia]] since 2006<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics (21 June 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140318063452/http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/CO-61 2011 Census reveals Hinduism as the fastest growing religion in Australia]</ref> due to migration from India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mercer|first=Phil|title=Immigrants Change Australia's Cultural Identity|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/immigrants-change-australias-cutural-identity/1246298.html|accessdate=19 May 2014|newspaper=[[Voice of America]]|date=June 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=P D'Souza|first=Stephen|title=Hinduism: Australia's Fastest Growing Religion|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=2119|publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]]|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref> |
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===Islam=== |
===Islam=== |
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[[File:Dumai Mosque.jpg|thumb|150px|The [[mosque]] of [[Dumai]], in [[Riau]]. [[Indonesia]] has the largest number of [[Muslim]]s in the world.]] |
[[File:Dumai Mosque.jpg|thumb|150px|The [[mosque]] of [[Dumai]], in [[Riau]]. [[Indonesia]] has the largest number of [[Muslim]]s in the world.]] |
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{{further|Muslim population growth|Spread of Islam}} |
{{further|Muslim population growth|Spread of Islam}} |
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In 1990, 1.1 billion people were [[Muslim]]s, while in 2010, 1.6 billion people were [[Muslim]]s. |
In 1990, 1.1 billion people were [[Muslim]]s, while in 2010, 1.6 billion people were [[Muslim]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|publisher=Pew Research|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref> The Pew Forum claims that 23% of the world population with 60% of Muslims living in Asia.<ref name="Pew Reference #2 (from BBC site)">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8296200.stm|title=One in four is Muslim, study says|publisher=BBC News Website|accessdate=|date=2009-10-08}}</ref> From 1990 to 2010, the global Muslim population increased at an average annual rate of 2.2%. According the 2003 edition of the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'', [[Islam]] is the world’s fastest-growing religion by number of [[religious conversion|conversion]]s each year: "Although the religion began in Arabia, by 2002 80% of all believers in Islam lived outside the [[Arab world]]". On the other hand, in 2010, Pew Forum finds "that statistical data for Muslim conversions are scarce and as per their available information, there is no substantial net gain or loss of Muslims due to religious conversion. It stated that the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal. Thus, this report excludes the religious conversion as a direct factor from the projection of Muslim population growth."<ref name="pew">[http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors-conversion.aspx "The Future of the Global Muslim Population, Related Factors: Conversion"], The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, January 27, 2011</ref> The growth of [[Islam]] from 2010 to 2020 has been estimated at 1.70%<ref name="PewIslam2011"/> due to high birthrates in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The report also shows that the fall in birth rate of the Muslims slowed down the growth rate during 1990 to 2010. It is due to the fall of fertility rate in many Muslim majority countries (despite the decline Muslims still have the highest birth rate among the world’s major religious groups).<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/ The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050/] Globally, Muslims have the highest fertility rate, an average of 3.1 children per woman – well above replacement level (2.1), the minimum typically needed to maintain a stable population</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim birth rate falls, slower population growth|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-muslims-population-idUSTRE70Q68E20110127|accessdate=8 May 2016|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> According to the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], the World Christian Database as of 2007 has Islam as the fastest-growing religion in the world.<ref name="foreignpolicy2007">{{cite news |last = Staff|title = The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions|work = [[Foreign Policy]]|pages = |publisher = [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|date = May 2007|url = http://foreignpolicy.com/2007/05/14/the-list-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religions/|accessdate = }}</ref> |
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The Vatican's newly-released 2008 yearbook of statistics revealed that for the first time, Islam has outnumbered the Roman Catholics globally. It stated that, "''Islam has overtaken Roman Catholicism as the biggest single religious denomination in the world''",<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslims outnumber Catholics, Vatican says|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1583422/Muslims-outnumber-Catholics-Vatican-says.html|accessdate=8 May 2016|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=31 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Muslims more numerous than Catholics: Vatican|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-vatican-muslims-idUKL3068682420080330|accessdate=8 May 2016|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=30 March 2008}}</ref> and stated that, "''It is true that while Muslim families, as is well known, continue to make a lot of children, Christian ones on the contrary tend to have fewer and fewer''".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,343336,00.html |title=Vatican: Islam Surpasses Roman Catholicism as World's Largest Religion – International News | News of the World | Middle East News | Europe News |publisher=Foxnews.com |date=2008-03-30 |accessdate=2010-04-01}}</ref> According to the [[Foreign Policy]], High birth rates were cited as the reason for the Muslim population growth.<ref>{{cite news| last = Staff| title = The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions | work = [[Foreign Policy]]| pages = | language =| date = May 2007| url = http://foreignpolicy.com/2007/05/14/the-list-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religions/| accessdate = }}</ref> With 3.1 children per woman, Muslims have higher fertility levels than the world’s overall population between 2010 and 2015. High fertility is a major driver of projected Muslim population growth around the world and in particular regions.<ref name="p.75">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.75]</ref> Between 2010-2015 except the Middle East and North Africa, Muslim fertility every region in the world was higher than the rate for the region as a whole.<ref name="p.75"/> While Muslim birth rates is expected to experience a decline, it will remain above replacement level and higher fertility than the world’s overall by 2050.<ref name="p.26">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.26]</ref> As per U.N.’s global population forecasts, as well as the |
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Pew Research projections, over time fertility rates generally converge toward the |
Pew Research projections, over time fertility rates generally converge toward the |
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replacement level.<ref name="p.26"/> Globally, Muslims were younger (median age of 23) than the overall population (median age of 28) as of 2010.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.77]</ref> While decline of Muslim birth rates in coming years have also been well documented.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ruse|first1=Austin|title=Underpopulation: Muslim World Faces Devastating Fertility Decline|url=http://www.lifenews.com/2012/07/05/underpopulation-muslim-world-faces-devastating-fertility-decline/|accessdate=8 May 2016|publisher=[[LifeNews]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Myth Of The Muslim Population Bomb|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2015/02/the-myth-of-the-muslim-population-bomb/|accessdate=8 May 2016|issue=8|publisher=[[Tehelka]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Relax Sangh Parivar, there is no evidence of a Muslim population bomb|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/relax-sangh-parivar-there-is-no-evidence-of-a-muslim-population-bomb-2061085.html|accessdate=8 May 2016|publisher=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> According to [[David Ignatius]], there is major decline in Muslim fertility rates as pointed out by [[Nicholas Eberstadt]]. Based on the data from 49 Muslim-majority countries and territories, he founds that Muslims birth rate has significantly dropped for 41% between 1975-80 to 2005-10 while the global population decline was 33% during that period. It also stated that over 50% declined was found in 22 Muslim countries and over 60% decline in Iran, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Bangladesh, Tunisia, Libya, Albania, Qatar and Kuwait.''" |
replacement level.<ref name="p.26"/> Globally, Muslims were younger (median age of 23) than the overall population (median age of 28) as of 2010.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.77]</ref> While decline of Muslim birth rates in coming years have also been well documented.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ruse|first1=Austin|title=Underpopulation: Muslim World Faces Devastating Fertility Decline|url=http://www.lifenews.com/2012/07/05/underpopulation-muslim-world-faces-devastating-fertility-decline/|accessdate=8 May 2016|publisher=[[LifeNews]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Myth Of The Muslim Population Bomb|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2015/02/the-myth-of-the-muslim-population-bomb/|accessdate=8 May 2016|issue=8|publisher=[[Tehelka]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Relax Sangh Parivar, there is no evidence of a Muslim population bomb|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/relax-sangh-parivar-there-is-no-evidence-of-a-muslim-population-bomb-2061085.html|accessdate=8 May 2016|publisher=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> According to [[David Ignatius]], there is major decline in Muslim fertility rates as pointed out by [[Nicholas Eberstadt]]. Based on the data from 49 Muslim-majority countries and territories, he founds that Muslims birth rate has significantly dropped for 41% between 1975-80 to 2005-10 while the global population decline was 33% during that period. It also stated that over 50% declined was found in 22 Muslim countries and over 60% decline in Iran, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Bangladesh, Tunisia, Libya, Albania, Qatar and Kuwait.''" |
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According to the Pew Research Center, Muslim population growth is twice of world's overall population growth due to young age and relatively high fertility rate and as a result Muslims are projected to rise to 30% (2050) of the world’s population from 23% (2010).<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.70]</ref> |
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According to the religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center, between 2010-2050 modest net gains through religious conversion are expected for Muslims (3 million)<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Projected Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010-2050, p.11]</ref> and most of the net gains through religious conversion for Muslims found in the [[Sub Saharan Africa]] (2.9 million).<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010-2050, p.43]</ref> The study also reveals that, due to young age & relatively high fertility rate among Muslims by 2050 there will be near parity between Muslims (2.8 billion, or 30% of the population) and Christians (2.9 billion, or 31%), possibly for the first time in history.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Islam Growing Fastest, p.07]</ref> According to [[Pew Research Center]] the projected Muslims population will equal the Christian population by 2070. While both religions will grow but Muslim population will exceed the Christian population and by 2100, Muslim population (35%) will be 1% more than the Christian population (34%).<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Long-Term Projections of Christian and Muslim Shares of World’s Population] p.14</ref> By the end of 2100 the Muslims are expected to outnumber the Christians.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Goodstein|first1=Laurie|title=Muslims Projected to Outnumber Christians by 2100|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/03/us/report-sees-religions-growing-and-shifting-in-next-few-decades.html|accessdate=5 May 2016|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Zoroya|first1=Gregg|title=Islam projected to be world's largest religion by 2070|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/04/02/religion-muslims-christians-populations-pew-research/70769318/|accessdate=5 May 2016|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shammas|first1=John|title=Islam predicted to overtake Christianity as world's largest religion by 2070|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/islam-predicted-overtake-christianity-worlds-5450794|accessdate=5 May 2016|publisher=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=3 April 2015}}</ref> According to the same study, Muslims population growth is twice of world's overall population growth due to young age & relatively high fertility rate and as a result Muslims are projected to rise to 30% (2050) of the world’s population from 23% (2010).<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.70]</ref> |
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While the total Fertility Rate of Muslims in North America is 2.7 children per woman in the 2010 to 2015 period, well above the regional average (2.0) and the replacement level (2.1).<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.160]</ref> Europe’s Muslim population also has higher fertility (2.1) than other religious groups in the region, well above the regional average (1.6).<ref name="p.75"/> A new study of [[Population Reference Bureau]] by demographers Charles Westoff and Tomas Frejka suggests that the fertility gap between Muslims and non-Muslims is shrinking and although the Muslim immigrants do have more children than other Europeans but their fertility tends to decline over time, often faster than among non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Do Muslims Have More Children Than Other Women in Western Europe?|url=http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx|publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]]|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> |
While the total Fertility Rate of Muslims in North America is 2.7 children per woman in the 2010 to 2015 period, well above the regional average (2.0) and the replacement level (2.1).<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.160]</ref> Europe’s Muslim population also has higher fertility (2.1) than other religious groups in the region, well above the regional average (1.6).<ref name="p.75"/> A new study of [[Population Reference Bureau]] by demographers Charles Westoff and Tomas Frejka suggests that the fertility gap between Muslims and non-Muslims is shrinking and although the Muslim immigrants do have more children than other Europeans but their fertility tends to decline over time, often faster than among non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Do Muslims Have More Children Than Other Women in Western Europe?|url=http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx|publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]]|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> |
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Generally, there are few reports about how many people disaffiliating from Islam in Muslim majority countries. The main reason for this is the social and legal repercussions associated with [[ |
Generally, there are few reports about how many people disaffiliating from Islam in Muslim majority countries. The main reason for this is the social and legal repercussions associated with [[apostasy in Islam|leaving Islam]] in many Muslim majority countries, up to and including the death penalty for apostasy. However, the report also suggest that in future, it is also possible that these societies could allow for greater freedom to religiously disaffiliate.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.182]</ref> On the other hand the increasingly large [[Ex-Muslim|ex-Muslim communities]] in the [[Western world]] that adhere to no religion have been well documented. A 2007 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) report argued that some Muslim population projections are overestimated, as they assume that all descendants of Muslims will become Muslims even in cases of mixed parenthood.<ref>Esther Pan, ''[http://www.cfr.org/publication/8252/europe.html Europe: Integrating Islam]'', [[Council on Foreign Relations]], 2005-07-13</ref> Equally, Darren E. Sherkat questioned in ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' whether some of the Muslim growth projections are accurate as they do not take into account the increasing number of non-religious Muslims. Quantitative research is lacking, but he believes the European trend mirrors the American: data from the General Social Survey in the United States show that 32 percent of those raised Muslim no longer embrace Islam in adulthood, and 18 percent hold no religious identification. Studies show that about half of the 4.2 million persons from Muslim background in Germany are no longer embrace Islam in adulthood.<ref name="fowid">{{cite web|url=http://fowid.de/fileadmin/datenarchiv/Religionszugehoerigkeit/Religionszugehoerigkeit_Bevoelkerung_Deutschland_2014.pdf |title=Religionszugehörigkeit Bevölkerung Deutschland |publisher=Forschungsgruppe Weltanschauungen in Deutschland |date= |accessdate=24 January 2016|language=de}}</ref> Many of the Muslims who leaves Islam faces social rejection or imprisonment and sometimes murder or penalty.<ref>[https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/2015-06-22/losing-their-religion Losing Their Religion]</ref> According to [[Harvard University]] professor [[Robert D. Putnam]], there is increasing numbers of Americans who are leaving their faith and becoming unaffiliated and the average Iranian is slightly less religious than the average American.<ref name="irreligion2">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/01/14/169164840/losing-our-religion-the-growth-of-the-nones |title=Losing Our Religion: The Growth Of The 'Nones' |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=13 January 2013 |accessdate=}}</ref> According to [[Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans]], the number of Iranian Americans Muslims decreased from 42% in 2008 to 31% in 2012.<ref name="paaia1">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://paaia.org/galleries/new-gallery/Survey_of_Iranian_Americans_Final_Report_Dec_10%202008.pdf|title=Public Opinion Survey of Iranian Americans|publisher=[[Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans|PAAIA]]|date=December 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20081221105629/http://paaia.org:80/galleries/new-gallery/Survey_of_Iranian_Americans_Final_Report_Dec_10%202008.pdf|archivedate=December 21, 2008}}</ref> On the other hand, conversion into Islam have also been well documented.<ref>{{cite web|title=Converts to Islam|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/daily-number/converts-to-islam/|publisher=www.pewresearch.org|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> |
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It is reported that around 5,000 British people convert to Islam every year (most of them are women).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mistiaen|first1=Veronique|title=Converting to Islam: British women on prayer, peace and prejudice|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/11/islam-converts-british-women-prejudice|accessdate=6 May 2016|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 October 2013}}</ref> According to a report by CNN, ''Islam has drawn converts from all walks of life, most notably [[African-Americans]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Studies estimated approximately 30,000 converting to Islam annually in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Why do Western Women Convert?|url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion|publisher=[[Standpoint (magazine)]]|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Muslims In America: More Latinos Converting To Islam As US Population Grows, Report Claims|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/muslims-america-more-latinos-converting-islam-us-population-grows-report-claims-2242465|accessdate=9 May 2016|publisher=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> |
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By 2010 an estimated 44 million Muslims were living in [[Europe]] (6%), up from 4.1% in 1990. By 2030, Muslims are expected to make up 8% of Europe’s population including an estimated 19 million in the [[EU]] (3.8%),<ref name="pewforum2011">[[Pew Forum]], The Future of the Global Muslim Population, January 2011, [http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx][http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx?print=true][http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/], [http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/], [http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-europe.aspx?print=true] {{wayback|url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |date=20110209094904 }}</ref> including 13 million foreign-born Muslim immigrants.<ref name="11/17/5">[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/11/17/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/ 5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe]</ref> Islam is widely considered as the fastest growing religion in Europe due primarily to [[Immigration to Europe|immigration]] and above average [[birth rate]]s.<ref name="pewforum2011" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2005-12-23 |accessdate=2010-04-01}}</ref><ref name="The Future of World Religions p.149">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.149]</ref> Between 2010-2015 the Muslim [[fertility rate]] in Europe was (2.1), On the other hand, the [[fertility rate]] in Europe as a whole was (1.6).<ref name="The Future of World Religions p.149"/> Pew study also reveals that Muslims are younger than other Europeans. In 2010, the median age of Muslims throughout Europe was (32), eight years younger than the median for all Europeans (40).<ref name="11/17/5" /> According to A religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center show that [[religious conversion|conversion]] do not playing importance to the growth of the Muslim population in Europe.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.159] Projected Religious Composition of Europe in 2050, With and Without Religious Switching: SCENARIO WITH SWITCHING (10.2%), SCENARIO WITHOUT SWITCHING (10.1%)</ref> according to the same study the net loss is (-60,000) due to the religious switching.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.43]</ref> |
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The [[Pew Research Center]] notes that "the data that we have isn't pointing in the direction of '[[Eurabia]]' at all",<ref>Brian Grim quoted in Richard Greene, [http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/27/world-muslim-population-doubling-report-projects/ World Muslim population doubling, report projects], CNN, 2011-01-27</ref> and predicts that the percentage of Muslims is estimated to rise to 8% in 2030, due to immigration and above average birth rates. And only two western European countries - France and Belgium - will become around 10 percent Muslim, by 2030. according to to [[Justin Vaïsse]] the [[fertility rate]] of Muslim immigrants declines with integration.<ref>See also [http://demographymatters.blogspot.com/2008/02/demographic-spectres-and-politics.html Randy McDonald], ''[http://rfmcdpei.livejournal.com/408410.html France, its Muslims, and the Future]'', 2004-04-13, [[Doug Saunders]], "[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080920.wreckoning20/BNStory/International/home/ The 'Eurabia' myth deserves a debunking]", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 2008-09-20, ''[http://www.scb.se/templates/pressinfo____251100.asp Fewer differences between foreign born and Swedish born childbearing women]'', [[Statistics Sweden]], 2008-11-03<!-- thanks to http://gatesofvienna.blogspot.com/2008/11/gates-of-vienna-news-feed-1132008.html#3416 -->, Mary Mederios Kent, ''[http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx?p=1 Do Muslims have more children than other women in western Europe?]'', [[Population Reference Bureau]], prb.org, February 2008; for fertility of Muslims outside Europe, see the sentence "The dramatic decline in Iran's fertility provides a recent example of how strict Islamic practices can coexist with widespread use of [[Family planning in Iran|family planning]].", and (the articles) Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi and Mary Mederios Kent, ''[http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/menafertilitydecline.aspx?p=1 Fertility Declining in the Middle East and North Africa]'', prb.org, April 2008, especially the [http://www.prb.org/images08/patterns-of-fertility.gif figure 2], Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, ''[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/2RevisedABBASIpaper.PDF Recent changes and the future of fertility in Iran]'', especially the [http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/2RevisedABBASIpaper.PDF#page=10 figure 1];<!-- Even [http://gatesofvienna.blogspot.com/2008/10/gates-of-vienna-news-feed-10272008.html#3081 Gates of Vienna acknowledge] by quoting [http://yoramettinger.newsnet.co.il/Front/NewsNet/reports.asp?reportId=248042 Yoram Ettinger], 2[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1225036811974&pagename=JPost%252FJPArticle%252FPrinter Demographic implosion in Muslim societies]", ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', 2008-10-28; --></ref> He further points out that Muslims are not a monolithic or cohesive group,<ref>See also "Merely speaking of a 'Muslim community in France' can be misleading and inaccurate: like every immigrant population, Muslims in France exhibit strong cleavages based on the country of their origin, their social background, political orientation and ideology, and the [[Divisions of Islam|branch or sect of Islam]] that they practice (when they do)." in Justin Vaisse, ''[http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2006/0112france_vaisse.aspx Unrest in France, November 2005]'', 2006-01-12</ref> Most academics who have analysed the demographics dismiss the predictions that the [[EU]] will have Muslim majorities.<ref name=Kuper1>{{cite web|author=[[Simon Kuper]]|title=Head count belies vision of 'Eurabia'|publisher=[[Financial Times]]|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/123ade02-4e6f-11dc-85e7-0000779fd2ac.html|date=August 19, 2007|accessdate=August 12, 2011}}</ref> |
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It is completely reasonable to assume that the overall Muslim population in Europe will increase, and Muslim citizens have and will have a significant imprint on European life.<ref>Kaufmann, Eric (20 March 2010). [http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2010/03/europes-muslim-future/ "Europe's Muslim Future"], ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'', Issue 169.</ref> The prospect of a homogenous Muslim community per se, or a Muslim majority in Europe is however out of the question.<ref name="Pew">{{cite book|first1=Brian J.|last1=Grim|first2=Mehtab S.|last2=Karim|first3=Alan|last3=Cooperman|first4=Conrad|last4=Hackett|first5=Phillip|last5=Connor|first6=Sahar|last6=Chaudhry| first7=Mira|last7=Hidajat|first8=Becky|last8=Hsu |author9=Andrew J. Gully |author10=Noble Kuriakose |author11=Elizabeth A. Lawton |author12=Elizabeth Podrebarac|editor1-first=Sandra|editor1-last=Stencel|editor2-first=Anne Farris|editor2-last=Rosen|editor3-first=Diana|editor3-last=Yoo|editor4-first=Tracy|editor4-last=Miller|editor5-first=Hilary|editor5-last=Ramp|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population (Projections for 2010-2030)|publisher=Pew Research Center|location=Washington, D.C.|date=January 2011|url= http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=May 12, 2012}} [http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx?print=true Summary about Europe0], retrieved 18 September 2012.</ref> Eric Kaufman of [[University of London]] denied the claims of Eurabia. According to him, Muslims will be a significant minority rather than majority in Europe and as per their projections for 2050 in the Western Europe, there will be 10-15 per cent Muslim population in high immigration countries such as Germany, France and the UK.<ref>[https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/2267/battle-of-the-babies Battle of the Babies]</ref> Eric Kaufman also argue that the main reason why Islam is expanding along with other religions, is not because of conversion to Islam, but primarily to the nature of the religion as he call it “pro-natal”, where Muslims tend to have more children.<ref name="vancouversun.com">[http://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/think-religion-is-declining-look-at-who-is-going-forth-and-multiplying Think religion is in decline? Look at who is 'going forth and multiplying]</ref> However, [[Doug Saunders]] states that by 2030 Muslims and Non-Muslims birth rates will be equal in Germany, Greece, Spain and Denmark without taking account of the Muslims immigration to these countries. He also states that Muslims & Non-Muslims fertility rate difference will decrease from 0.7 to 0.4 and this different will continue to shrink as a result of which Muslims and non-Muslims fertility rate will be identical by 2050.<ref name=nationalpost>{{cite news|title=Book excerpt: The ‘Muslim tide’ that wasn’t|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/book-excerpt-the-muslim-tide-that-wasnt|accessdate=8 May 2016|publisher=[[National Post]]|date=29 August 2012}}</ref> |
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According to the ''World Christian Encyclopedia'', the fastest-growing denomination in Islam is [[Ahmadiyya]] with a growth rate of 3.25%. However, most of the Muslim population do not regard Ahmadis to be Muslims. Most other sects have a growth rate of less than 3%.<ref>{{cite book |date=February 15, 2001 |editor1=David B. Barrett |editor2=George Thomas Kurian |editor3=Todd M. Johnson |title=World Christian Encyclopedia |url= |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |isbn=0195079639 }}</ref> |
According to the ''World Christian Encyclopedia'', the fastest-growing denomination in Islam is [[Ahmadiyya]] with a growth rate of 3.25%. However, most of the Muslim population do not regard Ahmadis to be Muslims. Most other sects have a growth rate of less than 3%.<ref>{{cite book |date=February 15, 2001 |editor1=David B. Barrett |editor2=George Thomas Kurian |editor3=Todd M. Johnson |title=World Christian Encyclopedia |url= |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |isbn=0195079639 }}</ref> |
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In 2010 Asia was home for (62%) of the world’s Muslims, and about (20%) of the world’s Muslims lived in the Middle East and North Africa, (16%) in Sub Saharan Africa, and 2% in Europe.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf The Global Religious Landscape: Muslims] p.21</ref> |
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In 2010 Asia was home for (62%) of the world’s Muslims, and about (20%) of the world’s Muslims lived in the Middle East and North Africa, (16%) in Sub Saharan Africa, and 2% in Europe.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf The Global Religious Landscape: Muslims] p.21</ref> By 2050 Asia will home for (52.8%) of the world’s Muslims, and about (24.3%) of the world’s Muslims will live in Sub Saharan Africa, (20%) the Middle East and North Africa, and 2% in Europe. As per the Pew Research study, Muslim populations will grow in absolute number in all regions of the world between 2010 and 2050. The Muslim population in the Asia-Pacific region is expected to reach nearly 1.5 billion by 2050, up from roughly 1 billion in 2010. The growth of Muslims is also expected in the Middle East-North Africa region, It is projected to increase from about 300 million in 2010 to more than 550 million in 2050. Besides, the Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa is forecast to grow from about 250 million in 2010 to nearly 670 million in 2050 which is more than double. The absolute number of Muslims is also expected to increase in regions with smaller Muslim populations such as Europe and North America.<ref name="p.71">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.71]</ref> Due to young age & relatively high fertility rate,<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.70]</ref> Muslim population will rise nearly 30% in 2050. In Europe Muslim population will be nearly double (from 6% to 10%). In North America, it will grow 1% to 2%. In Asia Pasific region, Muslims will surpass the Hindus by the time.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.72]</ref> In 2010 Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nigeria was home for (48%) of the world’s Muslims. By 2050 India is projected to have the world’s largest Muslim population followed by Pakistan, Indonesia, Nigeria and Bangladesh, and expected to be home for (45%) of the world’s Muslims. |
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There exist different views among scholars about the spread of Islam. [[Islam]] began in [[Arabia]] and from 633 AD until the late 10th century it was spread through conquests, far-reaching trade and missionary activity.<ref name=yale>{{cite web|title=The Spread of Islam|url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf|publisher=Yale University Press|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Spread Of Islam|url=http://history-world.org/islam4.htm|publisher=www.history-world.org|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref> |
There exist different views among scholars about the spread of Islam. [[Islam]] began in [[Arabia]] and from 633 AD until the late 10th century it was spread through conquests, far-reaching trade and missionary activity.<ref name=yale>{{cite web|title=The Spread of Islam|url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf|publisher=Yale University Press|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Spread Of Islam|url=http://history-world.org/islam4.htm|publisher=www.history-world.org|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref> |
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According to [[Rodney Stark]], Islam was spread after military conquests after Arab armies began overtaking [[Christian]] regions from [[Syria]] to [[North Africa]] and [[Spain]],<ref>Stark, Rodney. “God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades.” Harper Collins, 2009, p.15,93</ref> as well as [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]] regions in [[Central Asia]], parts of [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] via military invasions, |
According to [[Rodney Stark]], Islam was spread after military conquests after Arab armies began overtaking [[Christian]] regions from [[Syria]] to [[North Africa]] and [[Spain]],<ref>Stark, Rodney. “God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades.” Harper Collins, 2009, p.15,93</ref> as well as [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]] regions in [[Central Asia]], parts of [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] via military invasions, traders and Sufi missionaries.<ref name="Mcleod">''McLeod, John, "The History of India", Greenwood Press (2002), ISBN 0-313-31459-4, pp. 41–42.</ref><ref>Levy, Robert I. Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990.</ref> According to some scholars, the [[Jizya]] (poll tax) was the most important factor in the mass conversion to Islam, the tax paid by all non-Muslims ([[Dhimmis]] - which translated means "protected persons") in Islamic empires<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/ottoman/bosnia.html |website=University of Calgary |title=The Islamisation of Bosnia |date=1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191746/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/ottoman/bosnia.html |archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=Glenn2007>H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 218–219.</ref><ref name="The Spread of Islam">[http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=SjmzTiiaDRMC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=heavy+tax+convert+to+islam&source=bl&ots=i4vrczjiTr&sig=WO0d9i9XEg-ogVz7yBQPZCPqU14&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g0IaUs7qKaiyiQeDnYDoCw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAzgo#v=onepage&q=heavy%20tax%20convert%20to%20islam&f=false The Spread of Islam: The Contributing Factors, by Abū al-Fazl ʻIzzatī (p. 321-322)]</ref> (such as Christians under [[Ottoman Empire]]'s authority,<ref>[http://www.jsri.ro/old/html%20version/index/no_7/bulentozdemir-articol.htm Bülent Özdemir – Political Use of Conversion in the Nineteenth Century – Ottoman Context: Some Cases From Salonica]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT37&lpg=PT37&dq=heavy+tax+convert+to+islam&source=bl&ots=TQm3r5Ias8&sig=j6pzRV8I3gJaF4cA-606WX23CNg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g0IaUs7qKaiyiQeDnYDoCw&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBzgo#v=onepage&q=heavy%20tax%20convert%20to%20islam&f=false The Islamic World: Abbasid-Historian by John L. Esposito, page 19 (Albania)]</ref> Hindus and Buddhists under regime of [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim invaders]],<ref name="Mcleod"/> [[Coptic Christians]] under administration of the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Muslim Arabs]],<ref name="BBC">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page96.shtml BBC – Charting major events in Africa's history across millenia, ''717 – Heavy taxation moves large numbers of Coptic Christians to convert to Islam'']</ref> [[Zoroastrians]] living under [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Islamic rule]] in ancient [[Persia]],<ref name="Britannica">"The Zoroastrians who remained in Persia (modern Iran) after the Arab–Muslim conquest (7th century CE) had a long history as outcasts. Although they purchased some toleration by paying the jizya (poll tax), not abolished until 1882, they were treated as an inferior race, had to wear distinctive garb, and were not allowed to ride horses or bear arms."[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223068/Gabar Gabars Gabars], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 29 May 2007.</ref> and also with [[Jewish]] communities in the medieval [[Arab world]]<ref>[http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=SjmzTiiaDRMC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=heavy+tax+convert+to+islam&source=bl&ots=i4vrczjiTr&sig=WO0d9i9XEg-ogVz7yBQPZCPqU14&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g0IaUs7qKaiyiQeDnYDoCw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAzgo#v=onepage&q=heavy%20tax%20convert%20to%20islam&f=false The Mellah Society: Jewish Community Life in Sherifian Morocco by Shlomo Deshen, page 63]</ref>) while some scholars acknowledges that Most Muslim rulers in India never consistently collected the jizya (poll tax) from [[Dhimmis]].<ref name="Mcleod" /> Under Islamic law, Muslims are required to pay "Zakat" which helps pay for government services including protection from enemies, similar to income tax and other taxes in modern societies;<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rights of Non-Muslims in Islam (part 1 of 13): An Islamic Basis|url=http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/374/viewall/rights-of-non-muslims-in-islam/|publisher=www.islamreligion.com|accessdate=15 April 2016}}</ref> since non-Muslims are not required to pay Zakat, they instead had to pay Jizya if they wanted the same protections the Muslims received.<ref>[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1206 Jizyah] The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (2010), [[Oxford University Press]], Quote = Jizyah: Compensation. Poll tax levied on non-Muslims as a form of tribute and in exchange for an exemption from military service, based on Quran 9:29.</ref> |
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According to other scholars many converted for a whole host of reasons, the main of which was evangelisation by Muslims, though there were some instances where some were pressured to convert owing to internal conflict and friction between the Christian and Muslim communities, according to historian [[Philip Jenkins]].<ref>Jenkins, Philip. “The Lost History of Christianity.” Harper Collins, New York, 2008, p. 118-119</ref> |
According to other scholars many converted for a whole host of reasons, the main of which was evangelisation by Muslims, though there were some instances where some were pressured to convert owing to internal conflict and friction between the Christian and Muslim communities, according to historian [[Philip Jenkins]].<ref>Jenkins, Philip. “The Lost History of Christianity.” Harper Collins, New York, 2008, p. 118-119</ref> |
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===Wicca=== |
===Wicca=== |
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The American Religious Identification Survey gives [[Wicca]] an average annual growth of 143% for the period 1990 to 2001 (from 8,000 to 134,000 – ''U.S. data'' / similar for Canada & Australia).<ref name="cuny1"/><ref name="cuny2"/> |
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The American Religious Identification Survey gives [[Wicca]] an average annual growth of 143% for the period 1990 to 2001 (from 8,000 to 134,000 – ''U.S. data'' / similar for Canada & Australia).<ref name="cuny1"/><ref name="cuny2"/> According to The Statesman Anne Elizabeth Wynn claims "The two most recent American Religious Identification Surveys declare Wicca, one form of paganism, as the fastest growing spiritual identification in America".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/life/faith/our-year-long-exploration-of-religions-ends-with-2069331.html|title=Our year-long exploration of religions ends with Unitarianian Universalism and paganism|last=(Elizabeth) Wynn|first=Anne|publisher=The Statesman.com|accessdate=2 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wicca: What's the Fascination?|url=https://www.cbn.com/entertainment/books/ElliottB_Wicca.aspx|publisher=[[Christian Broadcasting Network]]|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref> Mary Jones claims Wicca is one of the fastest-growing religions in the United States as well.<ref name="PRLog">{{cite news|url=http://www.prlog.org/10144283-wicca-the-fastest-growing-belief-system-in-the-world-today.html|title=PRLog (Press Release) "Wicca"- The Fastest Growing Belief System In The World Today!|publisher=PRLog|accessdate=2 January 2012}}</ref> Wicca, which is largely a "Pagan" religion primarily attracts followers of nature-based religions in, as an example, the Southeast Valley region of the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/community/gilbert/articles/2010/10/22/20101022southeast-valley-paganism-on-rise.html|title=Rise in paganism in Southeast Valley mirrors U.S. trend|last=Puffer|first=Nancy|publisher=azcentral.com|accessdate=2 January 2012}}</ref> |
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===Nonreligious=== |
===Nonreligious=== |
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In terms of absolute numbers, [[irreligion]] appears to be increasing (along with [[secularization]] generally).<ref name="aris">{{cite web|url=http://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/publications/american-nones-the-profile-of-the-no-religion-population/|title=American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population|year=2008|publisher=American Religious Identification Survey|accessdate=19 October 2012}}</ref> (See the [[Demographics of atheism#Geographic distribution|geographic distribution of atheism]].) |
In terms of absolute numbers, [[irreligion]] appears to be increasing (along with [[secularization]] generally).<ref name="aris">{{cite web|url=http://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/publications/american-nones-the-profile-of-the-no-religion-population/|title=American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population|year=2008|publisher=American Religious Identification Survey|accessdate=19 October 2012}}</ref> (See the [[Demographics of atheism#Geographic distribution|geographic distribution of atheism]].) |
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According to |
According to the Pew Research Center in 2012 [[irreligion|religiously unaffiliated]] (include [[agnostic]] and [[atheist]]) make up about 18.2% of [[Europe]]ans population.<ref name="Religiously Unaffiliated">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx|title=Religiously Unaffiliated|date=18 December 2012|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|accessdate=22 February 2015}}</ref> |
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The American Religious Identification Survey gave nonreligious groups the largest gain in terms of absolute numbers: 14.3 million (8.4% of the population) to 29.4 million (14.1% of the population) for the period 1990–2001 in the U.S.<ref name="cuny1"/><ref name="cuny2">[http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/ARIS/ARIS-PDF-version.pdf?ext=.pdf American Religious Identification Survey, Full PDF Document] The Graduate Center of the City University of New York</ref> A 2012 study by the |
The American Religious Identification Survey gave nonreligious groups the largest gain in terms of absolute numbers: 14.3 million (8.4% of the population) to 29.4 million (14.1% of the population) for the period 1990–2001 in the U.S.<ref name="cuny1"/><ref name="cuny2">[http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/ARIS/ARIS-PDF-version.pdf?ext=.pdf American Religious Identification Survey, Full PDF Document] The Graduate Center of the City University of New York</ref> A 2012 study by the Pew Research Center reports that "the number of Americans who do not identify with any religion continues to grow at a rapid pace. One-fifth of the U.S. public – and a third of adults under 30 – are religiously unaffiliated today, the highest percentages ever in Pew Research Center polling."<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Unaffiliated/nones-on-the-rise.aspx|title='No Religion' on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation|date=9 October 2012|publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life|accessdate=19 October 2012}}</ref> |
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A similar pattern has been found in other countries such as Australia, Canada, and Mexico. According to statistics in Canada, the number of "Nones" increased by about 60% between 1985 and 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's religious? by Warren Clark and Grant Schellenberg|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2006001/9181-eng.htm#decline|publisher=www.statcan.gc.ca|accessdate=15 April 2016}}</ref> In Australia, census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics give "no religion" the largest gains in absolute numbers over the 15 years from 1991 to 2006, from 2,948,888 (18.2% of the population that answered the question) to 3,706,555 (21.0% of the population that answered the question).<ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au">[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POTLD&&c 2006 Census Table : Australia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to [[INEGI]], in Mexico, the number of atheists grows annually by 5.2%, while the number of Catholics grows by 1.7%.<ref>[http://www.aciprensa.com/noticia.php?n=20574Aciprensa México sigue siendo católico… pero crece el número de ateos<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=12159 Catholic News Agency]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], 39% of the population are irreligious making it largest percentage of total population in Oceania region.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/eap/208254.htm|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – New Zealand |accessdate=28 July 2013}}</ref> |
A similar pattern has been found in other countries such as Australia, Canada, and Mexico. According to statistics in Canada, the number of "Nones" increased by about 60% between 1985 and 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's religious? by Warren Clark and Grant Schellenberg|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2006001/9181-eng.htm#decline|publisher=www.statcan.gc.ca|accessdate=15 April 2016}}</ref> In Australia, census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics give "no religion" the largest gains in absolute numbers over the 15 years from 1991 to 2006, from 2,948,888 (18.2% of the population that answered the question) to 3,706,555 (21.0% of the population that answered the question).<ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au">[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POTLD&&c 2006 Census Table : Australia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to [[INEGI]], in Mexico, the number of atheists grows annually by 5.2%, while the number of Catholics grows by 1.7%.<ref>[http://www.aciprensa.com/noticia.php?n=20574Aciprensa México sigue siendo católico… pero crece el número de ateos<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=12159 Catholic News Agency]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], 39% of the population are irreligious making it largest percentage of total population in Oceania region.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/eap/208254.htm|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – New Zealand |accessdate=28 July 2013}}</ref> |
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By 2015 unaffiliated or Nonreligious is expected to account 27% of North America total population (up from 17.1% as in 2010), and 23% of Europe total population (up from 18% as in 2010).<ref name="p.82">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.82]</ref> |
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By 2015 unaffiliated or Nonreligious is expected to account 27% of North America total population (up from 17.1% as in 2010), and 23% of Europe total population (up from 18% as in 2010).<ref name="p.82">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf p.82]</ref> The religiously unaffiliated are stationed largely in the Asia-Pacific region, where 76% resided in 2010, and is expected to be 68% by 2050. The share of the global unaffiliated population living in Europe is projected to grow from 12% in 2010 to 13% in 2050. The proportion of the global religiously unaffiliated living in North America, will rise from 5% in 2010, to 9% in 2050.<ref name="p.82"/> |
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== Overall statistics == |
== Overall statistics == |
Revision as of 20:24, 30 August 2016
Growth of religion is the spread of religions and the increase of religious adherents around the world. The statistics are commonly measured by the absolute number of adherents, the percentage of the absolute growth per year, and the growth of the number of converts in the world. Studies show that, in terms of percentage and world wide spread, Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world. A religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center concludes that global Muslim population is expected to grow at a faster rate than the non-Muslim population due primarily to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims.[1] Religious switching has no impact on Muslim population relative to other religious groups.[2][3][3][4][5]
Growth of religious groups
Bahá'í Faith
World religions statistics place the Bahá'í Faith around 0.1% of the world population in recent years.[6][7] The World Christian Encyclopedia estimated only 7.1 million Bahá'ís in the world in 2000, representing 218 countries,[7] and its evolution to the World Christian Database (WCD) estimated 7.3 million in 2010[8] while accredited through the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA). However the WCD stated: "The Baha'i Faith is the only religion to have grown faster in every United Nations region over the past 100 years than the general population; Baha'i(sic) was thus the fastest-growing religion between 1910 and 2010, growing at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region."[9] This source's only documented flaw was to consistently have a higher estimate of Christians than in other cross-national data sets.[10]
From its origins in the Persian and Ottoman empires of the 19th century the Bahá'í Faith was able to gain converts elsewhere in Asia, Europe, and North America by the early 20th century. John Esslemont performed the first review of the worldwide progress of the religion in 1919.[11] `Abdu'l-Bahá, son of the founder of the religion, then set goals for the community through his Tablets of the Divine Plan shortly before his death. Shoghi Effendi then initiated systematic pioneering efforts that brought the religion to almost every country and territory of the world and converts from more than 2000 tribes and peoples. There were serious setbacks in the Soviet Union[12][13] where Bahá'í communities in 38 cities across Soviet territories ceased to exist. However plans continued building to 1953 when the Bahá'ís initiated a Ten Year Crusade after plans had focused on Latin America and Europe after WWII. That last stage was largely towards parts of Africa.[14][15][16] Wide-scale growth in the religion across Sub-Saharan Africa particularly was observed to begin in the 1950s and extend in the 1960s.[17] There was diplomatic pressure from northern arab countries against this development that was eventually overcome.[18] Starting in the 1980s with Perestroyka the Bahá'ís began to re-organize across the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc. While sometimes failing to meet official minimums for recognitions as a religion, communities of Bahá'ís do exist from Poland to Mongolia. The worldwide progress was such that the Encyclopedia Britannica (2002) identified the religion as the second-most geographically widespread religion after Christianity.[19] It has established Bahá'í Houses of Worship by continental region and been the object of interest and support of diverse non-Bahá'í notable people from Leo Tolstoy[20] to Khalil Gibran[21] to Mohandas K. Gandhi[22] to Desmond Tutu. See List of Bahá'ís for a list of notable Bahá'ís.
ARDA/WCD statistics place the Bahá'í Faith as currently the largest religious minority in Iran (despite significant persecution and the overall Iranian diaspora), Panama,[23] and Belize;[24] the second largest international religion in Bolivia,[25] Zambia,[26] and Papua New Guinea;[27] and the third largest international religion in Chad[28] and Kenya.[29] In 2014 the religion was officially recognized in Indonesia[30] and in addition to various countries it is the second largest religion in state of South Carolina - a fact that, despite its small size, got some attention in 2014.[31][32]
A Bahá'í published survey reported 4.74 million Bahá'ís in 1987.[33] Bahá'í sources since 1991 usually estimate the worldwide Bahá'í population at "above 5 million".[34][35]
Buddhism
Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha, who lived and taught in northeastern India in the 5th century BC. The majority of Buddhists live in Asia; Europe and North America also have populations exceeding 1 million.[37] According to scholars of religious demographics, there are between 488 million,[36] 495 million,[38] and 535 million[39] Buddhists in the world.
According to Johnson and Grim, Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia.[38] According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910-2010). More recently (2000-2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and some African countries.[40] The Australian Bureau of Statistics, through statistical analysis, held Buddhism to be the fastest-growing spiritual tradition in Australia in terms of percentage gain, with a growth of 79.1% for the period 1996 to 2001 (200,000→358,000).[41]
Chinese traditional religion
According to a survey of religion in China in the year 2010, the number of people practicing some form of Chinese folk religion is near to 950 millions (70% of the Chinese),[42] of which 173 millions (13%) practice some form of Taoist-defined folk faith.[42] Further in detail, 12 million people have passed some formal initiation into Taoism, or adhere to the official Chinese Taoist Association.[42] Comparing this with other surveys, evidence suggests that nowadays three fifths to four fifths of the Chinese believe in folk religion.[43] This shows a significant growth from the 300-400 million people practicing Chinese traditional religion that were estimated in the 1990s and early 2000s.[44][45]
This growth reverses the rapid decline that Chinese traditional religion faced in the 20th century.[46] Moreover, Chinese religion has also spread throughout the world following the emigration of Chinese populations, with 672,000 adherents in Canada as of 2010.[46]
According to scholars, the rebirth of Chinese traditional religion in China is faster and larger than the spread of other religions in the country, such as Buddhism and Christianity:[47]
Since the 1980s, with the gradual opening of society, folk religion has begun to recover. Especially in the rural areas, the speed and scale of its development are much faster and larger than is the case with Buddhism and Christianity [...] in Zhejiang province, where Christianity is better established than elsewhere, temples of folk religion are usually twenty or even a hundred times as numerous as Christian church buildings.
The number of adherents of the Chinese traditional religion is difficult to count, because:[48]
Chinese rarely use the term "religion" for their popular religious practices, and they also do not utilize vocabulary that they "believe in" gods or truths. Instead they engage in religious acts that assume a vast array of gods and spirits and that also assume the efficacy of these beings in intervening in this world.[49]
The Chinese folk religion is a "diffused religion" rather than "institutional".[48] It is a meaning system of social solidarity and identity, ranging from the kinship systems to the community, the state, and the economy, that serves to integrate Chinese culture.[48]
Christianity
According to the Pew Research Center as of 2011 there are 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010,[50] up from about 600 million in 1910.[50] Christians have 2.7 children per woman which is above replacement level (2.1).[51]
According to Mark Jürgensmeyer of the University of California, popular Protestantism is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.[52] Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant.[53][54][55][56] Since 1900, due primarily to conversion, Protestantism has become a "primarily non-Western religion".[54][56] Much of the shift to the Third World has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred.[55] According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians.[55] In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively.[55]
The significant growth of Christianity's in non-Western countries, led to regional distribution changes of Christians.[57] In 1900 Europe and the Americas was home to the vast majority of the world’s Christians (93%), at the same time, Christianity has grown in Sub Saharan Africa and the Asia and Pacific region.[57] In 2010 (26%) of the world’s Christians lived in Europe, followed by (24.4%) in Latin America and the Caribbean, and (23.8%) in Sub Saharan Africa, and (13.2%) in Asia and the Pacific, and (12.3%) in North America, and (1%) in the Middle East and North Africa.[58]
According to Harvard University professor Robert D. Putnam, there is increasing numbers of Americans who are leaving their faith and becoming unaffiliated.[59] By 2050 Christianity is expected to remain the majority in the United states (66.4% down from 78.3% in 2010), and the number of Christians in absolute number is expected to grow from 243 million to 262 million.[60] According to Pew Research Center, Christianity is declining in the United states while non-Christian faiths are growing.[61][62]
According to a 2005 paper submitted to a meeting of the American Political Science Association, most of Christianity's growth has occurred in non-Western countries. The paper concludes that the Pentecostalism movement is the fastest-growing religion worldwide.[64] Protestantism is growing as a result of historic missionary activity and indigenous Christian movements by Africans in Africa, and due primarily to conversion in Korea,[63] Latin America,[65] the Muslim world,[66] and Oceania.[56]
In South Korea, Christianity has grown from 2.0% in 1945[63] to 20.7% in 1985 and to 29.3% in 2010,[50] with the Catholic Church having increased the most (by 70%) in the last ten years.[67] In Singapore the percentage of Christians among Singaporeans increased from 12.7% in 1990 to 17.5% in 2010. In recent years, the number of Chinese Christians has increased significantly; Christians were 4 million before 1949 (3 million Catholics and 1 million Protestants), and the Pew Research Center claims that they are 67 million today,[50] while empirical surveys find that they are around 30 million.[68]
In 1900, there were only 8.7 million[50] adherents of Christianity in Africa; and in 2010 there are 390 million.[50] In Nigeria, the percentage of Christians has grown from 21.4% in 1953 to 50.8% in 2010.[50] In South Africa Pentecostalism has grown from 0.2% in 1951 to 7.6% in 2001.[69]
Catholic Church membership in 2013 was 1.254 billion, which is 17.7% of the world population, an increase from 437 million in 1950[70] and 654 million in 1970.
Eric Kaufman of University of London argued that the main reason for expansion of Catholicism and conservative Protestantism along with other religions is because these religions tend to be “pro-natal” and they have more children, and it is not due to religious conversion.[71]
Protestantism is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.[52] From 1960 to 2000, the global growth of the number of reported Evangelicals grew three times the world's population rate, and twice that of Islam.[72] Evangelical Christian denominations also are among the fastest-growing denominations in some Catholic Christian countries, such as Brazil. There, the total number of Protestants jumped from 16.2% in 2000 to 22.2% in 2010 (for the first time, the percentage of Catholics in Brazil is less than 70%). These cases don't contribute to a growth of Christianity overall, but rather to a substitution of a brand of Christianity with another one.
According to the records of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, its membership has grown every decade since its beginning in the 1830s,[73] that it is among the top ten largest Christian denominations in the U.S., and that it was the fastest growing church in the U.S. in 2012.
Studies and reports estimate significantly more people have converted from Islam to Christianity in the 21st century than at any other point in Islamic history.[74] According to 2015 Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census study estimates 10.2 million Muslim convert to Christianity around the world.[66] Conversions to Christianity have also been well documented, and reports estimate that hundreds of thousands of Muslims convert to Christianity annually.
The 19th century saw at least 250,000 Jews convert to Christianity according to existing records of various societies.[75] Data from the Pew Research Center that as of 2013, about 1.6 million adult American Jews identify themselves as Christians, most are Protestant.[76][77][78] According to same data most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry.[77] According to a 2012 survey 17% of Jews in Russia identify themselves as Christians.[79]
Meanwhile, according to the Pew Research Center sit is expected that from 2010 to 2050 significant number of Christians will leave their faith. Most of them become irreligious.[80] The Pew Research study also found that Christianity has the highest number of defectors between 2010 to 2050 compared to any other religions. Large increases in the developing world (around 23,000 per day) have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Europe and North America.[81]
According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, approximately 2.7 million convert to Christianity annually from another religion. World Christian Encyclopedia also cited that Christianity rank at first place in net gains through religious conversion.[82] On the other hand, demographer Conrad Hackett of Pew Research Center stated that the World Christian Encyclopedia gives a higher estimate of the percentage of Christians by country when compared to other data sets".[83]
Deism
The 2001 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) survey, which involved 50,000 participants, reported that the number of participants in the survey identifying themselves as deists grew at the rate of 717% between 1990 and 2001. If this were generalized to the US population as a whole, it would make deism the fastest-growing religious classification in the US for that period, with the reported total of 49,000 self-identified adherents representing about 0.02% of the US population at the time.[84]
Hinduism
Hinduism is a growing religion in countries such as Ghana,[85][86] the United States,[87] and others.[specify] According to 2011 census, Hinduism has become fastest-growing religion in Australia since 2006[88] due to migration from India.[89][90]
Islam
In 1990, 1.1 billion people were Muslims, while in 2010, 1.6 billion people were Muslims.[91] The Pew Forum claims that 23% of the world population with 60% of Muslims living in Asia.[92] From 1990 to 2010, the global Muslim population increased at an average annual rate of 2.2%. According the 2003 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records, Islam is the world’s fastest-growing religion by number of conversions each year: "Although the religion began in Arabia, by 2002 80% of all believers in Islam lived outside the Arab world". On the other hand, in 2010, Pew Forum finds "that statistical data for Muslim conversions are scarce and as per their available information, there is no substantial net gain or loss of Muslims due to religious conversion. It stated that the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal. Thus, this report excludes the religious conversion as a direct factor from the projection of Muslim population growth."[93] The growth of Islam from 2010 to 2020 has been estimated at 1.70%[94] due to high birthrates in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The report also shows that the fall in birth rate of the Muslims slowed down the growth rate during 1990 to 2010. It is due to the fall of fertility rate in many Muslim majority countries (despite the decline Muslims still have the highest birth rate among the world’s major religious groups).[95][96] According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the World Christian Database as of 2007 has Islam as the fastest-growing religion in the world.[97]
The Vatican's newly-released 2008 yearbook of statistics revealed that for the first time, Islam has outnumbered the Roman Catholics globally. It stated that, "Islam has overtaken Roman Catholicism as the biggest single religious denomination in the world",[98][99] and stated that, "It is true that while Muslim families, as is well known, continue to make a lot of children, Christian ones on the contrary tend to have fewer and fewer".[100] According to the Foreign Policy, High birth rates were cited as the reason for the Muslim population growth.[101] With 3.1 children per woman, Muslims have higher fertility levels than the world’s overall population between 2010 and 2015. High fertility is a major driver of projected Muslim population growth around the world and in particular regions.[102] Between 2010-2015 except the Middle East and North Africa, Muslim fertility every region in the world was higher than the rate for the region as a whole.[102] While Muslim birth rates is expected to experience a decline, it will remain above replacement level and higher fertility than the world’s overall by 2050.[103] As per U.N.’s global population forecasts, as well as the Pew Research projections, over time fertility rates generally converge toward the replacement level.[103] Globally, Muslims were younger (median age of 23) than the overall population (median age of 28) as of 2010.[104] While decline of Muslim birth rates in coming years have also been well documented.[105][106][107] According to David Ignatius, there is major decline in Muslim fertility rates as pointed out by Nicholas Eberstadt. Based on the data from 49 Muslim-majority countries and territories, he founds that Muslims birth rate has significantly dropped for 41% between 1975-80 to 2005-10 while the global population decline was 33% during that period. It also stated that over 50% declined was found in 22 Muslim countries and over 60% decline in Iran, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Bangladesh, Tunisia, Libya, Albania, Qatar and Kuwait."
According to the Pew Research Center, Muslim population growth is twice of world's overall population growth due to young age and relatively high fertility rate and as a result Muslims are projected to rise to 30% (2050) of the world’s population from 23% (2010).[108]
While the total Fertility Rate of Muslims in North America is 2.7 children per woman in the 2010 to 2015 period, well above the regional average (2.0) and the replacement level (2.1).[109] Europe’s Muslim population also has higher fertility (2.1) than other religious groups in the region, well above the regional average (1.6).[102] A new study of Population Reference Bureau by demographers Charles Westoff and Tomas Frejka suggests that the fertility gap between Muslims and non-Muslims is shrinking and although the Muslim immigrants do have more children than other Europeans but their fertility tends to decline over time, often faster than among non-Muslims.[110]
Generally, there are few reports about how many people disaffiliating from Islam in Muslim majority countries. The main reason for this is the social and legal repercussions associated with leaving Islam in many Muslim majority countries, up to and including the death penalty for apostasy. However, the report also suggest that in future, it is also possible that these societies could allow for greater freedom to religiously disaffiliate.[111] On the other hand the increasingly large ex-Muslim communities in the Western world that adhere to no religion have been well documented. A 2007 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) report argued that some Muslim population projections are overestimated, as they assume that all descendants of Muslims will become Muslims even in cases of mixed parenthood.[112] Equally, Darren E. Sherkat questioned in Foreign Affairs whether some of the Muslim growth projections are accurate as they do not take into account the increasing number of non-religious Muslims. Quantitative research is lacking, but he believes the European trend mirrors the American: data from the General Social Survey in the United States show that 32 percent of those raised Muslim no longer embrace Islam in adulthood, and 18 percent hold no religious identification. Studies show that about half of the 4.2 million persons from Muslim background in Germany are no longer embrace Islam in adulthood.[113] Many of the Muslims who leaves Islam faces social rejection or imprisonment and sometimes murder or penalty.[114] According to Harvard University professor Robert D. Putnam, there is increasing numbers of Americans who are leaving their faith and becoming unaffiliated and the average Iranian is slightly less religious than the average American.[59] According to Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans, the number of Iranian Americans Muslims decreased from 42% in 2008 to 31% in 2012.[115] On the other hand, conversion into Islam have also been well documented.[116]
According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, the fastest-growing denomination in Islam is Ahmadiyya with a growth rate of 3.25%. However, most of the Muslim population do not regard Ahmadis to be Muslims. Most other sects have a growth rate of less than 3%.[117]
In 2010 Asia was home for (62%) of the world’s Muslims, and about (20%) of the world’s Muslims lived in the Middle East and North Africa, (16%) in Sub Saharan Africa, and 2% in Europe.[118]
There exist different views among scholars about the spread of Islam. Islam began in Arabia and from 633 AD until the late 10th century it was spread through conquests, far-reaching trade and missionary activity.[119][120]
According to Rodney Stark, Islam was spread after military conquests after Arab armies began overtaking Christian regions from Syria to North Africa and Spain,[121] as well as Buddhist and Hindu regions in Central Asia, parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia via military invasions, traders and Sufi missionaries.[122][123] According to some scholars, the Jizya (poll tax) was the most important factor in the mass conversion to Islam, the tax paid by all non-Muslims (Dhimmis - which translated means "protected persons") in Islamic empires[124][125][126] (such as Christians under Ottoman Empire's authority,[127][128] Hindus and Buddhists under regime of Muslim invaders,[122] Coptic Christians under administration of the Muslim Arabs,[129] Zoroastrians living under Islamic rule in ancient Persia,[130] and also with Jewish communities in the medieval Arab world[131]) while some scholars acknowledges that Most Muslim rulers in India never consistently collected the jizya (poll tax) from Dhimmis.[122] Under Islamic law, Muslims are required to pay "Zakat" which helps pay for government services including protection from enemies, similar to income tax and other taxes in modern societies;[132] since non-Muslims are not required to pay Zakat, they instead had to pay Jizya if they wanted the same protections the Muslims received.[133]
According to other scholars many converted for a whole host of reasons, the main of which was evangelisation by Muslims, though there were some instances where some were pressured to convert owing to internal conflict and friction between the Christian and Muslim communities, according to historian Philip Jenkins.[134] However John L. Esposito, a scholar on the subject of Islam in "The Oxford History of Islam" states that the spread of Islam "was often peaceful and sometimes even received favourably by Christians".[135] In a 2008 conference on religion at Yale University's The MacMillan Center Initiative on Religion, Politics, and Society which hosted a speech from Hugh Kennedy, he stated forced conversions played little part in the history of the spread of the faith.[136] However, the poll tax known Jizyah may have played a part in converting people over to Islam but as Britannica notes "The rate of taxation and methods of collection varied greatly from province to province and were greatly influenced by local pre-Islamic customs" and there were even cases when Muslims had the tax levied against them, on top of Zakat.[137] Hugh Kennedy has also discussed the Jizyah issue and stated that Muslim governments discouraged conversion but were unable to prevent it.[138]
Wicca
The American Religious Identification Survey gives Wicca an average annual growth of 143% for the period 1990 to 2001 (from 8,000 to 134,000 – U.S. data / similar for Canada & Australia).[84][139]
Nonreligious
In terms of absolute numbers, irreligion appears to be increasing (along with secularization generally).[140] (See the geographic distribution of atheism.)
According to the Pew Research Center in 2012 religiously unaffiliated (include agnostic and atheist) make up about 18.2% of Europeans population.[141]
The American Religious Identification Survey gave nonreligious groups the largest gain in terms of absolute numbers: 14.3 million (8.4% of the population) to 29.4 million (14.1% of the population) for the period 1990–2001 in the U.S.[84][139] A 2012 study by the Pew Research Center reports that "the number of Americans who do not identify with any religion continues to grow at a rapid pace. One-fifth of the U.S. public – and a third of adults under 30 – are religiously unaffiliated today, the highest percentages ever in Pew Research Center polling."[142]
A similar pattern has been found in other countries such as Australia, Canada, and Mexico. According to statistics in Canada, the number of "Nones" increased by about 60% between 1985 and 2004.[143] In Australia, census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics give "no religion" the largest gains in absolute numbers over the 15 years from 1991 to 2006, from 2,948,888 (18.2% of the population that answered the question) to 3,706,555 (21.0% of the population that answered the question).[144] According to INEGI, in Mexico, the number of atheists grows annually by 5.2%, while the number of Catholics grows by 1.7%.[145][146] In New Zealand, 39% of the population are irreligious making it largest percentage of total population in Oceania region.[147]
By 2015 unaffiliated or Nonreligious is expected to account 27% of North America total population (up from 17.1% as in 2010), and 23% of Europe total population (up from 18% as in 2010).[148]
Overall statistics
Data collection
Statistics on religious adherence are difficult to gather and often contradictory; statistics for the change of religious adherence are even more so, requiring multiple surveys separated by many years using the same data gathering rules. This has only been achieved in rare cases, and then only for particular countries, such as the American Religious Identification Survey[84] in the United States, or census data from Australia (which has included a voluntary religious question since 1911).[149]
Historical growth
The World Religion Database[150] (WRD) is a peer-reviewed database of international religious statistics based on research conducted at the Institute on Culture, Religion & World Affairs at Boston University. It is published by Brill and is the most comprehensive database of religious demographics available to scholars, providing data for all of the world's countries.[151] Adherence data is largely compiled from census and surveys.[152] The database groups adherents into 18 broadly-defined categories: Agnostics, Atheists,[a] Baha'is, Buddhists, Chinese folk-religionists, Christians, Confucianists, Daoists, Ethnoreligionists, Hindus, Jains, Jews, Muslims, New Religionists, Shintoists, Sikhs, Spiritists, and Zoroastrians. The WRD is edited by demographers Todd M. Johnson[153] and Brian J. Grim.[154]
Religion / Irreligion | 1910 | 2010 | Rate* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adherents | % | Adherents | % | 1910–2010 | 2000–2010 | |
Christianity | 611,810,000 | 34.8 | 2,260,440,000 | 32.8 | 1.32 | 1.31 |
Islam | 221,749,000 | 12.6 | 1,553,773,000 | 22.5 | 1.97 | 1.86 |
Hinduism | 223,383,000 | 12.7 | 948,575,000 | 13.8 | 1.46 | 1.41 |
Agnosticism | 3,369,000 | 0.2 | 676,944,000 | 9.8 | 5.45 | 0.32 |
Chinese folk religion | 390,504,000 | 22.2 | 436,258,000 | 6.3 | 0.11 | 0.16 |
Buddhism | 138,064,000 | 7.9 | 494,881,000 | 7.2 | 1.28 | 0.99 |
Ethnoreligion | 135,074,000 | 7.7 | 242,516,000 | 3.5 | 0.59 | 1.06 |
Atheism | 243,000 | 0.0 | 136,652,000 | 2.0 | 6.54 | 0.05 |
New religion | 6,865,000 | 0.4 | 63,004,000 | 0.9 | 2.24 | 0.29 |
Sikhism | 3,232,000 | 0.2 | 23,927,000 | 0.3 | 2.02 | 1.54 |
Judaism | 13,193,000 | 0.8 | 14,761,000 | 0.2 | 0.11 | 0.72 |
Spiritualism | 324,000 | 0.0 | 13,700,000 | 0.2 | 3.82 | 0.94 |
Daoism | 437,000 | 0.0 | 8,429,000 | 0.1 | 3.00 | 1.73 |
Bahá'í Faith | 225,000 | 0.0 | 7,306,000 | 0.1 | 3.54 | 1.72 |
Confucianism | 760,000 | 0.0 | 6,449,000 | 0.1 | 2.16 | 0.36 |
Jainism | 1,446,000 | 0.1 | 5,316,000 | 0.1 | 1.31 | 1.53 |
Shinto | 7,613,000 | 0.4 | 2,761,000 | 0.0 | −1.01 | 0.09 |
Zoroastrianism | 98,000 | 0.0 | 192,000 | 0.0 | 0.51 | 0.74 |
Total Population: | 1,758,412,000 |
100.0
|
6,895,889,000 |
100.0
|
1.38
|
1.20
|
*Rate = average annual growth rate, percent per year indicated
Source: Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim[155] |
Future growth
Projections of future religious adherence are based on assumptions that trends, total fertility rates, life expectancy, political climate, conversion rates, secularization, etc will continue. Such forecasts cannot be validated empirically and are contentious, but are useful for comparison.[156][157]
See also
Notes
- ^ Atheism and agnosticism are not typically considered religions, but data about the prevalence of irreligion is useful to scholars of religious demography.
References
- ^ The Future of World Religions p.70 This significant projected growth is largely due to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims.
- ^ "Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group". www.pewresearch.org. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ a b "The Future of the Global Muslim Population". www.pewforum.org. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ [1] p.153
- ^ The World's Religions in Figures
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- ^ Johnson, Todd M.; Brian J. Grim (26 March 2013). "Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010". The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 59–62. doi:10.1002/9781118555767.ch1. ISBN 9781118555767.
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- ^ Moomen, Moojan (2004). "Esslemont's Survey of the Baha'i World 1919–1920". In Smith, Peter (ed.). Bahá'ís in the West. Kalimat Press. pp. 63–106. ISBN 1-890688-11-8.
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- ^ Dr. Rabbani, Ahang (July 1987). "Achievements of the Seven Year Plan". Bahá'í News. Bahá'í World Center, Haifa: Bahá'í International Community. pp. 2–7. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
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- ^ a b "The Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. December 18, 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ^ "The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010". Buddhists. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. December 18, 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ^ a b Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013). The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography (PDF). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 34–37. Retrieved 2 September 2013.[dead link]
- ^ Harvey, Peter (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780521676748. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013). The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography (PDF). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 34–36. Retrieved 2 September 2013.[dead link]
- ^ Year Book Australia, 2003 Australian Bureau of Statistics
- ^ a b c 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University’s Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. People’s Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29-54, ISSN 2192-9289.
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- ^ a b Mark A. Noll: "Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction"
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- ^ Speiser, Matthew (28 April 2015). "Christians are leaving the faith in droves and the trend isn't slowing down". Business Insider. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
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