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{{Short description|Retail store that primarily sells food and other household supplies}} |
{{Short description|Retail store that primarily sells food and other household supplies}} |
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{{About||a large-scale grocery store|Supermarket|a fruit and vegetable grocery store|Greengrocer}} |
{{About||a large-scale grocery store|Supermarket|a fruit and vegetable grocery store|Greengrocer}} |
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{{AFI}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} |
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[[File:Supermarkt.jpg|right|240px|thumb|The [[produce]] section in a [[supermarket]]]] |
[[File:Supermarkt.jpg|right|240px|thumb|The [[produce]] section in a [[supermarket]]]] |
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[[File:Fredmeyer.jpg|right|thumb|240px|[[Packaged food]] aisles in a [[hypermarket]]]] |
[[File:Fredmeyer.jpg|right|thumb|240px|[[Packaged food]] aisles in a [[hypermarket]]]] |
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[[File:Nizwa-Grocery.jpg|thumb|190px|A grocery store in a village in [[Oman]]]] |
[[File:Nizwa-Grocery.jpg|thumb|190px|A grocery store in a village in [[Oman]]]] |
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A '''grocery store''' (North America), ''' |
A '''grocery store''' (North America), '''grocery<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/grocery-store-word-origin|title=Grocery's Boozy History|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref>''' or '''grocery shop''' (UK), is a store primarily engaged in retailing a general range of food products,<ref name=naics/> which may be [[Fresh food|fresh]] or [[Food preservation|packaged]]. In everyday U.S. usage, however, "grocery store" is a synonym for [[supermarket]],<ref name=oxford/> and is not used to refer to other types of stores that sell '''groceries'''. In the UK, shops that sell food are distinguished as grocers<ref name=oxford/> or grocery shops, though in everyday use, people usually use either the term "supermarket" or, for a smaller type of store that sells groceries, a "[[corner shop]]"<ref name=corner/> or "convenience shop". |
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Larger types of stores that sell groceries, such as [[supermarkets]] and [[hypermarkets]], usually stock significant amounts of non-food products, such as [[clothing]] and [[Household hardware|household items]]. Small grocery stores that mainly sell fruits and vegetables are known as [[greengrocer]]s (Britain) or produce markets (U.S.), and small grocery stores that predominantly sell prepared food, such as candy and snacks, are known as [[convenience shops]] or [[delicatessen]]s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} |
Larger types of stores that sell groceries, such as [[supermarkets]] and [[hypermarkets]], usually stock significant amounts of non-food products, such as [[clothing]] and [[Household hardware|household items]]. Small grocery stores that mainly sell fruits and vegetables are known as [[greengrocer]]s (Britain) or produce markets (U.S.), and small grocery stores that predominantly sell prepared food, such as candy and snacks, are known as [[convenience shops]] or [[delicatessen]]s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} |
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The first [[self-service]] grocery store, [[Piggly Wiggly]], was opened in 1916 in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], by [[Clarence Saunders (grocer)|Clarence Saunders]], an inventor and entrepreneur.<ref name="[[Piggly Wiggly History]]">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pigglywiggly.com/about-us|title=About Us | Piggly Wiggly|website=www.pigglywiggly.com}}</ref><ref name="[[TN History for Kids]]">{{cite web |url=http://www.tnhistoryforkids.org/people/clarence_saunders |title=Tennessee History for Kids |publisher=Tnhistoryforkids.org |access-date=2015-03-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135341/http://www.tnhistoryforkids.org/people/clarence_saunders |archive-date=2015-02-23 }}</ref> Prior to this innovation, grocery stores operated "over the counter," with customers asking a grocer to retrieve items from inventory. Saunders' invention allowed a much smaller number of clerks to service the customers, proving successful (according to a 1929 issue of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'') "partly because of its novelty, partly because neat packages and large advertising appropriations have made retail grocery selling almost an automatic procedure."<ref name="Time 1929">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,880518,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205185025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,880518,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 5, 2009|title=Piggly Wiggly Man |work=Time | date=1929-02-25 | access-date=2010-05-04}}</ref> |
The first [[self-service]] grocery store, [[Piggly Wiggly]], was opened in 1916 in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], by [[Clarence Saunders (grocer)|Clarence Saunders]], an inventor and entrepreneur.<ref name="[[Piggly Wiggly History]]">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pigglywiggly.com/about-us|title=About Us | Piggly Wiggly|website=www.pigglywiggly.com}}</ref><ref name="[[TN History for Kids]]">{{cite web |url=http://www.tnhistoryforkids.org/people/clarence_saunders |title=Tennessee History for Kids |publisher=Tnhistoryforkids.org |access-date=2015-03-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135341/http://www.tnhistoryforkids.org/people/clarence_saunders |archive-date=2015-02-23 }}</ref> Prior to this innovation, grocery stores operated "over the counter," with customers asking a grocer to retrieve items from inventory. Saunders' invention allowed a much smaller number of clerks to service the customers, proving successful (according to a 1929 issue of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'') "partly because of its novelty, partly because neat packages and large advertising appropriations have made retail grocery selling almost an automatic procedure."<ref name="Time 1929">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,880518,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205185025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,880518,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 5, 2009|title=Piggly Wiggly Man |work=Time | date=1929-02-25 | access-date=2010-05-04}}</ref> |
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[[File:Frozen Durian Fruit.jpeg|thumb|right|150px|Frozen [[durian]] fruit grown in East Asia at a Chinese grocery in [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]], Canada. Grocery stores specializing in imported so-called "ethnic" foods are popular in many immigrant communities, offering imported food that large supermarket chains do not]]The early supermarkets began as [[Chain store|chains]] of grocer's shops. The development of supermarkets and other large grocery stores has meant that smaller grocery stores often must create a [[niche market]] by selling unique, premium quality, or ethnic foods that are not easily found in supermarkets. A small grocery store may also compete by locating in a mixed commercial-residential area close to, and convenient for, its customers. Organic foods are also becoming a more popular niche market for |
[[File:Frozen Durian Fruit.jpeg|thumb|right|150px|Frozen [[durian]] fruit grown in East Asia at a Chinese grocery in [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]], Canada. Grocery stores specializing in imported so-called "ethnic" foods are popular in many immigrant communities, offering imported food that large supermarket chains do not]]The early supermarkets began as [[Chain store|chains]] of grocer's shops. The development of supermarkets and other large grocery stores has meant that smaller grocery stores often must create a [[niche market]] by selling unique, premium quality, or ethnic foods that are not easily found in supermarkets. A small grocery store may also compete by locating in a mixed commercial-residential area close to, and convenient for, its customers. Organic foods are also becoming a more popular niche market for smaller stores. |
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Grocery stores operate in many different styles ranging from rural family-owned operations, such as [[IGA (supermarkets)|IGAs]], to boutique chains, such as [[Whole Foods Market]] and [[Trader Joe's]], to larger supermarket chain stores such as [[Walmart]] and [[Kroger]] Marketplace. In some places, [[food cooperative]]s, or "co-op" markets, owned by their own shoppers, have been popular. However, there has recently been a trend towards larger stores serving larger geographic areas. Very large "all-in-one" [[hypermarket]]s such as [[Walmart]], [[Target Corporation|Target]], and [[Meijer]] have recently forced consolidation of the grocery businesses in some areas, and the entry of [[variety store]]s such as [[Dollar General]] into rural areas has undercut many traditional grocery stores. The global buying power of such very efficient companies has put an increased financial burden on traditional local grocery stores as well as the national [[supermarket]] chains, and many have been caught up in the [[retail apocalypse]] of the 2010s. |
Grocery stores operate in many different styles ranging from rural family-owned operations, such as [[IGA (supermarkets)|IGAs]], to boutique chains, such as [[Whole Foods Market]] and [[Trader Joe's]], to larger supermarket chain stores such as [[Walmart]] and [[Kroger]] Marketplace. In some places, [[food cooperative]]s, or "co-op" markets, owned by their own shoppers, have been popular. However, there has recently been a trend towards larger stores serving larger geographic areas. Very large "all-in-one" [[hypermarket]]s such as [[Walmart]], [[Target Corporation|Target]], and [[Meijer]] have recently forced consolidation of the grocery businesses in some areas, and the entry of [[variety store]]s such as [[Dollar General]] into rural areas has undercut many traditional grocery stores. The global buying power of such very efficient companies has put an increased financial burden on traditional local grocery stores as well as the national [[supermarket]] chains, and many have been caught up in the [[retail apocalypse]] of the 2010s. |
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==Types== |
==Types== |
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Grocery stores can be small or large physical stores |
Grocery stores can be small or large physical stores or electronic (online) stores. |
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The U.S. FMI food industry association, drawing on research by Willard Bishop, defines the following formats (store types) that sell groceries:<ref> |
The U.S. FMI food industry association, drawing on research by Willard Bishop, defines the following formats (store types) that sell groceries:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmi.org/our-research/supermarket-facts|title=FMI | Supermarket Facts|website=www.fmi.org}}</ref> |
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{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
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!Store type |
!Store type |
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|Traditional [[supermarket]] |
|Traditional [[supermarket]] |
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|Stores offering a full line of groceries, meat, and produce with at least 2 million USD in annual sales and up to 15% of their sales in general merchandise (GM) and health & beauty care (HBC). These stores typically carry anywhere from 15,000 to 60,000 SKUs (depending on the size of the store) |
|Stores offering a full line of groceries, meat, and produce with at least 2 million USD in annual sales and up to 15% of their sales in general merchandise (GM) and health & beauty care (HBC). These stores typically carry anywhere from 15,000 to 60,000 SKUs (depending on the size of the store) and may offer a service deli, a service bakery, and/or a pharmacy. |
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|Fresh format |
|Fresh format |
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====Milk bar==== |
====Milk bar==== |
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[[File:Mosgiel Knox's Milk Bar.JPG|thumb|A [[milk bar]] in [[Mosgiel]], [[New Zealand]]]] |
[[File:Mosgiel Knox's Milk Bar.JPG|thumb|A [[milk bar]] in [[Mosgiel]], [[New Zealand]]]] |
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In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], a [[milk bar]] is a [[suburban]] local [[general store]] or café. Similar terms include [[tuck shop]]s, [[delicatessen]]s or "delis", and [[corner shop]]s. The first |
In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], a [[milk bar]] is a [[suburban]] local [[general store]] or café. Similar terms include [[tuck shop]]s, [[delicatessen]]s or "delis", and [[corner shop]]s. The first business using the name "milk bar" was started in India in 1930. By the late 1940s, milk bars had evolved to include not only groceries, but also became places where young people could buy ready-made food and [[non-alcoholic drink]]s and could socialise. |
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===Large format=== |
===Large format=== |
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In some countries such as the United States, grocery stores descended from [[trading post]]s, which sold not only food but clothing, furniture, household items, tools, and other miscellaneous merchandise. These trading posts evolved into larger retail businesses known as [[general store]]s. These facilities generally dealt only in "dry" goods such as [[baking soda]], canned foods, dry beans, and flour. Perishable foods were obtained from specialty markets, such as fresh meat or sausages from a [[butcher]] and milk from a local [[dairy]], while eggs and vegetables were either produced by families themselves, bartered for with neighbors, or purchased at a [[farmers' market]] or a local [[greengrocer]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} |
In some countries such as the United States, grocery stores descended from [[trading post]]s, which sold not only food but clothing, furniture, household items, tools, and other miscellaneous merchandise. These trading posts evolved into larger retail businesses known as [[general store]]s. These facilities generally dealt only in "dry" goods such as [[baking soda]], canned foods, dry beans, and flour. Perishable foods were obtained from specialty markets, such as fresh meat or sausages from a [[butcher]] and milk from a local [[dairy]], while eggs and vegetables were either produced by families themselves, bartered for with neighbors, or purchased at a [[farmers' market]] or a local [[greengrocer]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} |
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In the US, there are many larger [[chain store]]s, but there are also many small chains and independent grocery stores. About 11% of groceries |
In the US, there are many larger [[chain store]]s, but there are also many small chains and independent grocery stores. About 11% of groceries are sold by a grocery store that is either independent or in a chain of just one, two, or three stores, making the independent stores, taken collectively, bigger than the biggest chains.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://longreads.com/2019/04/23/the-man-whos-going-to-save-your-grocery-store/|title=The Man Who's Going to Save Your Neighborhood Grocery Store|last=Fassler|first=Joe|date=2019-04-23|website=Longreads|language=en|access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref> |
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Most food in the US is bought at traditional [[Brick and mortar|brick-and-mortar]] grocery stores.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2019, about 3% of food was bought from an online retailer such as Amazon.com.<ref name=":0" /> |
Most food in the US is bought at traditional [[Brick and mortar|brick-and-mortar]] grocery stores.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2019, about 3% of food was bought from an online retailer such as Amazon.com.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Retailers also contribute to waste as a result of their contractual arrangements with suppliers. Failure to supply agreed quantities renders farmers or processors liable to have their contracts cancelled. As a consequence, they plan to produce more than actually required to meet the contract, to have a margin of error. Surplus production is often simply disposed of.<ref>*{{Cite book | title = Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal: The True Cost of What the Global Food Industry Throws Away | first = Tristram | last = Stuart | publisher = Penguin | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-14-103634-2}}</ref> Some grocery stores donate leftover food (for example, [[Delicatessen|deli foods]] and bread past their expiration date) to [[homeless shelters]] or charity kitchens.<ref name="Werner">{{cite book| title = Society on the Run: A European View of Life in America| edition = Hardcover| last = Peters| first = Werner| year = 1996| publisher = M.E. Sharpe | isbn = 1-56324-586-8| page = 12}}</ref> |
Retailers also contribute to waste as a result of their contractual arrangements with suppliers. Failure to supply agreed quantities renders farmers or processors liable to have their contracts cancelled. As a consequence, they plan to produce more than actually required to meet the contract, to have a margin of error. Surplus production is often simply disposed of.<ref>*{{Cite book | title = Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal: The True Cost of What the Global Food Industry Throws Away | first = Tristram | last = Stuart | publisher = Penguin | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-14-103634-2}}</ref> Some grocery stores donate leftover food (for example, [[Delicatessen|deli foods]] and bread past their expiration date) to [[homeless shelters]] or charity kitchens.<ref name="Werner">{{cite book| title = Society on the Run: A European View of Life in America| edition = Hardcover| last = Peters| first = Werner| year = 1996| publisher = M.E. Sharpe | isbn = 1-56324-586-8| page = 12}}</ref> |
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The European Union claimed 2014 to be "Year Against Food Waste".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/12/09/369613561/in-europe-ugly-sells-in-the-produce-aisle|title=In Europe, Ugly Sells In The Produce Aisle|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref> The contracts that most retailers had signed required that food would be of a certain quality. With this recent socio-political change, food such as non-round tomatoes and apples with blemishes had a new market. [[Intermarché|Intermarche]], France's third-largest supermarket launched its "inglorious fruits and vegetables" campaign in order to reduce waste. This, fruits and vegetables, waste reduction strategy has shown great promise towards this EU proposed campaign. These products are sold at reduced price compared to the perfectionist campaign showing a 24% increase in sales. Fruta Feia a Portuguese retailer ran a similar business strategy with comparable success. |
The European Union claimed 2014 to be "Year Against Food Waste".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/12/09/369613561/in-europe-ugly-sells-in-the-produce-aisle|title=In Europe, Ugly Sells In The Produce Aisle|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref> The contracts that most retailers had signed required that food would be of a certain quality. With this recent socio-political change, food such as non-round tomatoes and apples with blemishes had a new market. [[Intermarché|Intermarche]], France's third-largest supermarket launched its "inglorious fruits and vegetables" campaign in order to reduce waste. This, fruits and vegetables, waste reduction strategy has shown great promise towards this EU proposed campaign. These products are sold at a reduced price compared to the perfectionist campaign showing a 24% increase in sales. Fruta Feia a Portuguese retailer ran a similar business strategy with comparable success. |
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==Notable grocers== |
==Notable grocers== |