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{{Expand French|Haricot vert|date=February 2018}} |
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[[File:CDC greenbean.jpg|thumb|Whole green beans packed for sale]] |
[[File:CDC greenbean.jpg|thumb|Whole green beans packed for sale]] |
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[[File:Cut Green Beans.jpg|thumb|Cooked, cut green beans]] |
[[File:Cut Green Beans.jpg|thumb|Cooked, cut green beans]] |
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'''Green beans''' are the unripe, young fruit and protective pods of various [[cultivar]]s of the common bean (''[[Phaseolus vulgaris]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=134|title=Green Beans|publisher=The World's Healthiest Foods|accessdate=March 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name=UIL>{{cite web|url=http://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/beans.cfm|title=Beans |
'''Green beans''' are the unripe, young fruit and protective pods of various [[cultivar]]s of the common bean (''[[Phaseolus vulgaris]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=134 |title=Green Beans |publisher=The World's Healthiest Foods |accessdate=March 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name=UIL>{{cite web |url=http://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/beans.cfm |title=Beans – Vegetable Directory – Watch Your Garden Grow – University of Illinois Extension}}</ref> Immature or young pods of the runner bean (''[[Phaseolus coccineus]]''), yardlong bean (''[[Vigna unguiculata]]'' subsp. ''[[Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis|sesquipedalis]]''), and hyacinth bean (''[[Lablab purpureus]]'') are used in a similar way.<ref name="UMN">{{cite web |title=Growing beans in Minnesota home gardens |url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/vegetables/growing-beans-in-minnesota-home-gardens/ |publisher=University of Minnesota Agricultural Extension |accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> Green beans are known by many common names, including<!--Provide a reliable source with any name addition--> '''French beans''',<ref name="FGtP">{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Aliza |title=Field Guide to Produce |page=126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3n0tqNigzbkC&pg=PA126}}</ref> '''string beans''',{{r|FGtP}} '''snap beans''',{{r|FGtP}} and '''snaps'''.<ref>Singh BK and Singh B. 2015. Breeding perspectives of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Vegetable Science 42(1): 1-17.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hatch |first1=Peter J. |title="A Rich Spot of Earth": Thomas Jefferson's Revolutionary Garden at Monticello |pages=159–161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMSAvxZmuycC&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> |
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They are distinguished from the many differing varieties of beans in that green beans are harvested and consumed with their enclosing pods, typically before the seeds inside have fully matured. This practice is analogous to the harvesting of unripened [[pea]] pods as [[snow pea]]s or [[sugar snap pea]]s. |
They are distinguished from the many differing varieties of beans in that green beans are harvested and consumed with their enclosing pods, typically before the seeds inside have fully matured. This practice is analogous to the harvesting of unripened [[pea]] pods as [[snow pea]]s or [[sugar snap pea]]s. |
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==Nutrition and culinary use== |
== Nutrition and culinary use == |
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{{nutritionalvalue | name=Beans, snap, green, raw |
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Beans, snap, green, raw |
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| kJ=131 |
| kJ=131 |
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| fiber=2.7 g |
| fiber=2.7 g |
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| calcium_mg=37 |
| calcium_mg=37 |
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| iron_mg=1.03 |
| iron_mg=1.03 |
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| magnesium_mg=25 |
| magnesium_mg=25 |
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| phosphorus_mg=38 |
| phosphorus_mg=38 |
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| potassium_mg=211 |
| potassium_mg=211 |
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| zinc_mg=0.24 |
| zinc_mg=0.24 |
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| manganese_mg=0.216 |
| manganese_mg=0.216 |
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| vitC_mg=12.2 |
| vitC_mg=12.2 |
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| thiamin_mg=0.082 |
| thiamin_mg=0.082 |
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| riboflavin_mg=0.104 |
| riboflavin_mg=0.104 |
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| vitB6_mg=0.141 |
| vitB6_mg=0.141 |
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| folate_ug=33 |
| folate_ug=33 |
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| vitA_ug=35 |
| vitA_ug=35 |
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| vitK_ug=14.4 |
| vitK_ug=14.4 |
||
| opt1n=[[Fluoride]] |
| opt1n=[[Fluoride]] |
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| opt1v=19 µg |
| opt1v=19 µg |
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| source_usda=1 |
| source_usda=1 |
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| note=[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=11052&format=Full Link to USDA Database entry] |
| note=[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=11052&format=Full Link to USDA Database entry] |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:A green bean.jpg|thumb|Green [[common bean]]s on the plant]] |
[[File:A green bean.jpg|thumb|Green [[common bean]]s on the plant]] |
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In the past, bean pods often contained a {{anchor|stringless}} "string", a hard fibrous strand running the length of the pod. This was removed before cooking, or made edible by cutting the pod into short segments. Modern, commercially grown green bean varieties lack strings. |
In the past, bean pods often contained a {{anchor|stringless}} "string", a hard fibrous strand running the length of the pod. This was removed before cooking, or made edible by cutting the pod into short segments. Modern, commercially grown green bean varieties lack strings. |
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Green beans are eaten around the world, and are marketed canned, frozen, and fresh. Green beans are often steamed, boiled, stir-fried, or baked in casseroles. A dish with green beans popular throughout the United States, particularly at [[Thanksgiving]], is [[green bean casserole]], which consists of green beans, [[cream of mushroom soup]], and [[Fried onion|French fried |
Green beans are eaten around the world, and are marketed canned, frozen, and fresh. Green beans are often steamed, boiled, stir-fried, or baked in casseroles. A dish with green beans popular throughout the United States, particularly at [[Thanksgiving]], is [[green bean casserole]], which consists of green beans, [[cream of mushroom soup]], and [[Fried onion|French fried onions]].<ref name="TNBR">{{cite book |author=Cook's Illustrated |title=The New Best Recipe |publisher=[[America's Test Kitchen]] |year=2004}}</ref> |
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Some US restaurants serve green beans that are [[batter (cooking)|battered]] and [[frying|fried]], and some [[Cuisine of Japan|Japanese]] restaurants serve green bean [[tempura]]. Green beans are also sold dried, and fried with vegetables such as carrots, corn, and peas, as [[vegetable chips]]. |
Some US restaurants serve green beans that are [[batter (cooking)|battered]] and [[frying|fried]], and some [[Cuisine of Japan|Japanese]] restaurants serve green bean [[tempura]]. Green beans are also sold dried, and fried with vegetables such as carrots, corn, and peas, as [[vegetable chips]]. |
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The flavonol [[miquelianin]] ([[Quercetin]] 3-O-glucuronide) can be found in green beans.<ref>Antioxidant properties of flavonol glycosides from green beans. Plumb G.W., Price K.R. and Williamson G., Redox Report, Volume 4, Number 3, June 1999, pages 123-127, {{ |
The flavonol [[miquelianin]] ([[Quercetin]] 3-O-glucuronide) can be found in green beans.<ref>Antioxidant properties of flavonol glycosides from green beans. Plumb G.W., Price K.R. and Williamson G., Redox Report, Volume 4, Number 3, June 1999, pages 123-127, {{DOI|10.1179/135100099101534800}}</ref> |
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==Characteristics== |
== Characteristics == |
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The first "stringless" bean was bred in 1894 by Calvin Keeney, called the "father of the stringless bean", while working in [[Le Roy (town), New York|Le Roy]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name="keeney">{{cite book |title=Taylor's guide to heirloom vegetables |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1996 |isbn=0-395-70818-4}}</ref> Most modern green bean varieties do not have strings.{{R|UMN}} |
The first "stringless" bean was bred in 1894 by Calvin Keeney, called the "father of the stringless bean", while working in [[Le Roy (town), New York|Le Roy]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name="keeney">{{cite book |title=Taylor's guide to heirloom vegetables |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1996 |isbn=0-395-70818-4}}</ref> Most modern green bean varieties do not have strings.{{R|UMN}} |
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===Plant=== |
=== Plant === |
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Green beans are classified by growth habit into two major groups, "bush" (or "dwarf") beans and "pole" (or "climbing") beans.<ref name="TBC">{{cite book | |
Green beans are classified by growth habit into two major groups, "bush" (or "dwarf") beans and "pole" (or "climbing") beans.<ref name="TBC">{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Rose Marie Nichols |author2=Stuckey, Maggie |title=The Bountiful Container |publisher=Workman Publishing |year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Garrelts |first=C. |last2=Garrelts |first2=Megan |last3=Lee |first3=Bonjwing |title=Bluestem: The Cookbook |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4494-0061-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLqRMBK_wyQC&pg=PA71 |page=71}}</ref><ref name=RHS>[https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/grow-your-own/vegetables/french-beans How to Grow French Beans] – [[Royal Horticultural Society]], RHS Gardening</ref> |
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* Bush beans are short plants, growing to not more than {{convert|2|ft|cm}} in height, often without requiring supports. They generally reach maturity and produce all of their fruit in a relatively short period of time, then cease to produce. Due to this concentrated production and ease of mechanized harvesting, bush-type beans are those most often grown on commercial farms. Bush green beans are usually cultivars of the common bean (''Phaseolus vulgaris''). |
* Bush beans are short plants, growing to not more than {{convert|2|ft|cm}} in height, often without requiring supports. They generally reach maturity and produce all of their fruit in a relatively short period of time, then cease to produce. Due to this concentrated production and ease of mechanized harvesting, bush-type beans are those most often grown on commercial farms. Bush green beans are usually cultivars of the common bean (''Phaseolus vulgaris''). |
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* Pole beans have a climbing habit and produce a twisting vine, which must be supported by "poles", [[Trellis (architecture)| |
* Pole beans have a climbing habit and produce a twisting vine, which must be supported by "poles", [[Trellis (architecture)|trellises]], or other means. Pole beans may be common beans (''Phaseolus vulgaris''), runner beans (''Phaseolus coccineus'') or yardlong beans (''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''sesquipedalis'').<ref name="Capomolla 2017">{{cite book |last=Capomolla |first=F. |title=Growing Food the Italian Way |publisher=Pan Macmillan Australia |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-76055-490-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5MtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |access-date=February 26, 2018 |page=143}}</ref><ref name="Watson 1996">{{cite book |last=Watson |first=B. |title=Taylor's Guide to Heirloom Vegetables |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |series=TAYLOR'S WEEKEND GARDENING GUIDES |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-395-70818-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTYcr8mgXbcC&pg=PA238 |access-date=February 26, 2018 |page=238}}</ref> |
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===Varieties=== |
=== Varieties === |
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Over 130 varieties of green bean are known.<ref>{{cite book | |
Over 130 varieties of green bean are known.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cornucopia II : a source book of edible plants |isbn=0-9628087-2-5 |last=Facciola |first=Stephen |publisher=Kampong Publications |year=1998}}</ref> Varieties specialized for use as green beans, selected for the succulence and flavor of their pods, are the ones usually grown in the home vegetable garden, and many varieties exist. Pod color can be green, purple, red, or streaked<ref>Singh B K, Pathak K A, Ramakrishna Y, Verma V K and Deka B C. 2011. Purple-podded French bean with high antioxidant content. ICAR News: A Science and Technology Newsletter 17 (3): 9.</ref>. Shapes range from thin "fillet" types to wide "romano" types and more |
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common types in between. Yellow-podded green beans are also known as '''wax beans'''.{{r|UMN}} |
common types in between. Yellow-podded green beans are also known as '''wax beans'''.{{r|UMN}} |
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All of the following varieties have green pods and are ''Phaseolus vulgaris'', unless otherwise specified: |
All of the following varieties have green pods and are ''Phaseolus vulgaris'', unless otherwise specified: |
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====Bush (dwarf) types==== |
==== Bush (dwarf) types ==== |
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*Blue Lake 274{{r|UIL}} |
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* |
* Blue Lake 274{{r|UIL}} |
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*Derby (1990 [[All-America Selections|AAS]] winner){{r|UIL}} |
* Bush Kentucky Wonder{{r|UIL}} |
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* Derby (1990 [[All-America Selections|AAS]] winner){{r|UIL}} |
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*Kenyan Bean{{R|RHS}} |
* Kenyan Bean{{R|RHS}} |
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*Purple Teepee (purple pods){{R|RHS}} |
* Purple Teepee (purple pods){{R|RHS}} |
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==== Pole (climbing) types ==== |
==== Pole (climbing) types ==== |
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*Algarve{{R|RHS}} |
* Algarve{{R|RHS}} |
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*Blue Lake{{r|UIL}} |
* Blue Lake{{r|UIL}} |
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*Golden Gate (yellow/wax){{R|RHS}} |
* Golden Gate (yellow/wax){{R|RHS}} |
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*Kentucky Blue ([[All-America Selections|AAS]] Winner){{r|UIL}} |
* Kentucky Blue ([[All-America Selections|AAS]] Winner){{r|UIL}} |
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*Kentucky Wonder{{r|UIL}} |
* Kentucky Wonder{{r|UIL}} |
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*Scarlet Runner (''Phaseolus coccineus'')<ref>[http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/runner-beans-are-beautiful-and-edible Runner beans are beautiful and edible] |
* Scarlet Runner (''Phaseolus coccineus'')<ref>[http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/runner-beans-are-beautiful-and-edible Runner beans are beautiful and edible] – Oregon State University Agricultural Extension</ref> |
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==Production== |
== Production == |
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According to UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] ([[FAOSTAT]]), the top producers of green beans (in [[tonne|metric tonnes]]) in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |title=Production of Green Bean by countries |year=2011 |accessdate=2015-02-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archivedate=2011-07-13 |df= |
According to UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] ([[FAOSTAT]]), the top producers of green beans (in [[tonne|metric tonnes]]) in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |title=Production of Green Bean by countries |year=2011 |accessdate=2015-02-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archivedate=2011-07-13 |df=}}</ref> |
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|- bgcolor="#ececec" valign=top |
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! Rank !! Country !! Production <br> (t) |
! Rank !! Country !! Production <br /> (t) |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Cookbook|Green bean}} |
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* {{Commons category-inline|Green beans}} |
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* [https://snaped.fns.usda.gov/seasonal-produce-guide/green-beans Green beans] at [[United States Department of Agriculture]] |
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[[Category:Edible legumes]] |
[[Category:Edible legumes]] |