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[[Image:Darker green and Black flag.svg|thumb|Green and black flag of green anarchism.]] |
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{{Anarchism sidebar}} |
{{Anarchism sidebar}} |
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'''Green anarchism'''<ref>Ian Adams (2001). [http://books.google.com.ec/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA130&dq= Political Ideology Today] p. 130. Manchester University Press.</ref> or '''eco-anarchism'''<ref>David Pepper (1996). [http://books.google.com.ec/books?id=PQOvkB7UoWgC&pg=PA44&dq= Modern Environmentalism] p 44. Routledge.</ref> is a school of thought within [[anarchism]] which puts an emphasis on [[environmental issues]]. Important contemporary currents are [[social ecology]] and [[anarcho-primitivism]]. Many advocates of green anarchism and primitivism consider [[Fredy Perlman]] as the modern progenitor of their views. Notable contemporary writers espousing green anarchism include the techno-positives [[Murray Bookchin]], [[Janet Biehl]], [[Daniel Chodorkoff]], anthropologist [[Brian Morris (anthropologist)|Brian Morris]], and people around [[Institute for Social Ecology]]; those critical of technology such as [[Derrick Jensen]], George Draffan, and [[John Zerzan]]; and others including [[Alan Carter (philosopher)|Alan Carter]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction |last=Ward |first=Colin |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |date=2004 |isbn=0192804774}}</ref> and Stewart Davidson.<ref>Stewart Davidson, 2009, 'EcoAnarchism: A Critical Defence', in the Journal of Political Ideologies, volume 14, pp. 47-67</ref> |
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{{Green politics sidebar |expanded=all}} |
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Social ecologists, considered also a kind of [[socialist anarchism|socialist anarchists]], often criticize the main currents of anarchism for their focus and debates about politics and economics, instead of a focus on [[eco-system]] (human and environmental) like they do, this theory promote [[libertarian municipalism]] and [[green technology]]. Anarcho-primitivists often criticize mainstream anarchism for supporting [[civilization]] and modern [[technology]] which they believe are inherently based on domination and exploitation. They instead advocate the process of [[Rewilding (anarchism)|rewilding]] or reconnecting with the natural environment. [[Veganarchism]] is the political philosophy of [[veganism]] (more specifically [[animal liberation]]) and green anarchism.<ref name="essay">Dominick, Brian. ''Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism'', third edition, Firestarter Press, 1997, page 1, 5 and 6.</ref> This encompasses viewing the [[Sovereign state|state]] as unnecessary and harmful to both human and animals, whilst practising a vegan diet.<ref name="essay"/> |
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'''Green anarchism''' is a school of thought within [[anarchism]] which puts an emphasis on [[environmental issues]]. An important early influence was the thought of the American individualist anarchist [[Henry David Thoreau]] and his book ''[[Walden]]''<ref name="Thoreau">"Su obra más representativa es Walden, aparecida en 1854, aunque redactada entre 1845 y 1847, cuando Thoreau decide instalarse en el aislamiento de una cabaña en el bosque, y vivir en íntimo contacto con la naturaleza, en una vida de soledad y sobriedad. De esta experiencia, su filosofía trata de transmitirnos la idea que resulta necesario un retorno respetuoso a la naturaleza, y que la felicidad es sobre todo fruto de la riqueza interior y de la armonía de los individuos con el entorno natural. Muchos han visto en Thoreau a uno de los precursores del ecologismo y del anarquismo primitivista representado en la actualidad por Jonh Zerzan. Para George Woodcock(8), esta actitud puede estar también motivada por una cierta idea de resistencia al progreso y de rechazo al materialismo creciente que caracteriza la sociedad norteamericana de mediados de siglo XIX."[http://www.acracia.org/xdiez.html "LA INSUMISIÓN VOLUNTARIA. EL ANARQUISMO INDIVIDUALISTA ESPAÑOL DURANTE LA DICTADURA Y LA SEGUNDA REPÚBLICA (1923-1938)" by Xavier Diez]</ref>. Some green anarchists can be described as anarcho-primitivists (or anti-civilization anarchists), though not all green anarchists are primitivists. Likewise, there is a strong critique of modern technology among green anarchists, though not all reject it entirely. |
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Green anarchism incorporates a set of related [[political theory|political theories]] that is derived from or inspired by [[philosophical movement|philosophical]] and [[social movement]]s related to [[environmentalism]] or [[green politics]]. Green anarchists assert that [[social organization]]s must be designed to work ''with'' [[natural forces]] and [[human scale]], rather than against (''see: [[ecovillage]]''). |
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Important contemporary currents are [[Anarcho-primitivism]] and [[Social ecology]]. |
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== Background == |
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Anarchism started to have an ecological view mainly in the writings of american [[individualist anarchist]] and [[Transcendentalism|transcendentalist]] [[Henry David Thoreau]]. In his book ''[[Walden]]'' he advocates [[simple living]] and [[self-sufficiency]] among natural surroundings in resistance to the advancement of industrial civilization<ref name="Thoreau"/>. In the late XIX century Anarchist naturism appeared as the union of [[anarchist]] and [[naturist]] philosophies.<ref name="naturismolibertario">[http://www.soliobrera.org/pdefs/cuaderno4.pdf#search=%22Antonia%20Maym%C3%B3n%22 EL NATURISMO LIBERTARIO EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA (1890-1939) by Jose Maria Rosello]</ref><ref name="ortega">[http://info.autonomedia.org/node/4694 "Anarchism, Nudism, Naturism" by Carlos Ortega]</ref> Mainly it had importance within [[individualist anarchist]] circles<ref name="aujourdhui">"Les anarchistes individualistes du début du siècle l'avaient bien compris, et intégraient le naturisme dans leurs préoccupations. Il est vraiment dommage que ce discours se soit peu à peu effacé, d'antan plus que nous assistons, en ce moment, à un retour en force du puritanisme (conservateur par essence)."[http://ytak.club.fr/natytak.html "Anarchisme et naturisme, aujourd'hui." by Cathy Ytak]</ref><ref name="spanishind">[http://www.acracia.org/xdiez.html "LA INSUMISIÓN VOLUNTARIA. EL ANARQUISMO INDIVIDUALISTA ESPAÑOL DURANTE LA DICTADURA Y LA SEGUNDA REPÚBLICA (1923-1938)" by Xavier Diez]</ref> in Spain<ref name="naturismolibertario"/><ref name="ortega"/><ref name="spanishind"/>, France<ref name="spanishind"/><ref name="france">[http://ytak.club.fr/natbiblioarmand.html Recension des articles de l'En-Dehors consacrés au naturisme et au nudisme]</ref> and Portugal<ref name="portugal">["Anarchisme et naturisme au Portugal, dans les années 1920" in ''Les anarchistes du Portugal'' |
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by João Freire]</ref>. |
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Important influences were [[Henry David Thoreau]]<ref name="Thoreau"/>, [[Leo Tolstoy]]<ref name="naturismolibertario"/> and [[Elisee Reclus]]<ref name="Reclus1">[http://www.natustar.com/uk/naturism-begin.html "The pioneers"]</ref>. Anarcho-naturism advocated [[vegetarianism]], [[free love]], [[nudism]] and an ecological world view within anarchist groups and outside them<ref name="naturismolibertario"/><ref name="aujourdhui"/>. |
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Green anarchism incorporates a set of related [[political theory|political theories]] that is derived from or inspired by [[philosophical movement|philosophical]] and [[social movement]]s such as [[Anarcho-primitivism]], [[Deep Ecology]], [[Social Ecology]], [[Feminism]], [[Egoism]], [[post-left anarchy|Post- and Anti-leftists]], [[Situationist International|Situationists]], [[Surrealism]], [[Neo-Luddism]], [[anti-industrialism]], and [[hunter-gatherer]] societies. |
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Although green anarchism develops themes present in the political action of the [[Luddites]] and the writings of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], when primitivism emerged it was influenced more directly by the works of theorists such as the [[Frankfurt School]] [[Marxists]] [[Theodor Adorno]] and [[Herbert Marcuse]]; [[anthropologists]] [[Marshall Sahlins]] and [[Richard Borshay Lee]]; and others such as [[Lewis Mumford]], [[Jean Baudrillard]] and [[Gary Snyder]]. Many advocates of Green anarchism and primitivism consider [[Fredy Perlman]] as the modern progenitor of their views. |
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Notable contemporary writers espousing green anarchism include those critical of technology such as [[Derrick Jensen]], George Draffan, and [[John Zerzan]]; the techno-positive [[Murray Bookchin]]; and others including [[Alan Carter (philosopher)|Alan Carter]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction |last=Ward |first=Colin |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |date=2004 |isbn=0192804774}}</ref> and Stewart Davidson <ref>Stewart Davidson, 2009, 'EcoAnarchism: A Critical Defence', in the Journal of Political Ideologies, volume 14, pp. 47-67</ref> |
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== Critique == |
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===Civilization=== |
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[[Image:Rouge clearcut.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A forest harvest site in the Rouge Valley of [[Alberta]], [[Canada]], shown before re-growth. Clearcuts are a prime example of what green anarchists consider to be capitalism's effect on the environment.]] |
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The green anarchist [[critique]] focuses on the institutions of domination that make up [[society]], all grouped under the broad term “civilization”. Such institutions include [[Sovereign state|the state]], [[capitalism]], [[industrialism]], [[globalization]], [[domestication]], [[patriarchy]], [[science]], [[technology]], and/or [[Employment|work]]. These institutions, according to green anarchists, are inherently destructive and [[exploitation|exploitative]] (to [[human]]s and the environment) – therefore, they cannot be reformed into anything better. This movement generally rejects furthering their cause through current political lines, favoring [[direct action|direct and autonomous action]], [[sabotage]], [[insurrection]], [[bioregionalism]], and [[Rewilding|reconnecting with the wild]] to create meaningful change. |
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Civilization is taken to be the totality of institutions (described above) that are responsible for the destruction of human freedom and the environment. Physically, civilization is demarcated by the domestication of [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, and humans (though its beginning has been traced back through time, language, art, and symbolic culture – see [[John Zerzan]]). [[Agriculture]] introduced the concept of a [[surplus]] along with the conditions for the rise of these institutions. Before agriculture, humans often lived as autonomous bands of [[hunter-gatherers]]. Essentially, hunter-gatherers are perceived to be part of human anarchist ancestry since all humans practised that mode of life for around two million years. Civilization is often seen as more of a [[paradigm]] of systems rather than a tangible thing, and one that places human beings above and outside of the natural world. This is seen as the first step towards, and justification for, the destruction of nature (humans included). |
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===Technology=== |
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[[Technology]] is seen as a system rather than a specific physical tool. Technology, it is argued, requires the exploitation of the environment through the creation and extraction of resources, and the exploitation of people through [[labour (economics)|labor]], [[Wage labour|work]], and [[slavery]], [[industrialism]], [[specialization]] and the [[division of labor]]. There is no “neutral” form of technology as things are always created in a certain context with certain aims and functions. [[Green technology]] is often rejected as an attempt to reform this exploitative system, merely changing it on the surface to make it seem environmentally friendly, despite sustained levels of human and natural exploitation. In place of technology, green anarchists favor living ranging from low use of technology to no use at all, using sustainable and local resources. |
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Green anarchists do not advocate a return to the stone age or the replication of hunter-gatherer lifestyles, but instead a deep questioning of the reality humans have been given, and a wish to see those questions (namely the questioning of civilization) put into effective [[praxis (process)|praxis]] by creating new communities that exist without these institutions of domination, while at the same time resisting the current ones in place. |
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===Veganism=== |
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{{main|Veganarchism|Anarchism and animal liberation|Animal liberation movement}} |
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[[File:Veganarchism.svg|right|thumb|160px|[[Veganarchy]] symbol; combining the 'V' from vegan with the anarchist 'A' symbol.<ref name="brian" />]] |
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Some green anarchists see veganism as an intrinsic part of the struggle for a free, healthy way of life. [[Veganarchism]] is the [[political philosophy]] of [[veganism]] (more specifically [[animal liberation]]) and green anarchism, creating a combined [[praxis]] as a means for [[social revolution]].<ref name="essay">Dominick, Brian. ''Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism'', third edition, Firestarter Press, 1997, page 6.</ref><ref name="page5" /> This encompasses viewing the [[Sovereign state|state]] as unnecessary and harmful to [[animals]], both [[human]] and [[non-human]], whilst practising a [[vegan]] diet. Veganarchists either see the ideology as a combined theory, or [[perceive]] both [[philosophies]] to be essentially the same.<ref name="page1">Dominick, Brian. ''Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism'', third edition, Firestarter Press, 1997, page 1.</ref> It is further described as an [[anti-speciesist]] perspective on green anarchism, or an anarchist perspective on [[animal liberation]].<ref name="page5">Dominick, Brian. ''Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism'', third edition, Firestarter Press, 1997, page 5.</ref> |
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The term was popularised in 1995 with Brian A. Dominick's pamphlet ''Animal Liberation and Social Revolution'', described as ''"a vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism"''.<ref name="brian">Dominick, Brian. ''Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism'', Critical Mess Media, 1995.</ref> The 18-page pamphlet explains how many young anarchists in the [[1990s]] had been adopting [[deep ecology|deep ecological]] (animal-inclusive and anti-speciesist) mindsets as part of an overall green anarchist political philosophy. Similarly animal liberationists were becoming increasingly influenced by [[anarchist thought]] and traditions, thus becoming veganarchists and adopting an overall praxis.<ref name="page5"/> |
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== Solutions == |
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Many green anarchists argue that small [[eco-village]]s (of no more than a few hundred people) are a scale of human living preferable to civilization, and that [[infrastructure]] and [[political system]]s should be re-organized to ensure that these are created. Green Anarchists assert that [[social organization]]s must be designed to work ''with'' [[natural forces]], rather than against. |
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Many green anarchists consider traditional forms of social organization such as the [[village]], [[Band society|band]], or [[tribe]] to be preferred units of human life, not for some [[Noble Savage]] concept of spiritual superiority, but because these social organizations appear to work better than civilization. Family is considered to be more important to many green anarchists than work roles. Green anarchist philosophy can be explained as an interpretation of [[anthropological]] and [[biological]] truths, or [[natural laws]]. |
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Some green anarchists, identifying themselves as primitivists, advocate a process of '[[rewilding]]' and a return to [[nomadic]] [[hunter-gatherer]] lifestyles while many green anarchists only wish to see an end to industrial society and do not necessarily oppose [[domestication]] or [[agriculture]]. Key theorists in the former category include [[Derrick Jensen]] and [[John Zerzan]] while the 'Unabomber' [[Theodore Kaczynski]] belongs in the latter, though the boundaries are blurred at times, both Jensen and Zerzan making positive references to some forms of [[permaculture]]. |
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Other green anarchists, mainly techno-positivists, propose other forms of organizations like [[arcology]] or [[technocracy|technates]]. |
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Many green anarchists choose to focus not on philosophical issues for a future society, but on the defense of the earth and social revolution in the present. Resisting systems in the present, and creating alternative, sustainable ways of living are often deemed more important than frivolous protesting. |
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== Direct action == |
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{{Main|Radical environmental movement|Animal liberation movement|Anarchism and animal liberation}} |
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[[Image:Hornebeagles.jpg|right|thumb|160px|An [[Animal Liberation Front|ALF]] raid removing 82 beagles and 26 rabbits from [[Harlan (company)|Interfauna]] in Cambridge on [[Saint Patrick|St Patrick's Night]] 1990.<ref name="Arkangel">[http://www.directaction.info/barry/barry.htm "The man, the activist"], first published in ''[[Arkangel (magazine)|Arkangel]]''.</ref>]] |
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Most Green Anarchists hold their ideals passionately and some engage in [[direct action]]. Organizing themselves through groups like [[Earth First!]], [[Root Force]], or more drastically, the [[Earth Liberation Front|Earth Liberation Front (ELF)]], [[Earth Liberation Army|Earth Liberation Army (ELA)]] and [[Animal Liberation Front|Animal Liberation Front (ALF)]]. They may take direct action against what they see as [[Systematic oppression|systems of oppression]], such as the [[logging industry]], the [[Meat industry|meat]] and [[Dairy industry|dairy industries]], [[animal testing]] laboratories, [[Genetic engineering|genetic engineering facilities]] and, more rarely, government institutions. |
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Such actions are normally, though not always, [[non-violent]]. Though not necessarily Green anarchists, or [[veganarchists]], activists have used the names [[Animal Rights Militia]], [[Justice Department (animal rights group)|Justice Department]] and [[Revolutionary Cells - Animal Liberation Brigade|Revolutionary Cells]] among others, to claim responsibility for openly violent attacks. |
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=== Convictions === |
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{{main|GANDALF trial|SHAC 7|Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty#Operation Achilles}} |
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[[Rod Coronado]] is an eco-anarchist and is an unofficial spokesperson for the Animal Liberation Front and [[Earth Liberation Front]]. On [[February 28]], [[1992]], Coronado carried out an [[arson]] attack on research facilities at [[Michigan State University]] (MSU), and released [[mink]] from a nearby research farm on campus, an action claimed by the ALF, and for which Coronado was subsequently convicted. |
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In 1997, the editors of ''[[Green Anarchist]]'' magazine and two British supporters of the Animal Liberation Front were tried in connection with conspiracy to incite violence, in what came to be known as the [[GANDALF trial]]. |
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Green-[[veganarchist]] [[Tre Arrow]]<ref>Anarchist Eco-Terrorist Tre Arrow To Be Deported, ''Toronoto Sun'', May 6th 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=120433967802261500 Tre Arrow says he’s not guilty of burning trucks], ''[[Portland Tribune]]'', May 4th 2008.</ref> was sought by the [[FBI]] in connection with an ELF [[arson]] on April 15, 2001 at Ross Island Sand and Gravel in Portland, torching three trucks amounting of $200,000 in damage. Another arson occurred a month later at Ray Schoppert Logging Company in [[Estacada, Oregon]], on June 1, 2001 against logging trucks and a front loader, resulting in $50,000 damage.<ref name="oregon">[http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/08/tre_arrow_to_be_sentenced_toda.html Tre Arrow sentenced to 6 1/2 years in prison], ''[[Oregon Live]]'', August 12th 2008.</ref> Arrow was indicted by a federal grand jury in Oregon and charged with four felonies for this crime on October 18, 2002.<ref name="EnvNews">{{cite news |
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|title=EPA Misled Public on Quality of U.S. Drinking Water |
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|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2004/2004-03-16-09.asp |
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|work=Environment News Service |
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|date=[[March 16]] [[2004]] |
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|accessdate=2007-06-17 |
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}}</ref> On March 13, 2004, after fleeing to [[British Columbia]], he was arrested in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] for stealing bolt cutters and was also charged with being in Canada illegally.<ref name="rolling">[http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/11034035/hunting_americas_most_wanted_ecoterrorist Hunting America's Most Wanted Eco-Terrorist : Rolling Stone]</ref> He was then sentenced on August 12, 2008 to 78 months in federal prison for his part in the arson and [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] ELF attacks in 2001.<ref>[http://www.mostwantedhoes.com/news/ecoarsonist.php Eco-arsonist Sentenced to 78 Months Prison], ''Most Wanted Hoes'', August 13th 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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|last=Denson |
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|first=Bryan |
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|title=Fugitive Tre Arrow back in Portland |
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|work=The Oregonian |
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|date=[[March 1]], [[2008]] |
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}}</ref> |
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In January 2006, [[Eric McDavid]], a green-veganarchist,<ref>[http://www.animalliberationfront.com/ALFront/Activist%20Tips/EricMcDavid08.htm About Eric McDavid's Sentencing], ''[[Animal Liberation Front]] Website]]'', May 11th 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.supporteric.org/updates.htm Update], ''Support Eric'', February 16th 2006.</ref><ref>Lyonnais, Sheena. [http://www.exclaim.ca/musicreviews/latestsub.aspx?csid1=115&csid2=870&fid1=37451 Tom Gabel: Heart Burns], ''Exclaim.ca'', March 31st 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.325collective.com/eco-struggle_eric-mcdavid.html Solidarity with Eric McDavid, Eco-Anarchist prisoner], ''325 Collective''.</ref> was convicted of conspiring to use fire or explosives to damage corporate and government property.<ref name="hedlund">[http://www.news10.net/display_story.aspx?storyid=33243 Eco-Terror Suspect Guilty in Bomb Plot], ''[[News 10]]'', September 27th 2007.</ref> On March 8, he formally declared a [[hunger strike]] due to the jail refusing to provide him with [[vegan]] food. He has been given vegan food off and on since. <ref>[http://www.supporteric.org/updates.htm Updates], ''Support Eric''.</ref> In September 2007, he was convicted on all counts after the two activists he [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspired]] with pled guilty testified against him. <ref name="hedlund"/><ref name=sacbee> |
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{{cite news |
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|url=http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/399555.html |
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|title=Leader or led by the FBI? |
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|work=[[The Sacramento Bee]] |
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|publisher=[[The McClatchy Company]] |
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|accessdate=2008-03-13 |
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|last=Walsh |
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|first=Denny |
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|date=[[2007-09-26]] |
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}} |
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</ref><ref>[{{Cite web |
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| title = ECO-TERRORIST CONVICTED: Sacramento federal jury convicts Eric McDavid with conspiracy to commit domestic terrorism |
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| work = Federal Bureau of Investigation |
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| accessdate = 2008-03-12 |
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| date = [[2007-09-27]] |
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| url = http://sacramento.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel07/sc092707.htm |
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}}</ref> An FBI [[confidential source]] named "Anna" was revealed as a fourth participant, in what McDavid's defense argued was [[entrapment]].<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://cbs13.com/local/eco.terrorist.Eric.2.483155.html|title=Convicted Of Plotting To Blow Up Nimbus Dam |
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|work=CW31 |
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|accessdate=2008-04-27 |
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|last=Weigel |
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|first=Rafal |
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|date=[[2007-09-27]]}} |
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</ref> In May 2008, he was sentenced to nearly 20 years in prison.<ref>[http://www.greenisthenewred.com/blog/mcdavid-sentenced/434/ McDavid Sentenced to 20 Years in Prison as a “Terrorist”], ''Green Is The New Red'', May 9th 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=230117&s=&i=&t='Eco-terrorist'_gets_20_years_for_plotting_bombing_campaign 'Eco-terrorist' gets 20 years for plotting bombing campaign 'Eco-terrorist' gets 20 years for plotting bombing campaign], ''[[Turkish Press]]'', May 9th 2008.</ref> |
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[[Image:SHAC7.png|right|thumb|[[SHAC 7]] Support Group logo.]]On March 3, 2006, a federal jury in [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]], [[New Jersey]] convicted six members of SHAC, including green-veganarchist Joshua Harper,<ref name="josh">[http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=2008071700042588 Statement from Joshua Harper - SHAC 7], ''[[Infoshop]]'', July 17th 2008.</ref><ref name="ecoterror">[http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/Ecoterrorism.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=eco Eco-Terrorism: Extremism in the Animal Rights and Environmental Movements], ''[[Anti-Defamation League]]'', 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.furcommission.com/news/newsF03i.htm Conflict Industry], ''Fur Commission USA'', August 12th 2001.</ref> for "terrorism and Internet stalking," according to the ''New York Times'', finding them guilty of using their website to "incite attacks" on those who did business with [[Huntingdon Life Sciences]] HLS.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/03/nyregion/03animals.html Six Animal Rights Advocates Are Convicted Of Terrorism], ''[[New York Times]]'', March 3th 2006</ref> In September 2006, the SHAC 7 received jail sentences of 3 to 6 years. |
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;Other prisoners |
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* Daniele Casalini; Italian green-veganarchist accused of arson against electricity pylon.<ref>[http://nuclearresister.org/nr150.pdf Newsletter 150], ''The Nuclear Resister''.</ref><ref name="elpsn">[http://www.spiritoffreedom.org.uk/addresses.html Prisoner Addresses], ''[[Earth Liberation Prisoner Support Network]]''.</ref> |
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* Nicole Vosper; green-veganarchist who pleaded guilty to charges against HLS.<ref name="supportnic">[http://www.myspace.com/vegannicole Support Nicole]</ref><ref name="nicole">[http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2009/03/424438.html Support Nicole Vosper - Green Anarchist / SHAC Prisoner], ''[[Indymedia]] UK'', March 19th 2009.</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=January 2009}} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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*[[Anarcho-primitivism]] |
*[[Anarcho-primitivism]] |
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*[[Deep ecology]] |
*[[Deep ecology]] |
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*[[Deindustrialization]] |
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*[[Earth First!]] |
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* [[Earth liberation]] |
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*[[Eco-feminism]] |
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*[[Eco-socialism]] |
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*''[[Green Anarchy]]'' (US magazine) |
*''[[Green Anarchy]]'' (US magazine) |
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*''[[Green Anarchist]]'' (UK magazine/s) |
*''[[Green Anarchist]]'' (UK magazine/s) |
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*[[Social ecology]] ([[Institute for Social Ecology]]) |
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*[[Green Scare]] |
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*[[Green syndicalism]] |
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*[[Intentional community]] |
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*[[Neo-Luddism]] |
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*[[Operation Backfire (FBI)]] |
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*[[Secession]] |
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*[[Social ecology]] |
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*[[Permaculture]] |
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*[[Seasteading]] |
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</div> |
</div> |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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*[http://www.insurgentdesire.org.uk/ Insurgent Desire] |
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*[http://www.greenanarchy.info/ The Green Anarchist Infoshop] |
*[http://www.greenanarchy.info/ The Green Anarchist Infoshop] |
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*[http://www.greenanarchy.org/ Green Anarchy] |
*[http://www.greenanarchy.org/ Green Anarchy] |
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*[http://www.greenanarchist.org/ Green Anarchist] |
*[http://www.greenanarchist.org/ Green Anarchist] |
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*[http://www.rewild.info/ REWILD.info] |
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*[http://www.primitivism.com/ Primitivism] |
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*{{sv icon}} [http://www.pangean.se/ Pangaea] |
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*"[http://anthropology.lbcc.edu/handoutsdocs/mistake.pdf The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race]" by [[Jared Diamond]]. Discusses agriculture as inferior to gathering-hunting. |
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*[http://www.tiamatpublications.com/ Tiamat Publications] |
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*[http://www.powertech.no/anarchy/green.html The Green Anarchist manifesto] |
*[http://www.powertech.no/anarchy/green.html The Green Anarchist manifesto] |
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*[http://layla.miltsov.org/introduction-to-z Beyond the Symbolic and towards the Collapse] - introduction to John Zerzan's conferences in Montreal by Layla AR |
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Revision as of 17:36, 10 July 2009
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Anarchism |
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Green anarchism[1] or eco-anarchism[2] is a school of thought within anarchism which puts an emphasis on environmental issues. Important contemporary currents are social ecology and anarcho-primitivism. Many advocates of green anarchism and primitivism consider Fredy Perlman as the modern progenitor of their views. Notable contemporary writers espousing green anarchism include the techno-positives Murray Bookchin, Janet Biehl, Daniel Chodorkoff, anthropologist Brian Morris, and people around Institute for Social Ecology; those critical of technology such as Derrick Jensen, George Draffan, and John Zerzan; and others including Alan Carter,[3] and Stewart Davidson.[4]
Social ecologists, considered also a kind of socialist anarchists, often criticize the main currents of anarchism for their focus and debates about politics and economics, instead of a focus on eco-system (human and environmental) like they do, this theory promote libertarian municipalism and green technology. Anarcho-primitivists often criticize mainstream anarchism for supporting civilization and modern technology which they believe are inherently based on domination and exploitation. They instead advocate the process of rewilding or reconnecting with the natural environment. Veganarchism is the political philosophy of veganism (more specifically animal liberation) and green anarchism.[5] This encompasses viewing the state as unnecessary and harmful to both human and animals, whilst practising a vegan diet.[5]
Green anarchism incorporates a set of related political theories that is derived from or inspired by philosophical and social movements related to environmentalism or green politics. Green anarchists assert that social organizations must be designed to work with natural forces and human scale, rather than against (see: ecovillage).
References
- ^ Ian Adams (2001). Political Ideology Today p. 130. Manchester University Press.
- ^ David Pepper (1996). Modern Environmentalism p 44. Routledge.
- ^ Ward, Colin (2004). Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0192804774.
- ^ Stewart Davidson, 2009, 'EcoAnarchism: A Critical Defence', in the Journal of Political Ideologies, volume 14, pp. 47-67
- ^ a b Dominick, Brian. Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism, third edition, Firestarter Press, 1997, page 1, 5 and 6.
See also
- Anarchist naturism
- Anarcho-primitivism
- Deep ecology
- Green Anarchy (US magazine)
- Green Anarchist (UK magazine/s)
- Social ecology (Institute for Social Ecology)