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[[File:Robert, Hubert - Incendie à Rome -.jpg|alt=A depiction of the fire burning through the city.|thumb|''Fire in Rome'' by [[Hubert Robert]] (1785)|347x347px]]{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} |
[[File:Robert, Hubert - Incendie à Rome -.jpg|alt=A depiction of the fire burning through the city.|thumb|''Fire in Rome'' by [[Hubert Robert]] (1785)|347x347px]]{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} |
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{{Short description|Conflagration in Ancient Rome (AD 64)}}The '''Great Fire of Rome''' ({{lang-la|incendium magnum Romae}}) occurred in July AD 64.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul19/great-fire-rome/ |
{{Short description|Conflagration in Ancient Rome (AD 64)}}The '''Great Fire of Rome''' ({{lang-la|incendium magnum Romae}}) occurred in July AD 64.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2014 |title=Great Fire of Rome |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul19/great-fire-rome/ |access-date=7 April 2019 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> The fire began in the merchant shops around Rome's chariot stadium, [[Circus Maximus]], on the night of 19 July. After six days, the fire was brought under control, but before the damage could be assessed, the fire reignited and burned for another three days. In the aftermath of the fire, two thirds of [[Rome]] had been destroyed.<ref name="pbs">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=The Great Fire of Rome {{!}} Background |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/great-fire-rome-background/1446/ |access-date=7 April 2019 |website=Secrets of the Dead |publisher=PBS}}</ref> |
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According to [[Tacitus]] and later Christian tradition, [[Nero|Emperor Nero]] blamed the devastation on the [[Christians|Christian]] community in the city, initiating the empire's first [[Anti-Christian policies in the Roman Empire|persecution against the Christians]].<ref name="Dando-Collins 2010"/> |
According to [[Tacitus]] and later [[Christians|Christian]] tradition, [[Nero|Emperor Nero]] blamed the devastation on the [[Christians|Christian]] community in the city, initiating the empire's first [[Anti-Christian policies in the Roman Empire|persecution against the Christians]].<ref name="Dando-Collins 2010" /> |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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=== Previous recorded fires in Rome === |
=== Previous recorded fires in Rome === |
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Fires in Rome were common, especially in houses,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Dando-Collins |
Fires in Rome were common, especially in houses,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dando-Collins |first=Stephen |title=The Great Fire of Rome: The Fall of the Emperor Nero and HIs City |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0306818905 |page=56}}</ref> and fires that had occurred previously in [[Rome]] and destroyed parts of major buildings include: |
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* AD 12 which destroyed the [[Basilica Julia]]<ref name=":0" /> |
* AD 12 which destroyed the [[Basilica Julia]]<ref name=":0" /> |
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* AD 14 at the [[Basilica Aemilia]]<ref name=":0" /> |
* AD 14 at the [[Basilica Aemilia]]<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Nero === |
=== Nero === |
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[[Nero]] was proclaimed [[emperor]] in AD 54 at the age of 17.<ref name=pbs/> His rule has commonly been associated with impulsiveness and tyranny. Early in his reign he was heavily advised, but he slowly became more independent. In 59 AD, encouraged by his mistress [[Poppaea Sabina|Poppaea]], Nero murdered his mother. His leading adviser, [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], was discharged and [[Forced suicide|forced to commit suicide]]. After the Great Fire of Rome occurred in July 64, it was rumoured that Nero ordered the fire to clear space for a new palace.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Egypt, Greece, and Rome |
[[Nero]] was proclaimed [[emperor]] in AD 54 at the age of 17.<ref name=pbs/> His rule has commonly been associated with impulsiveness and tyranny. Early in his reign, he was heavily advised, but he slowly became more independent. In 59 AD, encouraged by his mistress [[Poppaea Sabina|Poppaea]], [[Nero]] murdered his mother. His leading adviser, [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], was discharged and [[Forced suicide|forced to commit suicide]]. After the Great Fire of Rome occurred in July 64, it was rumoured that [[Nero]] ordered the fire to clear space for a new palace.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freeman |first=Charles |title=Egypt, Greece, and Rome: civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean |year=2014 |isbn=978-0199651917 |edition=Third |location=Oxford |oclc=868077503}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}} At the time of the fire [[Nero]] may not have been in the city but 35 miles away at his villa in [[Antium]],<ref>Tacitus XV 39</ref> and possibly returned to the city before the fire was out.<ref>Suetonius, Nero, 38.2</ref> |
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=== Tacitus === |
=== Tacitus === |
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Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a senator and historian of the Roman Empire. His exact birth date is unknown, but most sources place it in either AD 56 or 57. His two main works, the ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' and the ''[[Histories (Tacitus)|Histories]]'', covered the history of the empire between AD 14 and AD 96. However, much of the work has been lost, including the books covering events after AD 70. He was only eight years old at the time of the fire, but he was able to use public records and reports to write an accurate account.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tacitus-Roman-historian| |
[[Tacitus|Publius Cornelius Tacitus]] was a senator and historian of the [[Roman Empire]]. His exact birth date is unknown, but most sources place it in either AD 56 or 57. His two main works, the ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' and the ''[[Histories (Tacitus)|Histories]]'', covered the history of the empire between AD 14 and AD 96. However, much of the work has been lost, including the books covering events after AD 70. He was only eight years old at the time of the fire, but he was able to use public records and reports to write an accurate account.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tacitus {{!}} Roman historian |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tacitus-Roman-historian |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> |
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=== Vigiles === |
=== Vigiles === |
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After the fire in AD 6, the ''[[Vigiles]]'' ("cohorts of the watchmen") were introduced by [[Augustus]]. The ''cohortes vigilum'', run by [[Freedman|freedmen]], were tasked with guarding Rome at night while the ''[[cohortes urbanae]]'' were tasked with guarding Rome during the day.<ref name=":1"/> By the time of the Great Fire of Rome, there were thousands of Vigiles in the city and they had gone to work trying to stop the flames by pouring buckets of water into buildings, trying to move flammable material from the fire's path, and even demolishing buildings to attempt to make a fire break.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dando-Collins|first=Stephen|title=The Great Fire of Rome: The Fall of the Emperor Nero and His City|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0306818905|page=89}}</ref> In 22 BC Augustus funded a fire brigade.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beard|first=Mary|title=SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome|publisher=Liveright Publishing Corporation|year=2015|isbn=978-1631492228|location=New York|page=375}}</ref> |
After the fire in AD 6, the ''[[Vigiles]]'' ("cohorts of the watchmen") were introduced by [[Augustus]]. The ''cohortes vigilum'', run by [[Freedman|freedmen]], were tasked with guarding [[Rome]] at night while the ''[[cohortes urbanae]]'' were tasked with guarding [[Rome]] during the day.<ref name=":1" /> By the time of the Great Fire of Rome, there were thousands of [[Vigiles]] in the city and they had gone to work trying to stop the flames by pouring buckets of water into buildings, trying to move flammable material from the fire's path, and even demolishing buildings to attempt to make a fire break.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dando-Collins |first=Stephen |title=The Great Fire of Rome: The Fall of the Emperor Nero and His City |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0306818905 |page=89}}</ref> In 22 BC [[Augustus]] funded a fire brigade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beard |first=Mary |title=SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome |publisher=Liveright Publishing Corporation |year=2015 |isbn=978-1631492228 |location=New York |page=375}}</ref> |
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=== Rome's water system === |
=== Rome's water system === |
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Before the fire, Rome's water was brought in by nine [[Roman aqueduct|aqueducts]] which were not set up with equipment to fight fires. Carrying out repairs to the aqueducts was an ongoing task for the Water Commissioner of Rome. Rome's Water Commissioner was also in charge of investigations into those who were illegally piping water away without paying a license fee to the state.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dando-Collins|first=Stephen|title=The Great Fire of Rome: The Fall of the Emperor Nero and His City|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0306818905|pages=54–56}}</ref> Firefighters relied on blankets, buckets of water, vinegar, and demolition of buildings to put fires out.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beard|first=Mary|title=SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome|publisher=Liveright Publishing Corporation|year=2015|isbn=978-1631492228|location=New York|page=463}}</ref> |
Before the fire, [[Rome|Rome's]] water was brought in by nine [[Roman aqueduct|aqueducts]] which were not set up with equipment to fight fires. Carrying out repairs to the [[Roman aqueduct|aqueducts]] was an ongoing task for the Water Commissioner of [[Rome]]. [[Rome|Rome's]] Water Commissioner was also in charge of investigations into those who were illegally piping water away without paying a license fee to the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dando-Collins |first=Stephen |title=The Great Fire of Rome: The Fall of the Emperor Nero and His City |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0306818905 |pages=54–56}}</ref> Firefighters relied on blankets, buckets of water, vinegar, and demolition of buildings to put fires out.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beard |first=Mary |title=SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome |publisher=Liveright Publishing Corporation |year=2015 |isbn=978-1631492228 |location=New York |page=463}}</ref> |
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==Outbreak and progress of fire== |
==Outbreak and progress of fire== |
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According to Tacitus, the fire began in shops where flammable goods were stored, in the region of the Circus neighboring the [[Caelian Hill|Caelian]] and [[Palatine Hill|Palatine]] Hills of Rome. The night was a windy one and the flames rapidly spread along the full length of the Circus. The fire expanded through an area of narrow, twisting streets and closely located apartment blocks. In this lower area of ancient Rome there were no large buildings such as temples, or open areas of ground, to impede the conflagration. It then spread along the Palatine and Caelian slopes. The population fled first to areas unaffected by the fire and then to the open fields and rural roads outside the city. Looters and arsonists were reported to have spread the flames by throwing torches or, acting in groups, hindering measures being made to halt or slow the progress of the flames. Some groups responsible for throwing torches and stopping those from fighting the fire were reported to have claimed they were under orders to do so. The fire stopped after six days of continuous burning. However, it soon reignited and burned for another three days.<ref>{{Cite book |
According to [[Tacitus]], the fire began in shops where flammable goods were stored, in the region of the [[Circus Maximus|Circus]] neighboring the [[Caelian Hill|Caelian]] and [[Palatine Hill|Palatine]] Hills of [[Rome]]. The night was a windy one and the flames rapidly spread along the full length of the [[Circus Maximus|Circus]]. The fire expanded through an area of narrow, twisting streets and closely located apartment blocks. In this lower area of [[ancient Rome]], there were no large buildings such as temples, or open areas of ground, to impede the conflagration. It then spread along the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatine]] and Caelian slopes. The population fled first to areas unaffected by the fire and then to the open fields and rural roads outside the city. Looters and arsonists were reported to have spread the flames by throwing torches or, acting in groups, hindering measures being made to halt or slow the progress of the flames. Some groups responsible for throwing torches and stopping those from fighting the fire were reported to have claimed they were under orders to do so. The fire stopped after six days of continuous burning. However, it soon reignited and burned for another three days.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tacitus |first=Publius |title=The Annals}}</ref> |
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Tests into how fires spread have shown that large fires are able to create their own wind and this, combined with embers being blown to new buildings, could have caused the fire to spread further and could account for witnesses claiming that random fires started in houses that were away from the flames.<ref>{{Cite web |
Tests into how fires spread have shown that large fires are able to create their own wind and this, combined with embers being blown to new buildings, could have caused the fire to spread further and could account for witnesses claiming that random fires started in houses that were away from the flames.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Nero Innocent Of Burning Down Rome? {{!}} Blowing Up History |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38aBmXxQ8q0&ab_channel=DiscoveryUK |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> As well as wind playing a factor in fire spread, those who had claimed to be under orders to stop people from fighting the fires never named the one who ordered them and they were also reported to have looted buildings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dando-Collins |first=Stephen |title=The Great Fire of Rome: The Fall of the Emperor Nero and His City |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780306818905 |page=90}}</ref> |
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== Aftermath == |
== Aftermath == |
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[[File:Siemiradski Fackeln.jpg|thumb|''[[Nero's Torches]]'' by [[Henryk Siemiradzki]]. According to Tacitus, [[Nero]] targeted [[Christians]] as those responsible for the fire.]] |
[[File:Siemiradski Fackeln.jpg|thumb|''[[Nero's Torches]]'' by [[Henryk Siemiradzki]]. According to Tacitus, [[Nero]] targeted [[Christians]] as those responsible for the fire.]] |
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According to Tacitus, Nero was away from Rome, in [[Antium]], when the fire broke out. Nero returned to the city and took measures to bring in food supplies and to open gardens and public buildings to accommodate refugees.<ref>{{ |
According to [[Tacitus]], [[Nero]] was away from [[Rome|Rome,]] in [[Antium]], when the fire broke out. [[Nero]] returned to the city and took measures to bring in food supplies and to open gardens and public buildings to accommodate refugees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tacitus |first=Publius Cornelius |url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusAnnals15.html |title=The Annals |location=Book 15 [15.16] |quote=Nero at this time was at Antium and did not return to Rome until the fire approached his house |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414174551/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusAnnals15.html |archive-date=14 April 2009}}</ref> Of Rome's fourteen districts, three were completely devastated, seven more were reduced to a few scorched and mangled ruins and only four completely escaped damage. The [[Temple of Jupiter Stator (2nd century BC)|Temple of Jupiter Stator]], the [[House of the Vestals]], and Nero's palace, the [[Domus Transitoria]] were damaged or destroyed. Also destroyed in the fire was the portion of the [[Roman Forum|Forum]] where the Roman senators lived and worked. However, the open space in the middle of the Forum remained a shopping/meeting centre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=The Great Fire of Rome {{!}} Clues and Evidence |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/great-fire-rome-clues-evidence/1449/ |access-date=7 April 2019 |website=Secrets of the Dead |publisher=PBS}}</ref> The accusations of Nero having started the fire were further exacerbated by his quickness to rebuild burned neighbourhoods in the Greek style and to launch construction of his new palace. |
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For the city's reconstruction, Nero dictated new and far-sighted building rules,<ref>Tacitus, Annals XV 43</ref> intended to curb the excesses of speculation {{clarify|date=October 2021}} and trace a new urban plan, which still can be discerned from the city layout today.<ref name=":2"> |
For the city's reconstruction, Nero dictated new and far-sighted building rules,<ref>Tacitus, Annals XV 43</ref> intended to curb the excesses of speculation {{clarify|date=October 2021}} and trace a new urban plan, which still can be discerned from the city layout today.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fini |first=Massimo |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797589116 |title=Nerone : duemila anni di calunnie |date=1994 |publisher=Mondadori |others=Cles, tipografo trentino Mondadori |isbn=88-04-38254-6 |location=Milano |oclc=797589116}}</ref> He rebuilt much of the destroyed area, and had the ostentatious building complex known as [[Domus Aurea]] (Golden House) built, his personal residence (replacing the [[Domus Transitoria]] and including an extension of about 2.5 km<sup>2</sup>), which came to include the Palatine, the slopes of the Esquiline (Opium) and part of the Celio.<ref>Svetonius, op. cit. XXXI</ref> This may not have been a possible motive for the fire, as he could have requisitioned the necessary land anyway, and most was already in his possession.<ref name=":2" /> |
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To find the necessary funds for the reconstruction, Nero's government increased taxation. In particular heavy [[tributes]] were imposed on the provinces of the empire. To meet at least a proportion of the costs, Nero devalued the [[Roman currency]], increasing inflationary pressure for the first time in the Empire's history.<ref>Nero or his moneyers reduced the weight of the [[denarius]] from 84 per [[Roman pound]] to 96 (3.80 grams to 3.30 grams). He also reduced the silver purity from 99.5% to 93.5%—the silver weight dropping from 3.80 grams to 2.97 grams. He also reduced the weight of the [[aureus]] from 40 per Roman pound to 45 (7.9 grams to 7.2 grams).Tulane Universirty hand-out, archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20010210220413/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm] Please replace with authored publication that gives its sources.</ref> |
To find the necessary funds for the reconstruction, Nero's government increased taxation. In particular heavy [[tributes]] were imposed on the provinces of the empire. To meet at least a proportion of the costs, Nero devalued the [[Roman currency]], increasing inflationary pressure for the first time in the Empire's history.<ref>Nero or his moneyers reduced the weight of the [[denarius]] from 84 per [[Roman pound]] to 96 (3.80 grams to 3.30 grams). He also reduced the silver purity from 99.5% to 93.5%—the silver weight dropping from 3.80 grams to 2.97 grams. He also reduced the weight of the [[aureus]] from 40 per Roman pound to 45 (7.9 grams to 7.2 grams).Tulane Universirty hand-out, archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20010210220413/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm] Please replace with authored publication that gives its sources.</ref> |
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Debris from the fire was used as fill for the nearby malaria-infested marshes.<ref> |
Debris from the fire was used as fill for the nearby malaria-infested marshes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Burning of Rome, 64 AD |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/rome.htm |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=www.eyewitnesstohistory.com}}</ref> |
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==Varying historical accounts== |
==Varying historical accounts== |
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{{See also|Tacitus on |
{{See also|Tacitus on Jesus#The passage and its context}} |
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The varying historical accounts of the event come from three secondary sources—[[Cassius Dio]], [[Suetonius]] and Tacitus. The primary accounts, which possibly included histories written by [[Fabius Rusticus]], [[Marcus Cluvius Rufus]] and [[Pliny the Elder]], do not survive. At least six separate stories circulate regarding Nero and the fire: |
The varying historical accounts of the event come from three secondary sources—[[Cassius Dio]], [[Suetonius]], and Tacitus. The primary accounts, which possibly included histories written by [[Fabius Rusticus]], [[Marcus Cluvius Rufus]], and [[Pliny the Elder]], do not survive. At least six separate stories circulate regarding Nero and the fire: |
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* Motivated by a desire to destroy the city, Nero secretly sent out men pretending to be drunk to set fire to the city. Nero watched from his palace on the Palatine Hill singing and playing the lyre.<ref> |
* Motivated by a desire to destroy the city, Nero secretly sent out men pretending to be drunk to set fire to the city. Nero watched from his palace on the Palatine Hill singing and playing the lyre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dio |title=History of Room |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/62*.html |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu |pages=111–113 |first=Cassius |volume=62}}</ref> |
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* Nero quite openly sent out men to set fire to the city. Nero watched from the Tower of Maecenas on the [[Esquiline Hill]] singing.<ref name="Suetonius" /> |
* Nero quite openly sent out men to set fire to the city. Nero watched from the Tower of Maecenas on the [[Esquiline Hill]] singing.<ref name="Suetonius" /> |
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* Nero sent out men to set fire to the city. There were unconfirmed rumors that Nero sang from a private stage during the fire.<ref>Tacitus, Annal XV. 38–44</ref> |
* Nero sent out men to set fire to the city. There were unconfirmed rumors that Nero sang from a private stage during the fire.<ref>Tacitus, Annal XV. 38–44</ref> |
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* Rumor had it that Nero had started the fire. Therefore, to blame someone else for it (and thus exonerate Nero from blame), the fire was said to have been caused by the already unpopular [[Christians]].<ref>Tacitus, Annals XV. 44</ref> |
* Rumor had it that Nero had started the fire. Therefore, to blame someone else for it (and thus exonerate Nero from blame), the fire was said to have been caused by the already unpopular [[Christians]].<ref>Tacitus, Annals XV. 44</ref> |
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== Cultural references == |
== Cultural references == |
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* [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]'s [[historical fiction]] ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'' heavily implies that Nero ordered [[Tigellinus]] to set fire to Rome. In the novel, Nero repeatedly complains of Rome's smell, expresses a desire to replace its squalid neighborhoods with a more beautiful city, and seeks inspiration to write a poem or song that would outdo the works of [[Homer]] or [[Virgil]] describing the burning of [[Troy]]. |
* [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]'s [[historical fiction]] ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'' heavily implies that Nero ordered [[Tigellinus]] to set fire to Rome. In the novel, Nero repeatedly complains of Rome's smell, expresses a desire to replace its squalid neighborhoods with a more beautiful city, and seeks inspiration to write a poem or song that would outdo the works of [[Homer]] or [[Virgil]] describing the burning of [[Troy]]. |
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⚫ | * In chapter 5 of [[Rick Riordan]]'s ''[[The Trials of Apollo#The Tower of Ner|The Tower of Nero]]'', while trying to figure out a way to avoid being caught by Nero and his men, the god [[Apollo]] implies that Nero would burn down New York to get what he wants, just as he had done with Ancient Rome.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Riordan |first=Rick |title=The Tower of Nero |publisher=Disney-Hyperion |year=2020 |isbn=9781484746455 |location=New York |page=52}}</ref> |
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* In the 4th episode of the 1965 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial, "[[The Romans (Doctor Who)|The Romans]]", the [[The Doctor (Doctor Who)|Doctor]] accidentally ignites Nero's plans for a new Rome, giving Nero the idea to burn Rome so that the Senate would be forced to rebuild Rome his way. |
* In the 4th episode of the 1965 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial, "[[The Romans (Doctor Who)|The Romans]]", the [[The Doctor (Doctor Who)|Doctor]] accidentally ignites Nero's plans for a new Rome, giving Nero the idea to burn Rome so that the Senate would be forced to rebuild Rome his way. |
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* The computer program for optical disc authoring [[Nero Burning ROM]] was named in reference to Nero and his association with the Great Fire of Rome. |
* The computer program for optical disc authoring [[Nero Burning ROM]] was named in reference to Nero and his association with the Great Fire of Rome. |
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⚫ | * The first track of blackened death metal band [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]] album ''[[The Apostasy]]'' is named "Rome 64 C.E." as a reference to the event, while the second track is named "Slaying the Prophets ov Isa", referencing the persecution of Christians in which [[Saint Peter|Peter the Apostle]] was allegedly killed. Isa is the Arabic name of Jesus. |
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* The Norwegian band [[Ulver]] released an album entitled ''[[The Assassination of Julius Caesar (album)|The Assassination of Julius Caesar]]'' in 2017, which opened with a song called "Nemoralia", about the Great Fire of Rome. The lyrics include, "Nero lights up the night/18th to 19th of July, AD 64", among other references to this historical event, though the word "fire" is never explicitly mentioned. |
* The Norwegian band [[Ulver]] released an album entitled ''[[The Assassination of Julius Caesar (album)|The Assassination of Julius Caesar]]'' in 2017, which opened with a song called "Nemoralia", about the Great Fire of Rome. The lyrics include, "Nero lights up the night/18th to 19th of July, AD 64", among other references to this historical event, though the word "fire" is never explicitly mentioned. |
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⚫ | * The first track of blackened death metal band [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]] album ''[[The Apostasy]]'' is named "Rome 64 C.E." as a reference to the event, while the second track is named "Slaying the Prophets ov Isa", referencing the persecution of Christians in which [[Saint Peter|Peter the Apostle]] was allegedly killed. Isa is the |
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⚫ | *In chapter 5 of [[Rick Riordan]]'s ''[[The Trials of Apollo#The Tower of Ner|The Tower of Nero]]'', while trying to figure out a way to avoid being caught by Nero and his men, the god [[Apollo]] implies that Nero would burn down New York to get what he wants, just as he had done with Ancient Rome.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Riordan|first=Rick|title=The Tower of Nero|publisher=Disney-Hyperion|year=2020|isbn=9781484746455|location=New York|page=52}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of town and city fires]] |
* [[List of town and city fires]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<ref name="Dando-Collins 2010">{{Cite book |last=Dando-Collins |first=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/greatfireofromef0000dand |title=The Great Fire of Rome |date=2010 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-81890-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}} |
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<ref name="Dando-Collins 2010"> |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Dando-Collins |
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| first = Stephen |
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| date = 2010 |
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| title = The Great Fire of Rome |
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| publisher = Da Capo Press |
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| isbn = 978-0-306-81890-5 |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/greatfireofromef0000dand |
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| url-access = registration |
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}} |
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</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}} |
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{{Cite book |last=Smallwood |first=E. Mary |title=The Jews under Roman rule |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-04-04491-3 |location=Leiden |page=217}} |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Smallwood |
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| first = E. Mary |
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| year = 1976 |
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| title = The Jews under Roman rule |
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| publisher = Brill Archive |
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| location = Leiden |
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| isbn = 978-90-04-04491-3 |
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| page = 217 |
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}} |
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{{Cite book |last=Roth |first=Leland M. |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth/page/227 |title=Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning |publisher=Westview Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-06-430158-9 |edition=First |location=Boulder, CO |pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth/page/227 227–228]}} |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Roth |
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| first = Leland M. |
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| year = 1993 |
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| title = Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning |
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| edition = First |
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| location = Boulder, CO |
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| publisher = Westview Press |
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| isbn = 978-0-06-430158-9 |
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| pages = [https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth/page/227 227–228] |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth/page/227 |
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}} |
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{{Cite book |last=Ball |first=Larry F. |title=The Domus Aurea and the Roman architectural revolution |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-82251-0}} |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Ball |
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| first = Larry F. |
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| year = 2003 |
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| title = The Domus Aurea and the Roman architectural revolution |
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| publisher = Cambridge University Press |
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| isbn = 978-0-521-82251-0 |
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}} |
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<ref name="Suetonius">{{Cite book |last=Suetonius |url=https://archive.org/details/thelivesofthetwe06400gut |title=Lives of Twelve Caesars |chapter=Life of Nero |author-link=Suetonius}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Suetonius"> |
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{{cite book |
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| author = Suetonius |
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| author-link = Suetonius |
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| title = Lives of Twelve Caesars |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/thelivesofthetwe06400gut |
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| contribution = Life of Nero |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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<!--unused<ref name="Griffin 2000">{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Miriam T. |title=Nero: The End of a Dynasty |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-21464-3 |page=132}}</ref>--> |
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<!--unused<ref name="Griffin 2000"> |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Griffin |
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| first = Miriam T. |
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| year = 2000 |
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| title = Nero: The End of a Dynasty |
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| publisher = [[Routledge]] |
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| isbn = 978-0-415-21464-3 |
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| page = 132 |
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}} |
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</ref>--> |
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}} |
}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category}} |
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* [http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/rome.htm Tacitus describes the great Fire] {{in lang|en}} |
* [http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/rome.htm Tacitus describes the great Fire] {{in lang|en}} |
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