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The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University, or simply Cambridge) is a public research university located in [[Cambridge]]. It is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|second oldest]] university in both England and the English-speaking world and the seventh oldest university globally. In [[Post-nominal letters|post-nominals]] the university's name is abbreviated as ''Cantab'', a shortened form of ''Cantabrigiensis'' (an adjective derived from ''Cantabrigia'', the [[Latinisation (literature)|Latinised]] form of ''Cambridge''). |
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University, or simply Cambridge) is a public research university located in [[Cambridge]]. It is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|second oldest]] university in both England and the English-speaking world and the seventh oldest university globally. In [[Post-nominal letters|post-nominals]] the university's name is abbreviated as ''Cantab'', a shortened form of ''Cantabrigiensis'' (an adjective derived from ''Cantabrigia'', the [[Latinisation (literature)|Latinised]] form of ''Cambridge''). |
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The university grew out of an association of scholars in the city of [[Cambridge]] that was formed, early records suggest, in 1209 by scholars leaving [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] after a dispute with townsfolk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html|title=A Brief History: Early records|publisher=University of Cambridge|accessdate=2008-08-17}}</ref> The two "ancient universities" have many common features and are often jointly referred to as ''[[Oxbridge]]''. In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of British society, the two universities have a long [[Oxbridge rivalry|history of rivalry]] with each other. |
The university grew out of an association of scholars in the city of [[Cambridge]] that was formed, early records suggest, in 1209 by scholars leaving [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] after a dispute with townsfolk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html|title=A Brief History: Early records|publisher=University of Cambridge|accessdate=2008-08-17}}</ref> The two "ancient universities" have many common features and are often jointly referred to as ''[[Oxbridge]]''. In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of British society, the two universities have a long [[Oxbridge rivalry|history of rivalry]] with each other. Nonetheless, no other university in the world, save perhaps London University,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/university_of_london |title=University of London |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> has produced more famous world leaders/statesmen, saints, business leaders, philanthropists, scientists, novelists, poet laureates, mathematicians, naturalists, archaeologists, explorers, engineers, classicists, musicians, composers, actors, comedians, directors, spies, high court judges, barristers, medical doctors, theologians, bishops, archbishops, educationalists, financiers, literary scholars, artists, publicists and sportsmen, as well as graduated more members of the royal families of both Europe and Asia. Brooke, Christoper N.L. (eds.), A History of the University of Cambridge, 4 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, U.K. (vol. I (1989); vol. II (2004); vol. III (1997); & vol. IV (1992)); & Catto, J.I. et al. (eds.), The History of the University of Oxford, 8 vols., Oxford: Clarendon Press, U.K. (vol. I (1984); vol. II (1992); vol. III (1986); vol. IV (1997); vol. V (1986); vol. VI (1997); vol. VII (2000); vol. VIII (1994)).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/centuries.html |title=A Brief History of the University: Cambridge Through the Centuries |accessdate=2011-06-19}}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Cambridge_members |title=List of University of Cambridge members |accessdate=2011-06-20}}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/oxford_people/famous_oxonians/index.html |title=Famous Oxonians |accessdate=2011-06-20}}</ref> |
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Indeed, there are more famous former students associated with the individual constituent colleges of both Oxford and Cambridge than the entirety of most other universities worldwide. Notable alumni of Cambridge University alone include 10 Monarchs, 18 royalty, 15 British Prime Ministers, 550 members of Parliament, 29 foreign Heads of State, 95 politicians, civil servants and diplomats, 11 military leaders, 32 Archbishops and Bishops, 7 spies, 123 writers, 69 Poets and Poet Laureates, 62 literary scholars, 2 astronauts, 119 actors, directors and comedians, 113 musicians, 13 Grammy Award winners, 5 Emmy Award winners, 7 Academy Award winners, 236 scientists, technologists and mathematicians, 4 Field Medalists, 77 Philosophers, 44 Heads of University, 21 Headmasters, 38 Economists, 83 Philanthropists and Business Leaders, 76 Historians, and 22 Lord Chief Justices and Judges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Cambridge_members |title=List of University of Cambridge members |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> With that said, it is arguably considered throughout the world, like Oxford and London, as the very most greatest university in the world and the home of the elite-elite. |
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Academically Cambridge ranks as one of the top universities in the world; it is ranked first in the world in the 2010 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' and fifth in the world (and first in Europe) in the 2010 ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]''. Cambridge regularly contends with Oxford for first place in [[University_of_Cambridge#League_tables_of_British_universities|UK league tables]].<ref>{{cite news |
Academically Cambridge ranks as one of the top universities in the world; it is ranked first in the world in the 2010 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' and fifth in the world (and first in Europe) in the 2010 ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]''. Cambridge regularly contends with Oxford for first place in [[University_of_Cambridge#League_tables_of_British_universities|UK league tables]].<ref>{{cite news |
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|url=http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/tol_gug/gooduniversityguide.php |title=University Rankings League Table 2009 |accessdate=2009-02-04 |work=Good University Guide |publisher= Times Online | location=London | first1=Roland | last1=Watson | first2=Francis | last2=Elliott | first3=Patrick | last3=Foster}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
|url=http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/tol_gug/gooduniversityguide.php |title=University Rankings League Table 2009 |accessdate=2009-02-04 |work=Good University Guide |publisher= Times Online | location=London | first1=Roland | last1=Watson | first2=Francis | last2=Elliott | first3=Patrick | last3=Foster}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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|url=http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug/universityguide.php |title=University Rankings League Table |accessdate=2009-02-04 |work= The Sunday Times University Guide |publisher= Times Online | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/single.htm?ipg=6524 |title=League table of UK universities |accessdate=2009-02-04 |work=[[The Complete University Guide]] |author=Bernard Kingston |date=2008-04-28 }}</ref> Affiliates of the University have won a total of 88 Nobel Prizes as of October 4, 2010, |
|url=http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug/universityguide.php |title=University Rankings League Table |accessdate=2009-02-04 |work= The Sunday Times University Guide |publisher= Times Online | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/single.htm?ipg=6524 |title=League table of UK universities |accessdate=2009-02-04 |work=[[The Complete University Guide]] |author=Bernard Kingston |date=2008-04-28 }}</ref> Affiliates of the University have won a total of 88 Nobel Prizes as of October 4, 2010, the [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|all-time most]] of any academic institution, the most recent one being [[Robert G. Edwards]] for the prize in physiology or medicine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/about/awards-announcements-and-prizes/nobel-prize-winners |title=Research at Cambridge |accessdate=2011-06-119}}</ref> Behind Cambridge University in Nobel laureate affiliates are the University of Chicago with 85,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uchicago.edu/about/accolades/nobel |title=Nobel Laureates |accessdate=2011-06-19}}</ref> Columbia University with 75,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/nobel_laureates/by_year.html |title=c250 Celebrates Columbia Nobel Laureates |accessdate=2011-06-19}}</ref> and London University with 72.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiks/university_of_london |title=University of London |accessdate=2011-06-19}}</ref> However, Cambridge University has the additional distinction of having produced more graduates who have gone on to win the Nobel Prize than any other institution with 65,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/about/awards-announcements-and-prizes/nobel-prize-winners |title=Research at Cambridge |accessdate=2011-06-19}}</ref> followed by the University of London with 35,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qmul.ac.uk/alumni/alumninetwork/notablealumni/24992.html |title=Queen Mary, University of London Notable Alumni and Staff |accessdate=2011-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/history/nobellaureates.aspx |title=King's Nobel laureates |accessdate=2011-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/aboutimperial/imperial_people/nobel_laureates |title=Nobel Laureates associated with Imperial College |accessdate=2011-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/about-ucl/about-ucl/about-ucl-home/nobel-winners |title=About UCL: Nobel Prizewinners |accessdate=2011-07-03}}</ref> |
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Cambridge is a member of the [[Russell Group]] of research-led [[British universities]], the [[Coimbra Group]], the [[League of European Research Universities]], the [[International Alliance of Research Universities]] and the [[G5#Education|'G5']]. |
Cambridge is a member of the [[Russell Group]] of research-led [[British universities]], the [[Coimbra Group]], the [[League of European Research Universities]], the [[International Alliance of Research Universities]] and the [[G5#Education|'G5']]. |
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===[[Imperial College London]]=== |
===[[Imperial College London]]=== |
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Imperial College London (officially The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine)<ref name=Charter>http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/21735699.DOC</ref> is a public research university located in [[London]] |
Imperial College London (officially The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine)<ref name=Charter>http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/21735699.DOC</ref> is a public research university located in [[London]] specialising in [[business]], [[engineering]], [[medicine]] and [[science]].<ref>http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/planning/strategy</ref> Formerly a constituent college of the University of London, Imperial became fully independent in 2007, the 100th anniversary of its founding.<ref>[http://www.london.ac.uk/653.html University of London: Imperial College Leaves University of London<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Imperial College is particularly world renowned in engineering and science.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/engineering |title=Faculty of Engineering: Europe's premier engineering institution |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/naturalsciences |title=Faculty of Natural Sciences |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> |
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Imperial's main campus is located in the [[South Kensington]] area of [[Central London]] on the boundary between the [[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea]] and the [[City of Westminster]], with its main entrance on [[Exhibition Road]]. It has a number of other campuses in Central London, including in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], [[Hammersmith]] and [[Paddington]]. With a total of 525,233 square metres of operational property, it has the largest estate of any higher education institution in the UK.<ref name="dyk">http://www.imperial.ac.uk/centenary/did_you_know.shtml</ref> Imperial has around 13,500 full-time students and 3,330 academic and research staff<ref>{{cite web|url=http://workspace.imperial.ac.uk/planning/Public/stats_card/statscard_2010.pdf|title=Statistics Pocket Guide 2009–10|accessdate=17 November 2010|publisher=Imperial College London}}</ref> and had a total income of £694 million in 2009/10, of which £297 million was from research grants and contracts.<ref name=annrep/> Imperial is a major centre for biomedical research and is a founding member of the [[Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust|Imperial College Healthcare]] [[academic health science centre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imperial.nhs.uk/aboutus/index.htm|title=About us|accessdate=23 January 2011|publisher=Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust}}</ref> |
Imperial's main campus is located in the [[South Kensington]] area of [[Central London]] on the boundary between the [[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea]] and the [[City of Westminster]], with its main entrance on [[Exhibition Road]]. It has a number of other campuses in Central London, including in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], [[Hammersmith]] and [[Paddington]]. With a total of 525,233 square metres of operational property, it has the largest estate of any higher education institution in the UK.<ref name="dyk">http://www.imperial.ac.uk/centenary/did_you_know.shtml</ref> Imperial has around 13,500 full-time students and 3,330 academic and research staff<ref>{{cite web|url=http://workspace.imperial.ac.uk/planning/Public/stats_card/statscard_2010.pdf|title=Statistics Pocket Guide 2009–10|accessdate=17 November 2010|publisher=Imperial College London}}</ref> and had a total income of £694 million in 2009/10, of which £297 million was from research grants and contracts.<ref name=annrep/> Imperial is a major centre for biomedical research and is a founding member of the [[Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust|Imperial College Healthcare]] [[academic health science centre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imperial.nhs.uk/aboutus/index.htm|title=About us|accessdate=23 January 2011|publisher=Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust}}</ref> |
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Imperial is ranked 26th in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2010 ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'',<ref name="Top 100">{{cite web|url=http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2010.jsp|title=Top 100|accessdate=1 October 2010|publisher=Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2010}}</ref> 7th in the world (and 4th in Europe) in the 2010 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'',<ref name=qs>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2010/results|title=QS World University Rankings Results 2010|accessdate=1 October 2010|publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited}}</ref> and 9th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2010 ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]''.<ref name=THE>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2010-2011/top-200.html|title=Top 200|accessdate=1 October 2010|publisher=Times Higher Education}}</ref> There are currently 14 [[Nobel Prize]] winners and two [[Fields Medal]] winners amongst Imperial's alumni and current and former faculty.<ref name=nobel>{{cite web|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/aboutimperial/imperial_people/nobel_laureates|title=Nobel Laureates associated with Imperial College|accessdate=4 October 2010|publisher=Imperial College London}}</ref><ref name=fields>{{cite web|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/aboutimperial/imperial_people/fieldsmedallists|title=Fields Medalists associated with Imperial College|accessdate=24 October 2010|publisher=Imperial College London}}</ref> |
Imperial is ranked 26th in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2010 ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'',<ref name="Top 100">{{cite web|url=http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2010.jsp|title=Top 100|accessdate=1 October 2010|publisher=Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2010}}</ref> 7th in the world (and 4th in Europe) in the 2010 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'',<ref name=qs>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2010/results|title=QS World University Rankings Results 2010|accessdate=1 October 2010|publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited}}</ref> and 9th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2010 ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]''.<ref name=THE>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2010-2011/top-200.html|title=Top 200|accessdate=1 October 2010|publisher=Times Higher Education}}</ref> There are currently 14 [[Nobel Prize]] winners and two [[Fields Medal]] winners amongst Imperial's alumni and current and former faculty.<ref name=nobel>{{cite web|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/aboutimperial/imperial_people/nobel_laureates|title=Nobel Laureates associated with Imperial College|accessdate=4 October 2010|publisher=Imperial College London}}</ref><ref name=fields>{{cite web|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/aboutimperial/imperial_people/fieldsmedallists|title=Fields Medalists associated with Imperial College|accessdate=24 October 2010|publisher=Imperial College London}}</ref> Other notable alumni of Imperial College include 2 heads of state, 9 politicians, 137 scientists, engineers and mathematicians, and 1 astronaut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Imperial_College_London_people |title=List of Imperial College London people |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> |
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Imperial is a member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], the [[Association of MBAs]], the [[European University Association]], the [[IDEA League]], the League of European Research Universities, [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities]], the Russell Group and the 'G5'. |
Imperial is a member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], the [[Association of MBAs]], the [[European University Association]], the [[IDEA League]], the League of European Research Universities, [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities]], the Russell Group and the 'G5'. |
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===[[King's College London]]=== |
===[[King's College London]]=== |
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King's College London (informally King's) is a public research university located in London and a [[constituent college]] of the University of London. King's has a claim to being the [[Third oldest university in England debate|third oldest university in England]], having been founded by [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]] and the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] in 1829, and having received its [[royal charter]] in 1836.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article4767634.ece|title=Profile: Durham University|work=[[The Sunday Times]] | location=London | date=2010-12-09 | accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/student/into-university/az-uni-colleges/ucl-university-college-london-459098.html Reference to UCL as third oldest univeersity in England.]</ref> In 1836, King's became one of the two founding colleges of the [[University of London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kcl.ac.uk/about/|title=About King's College London=King's College London|year=2006|accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/college/policyzone/attachments/CharterStatutes.pdf|format=PDF|title=Royal Charter of King's College London=King's College London|year=2006|accessdate=2008-01-16 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080229031745/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/college/policyzone/attachments/CharterStatutes.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-02-29}}</ref> |
King's College London (informally King's) is a public research university located in London and a [[constituent college]] of the University of London. King's has a claim to being the [[Third oldest university in England debate|third oldest university in England]], having been founded by [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]] and the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] in 1829, and having received its [[royal charter]] in 1836.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article4767634.ece|title=Profile: Durham University|work=[[The Sunday Times]] | location=London | date=2010-12-09 | accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/student/into-university/az-uni-colleges/ucl-university-college-london-459098.html Reference to UCL as third oldest univeersity in England.]</ref> In 1836, King's became one of the two founding colleges of the [[University of London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kcl.ac.uk/about/|title=About King's College London=King's College London|year=2006|accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/college/policyzone/attachments/CharterStatutes.pdf|format=PDF|title=Royal Charter of King's College London=King's College London|year=2006|accessdate=2008-01-16 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080229031745/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/college/policyzone/attachments/CharterStatutes.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-02-29}}</ref> King's College is world renowned in medicine,<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/medicine/about/index.aspx |title=About the School of Medicine |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> natural & mathematical sciences,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/nms/about/index.aspx |title=About the School of Natural & Mathematical Sciences |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> nursing,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/nursing/about/index.aspx |title=About the School of Nursing |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> and the arts & humanities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/about/index.aspx |title=About the School of Arts & Humanities |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> Law at King's College, in particular, is ranked in the top five in the English speaking world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/law/about/index.aspx |title=School of Law |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> Other schools at King's College that are equally top ranked in the world are the Institute of Psychiatry,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/iop/about/index.aspx |title=About IOP |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> the Dental Institute,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/dentistry/index.aspx |title=The Dental Institute |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> and the School of Social Science & Public Policy with a particular strength in defence studies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/about/index.aspx |title=About the School of Social Science & Public Policy |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> |
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King's is arranged into nine [[King's College London#Schools|Schools of Study]], spread across four [[Thames]]-side [[King's College London#Campuses|campuses]] in [[Central London]] and one in [[Denmark Hill]], [[South London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/campuses/|title=King's College London: Campuses=King's College London|year=2006|accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref> It is one of the largest centres for graduate and post-graduate medical teaching and biomedical research in Europe; it is home to six [[Medical Research Council (UK)#Institutes, Centres and Units|Medical Research Council centres]], the most of any British university,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/research/mrc.html|title=Medical Research Council centres|year=2009|accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref> and is a founding member of the [[King's Health Partners]] [[academic health sciences centre]]. It had a total income of £486 million in 2008/09, of which £135 million was from research grants and contracts.<ref name=fincdata>{{cite news|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=415728&c=2|title=Wealth and Health: Financial data for UK higher education institutions, 2009-10|accessdate=8 April 2011|publisher=Times Higher Education| date=7 April 2011}}</ref> |
King's is arranged into nine [[King's College London#Schools|Schools of Study]], spread across four [[Thames]]-side [[King's College London#Campuses|campuses]] in [[Central London]] and one in [[Denmark Hill]], [[South London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/campuses/|title=King's College London: Campuses=King's College London|year=2006|accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref> It is one of the largest centres for graduate and post-graduate medical teaching and biomedical research in Europe; it is home to six [[Medical Research Council (UK)#Institutes, Centres and Units|Medical Research Council centres]], the most of any British university,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/research/mrc.html|title=Medical Research Council centres|year=2009|accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref> and is a founding member of the [[King's Health Partners]] [[academic health sciences centre]]. It had a total income of £486 million in 2008/09, of which £135 million was from research grants and contracts.<ref name=fincdata>{{cite news|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=415728&c=2|title=Wealth and Health: Financial data for UK higher education institutions, 2009-10|accessdate=8 April 2011|publisher=Times Higher Education| date=7 April 2011}}</ref> |
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King's is ranked 63rd in the world (and 16th in Europe) in the 2010 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]],<ref name="Top 100"/> 21st in the world (and 6th in Europe) in the 2010 [[QS World University Rankings]],<ref name="qs"/> and 77th in the world (and 15th in Europe) in the 2010 [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]].<ref name="THE"/> There are currently 10 [[Nobel Prize]] winners amongst King's alumni and current and former faculty.<ref name=nobelpr>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/newsevents/news/newsrecords/2010/oct/TenthNobelPrizeWinner.aspx|title=Tenth Nobel Prize Winner|accessdate=27 October 2010|publisher=King's College London}}</ref> In September 2010, ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' selected King's as its "University of the Year".<ref name="thesundaytimes.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/University_Guide | work=The Sunday Times | location=London | accessdate=15 September 2010}}</ref> |
King's is ranked 63rd in the world (and 16th in Europe) in the 2010 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]],<ref name="Top 100"/> 21st in the world (and 6th in Europe) in the 2010 [[QS World University Rankings]],<ref name="qs"/> and 77th in the world (and 15th in Europe) in the 2010 [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]].<ref name="THE"/> There are currently 10 [[Nobel Prize]] winners amongst King's alumni and current and former faculty.<ref name=nobelpr>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/newsevents/news/newsrecords/2010/oct/TenthNobelPrizeWinner.aspx|title=Tenth Nobel Prize Winner|accessdate=27 October 2010|publisher=King's College London}}</ref> In September 2010, ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' selected King's as its "University of the Year".<ref name="thesundaytimes.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/University_Guide | work=The Sunday Times | location=London | accessdate=15 September 2010}}</ref> Notable alumni of King's College include 8 heads of state, 31 members of the House of Lords, 58 members of Parliament, 6 members of the European Parliament, 44 foreign politicians, 12 members of royalty and nobility, 21 judges and chief justices, 107 academics and scientists, 95 bishops, archbishops and deans of cathedrals, 21 heads of university, 19 military leaders, 26 musicians, 27 entertainers, 4 Olympic gold medalists and 1 director of the Bank of England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_King%27s_College_London_alumni |title=List of King's College London Alumni |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> |
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King's is a member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], the [[European University Association]], the [[Russell Group]] and [[Universities UK]]. |
King's is a member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], the [[European University Association]], the [[Russell Group]] and [[Universities UK]]. |
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===[[London School of Economics and Political Science]]=== |
===[[London School of Economics and Political Science]]=== |
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The London School of Economics and Political Science (informally the London School of Economics or the LSE) is a public research university |
The London School of Economics and Political Science (informally the London School of Economics or the LSE) is a public research university specialising in the [[social sciences]] and is a constituent college of the University of London. Founded in 1895 by [[Fabian Society]] members [[Sidney Webb]], [[Beatrice Webb]] and [[George Bernard Shaw]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/informationAbout/aboutLSE/Default.htm |title=About LSE - LSE Website |accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> the LSE joined the University of London in 1900 and degrees were issued to its students from 1902 onwards. Despite its name the LSE conducts teaching and research across the entire range of the social sciences, including accounting and finance, anthropology, geography, history, international relations, law, philosophy, psychology, social policy and sociology. |
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The LSE is among the world's most selective universities and it has the lowest undergraduate admissions rate of any university in Britain.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/undergraduateProspectus2010/courses/Economics/L140.aspx |title=Undergraduate - Undergraduate - Study - Home |publisher=.lse.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/undergraduateProspectus2010/courses/International_Relations/L250.aspx |title=Undergraduate - Undergraduate - Study - Home |publisher=.lse.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> It has the most international student body in the world,<ref name=london_156>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007 - Profile for London School of Economics|publisher=Times Online|accessdate=2008-06-06 | date=2007-09-23}}</ref> and at one time had more countries represented by students than the [[United Nations]] has members.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/informationAbout/aboutLSE/introductionToTheSchool.htm |title=About LSE - About LSE - Home |publisher=Lse.ac.uk |date=2009-11-30 |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> The LSE was found to have the highest percentage of world-leading research of any British university in the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rae.ac.uk/results/outstore/RAEOutcomeFull.pdf |title=2008 Research Assessment Exercise |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> |
The LSE is among the world's most selective universities and it has the lowest undergraduate admissions rate of any university in Britain.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/undergraduateProspectus2010/courses/Economics/L140.aspx |title=Undergraduate - Undergraduate - Study - Home |publisher=.lse.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/undergraduateProspectus2010/courses/International_Relations/L250.aspx |title=Undergraduate - Undergraduate - Study - Home |publisher=.lse.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> It has the most international student body in the world,<ref name=london_156>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007 - Profile for London School of Economics|publisher=Times Online|accessdate=2008-06-06 | date=2007-09-23}}</ref> and at one time had more countries represented by students than the [[United Nations]] has members.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/informationAbout/aboutLSE/introductionToTheSchool.htm |title=About LSE - About LSE - Home |publisher=Lse.ac.uk |date=2009-11-30 |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> The LSE was found to have the highest percentage of world-leading research of any British university in the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rae.ac.uk/results/outstore/RAEOutcomeFull.pdf |title=2008 Research Assessment Exercise |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> |
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The LSE is based in the [[City of Westminster|Westminster]] area of Central London on the boundary between [[Covent Garden]] and [[Holborn]]. The LSE's library, the [[British Library of Political and Economic Science]], contains over 4.7 million volumes and is the world's largest social and political sciences library.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulbright.co.uk/fulbright-awards/for-us-citizens/postgraduate-student-awards/university-partners/lse|title=London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)|accessdate=19 November 2010|publisher=The US-UK Fulbright Commission}}</ref> The LSE has around 8,700 full-time students and 1,300 academic staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jobs.ac.uk/enhanced/employer/london-school-of-economics-and-political-science/ |title=About LSE- Students and staff |publisher=Jobs.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> It had a total income of £203 million in 2008/09, of which £20.3 million was from research grants and contracts.<ref name="fincdata"/> The LSE has produced many [[List of London School of Economics people|notable alumni]] in the fields of law, economics, business, literature and politics. There are currently |
The LSE is based in the [[City of Westminster|Westminster]] area of Central London on the boundary between [[Covent Garden]] and [[Holborn]]. The LSE's library, the [[British Library of Political and Economic Science]], contains over 4.7 million volumes and is the world's largest social and political sciences library.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulbright.co.uk/fulbright-awards/for-us-citizens/postgraduate-student-awards/university-partners/lse|title=London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)|accessdate=19 November 2010|publisher=The US-UK Fulbright Commission}}</ref> The LSE has around 8,700 full-time students and 1,300 academic staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jobs.ac.uk/enhanced/employer/london-school-of-economics-and-political-science/ |title=About LSE- Students and staff |publisher=Jobs.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> It had a total income of £203 million in 2008/09, of which £20.3 million was from research grants and contracts.<ref name="fincdata"/> The LSE has produced many [[List of London School of Economics people|notable alumni]] in the fields of law, economics, business, literature and politics. There are currently 18 [[List of London School of Economics people#Nobel laureates|Nobel Prize winners]] amongst the LSE's alumni and current and former staff, as well as 52 world leaders, numerous [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, fellows of the [[British Academy]], 65 economists, 48 members of Parliament, 29 historians, 7 cabinet ministers, 5 judges, 2 governors of the Bank of England and 1 member of the European Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/divisionsAndDepartments/ERD/pressAndInformationOffice/LSEFacts/worldLeaders.aspx |title=World leaders- LSE facts |publisher=.lse.ac.uk |date=2009-10-06 |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_London_School_of_Economics_people |title=List of London School of Economics people |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> |
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The LSE is a member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], the [[The Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs|Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs]], the [[European University Association]], the [[G5#Education|'G5']], the [[Global Alliance in Management Education]], the [[Russell Group]] and [[Universities UK]]. |
The LSE is a member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], the [[The Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs|Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs]], the [[European University Association]], the [[G5#Education|'G5']], the [[Global Alliance in Management Education]], the [[Russell Group]] and [[Universities UK]]. |
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The [[University of Oxford]] is a collegiate university made up of 38 independent [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|colleges]] and 6 private halls. The day to day administration of the university is actually undertaken by a complicated system involving the separate administrations of the many colleges under the umbrella-like federation that the University itself provides. Many students are actually taught within their respective colleges and the colleges are primarily responsible for their own admissions. The exact date of the university's foundation is unknown although it is believed that teaching took place there since at least 1096. |
The [[University of Oxford]] is a collegiate university made up of 38 independent [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|colleges]] and 6 private halls. The day to day administration of the university is actually undertaken by a complicated system involving the separate administrations of the many colleges under the umbrella-like federation that the University itself provides. Many students are actually taught within their respective colleges and the colleges are primarily responsible for their own admissions. The exact date of the university's foundation is unknown although it is believed that teaching took place there since at least 1096. |
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The University of Oxford, like the Universities of both Cambridge and London, is arguably the ultimate elite-elite University in the world. Indeed, Oxford's claim to fame is beyond impressive. The University claims 48 Nobel Laureates, 3 Fields Medallists, 2 British Monarchs, 6 British royalty, 26 British Prime Ministers, 174 members of the House of Lords, 299 members of Parliament, 9 members of the European Parliament, 12 foreign Monarchs, 23 foreign royalty, 36 foreign heads of state, 122 foreign politicians, diplomats and civil servants, and 106 Lord Chief Justices and Judges, 103 Poet Laureates, 74 novelists, 89 writers, as well as 12 Christian Saints amongst its staff and alumni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oxford_people |title=List of University of Oxford people |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> |
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The University claims 47 Nobel Laureates and 3 Fields Medallists as well as 25 British Prime Ministers and 12 Christian saints amongst its staff and alumni. |
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The University of Oxford has, since the rift between its scholars which led to the foundation of the [[University of Cambridge]], long had a rivalry with the latter. Nowadays this traditional rivalry encompasses a number of sporting and cultural events which are commonly known as 'varsity matches', the most famous of which is arguably [[The Boat Race]]. |
The University of Oxford has, since the rift between its scholars which led to the foundation of the [[University of Cambridge]], long had a rivalry with the latter. Nowadays this traditional rivalry encompasses a number of sporting and cultural events which are commonly known as 'varsity matches', the most famous of which is arguably [[The Boat Race]]. |
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===[[University College London]]=== |
===[[University College London]]=== |
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University College London (UCL) is a public research university located in London and the largest constituent college of the University of London.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/good_university_guide/article2166791.ece |title=Profile: University College London |accessdate=14 January 2011|publisher=Times Online|date=1 June 2009}}</ref> Founded in 1826, UCL was the first university institution to be founded in London and the first in England to be established on an entirely secular basis, to admit students regardless of their religion and to [[Mixed-sex education|admit women on equal terms with men]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulbright.co.uk/fulbright-awards/for-us-citizens/postgraduate-student-awards/university-partners/ucl |title=UCL | Fulbright University Partners | US-UK Fulbright Commission |publisher=Fulbright.co.uk |date= |accessdate=14 January 2011}}</ref> UCL |
University College London (UCL) is a public research university located in London and the largest constituent college of the University of London.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/good_university_guide/article2166791.ece |title=Profile: University College London |accessdate=14 January 2011|publisher=Times Online|date=1 June 2009}}</ref> Founded in 1826, UCL was the first university institution to be founded in London and the first in England to be established on an entirely secular basis, to admit students regardless of their religion and to [[Mixed-sex education|admit women on equal terms with men]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulbright.co.uk/fulbright-awards/for-us-citizens/postgraduate-student-awards/university-partners/ucl |title=UCL | Fulbright University Partners | US-UK Fulbright Commission |publisher=Fulbright.co.uk |date= |accessdate=14 January 2011}}</ref> UCL, along with King's, were the two founding colleges of the University of London in 1836. Throughout its history, UCL has been particularly noted for its top world ranking in mathematics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Mathematics/department/history.html |title=UCL Department of Mathematics: History and Background |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> |
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UCL is organised into [[University College London#Faculties and departments|eight constituent faculties]], within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL's main campus is located in the [[Bloomsbury]] area of [[Central London]], with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals located elsewhere in Central London. The UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in [[Adelaide]], [[Australia]]. UCL is a major centre for biomedical research; it is part of three of the 12 biomedical research centres established by the [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] in [[England]] and is a founding member of [[UCL Partners]], the largest [[academic health science centre]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="Carvel">{{Cite news | publisher = The Guardian | title = NHS hospitals to forge £2bn research link-up with university | accessdate =14 January 2011| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation | date=7 August 2008 | location=London | first=John | last=Carvel}}</ref> For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and the most-cited university in Europe).<ref name=citations>{{cite web|url=http://sciencewatch.com/inter/ins/09/09Top20Overall/|title=The Most-Cited Institutions Overall, 1999-2009|publisher=Thomson Reuters|accessdate=14 January 2011}}</ref> UCL had a total income of £714 million in 2008/09, of which £249 million was from research grants and contracts.<ref name=annrep>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/finance/report_account_arch/report_accounts2008-09.pdf|title=Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2009|publisher=University College London|accessdate=14 January 2011}}</ref> |
UCL is organised into [[University College London#Faculties and departments|eight constituent faculties]], within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL's main campus is located in the [[Bloomsbury]] area of [[Central London]], with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals located elsewhere in Central London. The UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in [[Adelaide]], [[Australia]]. UCL is a major centre for biomedical research; it is part of three of the 12 biomedical research centres established by the [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] in [[England]] and is a founding member of [[UCL Partners]], the largest [[academic health science centre]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="Carvel">{{Cite news | publisher = The Guardian | title = NHS hospitals to forge £2bn research link-up with university | accessdate =14 January 2011| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation | date=7 August 2008 | location=London | first=John | last=Carvel}}</ref> For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and the most-cited university in Europe).<ref name=citations>{{cite web|url=http://sciencewatch.com/inter/ins/09/09Top20Overall/|title=The Most-Cited Institutions Overall, 1999-2009|publisher=Thomson Reuters|accessdate=14 January 2011}}</ref> UCL had a total income of £714 million in 2008/09, of which £249 million was from research grants and contracts.<ref name=annrep>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/finance/report_account_arch/report_accounts2008-09.pdf|title=Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2009|publisher=University College London|accessdate=14 January 2011}}</ref> |
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UCL has over 4,000 academic and research staff and 648 [[professor]]s, the highest number of any British university.<ref name=uclkeyfacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/about-ucl/about-ucl-home/facts-figs |title=Key Facts and Figures |publisher=University College London|accessdate=14 January 2011}}</ref> There are currently 36 [[Fellows of the Royal Society]], 26 [[Fellow of the British Academy|Fellows of the British Academy]], 10 [[Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering|Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering]] and 78 [[Academy of Medical Sciences#Fellowship|Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences]] amongst UCL academic and research staff.<ref name=uclkeyfacts/> There are 21 [[Nobel Prize]] winners and three [[Fields Medal]]ists amongst UCL’s alumni and current and former staff, the most recent being [[Charles K. Kao|Sir Charles K. Kao]], who received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize for Physics]] in 2009. |
UCL has over 4,000 academic and research staff and 648 [[professor]]s, the highest number of any British university.<ref name=uclkeyfacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/about-ucl/about-ucl-home/facts-figs |title=Key Facts and Figures |publisher=University College London|accessdate=14 January 2011}}</ref> There are currently 36 [[Fellows of the Royal Society]], 26 [[Fellow of the British Academy|Fellows of the British Academy]], 10 [[Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering|Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering]] and 78 [[Academy of Medical Sciences#Fellowship|Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences]] amongst UCL academic and research staff.<ref name=uclkeyfacts/> There are 21 [[Nobel Prize]] winners and three [[Fields Medal]]ists amongst UCL’s alumni and current and former staff, the most recent being [[Charles K. Kao|Sir Charles K. Kao]], who received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize for Physics]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/research/excellence/nobel |title=Nobel Laureates and Scholarship |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> Other notable alumni from UCL include 5 heads of state and 7 judges and chief justices.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London#Notable_alumni.2c_faculty_and_staff |title=University College London Notable alumni, faculty and staff |accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> |
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⚫ | UCL is ranked 21st in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2010 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]],<ref name="Top 100"/> 4th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) in the 2010 [[QS World University Rankings]]<ref name=qs/> and 22nd in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2010 [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]].<ref name=THE/> UCL is a member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], the [[European University Association]], the [[G5#Education|'G5']], the [[League of European Research Universities]], the [[Russell Group]], [[Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe|UNICA]] and [[Universities UK]].<ref>http://www.ucl.ac.uk/images/Uni-Lon.pdf</ref> |
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⚫ | UCL is a member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], the [[European University Association]], the [[G5#Education|'G5']], the [[League of European Research Universities]], the [[Russell Group]], [[Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe|UNICA]] and [[Universities UK]].<ref>http://www.ucl.ac.uk/images/Uni-Lon.pdf</ref> |
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==Rankings== |
==Rankings== |
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*[[Red brick university]] |
*[[Red brick university]] |
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*[[1994 Group]] |
*[[1994 Group]] |
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*[[Research Triangle]] ([[United States]]) |
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Revision as of 07:39, 8 July 2011
- Not to be confused with Golden Triangle (Pittsburgh) or Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia).
The "Golden Triangle" is a term used to describe a number of leading British research universities based in Cambridge, London and Oxford.[1][2]
The city of Cambridge, represented by the University of Cambridge, and the city of Oxford, represented by the University of Oxford, form two corners of the triangle. The third is formed by London, represented by three constituent colleges of the federal University of London - King's College London, the London School of Economics and Political Science and University College London - and Imperial College London (Imperial having left the University of London in 2007).[3]
Members of the 'Golden Triangle'
University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University, or simply Cambridge) is a public research university located in Cambridge. It is the second oldest university in both England and the English-speaking world and the seventh oldest university globally. In post-nominals the university's name is abbreviated as Cantab, a shortened form of Cantabrigiensis (an adjective derived from Cantabrigia, the Latinised form of Cambridge).
The university grew out of an association of scholars in the city of Cambridge that was formed, early records suggest, in 1209 by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk.[4] The two "ancient universities" have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of British society, the two universities have a long history of rivalry with each other. Nonetheless, no other university in the world, save perhaps London University,[5] has produced more famous world leaders/statesmen, saints, business leaders, philanthropists, scientists, novelists, poet laureates, mathematicians, naturalists, archaeologists, explorers, engineers, classicists, musicians, composers, actors, comedians, directors, spies, high court judges, barristers, medical doctors, theologians, bishops, archbishops, educationalists, financiers, literary scholars, artists, publicists and sportsmen, as well as graduated more members of the royal families of both Europe and Asia. Brooke, Christoper N.L. (eds.), A History of the University of Cambridge, 4 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, U.K. (vol. I (1989); vol. II (2004); vol. III (1997); & vol. IV (1992)); & Catto, J.I. et al. (eds.), The History of the University of Oxford, 8 vols., Oxford: Clarendon Press, U.K. (vol. I (1984); vol. II (1992); vol. III (1986); vol. IV (1997); vol. V (1986); vol. VI (1997); vol. VII (2000); vol. VIII (1994)).[6][7][8] Indeed, there are more famous former students associated with the individual constituent colleges of both Oxford and Cambridge than the entirety of most other universities worldwide. Notable alumni of Cambridge University alone include 10 Monarchs, 18 royalty, 15 British Prime Ministers, 550 members of Parliament, 29 foreign Heads of State, 95 politicians, civil servants and diplomats, 11 military leaders, 32 Archbishops and Bishops, 7 spies, 123 writers, 69 Poets and Poet Laureates, 62 literary scholars, 2 astronauts, 119 actors, directors and comedians, 113 musicians, 13 Grammy Award winners, 5 Emmy Award winners, 7 Academy Award winners, 236 scientists, technologists and mathematicians, 4 Field Medalists, 77 Philosophers, 44 Heads of University, 21 Headmasters, 38 Economists, 83 Philanthropists and Business Leaders, 76 Historians, and 22 Lord Chief Justices and Judges.[9] With that said, it is arguably considered throughout the world, like Oxford and London, as the very most greatest university in the world and the home of the elite-elite.
Academically Cambridge ranks as one of the top universities in the world; it is ranked first in the world in the 2010 QS World University Rankings and fifth in the world (and first in Europe) in the 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities. Cambridge regularly contends with Oxford for first place in UK league tables.[10][11][12] Affiliates of the University have won a total of 88 Nobel Prizes as of October 4, 2010, the all-time most of any academic institution, the most recent one being Robert G. Edwards for the prize in physiology or medicine.[13] Behind Cambridge University in Nobel laureate affiliates are the University of Chicago with 85,[14] Columbia University with 75,[15] and London University with 72.[16] However, Cambridge University has the additional distinction of having produced more graduates who have gone on to win the Nobel Prize than any other institution with 65,[17] followed by the University of London with 35,[18][19][20][21]
Cambridge is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the Coimbra Group, the League of European Research Universities, the International Alliance of Research Universities and the 'G5'.
Imperial College London
Imperial College London (officially The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine)[22] is a public research university located in London specialising in business, engineering, medicine and science.[23] Formerly a constituent college of the University of London, Imperial became fully independent in 2007, the 100th anniversary of its founding.[24] Imperial College is particularly world renowned in engineering and science.[25][26]
Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of Central London on the boundary between the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster, with its main entrance on Exhibition Road. It has a number of other campuses in Central London, including in Chelsea, Hammersmith and Paddington. With a total of 525,233 square metres of operational property, it has the largest estate of any higher education institution in the UK.[27] Imperial has around 13,500 full-time students and 3,330 academic and research staff[28] and had a total income of £694 million in 2009/10, of which £297 million was from research grants and contracts.[29] Imperial is a major centre for biomedical research and is a founding member of the Imperial College Healthcare academic health science centre.[30]
Imperial is ranked 26th in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities,[31] 7th in the world (and 4th in Europe) in the 2010 QS World University Rankings,[32] and 9th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[33] There are currently 14 Nobel Prize winners and two Fields Medal winners amongst Imperial's alumni and current and former faculty.[34][35] Other notable alumni of Imperial College include 2 heads of state, 9 politicians, 137 scientists, engineers and mathematicians, and 1 astronaut.[36]
Imperial is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of MBAs, the European University Association, the IDEA League, the League of European Research Universities, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, the Russell Group and the 'G5'.
King's College London
King's College London (informally King's) is a public research university located in London and a constituent college of the University of London. King's has a claim to being the third oldest university in England, having been founded by King George IV and the Duke of Wellington in 1829, and having received its royal charter in 1836.[37][38] In 1836, King's became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London.[39][40] King's College is world renowned in medicine,[41] natural & mathematical sciences,[42] nursing,[43] and the arts & humanities.[44] Law at King's College, in particular, is ranked in the top five in the English speaking world.[45] Other schools at King's College that are equally top ranked in the world are the Institute of Psychiatry,[46] the Dental Institute,[47] and the School of Social Science & Public Policy with a particular strength in defence studies.[48]
King's is arranged into nine Schools of Study, spread across four Thames-side campuses in Central London and one in Denmark Hill, South London.[49] It is one of the largest centres for graduate and post-graduate medical teaching and biomedical research in Europe; it is home to six Medical Research Council centres, the most of any British university,[50] and is a founding member of the King's Health Partners academic health sciences centre. It had a total income of £486 million in 2008/09, of which £135 million was from research grants and contracts.[51]
King's is ranked 63rd in the world (and 16th in Europe) in the 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities,[31] 21st in the world (and 6th in Europe) in the 2010 QS World University Rankings,[32] and 77th in the world (and 15th in Europe) in the 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[33] There are currently 10 Nobel Prize winners amongst King's alumni and current and former faculty.[52] In September 2010, The Sunday Times selected King's as its "University of the Year".[53] Notable alumni of King's College include 8 heads of state, 31 members of the House of Lords, 58 members of Parliament, 6 members of the European Parliament, 44 foreign politicians, 12 members of royalty and nobility, 21 judges and chief justices, 107 academics and scientists, 95 bishops, archbishops and deans of cathedrals, 21 heads of university, 19 military leaders, 26 musicians, 27 entertainers, 4 Olympic gold medalists and 1 director of the Bank of England.[54]
King's is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, the Russell Group and Universities UK.
London School of Economics and Political Science
The London School of Economics and Political Science (informally the London School of Economics or the LSE) is a public research university specialising in the social sciences and is a constituent college of the University of London. Founded in 1895 by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb and George Bernard Shaw,[55] the LSE joined the University of London in 1900 and degrees were issued to its students from 1902 onwards. Despite its name the LSE conducts teaching and research across the entire range of the social sciences, including accounting and finance, anthropology, geography, history, international relations, law, philosophy, psychology, social policy and sociology.
The LSE is among the world's most selective universities and it has the lowest undergraduate admissions rate of any university in Britain.[56][57] It has the most international student body in the world,[58] and at one time had more countries represented by students than the United Nations has members.[59] The LSE was found to have the highest percentage of world-leading research of any British university in the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise.[60]
The LSE is based in the Westminster area of Central London on the boundary between Covent Garden and Holborn. The LSE's library, the British Library of Political and Economic Science, contains over 4.7 million volumes and is the world's largest social and political sciences library.[61] The LSE has around 8,700 full-time students and 1,300 academic staff.[62] It had a total income of £203 million in 2008/09, of which £20.3 million was from research grants and contracts.[51] The LSE has produced many notable alumni in the fields of law, economics, business, literature and politics. There are currently 18 Nobel Prize winners amongst the LSE's alumni and current and former staff, as well as 52 world leaders, numerous Pulitzer Prize winners, fellows of the British Academy, 65 economists, 48 members of Parliament, 29 historians, 7 cabinet ministers, 5 judges, 2 governors of the Bank of England and 1 member of the European Parliament.[63][64]
The LSE is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs, the European University Association, the 'G5', the Global Alliance in Management Education, the Russell Group and Universities UK.
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. As well as being the ‘City of Dreaming Spires,’ it is home to the Rhodes Scholarships which bring international post-graduate students to the UK. Endowment: £3.6 billion.
The University of Oxford is a collegiate university made up of 38 independent colleges and 6 private halls. The day to day administration of the university is actually undertaken by a complicated system involving the separate administrations of the many colleges under the umbrella-like federation that the University itself provides. Many students are actually taught within their respective colleges and the colleges are primarily responsible for their own admissions. The exact date of the university's foundation is unknown although it is believed that teaching took place there since at least 1096.
The University of Oxford, like the Universities of both Cambridge and London, is arguably the ultimate elite-elite University in the world. Indeed, Oxford's claim to fame is beyond impressive. The University claims 48 Nobel Laureates, 3 Fields Medallists, 2 British Monarchs, 6 British royalty, 26 British Prime Ministers, 174 members of the House of Lords, 299 members of Parliament, 9 members of the European Parliament, 12 foreign Monarchs, 23 foreign royalty, 36 foreign heads of state, 122 foreign politicians, diplomats and civil servants, and 106 Lord Chief Justices and Judges, 103 Poet Laureates, 74 novelists, 89 writers, as well as 12 Christian Saints amongst its staff and alumni.[65]
The University of Oxford has, since the rift between its scholars which led to the foundation of the University of Cambridge, long had a rivalry with the latter. Nowadays this traditional rivalry encompasses a number of sporting and cultural events which are commonly known as 'varsity matches', the most famous of which is arguably The Boat Race.
Application for admission to Oxford requires registration through the UCAS system; this system prevents applicants from applying to both Oxford and Cambridge and requires applicants to state a preferred choice of college, the university then assigns a second choice college to applicants and requires them to undergo interviews at both before any offer can be made.
The University of Oxford is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the Coimbra Group, the 'G5', League of European Research Universities, International Alliance of Research Universities and is also a core member of the Europaeum.
University College London
University College London (UCL) is a public research university located in London and the largest constituent college of the University of London.[66] Founded in 1826, UCL was the first university institution to be founded in London and the first in England to be established on an entirely secular basis, to admit students regardless of their religion and to admit women on equal terms with men.[67] UCL, along with King's, were the two founding colleges of the University of London in 1836. Throughout its history, UCL has been particularly noted for its top world ranking in mathematics.[68] UCL is organised into eight constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL's main campus is located in the Bloomsbury area of Central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals located elsewhere in Central London. The UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in Adelaide, Australia. UCL is a major centre for biomedical research; it is part of three of the 12 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England and is a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe.[69] For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and the most-cited university in Europe).[70] UCL had a total income of £714 million in 2008/09, of which £249 million was from research grants and contracts.[29]
UCL has over 4,000 academic and research staff and 648 professors, the highest number of any British university.[71] There are currently 36 Fellows of the Royal Society, 26 Fellows of the British Academy, 10 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 78 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences amongst UCL academic and research staff.[71] There are 21 Nobel Prize winners and three Fields Medalists amongst UCL’s alumni and current and former staff, the most recent being Sir Charles K. Kao, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009.[72] Other notable alumni from UCL include 5 heads of state and 7 judges and chief justices.[73] UCL is ranked 21st in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities,[31] 4th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) in the 2010 QS World University Rankings[32] and 22nd in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[33] UCL is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, the 'G5', the League of European Research Universities, the Russell Group, UNICA and Universities UK.[74]
Rankings
Each of the members of the Golden Triangle enjoy high positions in both global and UK university rankings. In the 2010 QS World University Rankings, Cambridge, Imperial, Oxford and UCL are all ranked in the overall top ten, King's is ranked 21st overall and the LSE is ranked 4th in the world for Social Sciences.[32]
Research income
The members of the Golden Triangle have amongst the highest research incomes of all British universities. In 2009/10, Oxford, Imperial, UCL and Cambridge had respectively the highest, second-highest, third-highest and fourth-highest research incomes of all UK universities, with King's the seventh-highest.[51] The smaller and more specialist LSE had a research income of £23.8 million.[51]
University | Research income (£,000) | |
1 | University of Oxford | 367,000 |
2 | Imperial College London | 296,800 |
3 | University College London | 275,061 |
4 | University of Cambridge | 267,700 |
5 | University of Manchester | 194,603 |
6 | University of Edinburgh | 185,279 |
7 | King's College London | 144,053 |
8 | University of Glasgow | 129,163 |
9 | University of Leeds | 119,319 |
10 | University of Liverpool | 110,800 |
40 | London School of Economics | 23,856 |
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See also