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Monsanto is the largest producer of glyphosate-based herbicides, but formulations from other manufacturers are available that use different inert ingredients.<ref name=SA>{{Cite web| last = News| first = Crystal Gammon, Environmental Health| title = Weed-Whacking Herbicide Proves Deadly to Human Cells| work = Scientific American| accessdate = 2018-08-12| url = https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/weed-whacking-herbicide-p/}}</ref> Other glyphosyte-based formulations include Bronco, Glifonox, KleenUp, Ranger Pro, Rodeo, Roundup, and Weedoff.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Vaida| first = Bara| title = Does This Common Pesticide Cause Cancer?| work = WebMD| accessdate = 2018-08-13| url = https://www.webmd.com/cancer/news/20150407/glyphosate-pesticide-probable-carcinogen}}</ref><ref name=ase>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.07.005| issn = 0929-1393| volume = 72| pages = 215–224| last1 = Sihtmäe| first1 = M.| last2 = Blinova| first2 = I.| last3 = Künnis-Beres| first3 = K.| last4 = Kanarbik| first4 = L.| last5 = Heinlaan| first5 = M.| last6 = Kahru| first6 = A.| title = Ecotoxicological effects of different glyphosate formulations| journal = Applied Soil Ecology| accessdate = 2018-08-13| date = 2013-10-01| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929139313001923}}</ref> |
Monsanto is the largest producer of glyphosate-based herbicides, but formulations from other manufacturers are available that use different inert ingredients.<ref name=SA>{{Cite web| last = News| first = Crystal Gammon, Environmental Health| title = Weed-Whacking Herbicide Proves Deadly to Human Cells| work = Scientific American| accessdate = 2018-08-12| url = https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/weed-whacking-herbicide-p/}}</ref> Other glyphosyte-based formulations include Bronco, Glifonox, KleenUp, Ranger Pro, Rodeo, Roundup, and Weedoff.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Vaida| first = Bara| title = Does This Common Pesticide Cause Cancer?| work = WebMD| accessdate = 2018-08-13| url = https://www.webmd.com/cancer/news/20150407/glyphosate-pesticide-probable-carcinogen}}</ref><ref name=ase>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.07.005| issn = 0929-1393| volume = 72| pages = 215–224| last1 = Sihtmäe| first1 = M.| last2 = Blinova| first2 = I.| last3 = Künnis-Beres| first3 = K.| last4 = Kanarbik| first4 = L.| last5 = Heinlaan| first5 = M.| last6 = Kahru| first6 = A.| title = Ecotoxicological effects of different glyphosate formulations| journal = Applied Soil Ecology| accessdate = 2018-08-13| date = 2013-10-01| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929139313001923}}</ref> |
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According to the [[Organic Consumers Association]], trace amounts of glyphosate were detectable in samples of [[Ben & Jerry’s]] ice cream (at levels that fell within [[EPA]] regulations). The company said they were trying to minimize the use of [[genetically modified organisms]] (GMOs) in their product and were looking for cost-effective alternatives to the GMO-feeds used by [[dairy farm]]s that supply the [[milk]] used in Ben & Jerry's products. One company director said "we need to better understand where the glyphosate they’re finding is coming from".<ref name=strom>{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Strom| first = Stephanie| title = Traces of Controversial Herbicide Are Found in Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2018-08-13| date = 2018-01-20| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/dining/ben-and-jerrys-ice-cream-herbicide-glyphosate.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| last = Neslen| first = Arthur| title = Ben & Jerry’s to launch glyphosate-free ice-cream after tests find traces of weedkiller| work = The Guardian| accessdate = 2018-08-13| date = 2017-10-09| url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/oct/09/ben-jerrys-to-launch-glyphosate-free-ice-cream-after-tests-find-traces-of-weedkiller}}</ref> |
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Trace amounts have similarly been found in [[Quaker Oats]], [[Cheerios]], [[Ritz Crackers]], and other products. Even though many of these products do not rely heavily on crops like [[corn]], [[soy]] and [[sugar beets]], which have been genetically modified to withstand glyphosate-based herbicides, these herbicides are often sprayed on other crops like [[wheat]], [[oat]]s and [[peanuts]] to [[Crop desiccation|dry them out]].<ref name=strom /> In 2016, a lawsuit was filed against Quaker Oats in the [[United States district court|Federal district courts]] of both [[New York]] and [[California]] after trace amounts of glyphosate were found in [[oatmeal]]. The lawsuit alleged that the claim of "100% natural" was [[False advertising]].<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Strom| first = Stephanie| title = Quaker Oats’ 100% Natural Claim Questioned in Lawsuit| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2018-08-13| date = 2017-12-21| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/02/business/quaker-oats-100-natural-claim-questioned-in-lawsuit.html}}</ref> |
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''[[The Guardian]]'' reported in March 2018 that internal [[FDA]] emails, published by the non-profit research group U.S. Right to Know subsequent to a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|FOIA]] request,<ref>{{Cite web| last = Gillam| first = Carey| title = FDA FOIA Documents Regarding Glyphosate Residue Testing| work = U.S. Right to Know| accessdate = 2018-08-13| date = 2018-05-10| url = https://usrtk.org/pesticides/fda-foia-documents-regarding-glyphosate-residue-testing/}}</ref> said that one chemist had found a "fair amount" of glyphosate in wheat crackers, granola [[cereal]] and corn meal.<ref name=gillam /><ref>[https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/FDA-Richard-Thompson-wheat-crackers-email.pdf U.S. Right to Know - Glyphosate Method]</ref> One email from an FDA supervisor noted that an "over the tolerance" level of glyphosate was found in corn, but that the sample was "not an official sample".<ref>[https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Over-the-tolerance-finding-in-corn.pdf U.S. Right to Know - Over the tolerance finding in corn.pdf]</ref><ref name=gillam /> It has also been detected in [[honey]].<ref name=gillam>{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| last = Gillam| first = Carey| title = Weedkiller found in granola and crackers, internal FDA emails show| work = The Guardian| accessdate = 2018-08-13| date = 2018-04-30| url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/apr/30/fda-weedkiller-glyphosate-in-food-internal-emails}}</ref><ref>[https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/FDA-glyphosate-in-honey.png U.S. Right to Know - FDA Glyphosate in honey]</ref> |
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==Inert ingredients== |
==Inert ingredients== |
Revision as of 19:51, 13 August 2018
Glyphosate herbicides are usually made of a glyphosate salt that is combined with other coformulants that are needed to stabilize the formula and allow penetration into plants.
Background
Monsanto's glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup was first developed in the 1970s. Between 1985 and 1996, Monsanto reduced the price of Roundup by 50%. Between 1990 and 1996 sales of Roundup have increased by around 20% per year.[1] As of 2015 it is used in over 160 countries.[2] Roundup is used most heavily on corn, soy and cotton crops that have been genetically modified to withstand the chemical, but in 2012 gylphosate was used in California to treat other crops like almond, peach, cantaloupe, onion, cherry, sweet corn and citrus.[2]
Monsanto is the largest producer of glyphosate-based herbicides, but formulations from other manufacturers are available that use different inert ingredients.[3] Other glyphosyte-based formulations include Bronco, Glifonox, KleenUp, Ranger Pro, Rodeo, Roundup, and Weedoff.[4][5]
Inert ingredients
Surfactants, solvents and preservatives are inert ingredients that are commonly added to glyphosate-based herbicide formulations.[6] Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) is a surfactant added to Roundup and other herbicides that helps the glyphosate penetrate the plant surface.[3] Some surfactants that are added to herbicide formulations may increase glyphosate's toxicity.[7]
Most health studies have focused on the active ingredient glyphosate, but in 2009 the Scientific American reported that the inert ingredients in Monsanto's Roundup "amplified the toxic effect on human cells—even at concentrations much more diluted than those used on farms and lawns". Researchers at the University of Caen found that glyphosate was more harmful when combined with POEA, and that POEA itself did more harm to cells then glyphosate.[8] Another study of Roundup by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh found that Roundup was "directly" lethal to amphibians.[9]
In the European Union the active ingredient, glyphosate, is approved at the supranational EU level and is governed by Regulation No 1107/2009. Specific glyphosate-based formulations, like Roundup, are regulated at the Member State level. There are about 30 different glyphosate-based formulations used in Estonia.[5]
As part of the process to renew glyphosate's license under EU regulations, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a final risk assessment on 12 November 2015 stating that glyphosate met EU-level regulatory standards. Despite classifying glyphosate as non-carcinogenic, this report also acknowledged that some of the co-formulants added to glyphosate based pesticides "appeared to have toxic effects higher than the glyphosate itself", noting POEA in particular. The conclusion of the final EFSA assessment was that glyphosate met EU-level regulatory standards, but individual formulations would have to be evaluated by member states.[10]
Roundup Ready
Some crops have been genetically engineered to be Roundup resistant. A gene for EPSP synthase from a glyphosate-resistant bacterium Salmonella tryphimurium was used in the first demonstrations that plants could be engineered to be Roundup resistant. Another gene similarly derived from a glyphosate-resistant bacterium was used to engineer the first Roundup Ready soybeans.[11] These resistant crops have "made for exponential growth in glyphosate utilisation", which has increased from 200,000 tons per year in 2000 to over 800,000 tons in 2014.[12]
Soybeans
Before Roundup ready soybeans, farmers had to use a mix of Roundup and other herbicides to avoid killing the soybeans.[13] Some weeds have also developed resistance to the herbicides that are used in the Roundup Ready soybean system.[11]
Alfalfa
Roundup resistant Alfalfa was released in 2005. It was developed as a joint project between Monsanto and Forage Genetics International. Perennial weeds that are commonly encountered while growing alfafa are bermudagrass, nutsedge, Johnson grass and dandelion. One concern is that weeds may develop glyphosate resistance or undergo a weed species shift when glyphosate is used regularly as part of the Roundup Ready Alfalfa system.[14] Another is cross-contamination of non-GMO crops.[15]
In 2007, the United States Department of Agriculture was sued by the Center for Food Safety, alfalfa growers and other non-profits. The complainants claimed that the USDA had violated the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) by allowing farmers to plaint the genetically-engineered alfalfa.[16] The Federal District Court in California ruled that Monsanto could not bring the Roundup Ready alfalfa to market until the government completed an environmental impact statement. This decision was upheld twice by the 9th Circuit, until finally being overturned by the United States Supreme Court in Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms (2010).[17][18] Roundup Ready alfalfa was deregulated and approved for sale by the USDA in 2011.[15][19]
References
- ^ "Top-selling herbicide not close to withering". Wall Street Journal. 1996-01-08. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ a b "What Do We Really Know About Roundup Weed Killer?". National Geographic News. 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
- ^ a b News, Crystal Gammon, Environmental Health. "Weed-Whacking Herbicide Proves Deadly to Human Cells". Scientific American. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Vaida, Bara. "Does This Common Pesticide Cause Cancer?". WebMD. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
- ^ a b Sihtmäe, M.; Blinova, I.; Künnis-Beres, K.; Kanarbik, L.; Heinlaan, M.; Kahru, A. (2013-10-01). "Ecotoxicological effects of different glyphosate formulations". Applied Soil Ecology. 72: 215–224. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.07.005. ISSN 0929-1393. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
- ^ News, Crystal Gammon, Environmental Health. "Weed-Whacking Herbicide Proves Deadly to Human Cells". Scientific American. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gupta, Ramesh C.; Gupta, Ramesh Chandra (2012-03-29). Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles. Academic Press. p. 843. ISBN 978-0-12-385926-6.
- ^ News, Crystal Gammon, Environmental Health. "Weed-Whacking Herbicide Proves Deadly to Human Cells". Scientific American. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Vandermeer, John (2011). The Ecology of Agroecosystems. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7637-7153-9.
- ^ Bozzini, Emanuela (2017-03-23). Pesticide Policy and Politics in the European Union: Regulatory Assessment, Implementation and Enforcement. Springer. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-3-319-52736-9.
- ^ a b Monaco, Thomas J.; Weller, Stephen C.; Ashton, Floyd M. (2002-01-16). Weed Science: Principles and Practices. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 384–389. ISBN 978-0-471-37051-2.
- ^ Bozzini, Emanuela (2017-03-23). Pesticide Policy and Politics in the European Union: Regulatory Assessment, Implementation and Enforcement. Springer. p. 85. ISBN 978-3-319-52736-9.
- ^ "Roundup Ready Soybean". The Age. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 1998-01-03. p. 23. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ Summers, Charles Gebbes; Putnam, Daniel H. (2008). Irrigated Alfalfa Management for Mediterranean and Desert Zones. UCANR Publications. ISBN 978-1-60107-608-3.
- ^ a b "USDA weighing what to do in case of GMO alfalfa contamination". Reuters. 2013-09-16. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
- ^ Sheaffer, Craig C.; Moncada, Kristine M. (2012-08-08). Introduction to Agronomy: Food, Crops, and Environment. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-31233-6.
- ^ koons, Jennifer. "Supreme Court Lifts Ban on Planting GM Alfalfa - NYTimes.com". Retrieved 2018-08-13.
- ^ Monsanto Co. vs. Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U.S. 139 (2010)
- ^ [https://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/04_11001p_rod.pdf APHIS Request for Non-Regulated Status: Record of Decision