Ujongbakuto (talk | contribs) Undid revision 577639031 by Bobrayner (talk) see Talk:Global_city#The_Economist |
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=== Economic characteristics === |
=== Economic characteristics === |
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[[File:Photos NewYork1 032.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[New York Stock Exchange]], [[New York City]]]] |
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* Serve as the [[corporation|corporate]] [[headquarter]] sites for [[multinational corporation]]s, international [[financial institution]]s, [[law firm]]s, [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerates]], and [[stock exchange]]s that influence the [[world economy]] |
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* Contribute significant financial capacity/output to the city's, region's, or even nation's,<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://pdf.wri.org/wr98_ud2.pdf Urban Characteristics,City Level, 1993]|61.6 KB}}, "World Resources 1998-99", ''[[World Resources Institute|WRI]]'', 1998.</ref> [[Gross domestic product]] (GDP) |
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* House the major [[stock market]] indices<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks/wei.html World Indices], ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]''</ref>/market capitalisation |
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* Provide a variety of international financial services,<ref>J.V. Beaverstock, [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb179.html World City Networks 'From Below'], GaWC, Loughborough University, 29 September 2010</ref> notably in the [[FIRE economy|FIRE industries]], [[banking]], [[accountancy]], and [[marketing]] |
* Provide a variety of international financial services,<ref>J.V. Beaverstock, [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb179.html World City Networks 'From Below'], GaWC, Loughborough University, 29 September 2010</ref> notably in the [[FIRE economy|FIRE industries]], [[banking]], [[accountancy]], and [[marketing]] |
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* Appear near the top of [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|cost of living]]<ref name="living">[http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1311145 Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 - City rankings], ''[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]'', 12 July 2011</ref> |
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=== Political characteristics === |
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[[File:Westminster palace.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Palace of Westminster]], London]] |
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* Active influence on, and participation in, international events and world affairs; for example, [[Beijing]], [[Berlin]], [[London]], [[Moscow]], [[New Delhi]], [[Paris]], [[Tokyo]], and [[Washington, D.C.]] are capitals of influential nations. |
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* Hosting headquarters for [[international organization]]s such as the [[United Nations]] (New York City), the [[World Bank Group|World Bank]] (Washington, D.C.), or [[NATO]] ([[Brussels]]). |
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* A large city [[World's largest cities|proper]], population of the municipality (the centre of a [[metropolitan area]], typically several million) or [[agglomeration]] |
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* Diverse demographic constituencies based on various indicators:<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://pdf.wri.org/wr98_ud.pdf Chapter 9: Urban Data]|196 KB}}, "World Resources 1998-99", ''[[World Resources Institute|WRI]]'', 1998</ref> population, habitat,<ref>[http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/special/habitat/profiles/ City Profiles], ''[[UN]]''</ref> mobility,<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/uu8taBpoTDXkvBiJHuaU/english_full_report.pdf Mobility 2001]|1.59 MB}}, ''[[World Business Council for Sustainable Development|WBCSD]]''</ref> and [[urbanisation]]<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2003/WUP2003Report.pdf WORLD URBANIZATION PROSPECTS: THE 2003 REVISION]|3.73 MB}}, ''United Nations'', 2004</ref> |
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* [[Quality of life]] standards<ref>[http://www.mercerhr.com/pressrelease/details.jhtml?idContent=1173105 World-wide quality of living survey], ''[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]'', 10 April 2006</ref> or city development |
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* [[Expatriate]] communities |
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=== Cultural characteristics === |
=== Cultural characteristics === |
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[[File:Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Louvre]], [[Paris]]]] |
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* Renowned cultural institutions (often with high endowments), such as [[List of notable museums and galleries|notable museums and galleries]], [[List of opera companies|notable opera companies]], [[Ballet companies|major ballet companies]], [[orchestras]], notable film centres, and theatre centres. A lively cultural scene, including [[film festival]]s (such as the [[Toronto International Film Festival]]), premieres, a thriving [[music]] scene, nightlife, an opera company, [[art gallery|art galleries]], street performers, and annual parades.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} |
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* Several influential media organisations with an international reach, including [[Thomson Reuters]], [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[International Herald Tribune]], [[Agence France-Presse]], or [[Associated Press]]. |
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* A strong [[sport]]ing community, including major sports facilities, home teams in major league sports, and the ability and historical experience to host international sporting events such as the [[Olympic Games]], [[FIFA World Cup]], or [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] [[tennis]] events.<ref>P. De Groote, [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb154.html Economic and Tourism Aspects of the Olympic Games], GaWC, Loughborough University, 21 September 2005</ref> |
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* Educational institutions; e.g., renowned universities, international student attendance,<ref>K. O'Connor, [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb161.html International Students and Global Cities], GaWC, Loughborough University, 17 February 2005</ref> research facilities |
* Educational institutions; e.g., renowned universities, international student attendance,<ref>K. O'Connor, [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb161.html International Students and Global Cities], GaWC, Loughborough University, 17 February 2005</ref> research facilities |
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* Sites of [[pilgrimage]] for [[world religions]] (for example, [[Mecca]], [[Jerusalem]] or [[Rome]]) |
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* Cities containing [[World Heritage Site]]s of historical and cultural significance<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ World Heritage List], ''[[UNESCO]]''</ref> |
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* A major tourist presence |
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* City as site or subject in arts and media, television, film, video games, music, literature, magazines, articles, documentary{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} |
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* City as an often repeated historic reference, showcase, or symbolic actions{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} |
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=== Infrastructural characteristics === |
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[[File:Mountfujijapan.jpg||thumb|upright|The [[Shinkansen]], [[Tokyo]]]] |
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* An advanced transportation system that includes several [[highway]]s and/or a large [[mass transit]] network offering multiple modes of transportation ([[rapid transit]], [[light rail]], [[regional rail]], [[ferry]], or [[bus]]). |
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* [[List of urban rail systems by length|Extensive]] and popular<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/largestpublictransit.html |title=Estimated Ridership of the World’s Largest Public Transit Systems, 1998 |publisher=People.hofstra.edu |accessdate= 9 May 2012}}</ref> mass transit systems, prominent rail usage,<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.publicpurpose.com/ut-crintl.pdf COMMUTER RAIL (SUBURBAN RAIL, REGIONAL RAIL) IN THE UNITED STATES: INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT]|218 KB}}, October 2003</ref> road vehicle usage,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicpurpose.com/hwy-intltr.htm |title=Traffic Intensity by International Urban Area: 1990 |publisher=Publicpurpose.com |accessdate= 9 May 2012}}</ref> major seaports |
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* A major international [[airport]] that serves as an established [[Airline hub|hub]] for several international [[airline]]s. [[World's busiest airport|Airports]] with [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|significant passenger traffic]] and [[World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic|international passengers traffic]]<ref>[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb157.html Mapping the Global Network Economy on the Basis of Air Passenger Transport Flows], GaWC, Loughborough University, 8 December 2004</ref> or [[World's busiest airports by cargo traffic|cargo movements]]. |
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* An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern [[Multinational corporation|trans-national corporations]] rely, such as [[fiberoptics]], [[Wi-Fi]] networks, [[cellular phone]] services, and other high-speed lines of communications. For example, [[Seoul]] and Tokyo are known as the digital and technology capitals of the world. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} |
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* Health facilities; e.g., hospitals, medical laboratories |
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* Prominent skylines/skyscrapers (for example, [[Hong Kong]], New York City, [[Shanghai]], Tokyo, [[Dubai]], [[Chicago]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Bangkok]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Singapore]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl/skylines.html |title=The World's Best Skylines}}</ref> |
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* Cities' telephone and mail services, airport flights-range, traffic congestion, availability of water, train facilities, nearby parks, hospitals, libraries, police stations, etc. |
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== Studies == |
== Studies == |
Revision as of 14:05, 21 October 2013
Template:Globalization sidebar
A global city (also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center) is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated, and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade.
The most complex of these entities is the "global city", whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socio-economic means.[1] The use of "global city", as opposed to "megacity", was popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo[2] though the term "world city" to describe cities that control a disproportionate amount of global business dates to at least the May 1886 description of Liverpool by The Illustrated London News.[3] Patrick Geddes also used the term "world city" later in 1915.[4] Cities can also fall from such categorization, as in the case of cities that have become less cosmopolitan and less internationally renowned in the current era.
Criteria
Global city status is considered to be beneficial and desired, and because of this many groups have tried to classify and rank which cities are seen as world cities or non-world cities.[4] Although there is a consensus upon leading world cities,[5] the criteria upon which a classification is made can affect which other cities are included.[4] The criteria for identification tend either to be based on a yardstick value (e.g., if the producer-service sector is the largest sector then city X is a world city)[4] or on an imminent determination (if the producer-service sector of city X is greater than the combined producer-service sectors of N other cities then city X is a world city.)[4]
Economic characteristics
- Serve as the corporate headquarter sites for multinational corporations, international financial institutions, law firms, conglomerates, and stock exchanges that influence the world economy
- Contribute significant financial capacity/output to the city's, region's, or even nation's,[6] Gross domestic product (GDP)
- House the major stock market indices[7]/market capitalisation
- Provide a variety of international financial services,[8] notably in the FIRE industries, banking, accountancy, and marketing
- Appear near the top of cost of living[9]
Political characteristics
- Active influence on, and participation in, international events and world affairs; for example, Beijing, Berlin, London, Moscow, New Delhi, Paris, Tokyo, and Washington, D.C. are capitals of influential nations.
- Hosting headquarters for international organizations such as the United Nations (New York City), the World Bank (Washington, D.C.), or NATO (Brussels).
- A large city proper, population of the municipality (the centre of a metropolitan area, typically several million) or agglomeration
- Diverse demographic constituencies based on various indicators:[10] population, habitat,[11] mobility,[12] and urbanisation[13]
- Quality of life standards[14] or city development
- Expatriate communities
Cultural characteristics
- Renowned cultural institutions (often with high endowments), such as notable museums and galleries, notable opera companies, major ballet companies, orchestras, notable film centres, and theatre centres. A lively cultural scene, including film festivals (such as the Toronto International Film Festival), premieres, a thriving music scene, nightlife, an opera company, art galleries, street performers, and annual parades.[citation needed]
- Several influential media organisations with an international reach, including Thomson Reuters, Bloomberg, The New York Times, International Herald Tribune, Agence France-Presse, or Associated Press.
- A strong sporting community, including major sports facilities, home teams in major league sports, and the ability and historical experience to host international sporting events such as the Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, or Grand Slam tennis events.[15]
- Educational institutions; e.g., renowned universities, international student attendance,[16] research facilities
- Sites of pilgrimage for world religions (for example, Mecca, Jerusalem or Rome)
- Cities containing World Heritage Sites of historical and cultural significance[17]
- A major tourist presence
- City as site or subject in arts and media, television, film, video games, music, literature, magazines, articles, documentary[citation needed]
- City as an often repeated historic reference, showcase, or symbolic actions[citation needed]
Infrastructural characteristics
- An advanced transportation system that includes several highways and/or a large mass transit network offering multiple modes of transportation (rapid transit, light rail, regional rail, ferry, or bus).
- Extensive and popular[18] mass transit systems, prominent rail usage,[19] road vehicle usage,[20] major seaports
- A major international airport that serves as an established hub for several international airlines. Airports with significant passenger traffic and international passengers traffic[21] or cargo movements.
- An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern trans-national corporations rely, such as fiberoptics, Wi-Fi networks, cellular phone services, and other high-speed lines of communications. For example, Seoul and Tokyo are known as the digital and technology capitals of the world. [citation needed]
- Health facilities; e.g., hospitals, medical laboratories
- Prominent skylines/skyscrapers (for example, Hong Kong, New York City, Shanghai, Tokyo, Dubai, Chicago, Guangzhou, Bangkok, Shenzhen, Singapore)[22]
- Cities' telephone and mail services, airport flights-range, traffic congestion, availability of water, train facilities, nearby parks, hospitals, libraries, police stations, etc.
Studies
GaWC study
The first attempt to define, categorize and rank global cities using relational data was made in 1998 by Jon Beaverstock, Richard G. Smith and Peter J. Taylor, who all worked at the time at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom.[23] Together, Beaverstock, Smith and Taylor established the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. A roster of world cities was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5 and ranked cities based on their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law.[5] The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of global cities and several sub-ranks.[24]
The 2004 rankings acknowledged several new indicators while continuing to rank city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors. The 2008 roster, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of "Alpha" world cities (with four sub-categories), "Beta" world cities (three sub-categories), "Gamma" world cities (three sub-categories) and additional cities with "High sufficiency" or "Sufficiency" presence. The following is a general guide to the rankings:[24]
- Alpha++ cities are New York City and London, which are vastly more integrated with the global economy than any other cities.
- Alpha+ cities complement New York City and London by filling advanced service niches for the global economy.
- Alpha & Alpha- cities are cities that link major economic regions into the world economy.
- Beta level cities are cities that link moderate economic regions into the world economy.
- Gamma level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy.
- Sufficiency level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as to not be obviously dependent on world cities.
Category | Cities |
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Alpha++ | |
Alpha+ | |
Alpha | |
Alpha− |
Category | Cities |
---|---|
Beta+ | |
Beta | |
Beta− |
Category | Cities |
---|---|
Gamma+ | |
Gamma | |
Gamma− |
Global Cities Index
In 2008, the American journal Foreign Policy, in conjunction with the Chicago-based consulting firm A.T. Kearney and the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, published a ranking of global cities, based on consultation with Saskia Sassen, Witold Rybczynski, and others.[25] Foreign Policy noted that "the world’s biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration. They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions."[26] The ranking was updated in 2010 and 2012.
#3 Paris
#10 Washington, D.C.
Rank 2012 | Change
|
City
|
Rating |
1 | New York City | 6.35 | |
2 | London | 5.79 | |
3 | 1 | Paris | 5.48 |
4 | 1 | Tokyo | 4.99 |
5 | Hong Kong | 4.56 | |
6 | 1 | Los Angeles | 3.94 |
7 | 1 | Chicago | 3.66 |
8 | 2 | Seoul | 3.41 |
9 | 2 | Brussels | 3.33 |
10 | 3 | Washington, D.C. | 3.22 |
11 | 3 | Singapore | 3.20 |
12 | 3 | Sydney | 3.13 |
13 | 5 | Vienna | 3.11 |
14 | 1 | Beijing | 3.05 |
15 | 4 | Boston | 2.94 |
16 | 2 | Toronto | 2.92 |
17 | 5 | San Francisco | 2.89 |
18 | 1 | Madrid | 2.80 |
19 | 6 | Moscow | 2.77 |
20 | 4 | Berlin | 2.76 |
21 | Shanghai | 2.73 | |
22 | Buenos Aires | 2.71 | |
23 | 3 | Frankfurt | 2.69 |
24 | 2 | Barcelona | 2.59 |
25 | 1 | Zürich | 2.53 |
Rank 2012 | Change
|
City
|
Rating |
26 | 3 | Amsterdam | 2.45 |
27 | 4 | Stockholm | 2.43 |
28 | Rome | 2.36 | |
29 | 2 | Dubai | 2.32 |
30 | 1 | Montreal | 2.32 |
31 | 2 | Munich | 2.31 |
32 | NA | Melbourne | 2.25 |
33 | 2 | São Paulo | 2.19 |
34 | 4 | Mexico City | 2.18 |
35 | 3 | Geneva | 2.13 |
36 | 2 | Miami | 2.13 |
37 | 4 | Istanbul | 2.10 |
38 | Houston | 2.08 | |
39 | 1 | Atlanta | 2.06 |
40 | 1 | Taipei | 2.05 |
41 | 1 | Milan | 2.01 |
42 | 5 | Copenhagen | 1.99 |
43 | 7 | Bangkok | 1.93 |
44 | Dublin | 1.82 | |
45 | 1 | Mumbai | 1.79 |
46 | 4 | Tel Aviv | 1.69 |
47 | Osaka | 1.57 | |
48 | 3 | New Delhi | 1.55 |
49 | 1 | Kuala Lumpur | 1.49 |
50 | 7 | Cairo | 1.49 |
Rank 2012 | Change
|
City
|
Rating |
51 | Manila | 1.49 | |
52 | Johannesburg | 1.48 | |
53 | 4 | Rio de Janeiro | 1.31 |
54 | 1 | Jakarta | 1.30 |
55 | 1 | Bogota | 1.17 |
56 | Nairobi | 0.98 | |
57 | 2 | Caracas | 0.89 |
58 | Bangalore | 0.85 | |
59 | Lagos | 0.84 | |
60 | 3 | Guangzhou | 0.82 |
61 | Ho Chi Minh City | 0.72 | |
62 | 2 | Karachi | 0.66 |
63 | 1 | Dhaka | 0.65 |
64 | 1 | Kolkata | 0.63 |
65 | 3 | Shenzhen | 0.62 |
66 | 1 | Chongqing | 0.25 |
Global Economic Power Index[27][28]
In 2012, the first Global Economic Power Index, a "survey of the surveys" written by Richard Florida, was published by The Atlantic (to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the Martin Prosperity Institute), with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities:
Rank | City | Score |
---|---|---|
1 | New York City | 48 |
2 | London | 43 |
3 | Tokyo | 37 |
4 | Paris | 25 |
4 | Hong Kong | 25 |
6 | Chicago | 20 |
7 | Singapore | 15 |
8 | Shanghai | 11 |
9 | Los Angeles | 10 |
10 | Zürich | 9 |
11 | Seoul | 6 |
11 | Boston | 6 |
11 | Beijing | 6 |
14 | Washington, D.C. | 5 |
15 | Osaka | 4 |
16 | Brussels | 2 |
16 | Rhine-Ruhr | 2 |
18 | Toronto | 1 |
18 | Shenzhen | 1 |
Global Power City Index[29]
The Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation in Tokyo issued a comprehensive study of global cities in 2012. The ranking is based on six overall categories, "Economy", "Research & Development", "Cultural Interaction", "Livability", "Environment", and "Accessibility", with 70 individual indicators among them. This Japanese ranking also breaks down top ten world cities ranked in subjective categories such as "manager, researcher, artist, visitor and resident."
Rank | City | Score |
---|---|---|
1 | London | 1452.5 |
2 | New York City | 1376.6 |
3 | Paris | 1349.6 |
4 | Tokyo | 1324.9 |
5 | Singapore | 1118.6 |
6 | Seoul | 1081.1 |
7 | Amsterdam | 1068.3 |
8 | Berlin | 1047.3 |
9 | Hong Kong | 1038.2 |
10 | Vienna | 1016.7 |
11 | Beijing | 978.3 |
12 | Frankfurt | 966.7 |
13 | Barcelona | 964.6 |
14 | Shanghai | 964.5 |
15 | Sydney | 962.8 |
16 | Stockholm | 961.2 |
17 | Osaka | 942.1 |
18 | Zürich | 937.9 |
19 | Brussels | 931.3 |
20 | Copenhagen | 929.7 |
21 | Toronto | 925.6 |
22 | Madrid | 908.6 |
23 | Los Angeles | 890.7 |
24 | Vancouver | 890.1 |
25 | Istanbul | 875.4 |
26 | Geneva | 867.8 |
27 | Boston | 858.4 |
28 | Chicago | 854.1 |
29 | Milan | 850.5 |
30 | Washington, D.C. | 836.5 |
31 | San Francisco | 833.3 |
32 | Taipei | 807.9 |
33 | Fukuoka | 790.3 |
34 | Kuala Lumpur | 788.1 |
35 | Bangkok | 781.4 |
36 | Mexico City | 781.0 |
37 | Moscow | 760.2 |
38 | São Paulo | 667.7 |
39 | Mumbai | 608.1 |
40 | Cairo | 601.0 |
The Wealth Report[30]
"The Wealth Report" (a global perspective on prime property and wealth) is made by the London based estate agent Knight Frank LLP together with the Citi Private Bank. The report includes a "Global City Survey", evaluating which cities are considered the most important to the world’s HNWIs (high-net-worth individuals, having over $25million of investable assets). For the Global City Survey, Citi Private Bank’s wealth advisors, and Knight Frank’s luxury property specialists were asked to name the cities that they felt were the most important to HNWIs, in regard to: "economic activity", "political power", "knowledge and influence" and "quality of life".
Overall rank |
City |
Economic activity |
Political power |
Quality of life |
Knowledge & influence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | New York City | 1 | 7 | 6 | 2 |
2 | London | 2 | 5 | 8 | 1 |
3 | Paris | 4 | 8 | 11 | 4 |
4 | Tokyo | 3 | 6 | 23 | 13 |
5 | Hong Kong | 7 | 10 | 26 | 6 |
6 | Singapore | 8 | 23 | 22 | 3 |
7 | Sydney | 17 | 12 | 3 | 7 |
8 | Washington, D.C. | 14 | 1 | 19 | 23 |
9 | Toronto | 12 | 15 | 4 | 15 |
10 | Zürich | 11 | 24 | 1 | 22 |
11 | Berlin | 10 | 4 | 18 | 9 |
12 | Brussels | 27 | 3 | 25 | 21 |
13 | Seoul | 28 | 11 | 28 | 10 |
14 | Boston | 19 | 25 | 24 | 5 |
15 | Beijing | 6 | 2 | 40 | 27 |
16 | Vancouver | 38 | 19 | 7 | 16 |
17 | Chicago | 13 | 29 | 20 | 14 |
18 | Vienna | 23 | 27 | 13 | 8 |
19 | Amsterdam | 16 | 26 | 14 | 19 |
20 | Los Angeles | 21 | 30 | 15 | 10 |
21 | Stockholm | 22 | 28 | 9 | 18 |
22 | Melbourne | 30 | 35 | 2 | 12 |
23 | Frankfurt | 9 | 33 | 5 | 36 |
24 | Shanghai | 5 | 17 | 39 | 35 |
25 | San Francisco | 15 | 34 | 27 | 20 |
26 | Miami | 29 | 20 | 17 | 34 |
27 | Geneva | 26 | 38 | 10 | 24 |
28 | Oslo | 20 | 32 | 21 | 32 |
29 | Dubai | 18 | 18 | 36 | 29 |
30 | Moscow | 24 | 9 | 37 | 31 |
31 | Montreal | 37 | 31 | 16 | 17 |
32 | Auckland | 33 | 40 | 12 | 33 |
33 | Tel Aviv | 39 | 13 | 30 | 38 |
34 | Milan | 31 | 37 | 29 | 25 |
35 | Buenos Aires | 40 | 14 | 35 | 28 |
36 | São Paulo | 32 | 16 | 33 | 37 |
37 | Abu Dhabi | 25 | 21 | 38 | 40 |
38 | Mumbai | 36 | 22 | 32 | 39 |
39 | Kuala Lumpur | 34 | 36 | 31 | 30 |
40 | Bangkok | 35 | 39 | 34 | 26 |
Global City Competitiveness Index[31]
In 2012, the Economist Intelligence Unit (The Economist Group), ranked the competitiveness of global cities according to their demonstrated ability to attract capital, businesses, talent and visitors.
Rank | City | Score |
---|---|---|
1 | New York City | 71.4 |
2 | London | 70.4 |
3 | Singapore | 70.0 |
4 | Hong Kong | 69.3 |
4 | Paris | 69.3 |
6 | Tokyo | 68.0 |
7 | Zürich | 66.8 |
8 | Washington, D.C. | 66.1 |
9 | Chicago | 65.9 |
10 | Boston | 64.5 |
11 | Frankfurt | 64.1 |
12 | Toronto | 63.9 |
13 | Geneva | 63.3 |
13 | San Francisco | 63.3 |
15 | Sydney | 63.1 |
16 | Melbourne | 62.7 |
17 | Amsterdam | 62.4 |
18 | Vancouver | 61.8 |
19 | Los Angeles | 61.5 |
20 | Seoul | 60.5 |
20 | Stockholm | 60.5 |
22 | Montreal | 60.3 |
23 | Copenhagen | 59.9 |
23 | Houston | 59.9 |
25 | Dallas | 59.8 |
25 | Vienna | 59.8 |
27 | Dublin | 59.5 |
28 | Madrid | 59.4 |
29 | Seattle | 59.3 |
30 | Philadelphia | 58.5 |
31 | Atlanta | 58.2 |
31 | Berlin | 58.2 |
33 | Oslo | 57.2 |
34 | Brussels | 57.1 |
35 | Hamburg | 56.8 |
36 | Auckland | 56.7 |
37 | Birmingham | 56.6 |
37 | Taipei | 56.6 |
39 | Beijing | 56.0 |
40 | Dubai | 55.9 |
Rank | City | Score |
---|---|---|
41 | Abu Dhabi | 55.8 |
41 | Barcelona | 55.8 |
43 | Miami | 55.2 |
43 | Shanghai | 55.2 |
45 | Kuala Lumpur | 55.0 |
46 | Prague | 53.7 |
47 | Doha | 52.9 |
47 | Milan | 52.9 |
47 | Osaka | 52.9 |
50 | Nagoya | 52.3 |
50 | Rome | 52.3 |
52 | Shenzhen | 51.7 |
53 | Warsaw | 51.3 |
54 | Monaco | 51.0 |
55 | Budapest | 50.4 |
56 | Incheon | 50.2 |
57 | Lisbon | 49.5 |
58 | Moscow | 49.4 |
59 | Tel Aviv | 49.3 |
60 | Buenos Aires | 49.2 |
61 | Bangkok | 49.0 |
62 | São Paulo | 48.3 |
63 | Fukuoka | 47.7 |
64 | Busan | 47.4 |
64 | Guangzhou | 47.4 |
66 | Kraków | 47.3 |
67 | Johannesburg | 47.1 |
68 | Delhi | 46.7 |
68 | Santiago | 46.7 |
70 | Mumbai | 46.6 |
71 | Mexico City | 46.2 |
72 | Athens | 46.1 |
73 | Cape Town | 45.9 |
74 | Istanbul | 45.5 |
75 | Tianjin | 45.4 |
76 | Bucharest | 44.9 |
76 | Rio de Janeiro | 44.9 |
78 | Panama City | 44.8 |
79 | Bangalore | 44.6 |
80 | Kuwait City | 44.2 |
Rank | City | Score |
---|---|---|
81 | Jakarta | 44.1 |
82 | Dalian | 44.0 |
83 | Chengdu | 43.5 |
84 | Suzhou | 43.4 |
85 | Manila | 43.2 |
86 | Muscat | 43.0 |
87 | Chongqing | 42.9 |
88 | Lima | 42.5 |
89 | Bogotá | 42.3 |
90 | Monterrey | 42.2 |
91 | Qingdao | 42.1 |
92 | Ahmedabad | 41.9 |
93 | Hangzhou | 41.6 |
94 | Durban | 41.2 |
95 | Ankara | 40.9 |
96 | Medellín | 40.0 |
97 | Pune | 39.8 |
98 | Belo Horizonte | 39.4 |
98 | Hyderabad | 39.4 |
100 | Almaty | 39.3 |
100 | Saint Petersburg | 39.3 |
102 | Guadalajara | 39.0 |
102 | Porto Alegre | 39.0 |
104 | Hanoi | 38.8 |
105 | Chennai | 38.1 |
106 | Kolkata | 37.8 |
106 | Riyadh | 37.8 |
108 | Kiev | 36.9 |
109 | Ho Chi Minh City | 36.5 |
110 | Surabaya | 35.9 |
111 | Colombo | 35.6 |
112 | Karachi | 35.5 |
113 | Cairo | 35.0 |
114 | Bandung | 34.8 |
115 | Nairobi | 34.6 |
116 | Alexandria | 31.8 |
117 | Beirut | 30.6 |
118 | Dhaka | 27.7 |
119 | Lagos | 27.6 |
120 | Tehran | 27.2 |
See also
- Metropolis
- Megalopolis (city type)
- List of cities by GDP
- Primate city
- Financial centre
- Ecumenopolis
- Ranally city rating system
- Index of urban studies articles
References
- ^ Sassen, Saskia - The global city: strategic site/new frontier
- ^ Sassen, Saskia - The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. (1991) - Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07063-6
- ^ "UK History". History.ac.uk. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Doel, M. & Hubbard, P., (2002), "Taking World Cities Literally: Marketing the City in a Global Space of flows", City, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 351-368. Subscription required
- ^ a b GaWC Research Bulletin 5, GaWC, Loughborough University, 28 July 1999
- ^ Template:PDFlink, "World Resources 1998-99", WRI, 1998.
- ^ World Indices, Bloomberg
- ^ J.V. Beaverstock, World City Networks 'From Below', GaWC, Loughborough University, 29 September 2010
- ^ Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 - City rankings, Mercer, 12 July 2011
- ^ Template:PDFlink, "World Resources 1998-99", WRI, 1998
- ^ City Profiles, UN
- ^ Template:PDFlink, WBCSD
- ^ Template:PDFlink, United Nations, 2004
- ^ World-wide quality of living survey, Mercer, 10 April 2006
- ^ P. De Groote, Economic and Tourism Aspects of the Olympic Games, GaWC, Loughborough University, 21 September 2005
- ^ K. O'Connor, International Students and Global Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University, 17 February 2005
- ^ World Heritage List, UNESCO
- ^ "Estimated Ridership of the World's Largest Public Transit Systems, 1998". People.hofstra.edu. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ Template:PDFlink, October 2003
- ^ "Traffic Intensity by International Urban Area: 1990". Publicpurpose.com. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ Mapping the Global Network Economy on the Basis of Air Passenger Transport Flows, GaWC, Loughborough University, 8 December 2004
- ^ "The World's Best Skylines".
- ^ "The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. Loughborough University. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ a b "The World According to GaWC". GaWC. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
- ^ "2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook" (PDF). Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ The main parameters are "Business activity" (30%), "Human capital" (30%), "Information exchange" (15%), "Cultural experience" (15%) and "Political engagement" (10%). "The 2008 Global Cities Index". Foreign Policy (November/December 2008). 21 October 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
- ^ Richard Florida (8 May 2012). "What Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City?". The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ "The Top 10 most powerful cities in the world". Yahoo! India Finance. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ "Global Power City Index 2012". Tokyo, Japan: Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation. October, 2012.
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(help) - ^ "The Wealth Report 2013". Knight Frank LLP.
- ^ "The Global City Competitiveness Index" (PDF). Managementthinking.eiu.com. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
External links
- Repository of Links Relating to Urban Places
- The World-System’s City System: A Research Agenda by Jeffrey Kentor and Michael Timberlake of the University of Utah and David Smith of University of California, Irvine
- The State of the World's Cities, 2001, UN Human Settlements Programme