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{{about||the musical group|Geographer (band)|the 17th-century painting|The Geographer}} |
{{about||the musical group|Geographer (band)|the 17th-century painting|The Geographer}} |
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[[File:The Geographer.jpg|thumb|''[[The Geographer]]'' (1668-69), by [[Johannes Vermeer]] ]] |
[[File:The Geographer.jpg|thumb|''[[The Geographer]]'' (1668-69), by [[Johannes Vermeer]] ]] |
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A '''geographer''' is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is [[geography]], the study of |
A '''geographer''' is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is [[geography]], the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts. The Greek prefix "geo" means "earth" and the Greek suffix, "graphy," meaning "description," so a geographer is someone who studies the earth.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arrowsmith |first=Aaron |author-link=Aaron Arrowsmith |date=1832 |title=A Grammar of Modern Geography |chapter=Chapter II: The World |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_grammar_of_modern_geography_With_Praxi/N1XWyAVQJh0C |publisher=[[King's College School]] |pages=20-21 |access-date=4 October 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004030824/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_grammar_of_modern_geography_With_Praxi/N1XWyAVQJh0C |url-status=live }}</ref> The word "[[geography]]" is a [[Middle French]] word that is believed to have been first used in 1540.<ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=geography (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/geography |access-date=10 October 2018 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Douglas Harper |format=Web article |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801043319/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=geography |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Although geographers are historically known as people who make [[maps]], map making is actually the field of study of [[cartography]], a subset of geography. Geographers do not study only the details of the natural environment or human society, but they also study the reciprocal relationship between these two. For example, they study how the natural environment contributes to human society and how human society affects the natural environment. |
Although geographers are historically known as people who make [[maps]], map making is actually the field of study of [[cartography]], a subset of geography. Geographers do not study only the details of the natural environment or human society, but they also study the reciprocal relationship between these two. For example, they study how the natural environment contributes to human society and how human society affects the natural environment.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pedley |editor-first1=Mary Sponberg |editor-last2=Edney |editor-first2=Matthew H. |editor-link2=Matthew H. Edney |date=2020 |title=The History of Cartography, Volume 4: Cartography in the European Enlightenment |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Cartography_Volume_4/m9fkDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |pages=557-558 |isbn=9780226339221 |access-date=4 October 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004030825/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Cartography_Volume_4/m9fkDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In particular, physical geographers study the natural environment while human geographers study human society and culture. Some geographers are practitioners of GIS ([[geographic information system]]) and are often employed by local, state, and federal government agencies as well as in the private sector by environmental and engineering firms. |
In particular, physical geographers study the natural environment while human geographers study human society and culture. Some geographers are practitioners of GIS ([[geographic information system]]) and are often employed by local, state, and federal government agencies as well as in the private sector by environmental and engineering firms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geographers : Occupational Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/mobile/geographers.htm|access-date=2021-10-06|website=www.bls.gov}}</ref> |
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The paintings by [[Johannes Vermeer]] titled ''[[The Geographer]]'' and ''[[The Astronomer (Vermeer)|The Astronomer]]'' are both thought to represent the growing influence and rise in prominence of scientific enquiry in Europe at the time of their painting in 1668–69. |
The paintings by [[Johannes Vermeer]] titled ''[[The Geographer]]'' and ''[[The Astronomer (Vermeer)|The Astronomer]]'' are both thought to represent the growing influence and rise in prominence of scientific enquiry in Europe at the time of their painting in 1668–69. |
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== Areas of study == |
== Areas of study == |
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{{History of geography sidebar}} |
{{History of geography sidebar}} |
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There are three major fields of study, which are further subdivided: |
There are three major fields of study, which are further subdivided:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three types of Geography |url=https://www.kingarthurs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Year-6-Geography-Transition-Task.pdf}}</ref> |
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* [[Human geography]]: including [[Urban geography]], [[cultural geography]], [[economic geography]], [[political geography]], [[historical geography]], [[marketing geography]], [[health geography]], and [[social geography]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nel |first=Etienne |date=2010-11-23 |title=The dictionary of human geography, 5th edition - Edited by Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael J. Watts and Sarah Whatmore |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2010.01189_4.x |journal=New Zealand Geographer |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=234–236 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7939.2010.01189_4.x |issn=0028-8144}}</ref> |
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* [[Physical geography]]: including [[geomorphology]], [[hydrology]], [[glaciology]], [[biogeography]], [[climatology]], [[meteorology]], [[Pedology (soil study)|pedology]], [[oceanography]], [[geodesy]], and [[environmental geography]]. |
* [[Physical geography]]: including [[geomorphology]], [[hydrology]], [[glaciology]], [[biogeography]], [[climatology]], [[meteorology]], [[Pedology (soil study)|pedology]], [[oceanography]], [[geodesy]], and [[environmental geography]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marsh |first=William M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797965742 |title=Physical geography : great systems and global environments |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Martin M. Kaufman |isbn=978-0-521-76428-5 |location=Cambridge |oclc=797965742}}</ref> |
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* [[Human geography]]: including [[Urban geography]], [[cultural geography]], [[economic geography]], [[political geography]], [[historical geography]], [[marketing geography]], [[health geography]], and [[social geography]]. |
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* [[Regional geography]]: including [[atmosphere]], [[biosphere]], and [[lithosphere]] |
* [[Regional geography]]: including [[atmosphere]], [[biosphere]], and [[lithosphere]]. |
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The [[National Geographic Society]] identifies five broad key [[Five themes of geography|themes]] for geographers: |
The [[National Geographic Society]] identifies five broad key [[Five themes of geography|themes]] for geographers: |
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* human-environment interaction |
* human-environment interaction |
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* movement |
* movement |
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*regions<ref>{{ |
*regions<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2008 |title=Geography Education @ |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/education/themes.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207230321/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/education/themes.html |archive-date=7 February 2010 |access-date=16 July 2013 |website=Nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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*[[Geography]] |
*[[Geography]] |
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*[[Human geography]] |
*[[Human geography]] |
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*[[Outline of geography]] |
*[[Outline of geography]] |
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*[[Physical geography]] |
*[[Physical geography]] |
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* '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Geography}}</small>''''' |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Geographers| ]] |
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[[Category:Science occupations]] |
[[Category:Science occupations]] |
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[[Category:Social science occupations]] |
[[Category:Social science occupations]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Humanities occupations]] |
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[[Category:Academic disciplines]] |