m Journal cites, added 1 DOI, added 1 issue number, using AWB (8487) |
Flyer22 Frozen (talk | contribs) Tweaks/Cuts. Merged G-Spot amplification into this article as there isn't enough material on the topic, especially medical material, for the article to significantly grow beyond what it was. Not to mention, medical authorities are against the surgery. |
||
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
Although the G-Spot has been studied since the 1940s,<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/> disagreement persists over its existence as a distinct structure, definition and location.<ref name="Hines">{{cite journal |author=Hines T |year=2001 |month=August |title=The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=359–62 | doi=10.1067/mob.2001.115995 |pmid=11518892}}</ref><ref name="CNNreal">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/01/05/g.spot.sex.women/index.html |title=Finding the G-spot: Is it real?|publisher=[[CNN]].com|date=January, 05, 2010|accessdate=November 7, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Kilchevsky">{{cite journal |authors=Kilchevsky A, Vardi Y, Lowenstein L, Gruenwald I.|title=Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?|journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]]|volume= 2011|issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month= January |pmid=22240236|laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x|laysummary=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/19/g-spot-does-not-exist_n_1215822.html G-Spot Does Not Exist, 'Without A Doubt,' Say Researchers -|laysource=''[[Huffington Post]]''|laydate=January 19, 2012}}</ref> A 2009 British study concluded that its existence is unproven and subjective, based on questionnaires and personal experience.<ref name="CNNreal"/> Other studies, using [[ultrasound]], have found physiological evidence of the G-Spot in women who report having orgasms during intercourse.<ref name="CNNreal"/><ref name="Aquila">{{cite journal |author=Gravina GL, Brandetti F, Martini P, ''et al.'' |title=Measurement of the Thickness of the Urethrovaginal Space in Women with or without Vaginal Orgasm |journal=J Sex Med |volume= 5|issue= 3|pages=610–8|year=2008 |pmid=18221286 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00739.x}}</ref> It is also hypothesized that the G-Spot is an extension of the [[clitoris]] and that this is the cause of vaginal orgasms.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/><ref name="Masters and Johnson">{{cite book |last=Federation of Feminist Women’s Health Centers |year=1991 |title=A New View of a Woman’s Body |publisher= Feminist Heath Press |pages=46 |isbn=0-929945-0-2}}</ref><ref name="O'Connell">{{cite journal |author=O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM |title=Anatomy of the clitoris |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=174 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=1189–95 |year=2005 |month=October |pmid=16145367 |laysummary=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5013866.stm Time for rethink on the clitoris: |laysource=[[BBC News]] |laydate=11 June 2006 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd}}</ref><ref name="Can't find it">{{Cite news|first=Brian|last=Alexander|url=http://todayhealth.today.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/18/10177335-does-the-g-spot-really-exist-scientist-cant-find-it|title=Does the G-spot really exist? Scientists can't find it|publisher=[[MSNBC]].com|date=January 18, 2012|accessdate=March 2, 2012}}</ref> |
Although the G-Spot has been studied since the 1940s,<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/> disagreement persists over its existence as a distinct structure, definition and location.<ref name="Hines">{{cite journal |author=Hines T |year=2001 |month=August |title=The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=359–62 | doi=10.1067/mob.2001.115995 |pmid=11518892}}</ref><ref name="CNNreal">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/01/05/g.spot.sex.women/index.html |title=Finding the G-spot: Is it real?|publisher=[[CNN]].com|date=January, 05, 2010|accessdate=November 7, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Kilchevsky">{{cite journal |authors=Kilchevsky A, Vardi Y, Lowenstein L, Gruenwald I.|title=Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?|journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]]|volume= 2011|issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month= January |pmid=22240236|laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x|laysummary=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/19/g-spot-does-not-exist_n_1215822.html G-Spot Does Not Exist, 'Without A Doubt,' Say Researchers -|laysource=''[[Huffington Post]]''|laydate=January 19, 2012}}</ref> A 2009 British study concluded that its existence is unproven and subjective, based on questionnaires and personal experience.<ref name="CNNreal"/> Other studies, using [[ultrasound]], have found physiological evidence of the G-Spot in women who report having orgasms during intercourse.<ref name="CNNreal"/><ref name="Aquila">{{cite journal |author=Gravina GL, Brandetti F, Martini P, ''et al.'' |title=Measurement of the Thickness of the Urethrovaginal Space in Women with or without Vaginal Orgasm |journal=J Sex Med |volume= 5|issue= 3|pages=610–8|year=2008 |pmid=18221286 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00739.x}}</ref> It is also hypothesized that the G-Spot is an extension of the [[clitoris]] and that this is the cause of vaginal orgasms.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/><ref name="Masters and Johnson">{{cite book |last=Federation of Feminist Women’s Health Centers |year=1991 |title=A New View of a Woman’s Body |publisher= Feminist Heath Press |pages=46 |isbn=0-929945-0-2}}</ref><ref name="O'Connell">{{cite journal |author=O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM |title=Anatomy of the clitoris |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=174 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=1189–95 |year=2005 |month=October |pmid=16145367 |laysummary=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5013866.stm Time for rethink on the clitoris: |laysource=[[BBC News]] |laydate=11 June 2006 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd}}</ref><ref name="Can't find it">{{Cite news|first=Brian|last=Alexander|url=http://todayhealth.today.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/18/10177335-does-the-g-spot-really-exist-scientist-cant-find-it|title=Does the G-spot really exist? Scientists can't find it|publisher=[[MSNBC]].com|date=January 18, 2012|accessdate=March 2, 2012}}</ref> |
||
[[Sexology|Sexologists]] and other researchers are concerned that women may consider themselves to be dysfunctional if they do not experience the G-Spot.<ref name="BBCGspotDetected">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7254523.stm |title=BBC NEWS | Health | Female G spot 'can be detected' |format= |work=html |accessdate=2010-01-03 | date=2008-02-20}}</ref><ref name="BBC8439000">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8439000.stm |title=BBC News - The G-spot 'doesn't appear to exist', say researchers |work= |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=2010-01-04}}</ref><ref name="YvonneRoberts">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jan/05/g-spot-women-study |title=The real G-spot myth | Yvonne Roberts | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk |format= |work= The Guardian|accessdate=2010-05-02 | location=London | date=2010-01-05}}</ref> Some women have undergone a [[plastic surgery]] procedure called [[G-Spot amplification]] to enhance its sensitivity.<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/> |
[[Sexology|Sexologists]] and other researchers are concerned that women may consider themselves to be dysfunctional if they do not experience the G-Spot, and emphasize that it is normal to not experience it.<ref name="BBCGspotDetected">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7254523.stm |title=BBC NEWS | Health | Female G spot 'can be detected' |format= |work=html |accessdate=2010-01-03 | date=2008-02-20}}</ref><ref name="BBC8439000">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8439000.stm |title=BBC News - The G-spot 'doesn't appear to exist', say researchers |work= |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=2010-01-04}}</ref><ref name="YvonneRoberts">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jan/05/g-spot-women-study |title=The real G-spot myth | Yvonne Roberts | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk |format= |work= The Guardian|accessdate=2010-05-02 | location=London | date=2010-01-05}}</ref> Some women have undergone a [[plastic surgery]] procedure called G-Spot amplification ([[#G-Spot amplification|see below]]) in an effort to enhance its sensitivity.<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/> |
||
==History== |
==History== |
||
Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
{{See also|Skene's gland|Urethral sponge}} |
{{See also|Skene's gland|Urethral sponge}} |
||
In 2001, the [[International Federation of Associations of Anatomists|Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology]] accepted ''female prostate'' as an accurate term for the [[Skene's gland]], which is believed to be found in the G-Spot area along the walls of the urethra.<ref name="the-clitoris.com"/> |
In 2001, the [[International Federation of Associations of Anatomists|Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology]] accepted ''female prostate'' as an accurate term for the [[Skene's gland]], which is believed to be found in the G-Spot area along the walls of the urethra.<ref name="the-clitoris.com"/> The male prostate is biologically [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to the Skene's gland;<ref>{{cite journal | author = Zaviacic M, Jakubovská V, Belosovic M, Breza J|title = Ultrastructure of the normal adult human female prostate gland (Skene's gland) | journal = Anat Embryol (Berl) | volume = 201 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–61 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10603093}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1111.2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00542.x}}</ref> it has been unofficially called the male G-Spot because it can also be used as an erogenous zone.<ref name="about.com">{{cite web |url=http://sexuality.about.com/od/analplay/ht/htprostate.htm |title=How to Find and Stimulate the Prostate – Exploring Anal Play for Men |work= |accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref> It is located where the rectum joins the colon, about 50 [[millimeter|mm]] (2 in) from the [[anus]], and when aroused it is a walnut-shaped swelling. |
||
|first=Z |last=Zaviacic |coauthors=RJ Ablin. |year=2000 |month=January|title=The female prostate and prostate-specific antigen. Immunohistochemical localization, implications of this prostate marker in women and reasons for using the term "prostate" in the human female|journal=Histol Histopathol.|volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=131–42 |pmid=10668204 |url=}}</ref> The male prostate is biologically [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to the Skene's gland.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Zaviacic M, Jakubovská V, Belosovic M, Breza J|title = Ultrastructure of the normal adult human female prostate gland (Skene's gland) | journal = Anat Embryol (Berl) | volume = 201 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–61 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10603093}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1111.2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00542.x}}</ref> Regnier de Graaf, in 1672, observed that the secretions (female ejaculation) by the erogenous zone in the vagina<ref name="Roeckelein2006p256"/> lubricates "in agreeable fashion during coitus".<ref name="the-clitoris.com"/> |
|||
⚫ | Regnier de Graaf, in 1672, observed that the secretions (female ejaculation) by the erogenous zone in the vagina<ref name="Roeckelein2006p256"/> lubricates "in agreeable fashion during coitus".<ref name="the-clitoris.com"/> Modern scientific hypotheses linking G-Spot sensitivity with female ejaculation led to the idea that non-urine female ejaculate may originate from the Skene's gland.<ref name="Kratochvíl">{{cite journal | author = Kratochvíl S | title = Orgasmic expulsions in women | journal = Cesk Psychiatr | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 71–7 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8004685}}</ref><ref name="Zaviacic"">{{cite journal | author = Zaviacic M, Jakubovská V, Belosovic M, Breza J | title = Ultrastructure of the normal adult human female prostate gland (Skene's gland) | journal = Anat Embryol (Berl) | volume = 201 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–61 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10603093}}</ref><ref name="Rabinerson & Horowitz">{{cite journal |author=Rabinerson D, Horowitz E |title=[G-spot and female ejaculation: fiction or reality?] |language=Hebrew |journal=Harefuah |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=145–7, 163 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17352286 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1111.2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00542.x}}</ref> Tissue examination showed 15 [[prostate-specific antigen]] in the gland,<ref>{{cite journal |author =Tepper, Sl; Jagirdar, J; Heath, D; Geller, SA. |year =1984 |title =Homology between the female paraurethral (Skene's) glands and the prostate.|journal =Arch Pathol Lab Med.|volume =108 |pages =423–425 |pmid =6546868 |issue =5}}</ref> with the Skene's gland and male prostate acting similarly in terms of prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific [[acid phosphatase]] studies,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pollen|first=JJ|coauthors=A. Dreilinger|year=1984|month=March|title=Immunohistochemical identification of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in female periurethral glands|journal=Urology.|volume=23|issue=3|pages=303–4|pmid=6199882|url=|doi=10.1016/S0090-4295(84)90053-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=N|last=Wernert|coauthors=M Albrech, I Sesterhenn, R Goebbels, H Bonkhoff, G Seitz, R Inniger, K Remberger.|year=1992|month=|title=The 'female prostate': location, morphology, immunohistochemical characteristics and significance|journal=Eur Urol.|volume=22|issue=1|pages=64–9|pmid=1385145|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Z|last=Zaviacic|coauthors=M Ruzicková, J Jakubovský, L Danihel, P Babál, J Blazeková.|year=1994|month=November |title=The significance of prostate markers in the orthology of the female prostate|journal=Bratisl Lek Listy.|volume=95|issue=11|pages=491–7|pmid=7533639|url=}}</ref> which led to a trend of calling the Skene's glands the female prostate.<ref>{{cite journal |author =Zaviacic, M; Ablin, RJ. |year =2000 |title =The female prostate and prostate-specific antigen. Immunohistochemical localization, implications for this prostate marker in women, and reasons for using the term "prostate in the human female. |journal =Histol Histopathol |volume =15 |pages =131–142 |pmid =10668204 |issue =1}}</ref> Consequently, it has been argued that the G-Spot is a system of [[gland]]s and [[duct (anatomy)|ducts]] located within the anterior (front) wall of the vagina about one centimeter from the surface.<ref name="BrooksCole">{{cite book |last=Crooks |first=R |coauthors=Baur, K |title=Our Sexuality |publisher= Brooks/Cole |location=California |year=1999 |isbn=0-495-81347-8}}</ref> A similar approach has linked the G-Spot with the [[urethral sponge]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://womenshealth.about.com/cs/sexuality/a/clitoraltruthin.htm|title= "The Clitoral Truth": An Interview With Author Rebecca Chalker|publisher=About.com: Women's Health|author=Tracee Cornforth|year=2004}}</ref> The enzyme [[CGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5|PDE5]] (involved with [[erectile dysfunction]]) has additionally been associated with the G-Spot area.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nicola Jones|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2495|title= Bigger is better when it comes to the G-Spot|date=3 July 2002|journal=New Scientist}}</ref> |
||
The prostate in men has been unofficially called the male G-Spot because it can also be used as an erogenous zone.<ref name="about.com">{{cite web |url=http://sexuality.about.com/od/analplay/ht/htprostate.htm |title=How to Find and Stimulate the Prostate – Exploring Anal Play for Men |work= |accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref> It is located where the rectum joins the colon, about 50 [[millimeter|mm]] (2 in) from the [[anus]], and when aroused it is a walnut-shaped swelling. |
|||
⚫ | |||
Several researchers consider the connection between the Skene's gland and the G-Spot to be weak.<ref name="Hines"/><ref name="santos">{{cite journal |author=Santos, F Taboga, S. |year=2003 |title=Female prostate: a review about biological repercussions of this gland in humans and rodents. |journal=Animal Reproduction. |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages= 3–18}}</ref> They contend that the Skene's gland does not appear to have receptors for touch stimulation, and that there is no direct evidence for its involvement.<ref name="Alzate">{{cite journal |author =Alzate H Hoch Z |year =1986 |title =The "G spot" and "female ejaculation": a current appraisal. |journal =J Sex Marital Ther. |volume =12 |issue =3 |pages =211–20 |pmid =3531529 |doi=10.1080/00926238608415407}}</ref> |
Several researchers consider the connection between the Skene's gland and the G-Spot to be weak.<ref name="Hines"/><ref name="santos">{{cite journal |author=Santos, F Taboga, S. |year=2003 |title=Female prostate: a review about biological repercussions of this gland in humans and rodents. |journal=Animal Reproduction. |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages= 3–18}}</ref> They contend that the Skene's gland does not appear to have receptors for touch stimulation, and that there is no direct evidence for its involvement.<ref name="Alzate">{{cite journal |author =Alzate H Hoch Z |year =1986 |title =The "G spot" and "female ejaculation": a current appraisal. |journal =J Sex Marital Ther. |volume =12 |issue =3 |pages =211–20 |pmid =3531529 |doi=10.1080/00926238608415407}}</ref> |
||
Line 58: | Line 55: | ||
Like Burri, Dr. Petra Boynton, a British scientist who has written extensively on the G-Spot debate,<ref name="drpetra">[http://www.drpetra.co.uk/blog/where-have-all-the-g-spots-gone/ Where have all the g spots gone?] - Dr Petra Boynton</ref> is concerned about the promotion of the G-Spot leading women to feel "dysfunctional" if they do not experience it. "We're all different. Some women will have a certain area within the vagina which will be very sensitive, and some won't{{mdash}}but they won't necessarily be in the area called the G-Spot," stated Boynton. "If a woman spends all her time worrying about whether she is normal, or has a G-Spot or not, she will focus on just one area, and ignore everything else. It's telling people that there is a single, best way to have sex, which isn't the right thing to do."<ref name="BBCGspotDetected"/> |
Like Burri, Dr. Petra Boynton, a British scientist who has written extensively on the G-Spot debate,<ref name="drpetra">[http://www.drpetra.co.uk/blog/where-have-all-the-g-spots-gone/ Where have all the g spots gone?] - Dr Petra Boynton</ref> is concerned about the promotion of the G-Spot leading women to feel "dysfunctional" if they do not experience it. "We're all different. Some women will have a certain area within the vagina which will be very sensitive, and some won't{{mdash}}but they won't necessarily be in the area called the G-Spot," stated Boynton. "If a woman spends all her time worrying about whether she is normal, or has a G-Spot or not, she will focus on just one area, and ignore everything else. It's telling people that there is a single, best way to have sex, which isn't the right thing to do."<ref name="BBCGspotDetected"/> |
||
The G-Spot having an anatomical relationship with the clitoris has also been challenged. Vincenzo Puppo, who, while agreeing that the clitoris is the locus of female sexual pleasure, disagrees with Helen O'Connell and other researchers' terminological and anatomical descriptions of the clitoris. "Clitoral bulbs is an incorrect term from an embryological and anatomical viewpoint, in fact the bulbs do not develop from the phallus, and they do not belong to the clitoris: 'clitoral bulbs' is not a term used in human anatomy, the correct term is the vestibular bulbs," stated Puppo. "Gynecologists, sexual medicine experts, and sexologists should spread certainties for all women, not hypotheses or personal opinions, they should use scientific terminology: clitoral/vaginal/uterine orgasm, G/A/C/U spot orgasm, and female ejaculation, are terms that should not be used by sexologists, women, and mass media." |
The G-Spot having an anatomical relationship with the clitoris has also been challenged. Vincenzo Puppo, who, while agreeing that the clitoris is the locus of female sexual pleasure, disagrees with Helen O'Connell and other researchers' terminological and anatomical descriptions of the clitoris. "Clitoral bulbs is an incorrect term from an embryological and anatomical viewpoint, in fact the bulbs do not develop from the phallus, and they do not belong to the clitoris: 'clitoral bulbs' is not a term used in human anatomy, the correct term is the vestibular bulbs," stated Puppo. "Gynecologists, sexual medicine experts, and sexologists should spread certainties for all women, not hypotheses or personal opinions, they should use scientific terminology: clitoral/vaginal/uterine orgasm, G/A/C/U spot orgasm, and female ejaculation, are terms that should not be used by sexologists, women, and mass media." He argues that the "anterior vaginal wall is separated from the posterior urethral wall by the urethrovaginal septum (its thickness is 10–12 mm)" and that the "inner clitoris" does not exist. "The female perineal urethra, which is located in front of the anterior vaginal wall, is about one centimeter in length and the G-Spot is located in the pelvic wall of the urethra, 2–3 cm into the vagina," Puppo stated. "The male penis cannot come in contact with the venous plexus of [[Georg Ludwig Kobelt|Kobelt]] (situated until the angle of the clitoris) or with the roots of the clitoris (which do not have sensory receptors or erogenous sensitivity) during vaginal intercourse." Puppo did, however, dismiss the orgasmic definition of the G-Spot that emerged after Ernst Gräfenberg, stating that "there is no anatomical evidence of the vaginal orgasm which was invented by Freud in 1905, without any scientific basis".<ref name="Puppo">{{cite journal |author=Vincenzo Puppo |title=Anatomy of the Clitoris: Revision and Clarifications about the Anatomical Terms for the Clitoris Proposed (without Scientific Bases) by Helen O'Connell, Emmanuele Jannini, and Odile Buisson.|journal=ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume= 2011|issue=ID 261464 |pages=5 |year=2011 |month= September |pmid=21941661|laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |doi=10.5402/2011/261464 |pmc=3175415}}</ref> |
||
In contrast to Puppo's belief that there is no anatomical relationship between the clitoris and vagina, |
In contrast to Puppo's belief that there is no anatomical relationship between the clitoris and vagina, the majority of researchers maintain that vaginal orgasms are the result of clitoral stimulation, reaffirming that clitoral tissue extends even in the area most commonly reported to be the G-Spot.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/><ref name="Can't find it"/><ref name="Sex and Society">{{cite book|authors=[[Marshall Cavendish|Marshall Cavendish Corporation]]|title=Sex and Society, Volume 2|isbn =0761479074, 9780761479079|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish|Marshall Cavendish Corporation]]|year=2009|page=590|accessdate=August 17, 2012|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YtsxeWE7VD0C&pg=PA590&lpg=PA590&dq=Although+he+had+no+scientific+basis+for+his+statement&source=bl&ots=YYqoNBXCQG&sig=nnvYKw8J2SYIo7WSGVSIAgdkoac&hl=en&sa=X&ei=asc_UJujIaWI2gWb1YH4Dg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Although%20he%20had%20no%20scientific%20basis%20for%20his%20statement&f=false}}</ref> "My view is that the G-Spot is really just the extension of the clitoris on the inside of the vagina, analogous to the base of the male penis," said Amichai Kilchevsky. Because all humans start out as female in the womb and therefore the penis is essentially an enlarged clitoris, changed by male hormones, Kilchevsky believes that there is no evolutionary reason why females would have two separate structures capable of producing orgasms and blames the porn industry and "G-Spot promoters" for "encouraging the myth" of a distinct G-Spot.<ref name="Can't find it"/> Arguments that vaginal orgasms help encourage sexual intercourse in order to facilitate reproduction are challenged by the fact that vaginal orgasms are significantly difficult to achieve,<ref name="Kilchevsky"/><ref name="Lloyd"/> a predicament that is believed to be the result of nature easing the process of child bearing by drastically reducing the number of vaginal nerve endings.<ref name="Weiten">{{Cite book|authors=Wayne Weiten, Dana S. Dunn, Elizabeth Yost Hammer|title=Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century|isbn =1-111-18663-4, 9781111186630|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2011|pages=688 pages|accessdate=January 5, 2012|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CGu96TeAZo0C&pg=PT423&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MwIGT-jxEojU2AWzv5ylCg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=false}}</ref> However, one study, published in 2011, which was the first to map the female genitals onto the sensory portion of the brain,<ref name="Komisaruk">{{Cite journal|author=Komisaruk, B. R., Wise, N., Frangos, E., Liu, W.-C., Allen, K. and Brody, S. |title=Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |year=2011|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x|laysummary= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/08/05/scitech/main20088836.shtml Surprise finding in response to nipple stimulation |laysource=[[CBS|CBSnews.com]]|laydate=August 5, 2011}}</ref> keeps "the possibility of a discrete G-Spot viable". When a [[Rutgers University]] research team asked several women to stimulate themselves in a [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|functional magnetic resonance]] (fMRI) machine, brain scans showed stimulating the clitoris, vagina and cervix lit up distinct areas of the women's sensory cortex,<ref name="Komisaruk"/> which means the brain registered distinct feelings between stimulating the clitoris, the cervix and the vaginal wall – where the G-Spot is reported to be. "I think that the bulk of the evidence shows that the G-Spot is not a particular thing," stated Barry Komisaruk, head of the research findings. "It's not like saying, 'What is the thyroid gland?' The G-Spot is more of a thing like New York City is a thing. It's a region, it's a convergence of many different structures."<ref name="Kilchevsky"/> |
||
In 2010, ''[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]]'' planned a debate and publications from both sides of the G-Spot issue.<ref name="TimesOnline"/> In 2012, scholars Kilchevsky, Vardi, Lowenstein and Gruenwald stated in the journal, "Reports in the public media would lead one to believe the G-Spot is a well-characterized entity capable of providing extreme sexual stimulation, yet this is far from the truth." The authors cited that dozens of trials have attempted to confirm the existence of a G-Spot using surveys, pathologic specimens, various imaging modalities, and biochemical markers, and concluded:<blockquote>The surveys found that a majority of women believe a G-Spot actually exists, although not all of the women who believed in it were able to locate it. Attempts to characterize vaginal innervation have shown some differences in nerve distribution across the vagina, although the findings have not proven to be universally reproducible. Furthermore, radiographic studies have been unable to demonstrate a unique entity, other than the clitoris, whose direct stimulation leads to vaginal orgasm. Objective measures have failed to provide strong and consistent evidence for the existence of an anatomical site that could be related to the famed G-Spot. However, reliable reports and anecdotal testimonials of the existence of a highly sensitive area in the distal anterior vaginal wall raise the question of whether enough investigative modalities have been implemented in the search of the G-Spot.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/></blockquote> |
In 2010, ''[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]]'' planned a debate and publications from both sides of the G-Spot issue.<ref name="TimesOnline"/> In 2012, scholars Kilchevsky, Vardi, Lowenstein and Gruenwald stated in the journal, "Reports in the public media would lead one to believe the G-Spot is a well-characterized entity capable of providing extreme sexual stimulation, yet this is far from the truth." The authors cited that dozens of trials have attempted to confirm the existence of a G-Spot using surveys, pathologic specimens, various imaging modalities, and biochemical markers, and concluded:<blockquote>The surveys found that a majority of women believe a G-Spot actually exists, although not all of the women who believed in it were able to locate it. Attempts to characterize vaginal innervation have shown some differences in nerve distribution across the vagina, although the findings have not proven to be universally reproducible. Furthermore, radiographic studies have been unable to demonstrate a unique entity, other than the clitoris, whose direct stimulation leads to vaginal orgasm. Objective measures have failed to provide strong and consistent evidence for the existence of an anatomical site that could be related to the famed G-Spot. However, reliable reports and anecdotal testimonials of the existence of a highly sensitive area in the distal anterior vaginal wall raise the question of whether enough investigative modalities have been implemented in the search of the G-Spot.<ref name="Kilchevsky"/></blockquote> |
||
===G-Spot amplification=== |
|||
G-Spot amplification (also called G-Spot augmentation or the G-Shot) is a procedure intended to temporarily increase pleasure in sexually active women with normal sexual function, focusing on increasing the size and sensitivity of the G-Spot. The G-Spot amplification is performed by attempting to locate the G-Spot and noting measurements for future reference. After numbing the area with a local anesthetic, human engineered [[collagen]] is then injected directly under the [[mucosa]] in the area the G-Spot is concluded to be in.<ref name="parties" /> |
|||
A position paper published by the [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] in 2007 warns that there is no valid medical reason to perform the procedure, which is not considered routine or accepted by the College; and it has not been proven to be safe or effective. The potential risks include sexual dysfunction,<ref name="parties">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=4312986 |publisher=ABC News |title= G-Shot Parties: A Shot at Better Sex?|author=Childs, Dan|date=2008-02-20|accessdate=2010-01-17}}</ref> infection, altered sensation, [[dyspareunia]], adhesions and scarring. The College position is that it is untenable to recommend the procedure.<ref>{{cite journal |author= |title=ACOG Committee Opinion No. 378: Vaginal "rejuvenation" and cosmetic vaginal procedures |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=737–8 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17766626 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000263927.82639.9b}}</ref> This procedure is not approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] or the [[American Medical Association]], and no [[peer review|peer-reviewed]] studies have been accepted to account for either safety or effectiveness of this treatment.<ref name="parties"/> |
|||
==Sex toys== |
==Sex toys== |
||
Line 73: | Line 75: | ||
*[[Human female sexuality]] |
*[[Human female sexuality]] |
||
*[[Human sexuality]] |
*[[Human sexuality]] |
||
*[[Vaginoplasty]] |
|||
*[[Labiaplasty]] |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Revision as of 02:48, 7 November 2012
The Gräfenberg Spot, often called the G-Spot, is defined as a bean-shaped[1] area of the vagina. Some women report that it is an erogenous zone which, when stimulated, can lead to strong sexual arousal, powerful orgasms and female ejaculation.[2] The Gräfenberg Spot is typically described as being located one to three inches (2.5 to 7.6 cm) up the front (anterior) vaginal wall between the vaginal opening and the urethra[3] and is a sensitive area that may be part of the female prostate.[4]
Although the G-Spot has been studied since the 1940s,[5] disagreement persists over its existence as a distinct structure, definition and location.[6][7][8] A 2009 British study concluded that its existence is unproven and subjective, based on questionnaires and personal experience.[7] Other studies, using ultrasound, have found physiological evidence of the G-Spot in women who report having orgasms during intercourse.[7][9] It is also hypothesized that the G-Spot is an extension of the clitoris and that this is the cause of vaginal orgasms.[8][10][11][12]
Sexologists and other researchers are concerned that women may consider themselves to be dysfunctional if they do not experience the G-Spot, and emphasize that it is normal to not experience it.[13][14][15] Some women have undergone a plastic surgery procedure called G-Spot amplification (see below) in an effort to enhance its sensitivity.[5]
History
In the 1600s, Dutch physician Regnier de Graaf described female ejaculation and referred to an erogenous zone in the vagina that he himself linked with the male prostate; this zone was later reported by the German gynecologist Ernst Gräfenberg.[16] The term "G-Spot" was coined by Addiego et al. in 1981, named after Gräfenberg,[17] even though Gräfenberg's 1940s research was dedicated to urethral stimulation; Gräfenberg stated, "An erotic zone always could be demonstrated on the anterior wall of the vagina along the course of the urethra."[18] The concept of the G-Spot entered popular culture after the publication of The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality by Alice Kahn Ladas and Beverly Whipple et al. in 1982,[2] but it was criticized immediately by leading gynecologists.[1][5] They denied its existence, as the absence of arousal made it less likely to observe and autopsy studies did not report it. After the G-Spot was demonstrated for their observation, they changed their opinion.[5]
An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 2350 professional women in the United States and Canada with a subsequent 55% return rate. Of these respondents, 40% reported having a fluid release (ejaculation) at the moment of orgasm. Further, 82% of the women who reported the sensitive area (Gräfenberg Spot) also reported ejaculation with their orgasms. A number of variables were associated with this perceived existence of female ejaculation.[19]
Female prostate
In 2001, the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology accepted female prostate as an accurate term for the Skene's gland, which is believed to be found in the G-Spot area along the walls of the urethra.[4] The male prostate is biologically homologous to the Skene's gland;[20][21] it has been unofficially called the male G-Spot because it can also be used as an erogenous zone.[22] It is located where the rectum joins the colon, about 50 mm (2 in) from the anus, and when aroused it is a walnut-shaped swelling.
Regnier de Graaf, in 1672, observed that the secretions (female ejaculation) by the erogenous zone in the vagina[16] lubricates "in agreeable fashion during coitus".[4] Modern scientific hypotheses linking G-Spot sensitivity with female ejaculation led to the idea that non-urine female ejaculate may originate from the Skene's gland.[23][24][25][26] Tissue examination showed 15 prostate-specific antigen in the gland,[27] with the Skene's gland and male prostate acting similarly in terms of prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase studies,[28][29][30] which led to a trend of calling the Skene's glands the female prostate.[31] Consequently, it has been argued that the G-Spot is a system of glands and ducts located within the anterior (front) wall of the vagina about one centimeter from the surface.[32] A similar approach has linked the G-Spot with the urethral sponge.[33] The enzyme PDE5 (involved with erectile dysfunction) has additionally been associated with the G-Spot area.[34]
Several researchers consider the connection between the Skene's gland and the G-Spot to be weak.[6][35] They contend that the Skene's gland does not appear to have receptors for touch stimulation, and that there is no direct evidence for its involvement.[36]
Sexual stimulation and studies
The location of the G-Spot is typically reported as being about 50 to 80 mm (2 to 3 in) inside the vagina, on the front wall.[5] For some women, stimulating the area creates a more intense orgasm than clitoral stimulation.[3][37] The G-Spot area has been described as needing direct stimulation, especially with firm moves and constant pressure as it is ~1 cm below the surface.[32] Stimulating the area through sexual penetration, especially in the missionary position,[5] is difficult to achieve because of the special angle at which penetration must occur. It is claimed that the best G-Spot stimulation is achieved by using both manual stimulation and sexual intercourse.[3]
Two primary methods have been used to define and locate the G-Spot as a sensitive area in the vagina:[6]
- self-reported levels of arousal during stimulation
- stimulation of the G-Spot leads to female ejaculation
Studies using ultrasound have also been used to identify physiological differences between women[9] and changes to the G-Spot region during sex.[7]
Findings
General
In a 1981 published case study of one woman, it was reported that stimulation of the anterior vaginal wall made the area grow by fifty percent and that self-reported levels of arousal/orgasm were "deeper" when the G-Spot was stimulated.[17] Another study, in 1983, examined eleven women by palpating the entire vagina in a clockwise fashion, and reported a specific response to stimulation of the anterior vaginal wall in four of the women.[38]
Researchers at the University of L'Aquila have found, using ultrasonography, that women who experience vaginal orgasms are statistically more likely to have thicker tissue in the anterior vaginal wall.[9] The researchers believe these findings make it possible for women to have a rapid test to confirm whether or not they have a G-Spot.[39] A French study in late 2009 examined a small number of women with ultrasound as they had intercourse. By examining changes in the vagina, the research team found physiological evidence of the G-Spot.[7]
Though the hypothesis has been challenged (see below), there is some research suggesting that G-Spot and clitoral orgasms are of the same origin. Masters and Johnson were the first to determine that the clitoral structures surround and extend along and within the labia. Upon studying women's sexual response cycle to different stimulation, they observed that both clitoral and vaginal orgasms had the same stages of physical response, and found that the majority of their subjects could only achieve clitoral orgasms, while a minority achieved vaginal orgasms. On this basis, Masters and Johnson argued that clitoral stimulation is the source of both kinds of orgasms,[10][40][41] reasoning that the clitoris is stimulated during penetration by friction against its hood.[42] Professor of genetic epidemiology, Tim Spector, who co-authored research questioning the existence of the G-Spot, finalized in 2009, hypothesizes thicker tissue in the G-Spot area may be part of the clitoris and is not a separate erogenous zone.[13][15] Supporting Spector's conclusion is a study published in 2005 which investigates the size of the clitoris – it suggests that clitoral tissue extends into the anterior wall of the vagina. The main researcher of the studies, Australian urologist Helen O'Connell, asserts that this interconnected relationship is the physiological explanation for the conjectured G-Spot and experience of vaginal orgasms, taking into account the stimulation of the internal parts of the clitoris during vaginal penetration. While using MRI technology, O'Connell noted a direct relationship between the legs or roots of the clitoris and the erectile tissue of the "clitoral bulbs" and corpora, and the distal urethra and vagina. "The vaginal wall is, in fact, the clitoris," said O'Connell. "If you lift the skin off the vagina on the side walls, you get the bulbs of the clitoris – triangular, crescental masses of erectile tissue."[11] O'Connell, who made the claims in 1998, and her team were already aware that the clitoris is more than just its glans – the "little hill". They reasoned that it is possible that some women have more extensive clitoral tissues and nerves than others, and therefore whereas the majority of women can only achieve orgasm by direct stimulation of the external parts of the clitoris, the stimulation of the more generalized tissues of the clitoris via intercourse may be sufficient for others.[11]
French researchers Odile Buisson and Pierre Foldès reported similar findings to that of O'Connell's. In 2008, they published the first complete 3D sonography of the stimulated clitoris, and republished it in 2009 with new research, demonstrating the ways in which erectile tissue of the clitoris engorges and surrounds the vagina. On the basis of this research, they argued that women may be able to achieve vaginal orgasm via stimulation of the G-Spot because the highly innervated clitoris is pulled closely to the anterior wall of the vagina when the woman is sexually aroused and during vaginal penetration. They assert that since the front wall of the vagina is inextricably linked with the internal parts of the clitoris, stimulating the vagina without activating the clitoris may be next to impossible.[43][44] In their 2009 published study, the "coronal planes during perineal contraction and finger penetration demonstrated a close relationship between the root of the clitoris and the anterior vaginal wall". Buisson and Foldès suggested "that the special sensitivity of the lower anterior vaginal wall could be explained by pressure and movement of clitoris's root during a vaginal penetration and subsequent perineal contraction".[44]
In 2011, researcher Adam Ostrzenski claimed to have found the first evidence of G-Spot anatomical structures by dissecting a cadaver in Poland. Between the fifth and sixth layer of the vaginal wall, there were grape-like clusters Ostrzenski believes are erectile tissue that would function as a G-Spot. The research was published in The Journal of Sexual Medicine in 2012. Critics of Ostrzenski's claim note that he provided no evidence that his sample consists of nerve endings, that the structures play a role in arousal, or that they would be in one specific area. Ostrzenski said that part of the reason he did not detail a precise type of tissue and how it works is because the Polish regulations that govern dissection of fresh cadavers prevented him from taking samples for histological testing. He said that he is not suggesting that the G-Spot he reports to have found will be in the same place, or have the same effect, for every woman.[45]
Debates
G-Spot proponents are criticized for giving too much credence to anecdotal evidence, and for questionable investigative methods; for instance, the studies which have yielded positive evidence for a precisely located G-Spot involve small participant samples.[6] Scientific examinations of vaginal wall innervation have generally shown that there is no single area with a greater density of nerve endings.[6] A 2006 study of 110 biopsy specimens drawn from 21 women concluded with the absence of a vaginal locus with greater nerve density.[46] However, while neither the area of the anterior vaginal wall where the G-Spot is said to be located nor the Skene's gland appear to possess them, the urethral sponge, which is thought by some to be homologous to the G-Spot, does contain sensitive nerve endings as well as erectile tissue. It should also be noted that sensitivity is not determined by neuron density alone: other factors include the branching patterns of neuron terminals and cross or collateral innervation of neurons.[47]
In addition to general skepticism among gynecologists, doctors and researchers that the G-Spot exists,[1][6][8][48] a team at King's College London in late 2009 suggested that its existence is subjective. They acquired the largest sample size of women to date – 1,800 – who are pairs of twins, and found that the twins did not report a similar G-Spot in their questionnaires. The research, headed by Tim Spector, documents a 15-year study of the twins, identical and non-identical. Identical twins share genes, while non-identical pairs share 50% of theirs. According to the researchers, if one identical twin reported having a G-Spot, it was more likely that the other would too, but this pattern did not materialize.[15][49] Study co-author Dr. Andrea Burri believes: "It is rather irresponsible to claim the existence of an entity that has never been proven and pressurise women and men too."[14] Burri stated that one of the reasons for the research was to remove feelings of "inadequacy or underachievement" for women who feared they lacked a G-Spot.[15] Dr. Beverly Whipple dismissed the findings, commenting that twins have different sexual partners and techniques, and that the study did not properly account for lesbian or bisexual women.[49]
Like Burri, Dr. Petra Boynton, a British scientist who has written extensively on the G-Spot debate,[50] is concerned about the promotion of the G-Spot leading women to feel "dysfunctional" if they do not experience it. "We're all different. Some women will have a certain area within the vagina which will be very sensitive, and some won't—but they won't necessarily be in the area called the G-Spot," stated Boynton. "If a woman spends all her time worrying about whether she is normal, or has a G-Spot or not, she will focus on just one area, and ignore everything else. It's telling people that there is a single, best way to have sex, which isn't the right thing to do."[13]
The G-Spot having an anatomical relationship with the clitoris has also been challenged. Vincenzo Puppo, who, while agreeing that the clitoris is the locus of female sexual pleasure, disagrees with Helen O'Connell and other researchers' terminological and anatomical descriptions of the clitoris. "Clitoral bulbs is an incorrect term from an embryological and anatomical viewpoint, in fact the bulbs do not develop from the phallus, and they do not belong to the clitoris: 'clitoral bulbs' is not a term used in human anatomy, the correct term is the vestibular bulbs," stated Puppo. "Gynecologists, sexual medicine experts, and sexologists should spread certainties for all women, not hypotheses or personal opinions, they should use scientific terminology: clitoral/vaginal/uterine orgasm, G/A/C/U spot orgasm, and female ejaculation, are terms that should not be used by sexologists, women, and mass media." He argues that the "anterior vaginal wall is separated from the posterior urethral wall by the urethrovaginal septum (its thickness is 10–12 mm)" and that the "inner clitoris" does not exist. "The female perineal urethra, which is located in front of the anterior vaginal wall, is about one centimeter in length and the G-Spot is located in the pelvic wall of the urethra, 2–3 cm into the vagina," Puppo stated. "The male penis cannot come in contact with the venous plexus of Kobelt (situated until the angle of the clitoris) or with the roots of the clitoris (which do not have sensory receptors or erogenous sensitivity) during vaginal intercourse." Puppo did, however, dismiss the orgasmic definition of the G-Spot that emerged after Ernst Gräfenberg, stating that "there is no anatomical evidence of the vaginal orgasm which was invented by Freud in 1905, without any scientific basis".[51]
In contrast to Puppo's belief that there is no anatomical relationship between the clitoris and vagina, the majority of researchers maintain that vaginal orgasms are the result of clitoral stimulation, reaffirming that clitoral tissue extends even in the area most commonly reported to be the G-Spot.[8][12][52] "My view is that the G-Spot is really just the extension of the clitoris on the inside of the vagina, analogous to the base of the male penis," said Amichai Kilchevsky. Because all humans start out as female in the womb and therefore the penis is essentially an enlarged clitoris, changed by male hormones, Kilchevsky believes that there is no evolutionary reason why females would have two separate structures capable of producing orgasms and blames the porn industry and "G-Spot promoters" for "encouraging the myth" of a distinct G-Spot.[12] Arguments that vaginal orgasms help encourage sexual intercourse in order to facilitate reproduction are challenged by the fact that vaginal orgasms are significantly difficult to achieve,[8][42] a predicament that is believed to be the result of nature easing the process of child bearing by drastically reducing the number of vaginal nerve endings.[53] However, one study, published in 2011, which was the first to map the female genitals onto the sensory portion of the brain,[54] keeps "the possibility of a discrete G-Spot viable". When a Rutgers University research team asked several women to stimulate themselves in a functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) machine, brain scans showed stimulating the clitoris, vagina and cervix lit up distinct areas of the women's sensory cortex,[54] which means the brain registered distinct feelings between stimulating the clitoris, the cervix and the vaginal wall – where the G-Spot is reported to be. "I think that the bulk of the evidence shows that the G-Spot is not a particular thing," stated Barry Komisaruk, head of the research findings. "It's not like saying, 'What is the thyroid gland?' The G-Spot is more of a thing like New York City is a thing. It's a region, it's a convergence of many different structures."[8]
In 2010, The Journal of Sexual Medicine planned a debate and publications from both sides of the G-Spot issue.[49] In 2012, scholars Kilchevsky, Vardi, Lowenstein and Gruenwald stated in the journal, "Reports in the public media would lead one to believe the G-Spot is a well-characterized entity capable of providing extreme sexual stimulation, yet this is far from the truth." The authors cited that dozens of trials have attempted to confirm the existence of a G-Spot using surveys, pathologic specimens, various imaging modalities, and biochemical markers, and concluded:
The surveys found that a majority of women believe a G-Spot actually exists, although not all of the women who believed in it were able to locate it. Attempts to characterize vaginal innervation have shown some differences in nerve distribution across the vagina, although the findings have not proven to be universally reproducible. Furthermore, radiographic studies have been unable to demonstrate a unique entity, other than the clitoris, whose direct stimulation leads to vaginal orgasm. Objective measures have failed to provide strong and consistent evidence for the existence of an anatomical site that could be related to the famed G-Spot. However, reliable reports and anecdotal testimonials of the existence of a highly sensitive area in the distal anterior vaginal wall raise the question of whether enough investigative modalities have been implemented in the search of the G-Spot.[8]
G-Spot amplification
G-Spot amplification (also called G-Spot augmentation or the G-Shot) is a procedure intended to temporarily increase pleasure in sexually active women with normal sexual function, focusing on increasing the size and sensitivity of the G-Spot. The G-Spot amplification is performed by attempting to locate the G-Spot and noting measurements for future reference. After numbing the area with a local anesthetic, human engineered collagen is then injected directly under the mucosa in the area the G-Spot is concluded to be in.[55]
A position paper published by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in 2007 warns that there is no valid medical reason to perform the procedure, which is not considered routine or accepted by the College; and it has not been proven to be safe or effective. The potential risks include sexual dysfunction,[55] infection, altered sensation, dyspareunia, adhesions and scarring. The College position is that it is untenable to recommend the procedure.[56] This procedure is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration or the American Medical Association, and no peer-reviewed studies have been accepted to account for either safety or effectiveness of this treatment.[55]
Sex toys
One of the most common sex toys used in G-Spot stimulation is the specially designed G-Spot vibrator. This is a phallus-like vibrator that has a curved tip which makes G-Spot stimulation very easy. The head of the G-Spot vibrator has a special form and it is a little curved in order to ease the stimulation of the G-Spot.
The level of penetration when using this sex toy depends on every woman because the physiology is not the same in two individuals. The effect of the G-Spot stimulation, no matter which way this is done, may be enhanced by stimulation of the other erogenous zones in a woman's body. These may include the clitoris and labia.[57] These toys are made from the same materials as regular vibrators, including silicone, jelly, rubber or any combination of them.
See also
References
- ^ a b c "In Search of the Perfect G". Time. September 13, 1982.
- ^ a b Ladas, Alice Kahn (1982). The G-Spot and other discoveries about human sexuality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 0-440-13040-9.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c G spot stimulation SexInfo 101. Retrieved on 2010-03-09
- ^ a b c "Female Ejaculation, the G-Spot, and the Female Prostate Gland". Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ a b c d e f Morris, Desmond (2004). The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 211–212. ISBN 0-312-33852-X.
- ^ a b c d e f Hines T (2001). "The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 185 (2): 359–62. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.115995. PMID 11518892.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "Hines" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e "Finding the G-spot: Is it real?". CNN.com. January, 05, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ a b c d e f g "Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2011. 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x. PMID 22240236.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=
(help); Unknown parameter|laydate=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|laysource=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|laysummary=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ a b c Gravina GL, Brandetti F, Martini P; et al. (2008). "Measurement of the Thickness of the Urethrovaginal Space in Women with or without Vaginal Orgasm". J Sex Med. 5 (3): 610–8. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00739.x. PMID 18221286.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Federation of Feminist Women’s Health Centers (1991). A New View of a Woman’s Body. Feminist Heath Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-929945-0-2.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: length (help) - ^ a b c O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM (2005). "Anatomy of the clitoris". The Journal of Urology. 174 (4 Pt 1): 1189–95. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd. PMID 16145367.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|laydate=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|laysource=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|laysummary=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Alexander, Brian (January 18, 2012). "Does the G-spot really exist? Scientists can't find it". MSNBC.com. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
- ^ a b c "BBC NEWS | Health | Female G spot 'can be detected'". html. 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
- ^ a b "BBC News - The G-spot 'doesn't appear to exist', say researchers". 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
- ^ a b c d "The real G-spot myth | Yvonne Roberts | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ a b
Elsevier's Dictionary of Psychological Theories. Elsevier. 2006. p. 256. ISBN 0444517502, 9780444517500. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
The G-spot is not felt normally during a gynecological exam, because the area must be sexually stimulated in order for it to swell and be palpable; physicians, of course, do not sexually arouse their patients and, therefore, do not typically find the woman's G-spot.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: invalid character (help); Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=
(help) - ^ a b Addiego, F; Belzer, EG; Comolli, J; Moger, W; Perry, JD; Whipple, B. (1981). "Female ejaculation: a case study". Journal of Sex Research. 17 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1080/00224498109551094.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ernest Gräfenberg (1950). "The role of urethra in female orgasm". International Journal of Sexology. 3 (3): 145–148.
- ^ Darling, CA; Davidson, JK; Conway-Welch, C. (1990). "Female ejaculation: perceived origins, the Grafenberg spot/area, and sexual responsiveness". Arch Sex Behav. 19 (1): 29–47. doi:10.1007/BF01541824. PMID 2327894.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Zaviacic M, Jakubovská V, Belosovic M, Breza J (2000). "Ultrastructure of the normal adult human female prostate gland (Skene's gland)". Anat Embryol (Berl). 201 (1): 51–61. PMID 10603093.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111.2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00542.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1111.2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00542.x
instead. - ^ "How to Find and Stimulate the Prostate – Exploring Anal Play for Men". Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ Kratochvíl S (1994). "Orgasmic expulsions in women". Cesk Psychiatr. 90 (2): 71–7. PMID 8004685.
- ^ Zaviacic M, Jakubovská V, Belosovic M, Breza J (2000). "Ultrastructure of the normal adult human female prostate gland (Skene's gland)". Anat Embryol (Berl). 201 (1): 51–61. PMID 10603093.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rabinerson D, Horowitz E (2007). "[G-spot and female ejaculation: fiction or reality?]". Harefuah (in Hebrew). 146 (2): 145–7, 163. PMID 17352286.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111.2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00542.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1111.2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00542.x
instead. - ^ Tepper, Sl; Jagirdar, J; Heath, D; Geller, SA. (1984). "Homology between the female paraurethral (Skene's) glands and the prostate". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 108 (5): 423–425. PMID 6546868.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Pollen, JJ (1984). "Immunohistochemical identification of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in female periurethral glands". Urology. 23 (3): 303–4. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(84)90053-0. PMID 6199882.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ Wernert, N (1992). "The 'female prostate': location, morphology, immunohistochemical characteristics and significance". Eur Urol. 22 (1): 64–9. PMID 1385145.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Zaviacic, Z (1994). "The significance of prostate markers in the orthology of the female prostate". Bratisl Lek Listy. 95 (11): 491–7. PMID 7533639.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ Zaviacic, M; Ablin, RJ. (2000). "The female prostate and prostate-specific antigen. Immunohistochemical localization, implications for this prostate marker in women, and reasons for using the term "prostate in the human female". Histol Histopathol. 15 (1): 131–142. PMID 10668204.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Crooks, R (1999). Our Sexuality. California: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-495-81347-8.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Tracee Cornforth (2004). ""The Clitoral Truth": An Interview With Author Rebecca Chalker". About.com: Women's Health.
- ^ Nicola Jones (3 July 2002). "Bigger is better when it comes to the G-Spot". New Scientist.
- ^ Santos, F Taboga, S. (2003). "Female prostate: a review about biological repercussions of this gland in humans and rodents". Animal Reproduction. 3 (1): 3–18.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Alzate H Hoch Z (1986). "The "G spot" and "female ejaculation": a current appraisal". J Sex Marital Ther. 12 (3): 211–20. doi:10.1080/00926238608415407. PMID 3531529.
- ^ Kotecha, Sima (2008-04-14). "BBC - Newsbeat - Health - G Shot 'helps women in search of orgasm'". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ Goldberg, DC; Whipple, B; Fishkin, RE; Waxman H; Fink PJ; Wiesberg M. (1983). "The Grafenberg Spot and female ejaculation: a review of initial hypotheses". J Sex Marital Ther. 9 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1080/00926238308405831. PMID 6686614.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sample, Ian (21 February 2008). "The elusive G-Spot really does exist, say researchers". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2008.
- ^ Sex and Gender. Cambridge University Press. 2002. pp. 85–88. ISBN 0521635330, 9780521635332. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: invalid character (help); Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=
(help) - ^ Cairney, Richard (October 21, 2002). "Exploring female sexuality". ExpressNews. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-url=
is malformed: liveweb (help) - ^ a b Lloyd, Elisabeth Anne (2005). The Case Of The Female Orgasm: Bias In The Science Of Evolution. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01706-4, 9780674017061. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: invalid character (help) - ^ Buisson, Odile; Foldès, Pierre (2008). "Sonography of the Clitoris". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (2): 413–417. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00699.x.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|display-authors=2
(help) - ^ a b Buisson, Odile; Foldès, Pierre (2009). "The clitoral complex: a dynamic sonographic study". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 6 (5): 1223–31. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01231.x. PMID 19453931.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|display-authors=2
(help); Text "doi" ignored (help) - ^ Healy, Melissa (April 25, 2012). "Doctor says he's found the actual G spot". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ Pauls, R; Mutema, G; Segal, J; Silva, WA; Kleeman, S; Dryfhout, Ma V; Karram, M. (2006). "A prospective study examining the anatomic distribution of nerve density in the human vagina". J Sex Med. 3 (6): 979–87. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00325.x. PMID 17100930.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Babmindra VP, Novozhilova AP, Bragina TA; et al. (1999). "The structural bases of the regulation of neuron sensitivity". Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 29 (6): 615–20. doi:10.1007/BF02462474. PMID 10651316. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Delvin, David (May 2008). "The G-Spot". Healthy Living. NetDoctor.co.uk. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Lois Rogers (January 3, 2010). "What an anti-climax: G-Spot is a myth - Times Online". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ Where have all the g spots gone? - Dr Petra Boynton
- ^ Vincenzo Puppo (2011). "Anatomy of the Clitoris: Revision and Clarifications about the Anatomical Terms for the Clitoris Proposed (without Scientific Bases) by Helen O'Connell, Emmanuele Jannini, and Odile Buisson". ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011 (ID 261464): 5. doi:10.5402/2011/261464. PMC 3175415. PMID 21941661.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laysource=
,|laysummary=
, and|laydate=
(help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sex and Society, Volume 2. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2009. p. 590. ISBN 0761479074, 9780761479079. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: invalid character (help); Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=
(help) - ^ Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century. Cengage Learning. 2011. pp. 688 pages. ISBN 1-111-18663-4, 9781111186630. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: invalid character (help); Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=
(help) - ^ a b Komisaruk, B. R., Wise, N., Frangos, E., Liu, W.-C., Allen, K. and Brody, S. (2011). "Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|laydate=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|laysource=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|laysummary=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Childs, Dan (2008-02-20). "G-Shot Parties: A Shot at Better Sex?". ABC News. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
- ^ "ACOG Committee Opinion No. 378: Vaginal "rejuvenation" and cosmetic vaginal procedures". Obstet Gynecol. 110 (3): 737–8. 2007. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000263927.82639.9b. PMID 17766626.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ All about stimulation of the G-spot Retrieved on 2010-03-09
External links
- About.com – Sexuality, "What is the G-Spot?", Cory Silverberg
- About.com – How to Locate Your G Spot
- The-Clitoris.com – Female Ejaculation, the Female Prostate, and The G-Spot