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{{short description|Argentine political coalition}} |
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| colorcode = {{party color|Frente Despertar}} |
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| leader1_name = [[José Luis Espert]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/elecciones-2019-quienes-son-candidatos-derecha-podrian-nid2289704/|title = Elecciones 2019: ¿quiénes son los candidatos de la derecha que podrían entrar al Congreso y cuántos puntos necesitan?|newspaper = La Nación|date = 30 September 2019|last1 = Struminger|first1 = Brenda}}</ref> |
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| leader3_title = Vice President |
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| dissolved = {{End date and age|2020|12|7|df=y}} |
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| ideology = [[Classical liberalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cronista.com/columnistas/Liberales-y-libertarios-en-la-hora-del-realismo-20190619-0063.html|title=Liberales y libertarios, en la hora del realismo|website=El Cronista|date=19 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/los-partidos-liberales-presentan-sus-candidaturas-de-cara-a-las-paso-nid24072021/|title = Los partidos liberales presentan sus candidaturas de cara a las PASO|newspaper = La Nación|date = 25 July 2021|last1 = Lacour|first1 = Pedro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/los-liberales-ratifican-su-distancia-con-cambiemos-no-hay-acercamiento-competiremos-con-ellos-afirmo-nid11032021/|title=Los liberales ratifican su distancia con Cambiemos: "No hay acercamiento, competiremos con ellos", afirmó José Luis Espert|newspaper=La Nación|date=11 March 2021|last1=Vassolo|first1=Inés Beato}}</ref> |
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<br>[[Economic liberalism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Referentes liberales formalizaron la presentación del Frente Despertar|url=https://www.elliberal.com.ar/noticia/491112/referentes-liberales-formalizaron-presentacion-frente-despertar|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/finalmente-jose-luis-espert-va-con-su-propia-alianza-en-la-provincia-de-buenos-aires-nid14072021/|title = Finalmente José Luis Espert va con su propia alianza en la provincia de Buenos Aires|date = 14 July 2021}}</ref><br>[[Libertarianism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/jose-luis-espert-presento-partido-libertario-lanzo-candidatura-presidencial_0_l-EmRpfFK.html|title=José Luis Espert presentó el Partido Libertario y lanzó su candidatura presidencial|website=www.clarin.com|date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/bloomberg/bc-este-libertario-busca-acabar-con-la-decadencia-en-argentina.phtml|title=José Luis Espert: el libertario que busca acabar con la 'decadencia' en Argentina|first=Carolina Millan y Jonathan|last=Gilbert|date=October 8, 2020|website=Perfil.com}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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| successor = [[Avanza Libertad]]<br>[[La Libertad Avanza]] |
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| position = [[Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/200085-elecciones-2019-asi-quedaron-los-siete-frentes-que-competira|title=Elecciones 2019: así quedaron los siete frentes que competirán en las PASO {{!}} Tras el cierre de alianzas, la mayoría ya tiene definida su fórmula presidencial|accessdate=14 June 2019|date=14 June 2019|website=PAGINA12|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cba24n.com.ar/el-vice-de-jose-luis-espert-sera-el-periodista-luis-rosales/|title=El vice de José Luis Espert será el periodista Luis Rosales|accessdate=26 July 2019|date=21 June 2019|website=Cba24n|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/los-partidos-liberales-presentan-sus-candidaturas-de-cara-a-las-paso-nid24072021/|title = Los partidos liberales presentan sus candidaturas de cara a las PASO|newspaper = La Nación|date = 25 July 2021|last1 = Lacour|first1 = Pedro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/finalmente-jose-luis-espert-va-con-su-propia-alianza-en-la-provincia-de-buenos-aires-nid14072021/|title = Finalmente José Luis Espert va con su propia alianza en la provincia de Buenos Aires|date = 14 July 2021}}</ref> to [[far-right]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaceta |first=La |title=Ocho fórmulas competirán por la Casa Rosada |url=https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/810202/actualidad/ocho-formulas-competiran-casa-rosada.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.lagaceta.com.ar |language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Circo Espert: un show desbordado de pirotecnia dura para vender un Bolsonaro argentino |url=https://www.letrap.com.ar/nota/2019-7-14-19-41-0-circo-espert-un-show-de-pirotecnia-para-vender-un-bolsonaro-argentino |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=LetraP |language=es-PA}}</ref> |
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⚫ | | blank1 = {{show||[[Union of the Democratic Centre (Argentina)|Union of the Democratic Centre]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Presentaron oficialmente el Frente Despertar que lleva como candidato presidencial a José Luis Espert|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2019/06/12/presentaron-oficialmente-el-frente-despertar-que-lleva-como-candidato-presidencial-a-jose-luis-espert/|language=es-AR}}</ref><br>[[Unite por la Libertad y la Dignidad]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Espert da pelea para ser candidato, usara el mismo sello de Granata|date=25 June 2019 |url=https://www.cronista.com/economiapolitica/Espert-da-pelea-para-ser-candidato-usaria-el-mismo-sello-de-Granata-20190625-0026.html|language=es-AR}}</ref> <br> [[National Democratic Party (Argentina)|Democratic Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://diputadosbsas.com.ar/nota/6578/portazo_con_festejo_castello_celebro_el_pase_del_partido_democrata_al_frente_de_espert/|title=Portazo con festejo: Castello celebró el pase del Partido Demócrata al frente de Espert|website=Diputados Bonaerenses|date=13 July 2019 }}</ref><br> [[National Autonomist Party|Autonomist Party]]<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1227589371253215233|user=jlespert|title=Documento firmado. Gran logro de @grcastello Este es el camino<!-- full text of tweet that Twitter returned to the bot (excluding links) added by TweetCiteBot. This may be better truncated or may need expanding (TW limits responses to 140 characters) or case changes. --> |date=12 February 2020}}</ref><br> Libertarian Party<ref>{{cite web|title=El Frente Despertar definió su lista para la ciudad|url=https://www.lateclamardelplata.com.ar/5/nota.php?nota_id=8698|language=es-AR}}</ref>}} |
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'''Frente Despertar''' ('Wake up front') is a [[political coalition]] in [[Argentina]]. It participated in the [[2019 Argentine general election|2019 general election]], formed by [[Unite por la Libertad y la Dignidad|Unite for Freedom and Dignity]], the [[Union of the Democratic Centre (Argentina)|Union of the Democratic Centre]], the [[Libertarian Party (Argentina)|Libertarian Party]] and the [[National Democratic Party (Argentina)|Democratic Party]]. |
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⚫ | Its presidential candidate was the [[economist]] [[José Luis Espert]], who announced on December 23 of 2018 his intention to participate in the presidential elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2019/06/12/estos-son-los-siete-frentes-electorales-que-competiran-en-las-elecciones-presidenciales/|title=Estos son los frentes electorales que competirán en las elecciones presidenciales|website=Infobae.com|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2018/12/23/el-economista-jose-luis-espert-lanzo-su-candidatura-a-presidente-argentina-es-decadente-por-el-modelo-populista/|title=El economista José Luis Espert lanzó su candidatura a presidente: "Argentina es decadente por el modelo populista"|website=infobae.com|language=es-AR}}</ref> |
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| ideology = [[Libertarianism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/jose-luis-espert-presento-partido-libertario-lanzo-candidatura-presidencial_0_l-EmRpfFK.html|title=José Luis Espert presentó el Partido Libertario y lanzó su candidatura presidencial|website=www.clarin.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/bloomberg/bc-este-libertario-busca-acabar-con-la-decadencia-en-argentina.phtml|title=José Luis Espert: el libertario que busca acabar con la 'decadencia' en Argentina|first=Carolina Millan y Jonathan|last=Gilbert|date=October 8, 2020|website=Perfil.com}}</ref><br>[[Classical liberalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cronista.com/columnistas/Liberales-y-libertarios-en-la-hora-del-realismo-20190619-0063.html|title=Liberales y libertarios, en la hora del realismo|website=El Cronista}}</ref><br>[[Economic liberalism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Referentes liberales formalizaron la presentación del Frente Despertar|url=https://www.elliberal.com.ar/noticia/491112/referentes-liberales-formalizaron-presentacion-frente-despertar|language=es-AR}}</ref> |
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| position = [[Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/200085-elecciones-2019-asi-quedaron-los-siete-frentes-que-competira|title=Elecciones 2019: así quedaron los siete frentes que competirán en las PASO {{!}} Tras el cierre de alianzas, la mayoría ya tiene definida su fórmula presidencial|accessdate=14 June 2019|date=14 June 2019|website=PAGINA12|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cba24n.com.ar/el-vice-de-jose-luis-espert-sera-el-periodista-luis-rosales/|title=El vice de José Luis Espert será el periodista Luis Rosales|accessdate=26 July 2019|date=21 June 2019|website=Cba24n|language=es-AR}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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⚫ | The alliance was about to be disbanded because [[Alberto Asseff]]'s party, [[UNIR Constitutional Nationalist Party]] (the only party in the alliance that met the requirements to nominate a presidential candidate), stopped supporting the front. But a few days later, UNITE backed Espert's candidacy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/jose-luis-espert-consiguio-sello-presento-justicia-sostener-candidatura_0_tYc9rRG4u.html|title=José Luis Espert consiguió otro sello y lo presentó en la Justicia para sostener su candidatura|accessdate=25 June 2019|last=Clarín|website=www.clarin.com|date=25 June 2019|language=es-AR}}</ref> and ended up participating in the elections. |
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| seats1_title = [[Argentine Senate|Senators]] |
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| seats1 = {{composition bar|0|72|hex=#54AFE6}} |
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| seats2_title = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Deputies]] |
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| seats2 = {{composition bar|0|257|hex=#454AFE6}} |
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| seats3_title = [[List of provincial governors in Argentina|Governors]] |
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| seats3 = {{composition bar|0|24|hex=#54AFE6}} |
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| seats4_title = [[List of provincial legislatures in Argentina|Provincial legislators]] |
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| seats4 = {{composition bar|0|1199|hex=54AFE6}} |
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On July 14, 2021, the closing day for the presentation of alliances for the [[2021 Argentine legislative election|2021 legislative elections]], the ''Avanza Libertad'' coalition with parties from the [[center-right]] sector became official in the [[Province of Buenos Aires]]. The [[Union of the Democratic Centre (Argentina)|UCEDE]], the [[:es:Partido Demócrata de Buenos Aires|Democratic Party]] and the Autonomist Party will participate in the coalition, as well as groups that are not yet, legally, political parties in the province, such as [[:es:Republicanos Unidos|Republicans United]] and the Republican Libertarian Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://derechadiario.com.ar/argentina/espert-logra-unir-al-liberalismo-en-provincia-de-buenos-aires-por-fuera-de-juntos-por-el-cambio|title = Espert logra unir al liberalismo en Provincia de Buenos Aires por fuera de Juntos por el Cambio - la Derecha Diario|date = 15 July 2021}}</ref> |
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Following doubts related to the financing of the [[2019 Argentine presidential election]] campaign of the [[Frente Despertar]] and the links with the drug trafficking detainee Federico "Fred" Machado,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahsbender |first=Federico |date=18 April 2021 |title=La caída de 'Fred' Machado, el empresario argentino acusado de estafas millonarias y de importar cocaína a Estados Unidos |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2021/04/18/la-caida-de-fred-machado-el-empresario-argentino-acusado-de-estafas-millonarias-y-de-importar-cocaina-a-estados-unidos |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> Milei was denounced along with [[José Luis Espert]]; Milei did not take part to the 2019 campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-23 |title=La nueva grieta entre Milei y Espert por su apoyo a Larreta: qué le dijo |url=https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/La-nueva-grieta-entre-Milei-y-Espert-por-su-apoyo-a-Larreta-que-le-dijo-20190923-0011.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=El Cronista |language=es}}</ref> Luis Rosales, Jimena Aristizabal, and Nazareno Etchepare also entered the complaint before the Federal Criminal and Correctional Court No. 8, for the crimes of concealment and illicit association.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-28 |title=Denuncian a Espert por su vínculo con un empresario acusado por narcotráfico |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/denuncian-a-jose-luis-espert-por-su-vinculo-con-un-empresario-acusado-por-narcotrafico.phtml |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-12 |title=La justicia electoral apunta al vínculo entre Espert y un empresario narco |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/la-justicia-electoral-apunta-al-vinculo-entre-jose-luis-espert-y-un-empresario-narco-fred-machado.phtml |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The alliance was about to be disbanded because [[Alberto Asseff]]'s party, [[ |
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== Proposals == |
== Proposals == |
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Frente Despertar's electoral platform has thirteen proposals; they were announced at the same time as Espert's candidacy, and posted on the coalition's website, where they are explained with more detail.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.frentedespertar.com/about|title=PROPUESTAS {{!}} Frente Despertar|accessdate=21 July 2019|website=Despertar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104051827/https://www.frentedespertar.com/about|archive-date=2019-11-04|language=es-AR}}</ref> |
Frente Despertar's electoral platform has thirteen proposals; they were announced at the same time as Espert's candidacy, and posted on the coalition's website, where they are explained with more detail.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.frentedespertar.com/about|title=PROPUESTAS {{!}} Frente Despertar|accessdate=21 July 2019|website=Despertar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104051827/https://www.frentedespertar.com/about|archive-date=2019-11-04|language=es-AR}}</ref> |
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# Eliminate or reduce [[ |
# Eliminate or reduce [[tariff]]s on [[import]]s to a low and uniform minimum |
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# Sign [[free trade agreements]] with any region or [[country]] that desires to access the local market. |
# Sign [[free trade agreements]] with any region or [[country]] that desires to access the local market. |
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# Remove tariffs on [[exports]] (called "retenciones") |
# Remove tariffs on [[exports]] (called "retenciones") |
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== Electoral results == |
== Electoral results == |
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=== |
=== Presidential elections === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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! rowspan="2" |Year |
! rowspan="2" |Year |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[José Luis Espert]] |
* [[José Luis Espert]] |
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* [[Union of the Democratic Centre]] |
* [[Union of the Democratic Centre (Argentina)|Union of the Democratic Centre]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== Enlaces externos == |
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== External links == |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190612135051/https://www.frentedespertar.com/ Espert Presidente | Frente Despertar] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190612135051/https://www.frentedespertar.com/ Espert Presidente | Frente Despertar] |
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* [https://espert.com.ar/ Inicio] |
* [https://espert.com.ar/ Inicio] |
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{{Economic liberalism}} |
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Latest revision as of 18:47, 12 March 2024
Wake Up Front Frente Despertar | |
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Leader | José Luis Espert[1] |
President | José Luis Espert |
Vice President | Luis Rosales |
Founded | 12 June 2019 |
Dissolved | 7 December 2020 |
Succeeded by | Avanza Libertad La Libertad Avanza |
Ideology | Classical liberalism[2][3][4]
Economic liberalism[5][6] Libertarianism[7][8] |
Political position | Right-wing[9][10][11][12] to far-right[13][14] |
Colors | Blue |
Members | |
Website | |
https://despertarargentina.com/ | |
Frente Despertar ('Wake up front') is a political coalition in Argentina. It participated in the 2019 general election, formed by Unite for Freedom and Dignity, the Union of the Democratic Centre, the Libertarian Party and the Democratic Party.
Its presidential candidate was the economist José Luis Espert, who announced on December 23 of 2018 his intention to participate in the presidential elections.[20][21]
History
The alliance was about to be disbanded because Alberto Asseff's party, UNIR Constitutional Nationalist Party (the only party in the alliance that met the requirements to nominate a presidential candidate), stopped supporting the front. But a few days later, UNITE backed Espert's candidacy[22] and ended up participating in the elections.
On July 14, 2021, the closing day for the presentation of alliances for the 2021 legislative elections, the Avanza Libertad coalition with parties from the center-right sector became official in the Province of Buenos Aires. The UCEDE, the Democratic Party and the Autonomist Party will participate in the coalition, as well as groups that are not yet, legally, political parties in the province, such as Republicans United and the Republican Libertarian Movement.[23]
Following doubts related to the financing of the 2019 Argentine presidential election campaign of the Frente Despertar and the links with the drug trafficking detainee Federico "Fred" Machado,[24] Milei was denounced along with José Luis Espert; Milei did not take part to the 2019 campaign.[25] Luis Rosales, Jimena Aristizabal, and Nazareno Etchepare also entered the complaint before the Federal Criminal and Correctional Court No. 8, for the crimes of concealment and illicit association.[26][27]
Proposals
Frente Despertar's electoral platform has thirteen proposals; they were announced at the same time as Espert's candidacy, and posted on the coalition's website, where they are explained with more detail.[28]
- Eliminate or reduce tariffs on imports to a low and uniform minimum
- Sign free trade agreements with any region or country that desires to access the local market.
- Remove tariffs on exports (called "retenciones")
- Focus on the most unprotected sectors.
- Transform welfare programs into disbursements in things like health and education plans and community kitchens.
- Lower the tax burden by eliminating and reducing taxes.
- Keep fiscal responsibility.
- Reduce political spending.
- End coparticipation and propose a political regionalization of the provinces to make more jurisdictions self-financing.
- End every industrial or regional promotion regime.
- End syndicalism and collective labour agreements.
- Reform the education system.
- Reform the Penal Code and the Procedure Code, imposing sentences of effective compliance and eliminate constitutional guarantees that favour criminals.
Electoral results
Presidential elections
Year | Formula | Primaries | First round | Result | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
President | Vice president | votes | % | votes | % | Not elected | Position | |
2019 | José Luis Espert | Luis Rosales | 550.593 | 2.16% |
394,206 | 1.47% |
6º |
National Congress elections
Chamber of Deputies
Year | Votes | % | Seats won | Total seats |
---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 113,812 | 0.44% |
0 / 130
|
0 / 257
|
Senate
Year | Votes | % | Seats won | Total seats |
---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 38,970 | 0.69% |
0 / 24
|
0 / 72
|
See also
References
- ^ Struminger, Brenda (30 September 2019). "Elecciones 2019: ¿quiénes son los candidatos de la derecha que podrían entrar al Congreso y cuántos puntos necesitan?". La Nación.
- ^ "Liberales y libertarios, en la hora del realismo". El Cronista. 19 June 2019.
- ^ Lacour, Pedro (25 July 2021). "Los partidos liberales presentan sus candidaturas de cara a las PASO". La Nación.
- ^ Vassolo, Inés Beato (11 March 2021). "Los liberales ratifican su distancia con Cambiemos: "No hay acercamiento, competiremos con ellos", afirmó José Luis Espert". La Nación.
- ^ "Referentes liberales formalizaron la presentación del Frente Despertar" (in Spanish).
- ^ "Finalmente José Luis Espert va con su propia alianza en la provincia de Buenos Aires". 14 July 2021.
- ^ "José Luis Espert presentó el Partido Libertario y lanzó su candidatura presidencial". www.clarin.com. 23 December 2018.
- ^ Gilbert, Carolina Millan y Jonathan (October 8, 2020). "José Luis Espert: el libertario que busca acabar con la 'decadencia' en Argentina". Perfil.com.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Elecciones 2019: así quedaron los siete frentes que competirán en las PASO | Tras el cierre de alianzas, la mayoría ya tiene definida su fórmula presidencial". PAGINA12 (in Spanish). 14 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ "El vice de José Luis Espert será el periodista Luis Rosales". Cba24n (in Spanish). 21 June 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
- ^ Lacour, Pedro (25 July 2021). "Los partidos liberales presentan sus candidaturas de cara a las PASO". La Nación.
- ^ "Finalmente José Luis Espert va con su propia alianza en la provincia de Buenos Aires". 14 July 2021.
- ^ Gaceta, La. "Ocho fórmulas competirán por la Casa Rosada". www.lagaceta.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-28.
- ^ "Circo Espert: un show desbordado de pirotecnia dura para vender un Bolsonaro argentino". LetraP (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-28.
- ^ "Presentaron oficialmente el Frente Despertar que lleva como candidato presidencial a José Luis Espert" (in Spanish).
- ^ "Espert da pelea para ser candidato, usara el mismo sello de Granata" (in Spanish). 25 June 2019.
- ^ "Portazo con festejo: Castello celebró el pase del Partido Demócrata al frente de Espert". Diputados Bonaerenses. 13 July 2019.
- ^ @jlespert (February 12, 2020). "Documento firmado. Gran logro de @grcastello Este es el camino" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "El Frente Despertar definió su lista para la ciudad" (in Spanish).
- ^ "Estos son los frentes electorales que competirán en las elecciones presidenciales". Infobae.com (in Spanish).
- ^ "El economista José Luis Espert lanzó su candidatura a presidente: "Argentina es decadente por el modelo populista"". infobae.com (in Spanish).
- ^ Clarín (25 June 2019). "José Luis Espert consiguió otro sello y lo presentó en la Justicia para sostener su candidatura". www.clarin.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 June 2019.
- ^ "Espert logra unir al liberalismo en Provincia de Buenos Aires por fuera de Juntos por el Cambio - la Derecha Diario". 15 July 2021.
- ^ Fahsbender, Federico (18 April 2021). "La caída de 'Fred' Machado, el empresario argentino acusado de estafas millonarias y de importar cocaína a Estados Unidos". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 September 2023.
- ^ "La nueva grieta entre Milei y Espert por su apoyo a Larreta: qué le dijo". El Cronista (in Spanish). 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
- ^ "Denuncian a Espert por su vínculo con un empresario acusado por narcotráfico". Perfil (in Spanish). 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
- ^ "La justicia electoral apunta al vínculo entre Espert y un empresario narco". Perfil (in Spanish). 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
- ^ "PROPUESTAS | Frente Despertar". Despertar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2019-11-04. Retrieved 21 July 2019.