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{{Infobox military conflict |
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#REDIRECT [[Italian Wars]] |
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| conflict = French invasions of Italy |
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| partof = [[Renaissance Wars]] |
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| image = Scannagallo Vasari.jpg |
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| image_size = 300px |
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| caption = ''[[Battle of Marciano|The Battle of Scannagallo]]'' in 1554 by [[Giorgio Vasari]], in the [[Palazzo Vecchio]] of [[Florence]]. |
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| date = Various attempts between 1494 and 1559. |
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| place = [[Italy]] |
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*Southern Italy |
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*Lombardy |
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*Tuscany |
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*Corsica |
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*Piedmont |
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| territory = *Charles VIII invades the Kingdom of Naples but abandons it after the [[Battle of Fornovo]] |
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*Louis XII acquires the Duchy of Milan but Francis I loses it after the [[Battle of Bicocca]] |
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* French attempt to put Tuscany under its sphere of influence stopped by Florence following the [[battle of Marciano]]. |
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*Henri II occupies Corsica, but [[Andrea Doria]] reconquers it for the Republic of Genoa. |
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*Piedmont restored to the [[House of Savoy]] after the [[Battle of St. Quentin]] won by [[Emmanuel Philibert]] |
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| result = Italian victory |
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*French withdrawl from Italy |
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*France recognizes the sovereignity of Genoa, Florence, Venice, Piedmont-Savoy, the Papacy, and that of [[Habsburg Spain]] over Milan and Southern Italy. |
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*[[Italian renaissance]] spreads to France. |
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| combatant1 = {{flag|Kingdom of France|valois}} |
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'''Supported by''': |
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[[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1517).svg|25px]] [[Ottoman Empire]] (1550-1559) |
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| combatant2 =[[File:Italian states.jpg|20px]] [[Italian states]] (variable) |
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'''Supported by''': |
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[[Image:Charles V Arms-personal.svg|22px]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Empire of Charles V]] (1520-1556) |
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| commander1 = {{plainlist}} |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France|valois}} [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VII]] |
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*{{flagicon|Kingdom of France|valois}} [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France|valois}} [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] |
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* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France|valois}} [[Henry II of France|Henry II]] |
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| commander2 = {{plainlist}} |
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*{{flagicon|Papal States|old}} [[Julius II]] |
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* {{flagicon|Republic of Genoa}} [[Andrea Doria]] |
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* [[File:Bandiera del granducato di Toscana (1562-1737 ).png|border|22px]] [[Gian Giacomo Medici]] |
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* {{flagicon|Duchy of Savoy}} [[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy|Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy]] |
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{{endplainlist}} |
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| |
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| notes = |
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}} |
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The '''French invasions of Italy''' were a series of French invasions of Italian states occurring during the [[Renaissance Wars]] (1494-1559). |
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==Kingdom of Naples== |
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Ludovico Sforza of Milan, seeking an ally against the Republic of Venice, encouraged Charles VIII of France to invade Italy, using the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples as a pretext. When Ferdinand I of Naples died in 1494, Charles VIII invaded the peninsula with a French Army. News of the French Army's sack of Naples provoked a reaction among the city-states of Northern Italy and the League of Venice was formed on March 31, 1495. |
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The League was specifically formed to resist French aggression. The League was established on 31 March after negotiations by Venice, Milan, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Later on the League consisted of the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Milan, Spain, the Papal States, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Mantua and the Republic of Venice. This coalition, effectively, cut Charles' army off from returning to France. After establishing a pro-French government in Naples, Charles started to march north on his return to France. However, in the small town of Fornovo he met the League army. |
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The battle of Fornovo was fought on July 6, 1495, after an hour the League's army was forced back across the river while the French continued marching to Asti, leaving their carriages and provisions behind. To the Italian coalition this was a pyrric victory, given the high number of casualties. However, as Charles VII returned to France, he lost all that he conquered in Italy.<ref>Frederic J. Baumgartner, ''Louis XII'' (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996) pp. 51–53.</ref> |
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==Lombardy== |
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Ludovico Sforza retained his throne in Milan until 1499, when Charles's successor, Louis XII of France, invaded Lombardy and seized Milan on September 17, 1499. Such control lasted until the French were outmatched by the tactics of the Italian [[condottieri]] and suffered a major defeat at Bicocca on April 27, 1522 by the papal general [[Prospero Colonna]].<ref>Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, ''The Italian Wars: 1494–1559'', pp. 143–144.</ref> The French were forced to leave Lombardy, their attempt to recomquer it failed after the Imperial-Spanish victories at Sesia and Pavia. Spain ultimately gained control of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. |
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==Corsica== |
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Corsica was annexed by France, with support of the Ottoman Empire in 1550. It was then reconquered by the genoese admiral [[Andrea Doria]]. |
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==Piedmont and Tuscany== |
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On March 31, 1547, King Francis I died and was succeeded by his son, Henry II of France.[47] In 1551, Henry II declared war against Charles with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. An early French offensive against Lorraine was successful, but the attempted French invasion of Tuscany was stopped in 1553. The French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Marciano on August 2, 1554. |
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The French Army had also captured and entered Turin in early April 1536. The treaty of Cateau Cambresis of 1559 restored Piedmont to the House of Savoy, as Emmanuel Philibert had won for Spain the [[Battle of Saint Quentin]]. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
Revision as of 07:45, 7 September 2018
French invasions of Italy | |||||||||
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Part of Renaissance Wars | |||||||||
![]() The Battle of Scannagallo in 1554 by Giorgio Vasari, in the Palazzo Vecchio of Florence. | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Supported by: ![]() |
File:Italian states.jpg Italian states (variable) Supported by: ![]() | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
The French invasions of Italy were a series of French invasions of Italian states occurring during the Renaissance Wars (1494-1559).
Kingdom of Naples
Ludovico Sforza of Milan, seeking an ally against the Republic of Venice, encouraged Charles VIII of France to invade Italy, using the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples as a pretext. When Ferdinand I of Naples died in 1494, Charles VIII invaded the peninsula with a French Army. News of the French Army's sack of Naples provoked a reaction among the city-states of Northern Italy and the League of Venice was formed on March 31, 1495.
The League was specifically formed to resist French aggression. The League was established on 31 March after negotiations by Venice, Milan, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Later on the League consisted of the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Milan, Spain, the Papal States, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Mantua and the Republic of Venice. This coalition, effectively, cut Charles' army off from returning to France. After establishing a pro-French government in Naples, Charles started to march north on his return to France. However, in the small town of Fornovo he met the League army.
The battle of Fornovo was fought on July 6, 1495, after an hour the League's army was forced back across the river while the French continued marching to Asti, leaving their carriages and provisions behind. To the Italian coalition this was a pyrric victory, given the high number of casualties. However, as Charles VII returned to France, he lost all that he conquered in Italy.[1]
Lombardy
Ludovico Sforza retained his throne in Milan until 1499, when Charles's successor, Louis XII of France, invaded Lombardy and seized Milan on September 17, 1499. Such control lasted until the French were outmatched by the tactics of the Italian condottieri and suffered a major defeat at Bicocca on April 27, 1522 by the papal general Prospero Colonna.[2] The French were forced to leave Lombardy, their attempt to recomquer it failed after the Imperial-Spanish victories at Sesia and Pavia. Spain ultimately gained control of the Duchy of Milan.
Corsica
Corsica was annexed by France, with support of the Ottoman Empire in 1550. It was then reconquered by the genoese admiral Andrea Doria.
Piedmont and Tuscany
On March 31, 1547, King Francis I died and was succeeded by his son, Henry II of France.[47] In 1551, Henry II declared war against Charles with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. An early French offensive against Lorraine was successful, but the attempted French invasion of Tuscany was stopped in 1553. The French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Marciano on August 2, 1554.
The French Army had also captured and entered Turin in early April 1536. The treaty of Cateau Cambresis of 1559 restored Piedmont to the House of Savoy, as Emmanuel Philibert had won for Spain the Battle of Saint Quentin.