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{{Short description|Behavioral phenomenon}} |
{{Short description|Behavioral phenomenon}} |
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'''Forgotten baby syndrome''' refers to a phenomenon in which young children are mistakenly left in vehicles.<ref name="Kelland & Finlay">{{cite journal|first1=Richard|last1=Lee-Kelland|first2=Fiona|last2=Finlay|url=https://adc.bmj.com/content/archdischild/104/Suppl_3/A30.2.full.pdf|title=GP3 'Forgotten baby syndrome': a systematic review and analysis of caregiver intention|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=104|issue=Suppl. 3|date=2019}}</ref> Over 25% of parents with children under 3 have forgotten their child in a car.<ref name="Breitfeld">{{cite journal|title=Hot-Car Deaths and Forgotten-Baby Syndrome: A Case Against Prosecution|first=Erika|last=Breitfeld|year=2020|volume=25|journal=Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law|url=https://www.bjcl.org/assets/files/Breitfeld_Final_05.30.pdf|pages=72–106}}</ref>{{rp|77}} Each year, |
'''Forgotten baby syndrome''' refers to a phenomenon in which young children are mistakenly left in vehicles.<ref name="Lee-Kelland & Finlay">{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/archdischild-2019-epa.69|first1=Richard|last1=Lee-Kelland|first2=Fiona|last2=Finlay|url=https://adc.bmj.com/content/archdischild/104/Suppl_3/A30.2.full.pdf|title=GP3 'Forgotten baby syndrome': a systematic review and analysis of caregiver intention|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=104|issue=Suppl. 3|date=2019}}</ref> Over 25% of parents with children under 3 have forgotten their child in a car.<ref name="Breitfeld">{{cite journal|title=Hot-Car Deaths and Forgotten-Baby Syndrome: A Case Against Prosecution|first=Erika|last=Breitfeld|year=2020|volume=25|journal=Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law|url=https://www.bjcl.org/assets/files/Breitfeld_Final_05.30.pdf|pages=72–106}}</ref>{{rp|77}} Each year, around the world, dozens of children die of vehicle-related [[hyperthermia]].{{efn|In the United States, around 38 children die annually after being left in vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jan|last=Null|url=https://www.noheatstroke.org|title=Heatstroke Deaths of Children in Vehicles|date=May 30, 2023|access-date=June 6, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Lee-Kelland & Finlay"/> A study of Brazilian incidents examining 31 cases (including 21 fatalities) from 2006 to 2015 found that 71% of cases involved a parent forgetting the child.<ref>{{cite journal| title=An Analysis of Children Left Unattended in Parked Motor Vehicles in Brazil|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|doi=10.3390/ijerph13070649|volume=13|date=July 2016|issue=7|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/7/649|first1=Driely|last1=Costa|first2=Andrew|last2=Grundstein}}</ref> An study of Italian incidents found 8 vehicular-related hyperthermia deaths between 1998 and 2017.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Forgotten children in parked vehicles: a review of Italian fatalities.|language=Italian|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|first1=Gitana|last1=Scozzari|first2=Fabrizio|last2=Bert|first3=Maria R.|last3=Gualano|first4=Roberta|last4=Siliquini|url=https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-pediatrics/article.php?cod=R15Y2020N01A0055|doi=10.23736/S0026-4946.18.05125-3|date=February 2020|volume=72|issue=1}}</ref> A study of Indian cases found 40 fatalities from 2011 to 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Children Left Unattended in Parked Vehicles in India: An Analysis of 40 Fatalities from 2011 to 2020|first1=Gulnaz Fatima |last1=Siddiqui|first2=Mukesh Vir|last2=Singh|first3=Anubha|last3=Shrivastava|first4=Manisha|last4=Maurya|first5=Ambuj|last5=Tripathi|first6=Shahid Akhtar|last6=Siddiqui|date=July 2021|doi=10.1093/tropej/fmaa075|volume=67|issue=3|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32929468/|journal=Journal of Tropical Pediatrics}}</ref> A study of Canadian incidents found one death per year,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Paediatric hyperthermia-related deaths while entrapped and unattended inside vehicles: The Canadian experience and anticipatory guidance for prevention|first1=Karen|last1=Ho|first2=Ripudaman|last2=Minhas|first3=Elizabeth|last3=Young|first4=Michael|last4=Sgro|first5=Joelene F.|last5=Huber|url=https://academic.oup.com/pch/article-abstract/25/3/143/5532611|journal=Paediatrics & Child Health|volume=25|issue=3|date=April 2020|pages=143–148|doi=10.1093/pch/pxz087}}</ref> with most being a result of being forgotten.<ref name="Roy"/>}} Because these numbers began to rise after the popularization of air bags<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Content Analysis of Criminal Cases Concerning Unattended Children in Vehicles Between 1990 and 2021: Empirically-Based Suggestions for Reform|first1=Jacob W.|last1=Forston|first2=Henry F.|last2=Fradella|journal=Chapman Law Review|volume=26|pages=1–55|year=2022|url=https://www.chapman.edu/law/_files/publications/clr-vol-26/clr_26-1-1-forston-fradella.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|7}} and rear-facing [[child safety seat]]s,<ref name="Breitfeld"/>{{rp|76}} researchers began to suspect that memory may be the culprit.<ref>{{cite report |
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|first1=Rodney|last1=Rudd|first2=Aloke|last2=Prasad|first3=Doug|last3=Weston|first4=Kedryn|last4=Wietholter|date=July 2015|publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|format=pdf|url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/812187_unattendedchildremindersystems.pdf|title=Functional Assessment of Unattended Child Reminder Systems|chapter=Introduction and Background|page=2}}</ref> |
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According to David Diamond, a psychology professor at the [[University of South Florida]] who has been studying the phenomenon since 2004, the phenomenon is a consequence of tension between the brain's habit-memory and prospective-memory systems,<ref name="Pelletiere">{{cite news|work=[[ABC News]]|title='Forgotten Baby Syndrome': A Parent’s Nightmare of Hot Car Death|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/forgotten-baby-syndrome-parents-nightmare-hot-car-death/story?id=40431117|date=July 14, 2016|first=Nicole|last=Pelletiere}}</ref> which is resolved when [[basal ganglia]] "habit memory" suppresses the "[[prospective memory]]" system of the [[hippocampus]] and the [[prefrontal cortex]],<ref name="Breitfeld"/>{{rp|78, 83}}<ref name="Rosenblatt">{{cite news|title=Hot Car Deaths: Scientists Detail Why Parents Forget Their Children|work=[[NBC News]]|date=June 27, 2017|first=Kalhan|last=Rosenblatt|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hot-cars-and-kids/hot-car-deaths-scientists-detail-why-parents-forget-their-children-n777076}}</ref><ref name="Thomas">{{cite news|work=[[Consumer Reports]]|title=Research Shows That Anyone Could Forget a Kid in a Hot Car|first=Emily A.|last=Thomas|date=August 18, 2022|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/car-safety/anyone-could-forget-kids-in-hot-car-forgotten-baby-syndrome-a3901940661/}}</ref> resulting in a [[false memory]] and what he calls "autopilot".<ref name="Rosenblatt"/><ref name="Thomas"/><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/2018/07/16/psychology-how-infants-forgotten-cars-and-tips-how-prevent/756523002/|title=You say it could never happen, but it does. Here are the reasons infants are left in cars|first=Anna|last=Groves|date=July 26, 2018}}</ref> Other psychologists have suggested the phenomenon is functionally similar to forgetting keys in a car<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Arizona State University]]|first=Leslie|last=Minton|title=Study: Hot cars can hit deadly temperatures in as little as one hour|date=May 24, 2018|url=https://news.asu.edu/20180516-discoveries-asu-study-hot-cars-can-hit-deadly-temperatures-within-one-hour}}</ref> or forgetting to post a letter.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Mother suffered 'forgotten baby syndrome', death inquest told|date=March 22, 2017|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-39335376}}</ref> |
According to David Diamond, a psychology professor at the [[University of South Florida]] who has been studying the phenomenon since 2004, the phenomenon is a consequence of tension between the brain's habit-memory and prospective-memory systems,<ref name="Pelletiere">{{cite news|work=[[ABC News]]|title='Forgotten Baby Syndrome': A Parent’s Nightmare of Hot Car Death|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/forgotten-baby-syndrome-parents-nightmare-hot-car-death/story?id=40431117|date=July 14, 2016|first=Nicole|last=Pelletiere}}</ref> which is resolved when [[basal ganglia]] "habit memory" suppresses the "[[prospective memory]]" system of the [[hippocampus]] and the [[prefrontal cortex]],<ref name="Breitfeld"/>{{rp|78, 83}}<ref name="Rosenblatt">{{cite news|title=Hot Car Deaths: Scientists Detail Why Parents Forget Their Children|work=[[NBC News]]|date=June 27, 2017|first=Kalhan|last=Rosenblatt|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hot-cars-and-kids/hot-car-deaths-scientists-detail-why-parents-forget-their-children-n777076}}</ref><ref name="Thomas">{{cite news|work=[[Consumer Reports]]|title=Research Shows That Anyone Could Forget a Kid in a Hot Car|first=Emily A.|last=Thomas|date=August 18, 2022|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/car-safety/anyone-could-forget-kids-in-hot-car-forgotten-baby-syndrome-a3901940661/}}</ref> resulting in a [[false memory]] and what he calls "autopilot".<ref name="Rosenblatt"/><ref name="Thomas"/><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/2018/07/16/psychology-how-infants-forgotten-cars-and-tips-how-prevent/756523002/|title=You say it could never happen, but it does. Here are the reasons infants are left in cars|first=Anna|last=Groves|date=July 26, 2018}}</ref> Other psychologists have suggested the phenomenon is functionally similar to forgetting keys in a car<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Arizona State University]]|first=Leslie|last=Minton|title=Study: Hot cars can hit deadly temperatures in as little as one hour|date=May 24, 2018|url=https://news.asu.edu/20180516-discoveries-asu-study-hot-cars-can-hit-deadly-temperatures-within-one-hour}}</ref> or forgetting to post a letter.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Mother suffered 'forgotten baby syndrome', death inquest told|date=March 22, 2017|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-39335376}}</ref> |
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Diamond has identified common factors of the phenomenon as "stress, sleep deprivation, and change in routine".<ref name="Thomas"/> Stephen Cowen, a psychology professor at the [[University of Arizona]], has said that stress can render a person "more attentive to the immediate sensory stimuli or threats in your environment but not as attentive to your more distant memory of leaving your children in the car".<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|title=The neuroscience that explains the awful truth that anyone is capable of accidentally killing their child|date=June 27, 2017|first=Corinne|last=Purtill|url=https://qz.com/1015235/the-neuroscience-that-explains-the-awful-truth-that-anyone-is-capable-of-accidentally-killing-their-child}}</ref> |
Diamond has identified common factors of the phenomenon as "stress, sleep deprivation, and change in routine".<ref name="Thomas"/> Stephen Cowen, a psychology professor at the [[University of Arizona]], has said that stress can render a person "more attentive to the immediate sensory stimuli or threats in your environment but not as attentive to your more distant memory of leaving your children in the car".<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|title=The neuroscience that explains the awful truth that anyone is capable of accidentally killing their child|date=June 27, 2017|first=Corinne|last=Purtill|url=https://qz.com/1015235/the-neuroscience-that-explains-the-awful-truth-that-anyone-is-capable-of-accidentally-killing-their-child}}</ref> |
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There have been several efforts to address the phenomenon through technology, including back-seat alert systems (which note when a backseat is opened prior to driving), car-seat alarms (which detect whether a child is buckled in),<ref name="Roy">{{cite news|url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/forgotten-baby-syndrome-is-more-common-than-you-think-here-s-how-technology-can-help-1.6038102|work=[[CTV News]]|title='Forgotten baby syndrome' is more common than you think. Here's how technology can help|first=Lillian|last=Roy|date=August 22, 2022}}</ref> and end-of-trip reminders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxweather.com/learn/7-apps-and-smart-technology-designed-to-prevent-children-hot-car-deaths|first=Emilee|last=Speck|title=7 apps and smart technology designed to prevent heatstroke deaths in children|date=June 16, 2022|work=[[Fox Weather]]}}</ref> The [[Association of Global Automakers]] and the [[Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers]] have committed to the standardization of rear-seat-occupant alert systems by 2025.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Car and Driver]]|title=Rear-Seat Occupant Alerts Will Be Standard on All Cars by 2025|date=September 5, 2019|first=Mihir|last=Maddireddy|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a28924249/rear-seat-occupant-alerts-cars-2025/}}</ref> Italy and Israel have enacted laws requiring such safety systems.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Jerusalem Post]]|title=From August 1: Devices to prevent drivers from forgetting kids in cars|first=Zev|last=Stub|date=June 27, 2021|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/from-august-1-devices-to-prevent-drivers-from-forgetting-kids-in-cars-672181}}</ref> |
There have been several efforts to address the phenomenon through technology, including back-seat alert systems (which note when a backseat is opened prior to driving), car-seat alarms (which detect whether a child is buckled in),<ref name="Roy">{{cite news|url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/forgotten-baby-syndrome-is-more-common-than-you-think-here-s-how-technology-can-help-1.6038102|work=[[CTV News]]|title='Forgotten baby syndrome' is more common than you think. Here's how technology can help|first=Lillian|last=Roy|date=August 22, 2022}}</ref> and end-of-trip reminders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxweather.com/learn/7-apps-and-smart-technology-designed-to-prevent-children-hot-car-deaths|first=Emilee|last=Speck|title=7 apps and smart technology designed to prevent heatstroke deaths in children|date=June 16, 2022|work=[[Fox Weather]]}}</ref> The [[Association of Global Automakers]] and the [[Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers]] have committed to the standardization of rear-seat-occupant alert systems by 2025.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Car and Driver]]|title=Rear-Seat Occupant Alerts Will Be Standard on All Cars by 2025|date=September 5, 2019|first=Mihir|last=Maddireddy|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a28924249/rear-seat-occupant-alerts-cars-2025/}}</ref> Italy and Israel have enacted laws requiring such safety systems.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Jerusalem Post]]|title=From August 1: Devices to prevent drivers from forgetting kids in cars|first=Zev|last=Stub|date=June 27, 2021|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/from-august-1-devices-to-prevent-drivers-from-forgetting-kids-in-cars-672181}}</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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===Explanatory notes=== |
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<references/> |
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{{notelist}} |
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===Citations=== |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Memory biases]] |
[[Category:Memory biases]] |
Revision as of 15:56, 6 June 2023
Forgotten baby syndrome refers to a phenomenon in which young children are mistakenly left in vehicles.[1] Over 25% of parents with children under 3 have forgotten their child in a car.[2]: 77 Each year, around the world, dozens of children die of vehicle-related hyperthermia.[a] Because these numbers began to rise after the popularization of air bags[9]: 7 and rear-facing child safety seats,[2]: 76 researchers began to suspect that memory may be the culprit.[10]
According to David Diamond, a psychology professor at the University of South Florida who has been studying the phenomenon since 2004, the phenomenon is a consequence of tension between the brain's habit-memory and prospective-memory systems,[11] which is resolved when basal ganglia "habit memory" suppresses the "prospective memory" system of the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex,[2]: 78, 83 [12][13] resulting in a false memory and what he calls "autopilot".[12][13][14] Other psychologists have suggested the phenomenon is functionally similar to forgetting keys in a car[15] or forgetting to post a letter.[16]
Diamond has identified common factors of the phenomenon as "stress, sleep deprivation, and change in routine".[13] Stephen Cowen, a psychology professor at the University of Arizona, has said that stress can render a person "more attentive to the immediate sensory stimuli or threats in your environment but not as attentive to your more distant memory of leaving your children in the car".[17]
There have been several efforts to address the phenomenon through technology, including back-seat alert systems (which note when a backseat is opened prior to driving), car-seat alarms (which detect whether a child is buckled in),[8] and end-of-trip reminders.[18] The Association of Global Automakers and the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers have committed to the standardization of rear-seat-occupant alert systems by 2025.[19] Italy and Israel have enacted laws requiring such safety systems.[20]
See also
Notes
Explanatory notes
- ^ In the United States, around 38 children die annually after being left in vehicles.[3][1] A study of Brazilian incidents examining 31 cases (including 21 fatalities) from 2006 to 2015 found that 71% of cases involved a parent forgetting the child.[4] An study of Italian incidents found 8 vehicular-related hyperthermia deaths between 1998 and 2017.[5] A study of Indian cases found 40 fatalities from 2011 to 2020.[6] A study of Canadian incidents found one death per year,[7] with most being a result of being forgotten.[8]
Citations
- ^ a b Lee-Kelland, Richard; Finlay, Fiona (2019). "GP3 'Forgotten baby syndrome': a systematic review and analysis of caregiver intention" (PDF). Archives of Disease in Childhood. 104 (Suppl. 3). doi:10.1136/archdischild-2019-epa.69.
- ^ a b c Breitfeld, Erika (2020). "Hot-Car Deaths and Forgotten-Baby Syndrome: A Case Against Prosecution" (PDF). Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law. 25: 72–106.
- ^ Null, Jan (May 30, 2023). "Heatstroke Deaths of Children in Vehicles". Retrieved June 6, 2023.
- ^ Costa, Driely; Grundstein, Andrew (July 2016). "An Analysis of Children Left Unattended in Parked Motor Vehicles in Brazil". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13 (7). doi:10.3390/ijerph13070649.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Scozzari, Gitana; Bert, Fabrizio; Gualano, Maria R.; Siliquini, Roberta (February 2020). "Forgotten children in parked vehicles: a review of Italian fatalities". Minerva Pediatrica (in Italian). 72 (1). doi:10.23736/S0026-4946.18.05125-3.
- ^ Siddiqui, Gulnaz Fatima; Singh, Mukesh Vir; Shrivastava, Anubha; Maurya, Manisha; Tripathi, Ambuj; Siddiqui, Shahid Akhtar (July 2021). "Children Left Unattended in Parked Vehicles in India: An Analysis of 40 Fatalities from 2011 to 2020". Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 67 (3). doi:10.1093/tropej/fmaa075.
- ^ Ho, Karen; Minhas, Ripudaman; Young, Elizabeth; Sgro, Michael; Huber, Joelene F. (April 2020). "Paediatric hyperthermia-related deaths while entrapped and unattended inside vehicles: The Canadian experience and anticipatory guidance for prevention". Paediatrics & Child Health. 25 (3): 143–148. doi:10.1093/pch/pxz087.
- ^ a b Roy, Lillian (August 22, 2022). "'Forgotten baby syndrome' is more common than you think. Here's how technology can help". CTV News.
- ^ Forston, Jacob W.; Fradella, Henry F. (2022). "A Content Analysis of Criminal Cases Concerning Unattended Children in Vehicles Between 1990 and 2021: Empirically-Based Suggestions for Reform" (PDF). Chapman Law Review. 26: 1–55.
- ^ Rudd, Rodney; Prasad, Aloke; Weston, Doug; Wietholter, Kedryn (July 2015). "Introduction and Background". Functional Assessment of Unattended Child Reminder Systems (pdf) (Report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. p. 2.
- ^ Pelletiere, Nicole (July 14, 2016). "'Forgotten Baby Syndrome': A Parent's Nightmare of Hot Car Death". ABC News.
- ^ a b Rosenblatt, Kalhan (June 27, 2017). "Hot Car Deaths: Scientists Detail Why Parents Forget Their Children". NBC News.
- ^ a b c Thomas, Emily A. (August 18, 2022). "Research Shows That Anyone Could Forget a Kid in a Hot Car". Consumer Reports.
- ^ Groves, Anna (July 26, 2018). "You say it could never happen, but it does. Here are the reasons infants are left in cars". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
- ^ Minton, Leslie (May 24, 2018). "Study: Hot cars can hit deadly temperatures in as little as one hour". Arizona State University.
- ^ "Mother suffered 'forgotten baby syndrome', death inquest told". BBC News. March 22, 2017.
- ^ Purtill, Corinne (June 27, 2017). "The neuroscience that explains the awful truth that anyone is capable of accidentally killing their child". Quartz.
- ^ Speck, Emilee (June 16, 2022). "7 apps and smart technology designed to prevent heatstroke deaths in children". Fox Weather.
- ^ Maddireddy, Mihir (September 5, 2019). "Rear-Seat Occupant Alerts Will Be Standard on All Cars by 2025". Car and Driver.
- ^ Stub, Zev (June 27, 2021). "From August 1: Devices to prevent drivers from forgetting kids in cars". Jerusalem Post.