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{{Sahara conflict}} |
{{Sahara conflict}} |
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'''[[Western Sahara]]''' is a former [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colony]] claimed and mostly administered by [[Morocco]] since [[Spain]] abandoned the territory in [[1975]]-[[1976|76]], but [[sovereignty]] is unresolved and the [[United Nations]] is attempting to hold a [[referendum]] on the issue through the mission [[MINURSO]]. [[Free Zone (region)|Part of the territory]] is controlled by The [[nationalism|nationalist]] group the [[Polisario Front]] as the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]. A UN-administered [[cease-fire]] has been in effect since September [[1991]]. |
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{{Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} |
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'''[[Western Sahara]]''' is a former [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colony]] claimed and mostly administered by [[Morocco]] since [[Spain]] abandoned the territory in [[1975]]-[[1976|76]], but [[sovereignty]] is unresolved and the [[United Nations]] is attempting to hold a [[referendum]] on the issue through the mission [[MINURSO]]. [[Free Zone (region)|Part of the territory]] is controlled by the [[nationalism|nationalist]] group the [[Polisario Front]] as the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]. A UN-administered [[cease-fire]] has been in effect since September [[1991]]. |
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==Positions of the parties== |
==Positions of the parties== |
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===Polisario Front=== |
===Polisario Front=== |
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The position of the '''[[Polisario Front]]''' and other supporters of [[independence]] is that Western Sahara is an occupied territory, the rightful government of which is the [[exile government|exiled]] [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (SADR). The [[UN]] also considers Western Sahara an occupied territory, and a territory which should be [[decolonization|decolonized]], since the legal administrator of the territory still is Spain. Although the Sahrawi republic is not recognised as a member state in the UN, Polisario is recognized as the legal representative of the Sahrawi people. |
The position of the '''[[Polisario Front]]''' and other supporters of [[independence]] is that Western Sahara is an occupied territory, the rightful government of which is the [[exile government|exiled]] [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (SADR). The [[UN]] also considers Western Sahara an occupied territory, and a territory which should be [[decolonization|decolonized]], since the legal administrator of the territory still is Spain. Although the Sahrawi republic is not recognised as a member state in the UN, Polisario is recognized as the legal representative of the Sahrawi people. |
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==Recognition== |
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The SADR is recognized by '''47 states''' (not including 22 states that have cancelled their earlier recognitions and 13 that have frozen their relations). For a list of these governments, see below. '''Non-recognition''' of the Sahrawi republic does not imply non-recognition of the Polisario Front: several governments acknowledge Polisario as the legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people, but not its exile government as a state. |
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Although Morocco claims that no recognition is required, Moroccan sovereignty over the territory is explicitly supported, but not recognized, formally by the [[Arab League]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990108/1999010849.html],[http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/981217/1998121758.html]and by '''25 states'''. For a list of these governments, see below. |
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==States recognizing the SADR== |
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The following is a list of governments of the world that have formally recognized Western Sahara as a sovereign nation, with the exiled Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its legitimate government. |
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After recognizing an independent Western Sahara, some states have since retracted their recognitions. Others have chosen a milder option, to "freeze" recognition pending the outcome of the referendum on [[self-determination]]. If the results are in favor of independence, these governments will then resume the frozen contacts, while a government who has "cancelled" recognition (or never recognized Western Sahara), will not necessarily do so. |
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This list is based on several sources, and it may be incomplete. Currently, it contains '''82''' countries, and of these |
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* '''47''' recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. |
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* '''13''' of these 48 are home to Sahrawi embassies. |
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* '''13''' have "frozen" relations. |
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* '''22''' have cancelled relations. |
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* ''See also tables at [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Western_Sahara.html this] page, [http://www.wsahara.net/recognitions.html this], [http://www.ambrasd.org/ES/1e1es.htm this], [http://www.lasonet.com/rasdpaises.htm this], [http://www.amigosdelsahara.net/Embajadas.htm this], and [http://www.arso.org/03-2.htm that].'' |
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<center> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! bgcolor="#FFEBAD"|[[State]] |
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! bgcolor="#FFEBAD"|Date of recognition |
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! bgcolor="#FFEBAD"|Notes |
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|- |
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| [[Madagascar]] |
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| [[February 28]], [[1976]] |
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| Froze recognition [[June 4]], [[2005]] |
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|- |
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| [[Burundi]] |
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| [[March 1]], [[1976]] |
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| Froze recognition [[May 5]], [[2006]] [http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/burundi_freezes_reco/view 33] |
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|- |
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| [[Algeria]] |
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| [[March 6]], [[1976]] |
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| [http://www.ambrasd.org/ Embassy]. |
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|- |
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| [[Angola]] |
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| [[March 11]], [[1976]] |
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| Embassy. |
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|- |
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| [[Benin]] |
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| [[March 11]], [[1976]] |
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| Cancelled [[March 21]], [[1997]] |
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|- |
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| [[Mozambique]] |
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| [[March 13]], [[1976]] |
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| Embassy. |
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|- |
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| [[Guinea-Bissau]] |
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| [[March 15]], [[1976]] |
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| Cancelled [[April 2]], [[1997]]; re-opened embassy [[September 26]], [[2000]]. |
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|- |
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| [[North Korea]] |
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| [[March 16]], [[1976]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Togo]] |
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| [[March 17]], [[1976]] |
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| Cancelled June 1997 |
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|- |
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| [[Rwanda]] |
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| [[April 1]], [[1976]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[South Yemen]] ([[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen|PDRY]] and [[People's Republic of South Yemen|PRSY]]) |
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| [[February 2]], [[1977]] |
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| It is unknown whether diplomatic recognition was ever extended by the government of the unified [[Yemen|Republic of Yemen]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Seychelles]] |
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| [[October 25]], [[1977]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Republic of Congo]] |
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| [[June 3]], [[1978]] |
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| Cancelled [[September 13]], [[1996]] |
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|- |
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| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] |
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| [[June 22]], [[1978]] |
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| Cancelled [[October 23]], [[1996]] |
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|- |
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| [[Panama]] |
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| [[June 23]], [[1978]] |
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| [http://es.geocities.com/websahocc/index.html Embassy]. |
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|- |
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| [[Equatorial Guinea]] |
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| [[November 3]], [[1978]] |
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| Cancelled May 1980 |
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|- |
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| [[Tanzania]] |
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| [[November 9]], [[1978]] |
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| Embassy established June [[2005]].[http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e280605.html] |
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|- |
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| [[Ethiopia]] |
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| [[February 24]], [[1979]] |
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| Embassy.[http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/embassies/lists/embassies.htm] |
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|- |
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| [[Vietnam]] |
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| [[March 2]], [[1979]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Cambodia]] |
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| [[April 10]], [[1979]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Laos]] |
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| [[May 9]], [[1979]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Afghanistan]] |
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| [[May 23]], [[1979]] |
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| Cancelled [[July 12]], [[2002]] |
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|- |
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| [[Cape Verde]] |
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| [[July 4]], [[1979]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Grenada]] |
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| [[August 20]], [[1979]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Ghana]] |
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| [[August 24]], [[1979]] |
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| Frozen May 2001 |
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|- |
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| [[Guyana]] |
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| [[September 1]], [[1979]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Dominica]] |
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| [[September 1]], [[1979]] |
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| Frozen. |
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|- |
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| [[St. Lucia]] |
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| [[September 1]], [[1979]] |
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| Cancelled March 1989 |
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|- |
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| [[Jamaica]] |
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| [[September 4]], [[1979]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Uganda]] |
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| [[September 6]], [[1979]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Nicaragua]] |
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| [[September 6]], [[1979]] |
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| Frozen [[July 21]], [[2000]] |
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|- |
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| [[Mexico]] |
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| [[September 8]], [[1979]][http://www.senado.gob.mx/internacionales/assets/docs/relaciones_parlamentarias/africa/reuniones/marruecos7.pdf] |
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| Embassy.[http://es.geocities.com/embrasdven/index.html] |
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|- |
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| [[Lesotho]] |
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| [[October 9]], [[1979]][http://www.un.org/webcast/ga/56/statements/011115lesothoE.htm][http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e080704.html#2] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Zambia]] |
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| [[October 12]], [[1979]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Cuba]] |
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| [[January 20]], [[1980]] |
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| Embassy.[http://es.geocities.com/embrasdven/index.html] |
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|- |
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| [[Iran]] |
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| [[February 27]], [[1980]][http://www.arso.org/01-e05-0102.htm][http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e170206.html] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Sierra Leone]] |
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| [[March 27]], [[1980]] |
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| Frozen c. 2002-2003 |
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|- |
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| [[Syria]] |
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| [[April 15]], [[1980]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Libya]] |
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| [[April 15]], [[1980]][http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8231.html][http://www.amigosdelsahara.net/Embajadas.htm] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Swaziland]] |
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| [[April 28]], [[1980]] |
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| Cancelled June 1997 |
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|- |
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| [[Botswana]] |
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| [[May 14]], [[1980]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Zimbabwe]] |
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| [[July 3]], [[1980]][http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:Mwh4ZjLPTgcJ:www.zimfa.gov.zw/missions/8.htm+tanzania+embassy+sadr&hl=sv] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Chad]] |
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| [[July 4]], [[1980]] |
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| Cancelled [[May 9]], [[1997]] (Apparently re-started and then cancelled again March 18, 2006 [http://www.moroccotimes.com/News/article.asp?id=13562]) |
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|- |
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| [[Mali]] |
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| [[July 4]], [[1980]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Costa Rica]] |
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| [[October 30]], [[1980]] |
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| Frozen April 2000 |
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|- |
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| [[Vanuatu]] |
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| [[November 27]], [[1980]] |
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| Cancelled November 2000 |
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|- |
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| [[Papua New Guinea]] |
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| [[August 12]], [[1981]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Tuvalu]] |
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| [[August 12]], [[1981]] |
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| Cancelled [[September 15]], [[2000]] |
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|- |
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| [[Kiribati]] |
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| [[August 12]], [[1981]] |
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| Cancelled [[September 15]], [[2000]] |
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|- |
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| [[Nauru]] |
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| [[August 12]], [[1981]] |
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| Cancelled [[September 15]], [[2000]] |
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|- |
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| [[Solomon Islands]] |
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| [[August 12]], [[1981]] |
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| Cancelled January 1989 |
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|- |
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| [[Mauritius]] |
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| [[July 1]], [[1982]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Venezuela]] |
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| [[August 3]], [[1982]] |
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| [http://es.geocities.com/embrasdven/index.html Embassy]. |
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|- |
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| [[Suriname]] |
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| [[August 11]], [[1982]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Bolivia]] |
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| [[December 14]], [[1982]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Ecuador]] |
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| [[November 14]], [[1983]] |
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| Cancelled [[June 19]], [[2004]]; reestablished [[February 8]], [[2006]].[http://www.eluniverso.com/2005/10/04/8/ed9184d8a4784813a2aced300a35a0a0.html?EUID=][http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e080206.html#4] |
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|- |
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| [[Mauritania]] |
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| [[February 27]], [[1984]][http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/22.htm] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Burkina Faso]] |
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| [[March 4]], [[1984]] |
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| Cancelled [[June 5]], [[1996]] |
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|- |
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| [[Peru]] |
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| [[August 16]], [[1984]] |
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| Suspended relations, October 1996 |
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|- |
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| [[Nigeria]] |
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| [[November 12]], [[1984]] |
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| Embassy.[http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e300105.html][http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=16090][http://www.arso.org/01-e01-13.htm] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Yugoslavia]] |
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| [[November 28]], [[1984]][http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/sahara.htm] |
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| Cancelled by [[Serbia and Montenegro]], [[October 28]], [[2004]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Colombia]] |
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| [[February 27]], [[1985]] |
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| Frozen December 2000. |
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|- |
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| [[Liberia]] |
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| [[July 31]], [[1985]] |
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| Cancelled September 1997 |
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|- |
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| [[India]] |
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| [[October 1]], [[1985]][http://www.tourisminindia.com/contactinfo/emabsy.htm] |
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| Cancelled [[June 26]], [[2000]] |
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|- |
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| [[Guatemala]] |
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| [[April 10]], [[1986]] |
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| Frozen April 1998. In 2002, denied ever recognizing SADR [http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/020730/2002073036.html]. |
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|- |
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| [[Dominican Republic]] |
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| [[June 24]], [[1986]] |
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| Frozen on [[May 23]], [[2002]] |
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|- |
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| [[Trinidad and Tobago]] |
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| [[November 1]], [[1986]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Belize]] |
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| [[November 18]], [[1986]][http://64.106.163.228/library/bze_treaties/bi_lateral.php] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[St. Kitts and Nevis]] |
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| [[February 25]], [[1987]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Antigua and Barbuda]] |
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| [[February 27]], [[1987]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Albania]] |
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| [[December 29]], [[1987]][http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/sahara.htm] |
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| Cancelled [[November 9]], [[2004]] |
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|- |
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| [[Barbados]] |
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| [[February 27]], [[1988]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[El Salvador]] |
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| [[July 31]], [[1989]] |
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| Cancelled April 1997 |
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|- |
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| [[Honduras]] |
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| [[November 8]], 1989 |
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| Frozen January 2000 |
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|- |
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| [[Namibia]] |
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| [[June 2]], [[1990]][http://www.mfa.gov.na/frames/consularframe.htm][http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e080704.html] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Malawi]] |
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| [[November 16]], [[1994]] |
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| Cancelled June 2001 |
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|- |
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| [[Paraguay]] |
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| [[February 9]], [[2000]] |
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| Frozen [[25 June]] [[2000]] |
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|- |
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| [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St Vincent and the Grenadines]] |
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| [[February 14]], [[2002]][http://www.arso.org/SvGren.140202.htm] |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[East Timor]] |
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| [[May 20]], [[2002]][http://www.arso.org/timor200502.htm] |
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| First country to establish relations with East Timor. |
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|- |
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| [[South Africa]] |
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| [[September 15]], [[2004]] |
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| Embassy.[http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/040929/2004092915.html][http://www.arso.org/SA.RASD2004.htm] |
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|- |
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| [[Kenya]] |
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| [[June 25]], [[2005]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050627/2005062726.html] |
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| Embassy.[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A82EB768-637D-489B-BF2A-FDF9BA3B6CA6.htm] |
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|- |
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| [[Uruguay]] |
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| [[December 28]], [[2005]][http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/912B0A5C-4383-44DB-B878-FFD7D8D6C7B7.htm][http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e261205.html#2] |
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|} |
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</center> |
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==List of countries supporting Moroccan claims on Western Sahara== |
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No country has recognized the sovereignty of Morocco over Western Sahara, which the General Secretary of the UN, Kofi Annan, also stressed in his |
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[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/wsahara/2006/0419sgreport.pdf last report] on Western Sahara to the Security Council: |
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"The Security Council would not be able to invite parties to negotiate about Western Saharan autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty, for such wording would imply recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara, which was out of the question as long as no States Member of the United Nations had recognized that sovereignty". |
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Some UN member states have expressed support of "Morocco's [[territorial integrity]]", which can be interpreted as support of its claims over Western Sahara. However, this can also be an expression against separatism within the internationally recognized borders of Morocco. This list is based on several sources and may be incomplete: |
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# [[Argentina]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/030415/2003041521.html] |
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# [[Botswana]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050628/2005062825.html] |
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# [[Cameroon]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/040617/2004061714.html] |
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# [[Central Africa]] [http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/000229/2000022948.html],[http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/new_central_african5543/view] |
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# [[Chile]][http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/chile_s_senate_speak/view][http://www.moroccotimes.com/news/article.asp?idr=2&id=7019] |
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# [[China]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/001108/2000110824.html] |
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# [[Colombia]][http://www.moroccotimes.com/news/article.asp?idr=2&id=5011] |
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# [[Egypt]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990315/1999031549.html] |
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# [[Equatorial Guinea]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/020514/2002051437.html] |
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# [[Gabon]][http://news.africast.com/article.php?newsID=41570&strRegion=Central] |
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# [[Guinea]][http://www.moroccotimes.com/news/article.asp?idr=2&id=8322] |
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# [[Indonesia]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/010125/2001012525.html] |
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# [[Iraq]][http://www.iraqieconomy.org/home/bilecon/morocco/20050609] |
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# [[Ivory Coast]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/040316/2004031631.html] |
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# [[Kuwait]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/020525/2002052520.html] |
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# [[Libya]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990630/1999063036.html] |
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# [[Madagascar]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050407/2005040718.html] |
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# [[Malawi]][http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/african_countries_su/view] |
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# [[Peru]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/031002/2003100226.html] |
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# [[Senegal]][http://news.africast.com/article.php?newsID=15744] |
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# [[Serbia and Montenegro]][http://www.balkanpeace.org/hed/archive/oct04/hed6769.shtml] |
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# [[Swaziland]][http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/african_countries_su/view] |
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# [[Sudan]][http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765] |
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# [[Vanuatu]][http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/001215/2000121519.html] |
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# [[Yemen]][http://news.africast.com/article.php?newsID=19280] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Foreign_relations_of_Morocco#Western Sahara|Foreign relations of Morocco]] |
* [[Foreign_relations_of_Morocco#Western Sahara|Foreign relations of Morocco]] |
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* [[Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic|Foreign relations of the "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"]] |
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* [[Polisario]] |
* [[Polisario]] |
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Revision as of 18:35, 21 May 2006
Part of a series on the |
Western Sahara conflict |
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![]() |
Background |
Regions |
Politics |
Clashes |
Issues |
Peace process |
Western Sahara is a former Spanish colony claimed and mostly administered by Morocco since Spain abandoned the territory in 1975-76, but sovereignty is unresolved and the United Nations is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue through the mission MINURSO. Part of the territory is controlled by The nationalist group the Polisario Front as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. A UN-administered cease-fire has been in effect since September 1991.
Positions of the parties
United Nations
The United Nations views Western Sahara as a case of incomplete decolonization, until the Sahrawi people are able to use their right of self-determination in the form of a referendum. This makes Western Sahara the last major remaining colony in the world.
African Union
The African Union (formerly the Organization of African Unity) has given the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic full recognition, and accepted it as a member (which has led Morocco to leave the union, becoming the only African country outside of it).
Kingdom of Morocco
The position of the Kingdom of Morocco is that Western Sahara is an integral part of the Kingdom. The Moroccan government refers to Western Sahara only as the "Sahara", "Moroccan Sahara", "Saharan provinces" or the "Southern Provinces". It often refers to a ruling in October 1975 by the UN's International Court of Justice in the Hague (Netherlands) as grounds for this claim. The Court had ruled that there had been ties of allegiance between the people of Western Sahara and the Sultan of Morocco but no ties of territorial sovereignty. Thus the Court stated that those legal ties don’t affect the principle of self determination of the peoples of the territory.
Polisario Front
The position of the Polisario Front and other supporters of independence is that Western Sahara is an occupied territory, the rightful government of which is the exiled Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). The UN also considers Western Sahara an occupied territory, and a territory which should be decolonized, since the legal administrator of the territory still is Spain. Although the Sahrawi republic is not recognised as a member state in the UN, Polisario is recognized as the legal representative of the Sahrawi people.
See also
References
- ^ Arabic News - Senegal supports Morocco's territorial integrity
- ^ Balkan Peace - Serbia-Montenegro withdraws recognition of Sahara Republic
- ^ Morocco Times - Sahara issue - Sudan supports Moroccan territorial integrity
- ^ Arabic News - Morocco, Gabon voice resolve to enhance cooperation