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[[File:Parmigiano reggiano factory.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Parmigiano reggiano]] [[Cheese]] in a modern [[factory]]]] |
[[File:Parmigiano reggiano factory.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Parmigiano reggiano]] [[Cheese]] in a modern [[factory]]]] |
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The '''food industry''' is a complex, global collective of diverse [[business]]es that supply much of the |
The '''food industry''' is a complex, global collective of diverse [[business]]es that supply much of the [[food energy]] consumed by the [[world population]]. Only [[subsistence farming|subsistence farmers]], those who survive on what they grow, can be considered outside of the scope of the modern [[food]] [[industry]]. |
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The food industry includes: |
The food industry includes: |
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* '''[[Regulation]]''': local, regional, national |
* '''[[Regulation]]''': local, regional, national and international rules and regulations for food production and sale, including [[food quality]] and [[food safety]], and industry [[lobbying]] activities |
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* '''[[Education]]''': [[academic]], [[ |
* '''[[Education]]''': [[academic]], [[vocational]], [[consultancy]] |
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* '''[[Research and development]]''': [[food technology]] |
* '''[[Research and development]]''': [[food technology]] |
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* '''[[Financial services]]''' |
* '''[[Financial services]]''' [[insurance]], [[credit (finance)|credit]] |
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* '''[[Manufacturing]]''': [[agrichemicals]], |
* '''[[Manufacturing]]''': [[agrichemicals]], [[seed]], [[farm machinery]] and supplies, agricultural [[construction]], etc. |
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* '''[[Agriculture]]''': raising of crops and |
* '''[[Agriculture]]''': raising of crops and livestock, [[seafood]] |
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* '''[[Food processing]]''': preparation of fresh products for market, |
* '''[[Food processing]]''': preparation of fresh products for market, manufacture of prepared food products |
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* '''[[Marketing]]''': promotion of generic products (e.g. |
* '''[[Marketing]]''': promotion of generic products (e.g. milk board), new products, public opinion, through [[advertising]], [[packaging]], [[public relations]], et |
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* '''[[Wholesale]] and [[food distribution|distribution]]''': [[ |
* '''[[Wholesale]] and [[food distribution|distribution]]''': warehousing, [[transportation]], [[logistics]] |
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* '''[[Foodservice]] (which includes [[Catering]]) |
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* '''[[Grocery]], [[Farmers' market]], [[Public market]] and other [[Retailing]] |
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== |
== Overview == |
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===Definitions=== |
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⚫ | :"The U.S. food system is a complex network of farmers and the industries that link to them. Those links include makers of farm equipment and chemicals as well as firms that provide services to agribusinesses, such as providers of transportation and financial services. The system also includes the food marketing industries that link farms to consumers, and which include food and fiber processors, wholesalers, retailers, and foodservice establishments."<ref>[http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FoodMarketStructures/overview.htm " Food market structures: Overview"], Economic Research Service (USDA)</ref> |
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==Industry size== |
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Processed food sales worldwide are approximately US$3.2 [[1000000000000 (number)|trillion]] (2004). {{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} |
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In 2012, [[United States|U.S.]] [[consumer]]s spent approximately US$1.8 trillion annually on food,<ref>[http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Industries/FoodBeverageTobacco/FoodBeverageTobaccoStatistics/tabid/248/Default.aspx Food Industry Overview], Plunkett Research. Retrieved 17 February 2006.</ref> or nearly 10 percent of the [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP). Over 16.5 million people are employed in the food industry. |
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⚫ | :"The U.S. food system is a complex network of farmers and the industries that link to them. Those links include makers of farm equipment and chemicals as well as firms that provide services to agribusinesses, such as providers of transportation and financial services. The system also includes the food marketing industries that link farms to consumers, and which include food and fiber processors, wholesalers, retailers, and foodservice establishments."<ref> |
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In the United Kingdom, the food industry is extensive. It employs 2 million people and has a turnover in excess of £70bn. It is the largest manufacturing sector in the UK and represents around 15% of the total manufacturing sector in the UK. Around 13% of the people working in manufacturing in the UK work in the food and drink industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.focusgraduates.co.uk/help-and-advice/food-manufacturing |title=Food Manufacturing |publisher=Focusgraduates.co.uk |date=2012-08-04 |accessdate=2013-02-04}}</ref> |
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== Agriculture == |
== Agriculture == |
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{{Main|Agriculture}} |
{{Main|Agriculture}} |
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Agriculture is the process of producing food, feeding products, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals ( |
Agriculture is the process of producing food, feeding products, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). The practice of agriculture is also known as "farming". Scientists, inventors and others devoted to improving farming methods and implements are also said to be engaged in agriculture. More people in the world are involved in agriculture as their primary economic activity than in any other, yet it only accounts for twenty percent of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). |
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== Food processing == |
== Food processing == |
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Food processing includes the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are several different ways in which food can be produced. |
Food processing includes the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are several different ways in which food can be produced. |
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'''One Off Production''' |
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This method is used when customers make an order for something to be made to their own specifications, for example a wedding cake. The making of One Off Products could take days depending on how intricate the design is and also the ability of the chef involved. |
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'''Batch Production''' |
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This method is used when the size of the market for a product is not clear, and where there is a range within a product line. A certain number of the same goods will be produced to make up a batch or run, for example at Gregg's Bakery they will bake a certain number of chicken bakes. This method involves estimating the number of customers that will want to buy that product. |
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'''Mass production''' |
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This method is used when there is a mass market for a large number of identical products, for example chocolate bars, ready meals and canned food. The product passes from one stage of production to another along a production line. |
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'''Just In Time''' |
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This method of production is mainly used in sandwich bars such as [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]]. All the components of the product are available in-house and the customer chooses what they want in their product. It is then prepared with fresh ingredients in front of the buyer. |
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== Wholesale and distribution == |
== Wholesale and distribution == |
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A vast global transportation network is required by the food industry in order to connect its numerous parts. These include suppliers, manufacturers, |
A vast global transportation network is required by the food industry in order to connect its numerous parts. These include suppliers, manufacturers, warehousing, retailers and the end consumers. There are also companies that add vitamins, minerals, and other required necessities during processing to make up for those lost during preparation. [[Wholesale marketing|Wholesale markets]] for fresh food products have tended to decline in importance in [[OECD]] countries. This also occurred in Latin America and some Asian countries as a result of the growth of [[supermarkets]], which procure directly from farmers or through preferred suppliers, rather than going through markets. |
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The constant and uninterrupted flow of product from distribution centers to store locations is a critical link in food industry operations. Distribution centers run more efficiently, throughput can be increased, costs can be lowered, and manpower better utilized if the proper steps are taken when setting up a material handling system in a warehouse. <ref> |
The constant and uninterrupted flow of product from distribution centers to store locations is a critical link in food industry operations. Distribution centers run more efficiently, throughput can be increased, costs can be lowered, and manpower better utilized if the proper steps are taken when setting up a material handling system in a warehouse. <ref>[http://www.groceryheadquarters.com/articles/2009-01-01/Boosting-efficiency-at-the-DC ]{{dead link|date=February 2013}}</ref> |
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== Retail == |
== Retail == |
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With populations around the world concentrating in urban areas,<ref> |
With populations around the world concentrating in urban areas,<ref>[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2003/WUP2003.htm ''World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision''], Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (United Nations).</ref> food buying is increasingly removed from all aspects of food production. This is a relatively recent development, having taken place mainly over the last 50 years. The supermarket is the defining retail element of the food industry. There, tens of thousands of products are gathered in one location, in continuous, year-round supply. Restaurants, cafes, bakeries and mobile trucks also provide opportunities for consumers to purchase food. |
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Food preparation is another area where the change in recent decades has been dramatic. Today, two food industry sectors are in apparent competition for the retail food dollar. The grocery industry sells fresh and largely raw products for consumers to use as ingredients in home cooking. The [[food service]] industry by contrast offers prepared food, either as finished products, or as partially prepared components for final "assembly". |
Food preparation is another area where the change in recent decades has been dramatic. Today, two food industry sectors are in apparent competition for the retail food dollar. The grocery industry sells fresh and largely raw products for consumers to use as ingredients in home cooking. The [[food service]] industry by contrast offers prepared food, either as finished products, or as partially prepared components for final "assembly". |
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As consumers grow increasingly removed from food production, the role of product creation, advertising, and publicity become the primary vehicles for information about food. With processed food as the dominant category, marketers have almost infinite possibilities in product creation. |
As consumers grow increasingly removed from food production, the role of product creation, advertising, and publicity become the primary vehicles for information about food. With processed food as the dominant category, marketers have almost infinite possibilities in product creation. |
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== Media == |
== Media & Marketing == |
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A key tool for |
A key tool for FMCG marketing managers targeting the supermarket industry includes national titles like ''The Grocer'' in the U.K., ''Checkout'' in Ireland, ''Progressive Grocer'' in the U.S., and ''Private Label Europe'' for the entire of the European Union. |
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== Labour and education == |
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Until the last 100 years, agriculture was [[labor intensive]]. Farming was a common occupation and millions of people were involved in food production. Farmers, largely trained from generation to generation, carried on the family business. That situation has changed dramatically today. In North America, only a few decades ago over 50% of the population were farm families. Now, that figure is around 1-2%<sup>[citation needed]</sup>, and about 80% of the population lives in cities. The food industry as a complex whole requires an incredibly wide range of skills. Several hundred occupation types exist within the food industry. |
Until the last 100 years, agriculture was [[labor intensive]]. Farming was a common occupation and millions of people were involved in food production. Farmers, largely trained from generation to generation, carried on the family business. That situation has changed dramatically today. In North America, only a few decades ago over 50% of the population were farm families. Now, that figure is around 1-2%<sup>[citation needed]</sup>, and about 80% of the population lives in cities. The food industry as a complex whole requires an incredibly wide range of skills. Several hundred occupation types exist within the food industry. |
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== Prominent Food Companies == |
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* [[Nestlé]]: world's largest food and beverage company. |
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* [[PepsiCo]]: largest U.S.-based food and beverage company. |
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* [http://www.cswg.com C&S Wholesale Grocers]: Lead supply chain company in the food industry today and largest wholesale grocery supply company in the U.S. |
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* [[Unilever]]: Anglo-Dutch company that owns many of the world's consumer product brands in foods and beverages. |
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* [[Kraft Foods|Kraft]]: apparently the world's second largest food company, following its acquisition of Cadbury in 2010. |
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* [[DuPont]] and [[Monsanto Company]]: leading producers of pesticide, seeds, and other farming products. |
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* Both [[Archer Daniels Midland]] and [[Cargill]] process grain into animal feed and a diverse group of products. ADM also provides agricultural storage and transportation services, while Cargill operates a finance wing. |
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* [[Bunge Limited]]: global soybean exporter and is also involved in food processing, grain trading, and fertilizer. |
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* [[Brasil Foods|BRF]]: global meat company, produces frozen foods, dairy products and others. |
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* [[Dole Food Company]]: world's largest fruit company. [[Chiquita Brands International]], another U.S.-based fruit company, is the leading distributor of bananas in the United States. |
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* [[Sunkist Growers, Incorporated]] is a U.S.-based grower's [[cooperative]]. |
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* [[JBS S.A.]]: world’s largest processor and marketer of chicken, beef, and pork. [[Smithfield Foods]] is the world's largest pork processor and producer. |
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* [[Sysco Corporation]]: mainly catering to North America, one of the world's largest food distributors. |
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* [[General Mills]]: world's sixth biggest food manufacturing company. |
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* [[Grupo Bimbo]]: one of the most important baking companies in brand and trademark positioning, sales and production volume around the world. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal |
{{Portal|Food}} |
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'''General:''' |
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{{Div col|cols=3}} |
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* [[Agricultural economics]] |
* [[Agricultural economics]] |
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* [[Dietary supplement]] |
* [[Dietary supplement]] |
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* [[Food and Bioprocess Technology]] |
* [[Food and Bioprocess Technology]] |
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* [[Food chemistry]] |
* [[Food chemistry]] |
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* [[Food |
* [[Food Engineering]] |
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* [[Food fortification]] |
* [[Food fortification]] |
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* [[Food grading]] |
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* [[Food microbiology]] |
* [[Food microbiology]] |
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* [[Food packaging]] |
* [[Food packaging]] |
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* [[Food rheology]] |
* [[Food rheology]] |
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* [[Food safety]] |
* [[Food safety]] |
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* [[Food |
* [[Food Science]] |
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* [[Food storage]] |
* [[Food storage]] |
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* [[Food supplements]] |
* [[Food supplements]] |
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* [[Nutrification]] (aka food enrichment or fortification) |
* [[Nutrification]] (aka food enrichment or fortification) |
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* [[Produce]] |
* [[Produce]] |
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'''Book, film, TV and web-related exposés and critiques of the food industry:''' |
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{{Div col|cols=2}} |
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* [[Criticism of fast food]] |
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* ''[[Eat This, Not That]]'' (nonfiction series published in ''Men's Health'' magazine) |
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* ''[[Fast Food Nation]]'' (2001 nonfiction book) |
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** ''[[Chew On This]]'' (2005 book adaptation of ''Fast Food Nation'' for younger readers) |
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** [[Fast Food Nation (film)|''Fast Food Nation'']] (2006 documentary film) |
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* ''[[Food, Inc.]]'' (2008 documentary film) |
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* ''[[Panic Nation]]'' (2006 nonfiction book) |
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* ''[[Super Size Me]]'' (2004 documentary film) |
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* ''[[The Jungle]]'' (1906 novel by Upton Sinclair that exposed health violations and unsanitary practices in the American meatpacking industry during the early 20th century, based on an investigation he did for a socialist newspaper) |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{commons}} |
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* [http://www.nal.usda.gov/atmic/pubs/agriassn.htm Agribusiness, Food Industry and Forest Industry Associations on the Internet] (1998) |
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* [http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/agec2/mf2719.pdf Economic Issues with the Persistence of Profitability in Food Businesses and Agricultural Businesses] |
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* [http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/subjects/en/agmarket/food.html Food marketing pages of FAO] |
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* [http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS01-06.pdf U.S. Food System Factsheet] by the [[University of Michigan]]'s [http://css.snre.umich.edu/ Center for Sustainable Systems] |
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{{Industries}} |
{{Industries}} |
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{{Cuisine}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Food Industry}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Food Industry}} |
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[[Category:Agriculture| ]] |
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[[Category:Farms| ]] |
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[[Category:Food industry| ]] |
[[Category:Food industry| ]] |