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[[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|thumb|250px|The |
[[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|thumb|250px|The Tibetan Flag<ref>http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=10&rmenuid=8</ref>]] |
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The '''Tibetan flag''', also known as the '''Snow Lion Flag'''<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Modern Tibet: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955|volume=2|author=Goldstein, Melvyn C.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|authorlink=Melvyn Goldstein|year=2009|page=203}}</ref> and the '''Free Tibet Flag''', was a flag of the military of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]], introduced by the [[13th Dalai Lama]] in 1912 and used in the same capacity until 1959. Designed with the help of a Japanese, it reflects the design motif of [[Japanese military]]'s [[Rising Sun Flag]].<ref name="jpflag"/> Since the 1960s, it is used a symbol of the [[Tibetan independence movement]]. |
The '''Tibetan flag''', also known as the '''Snow Lion Flag'''<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Modern Tibet: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955|volume=2|author=Goldstein, Melvyn C.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|authorlink=Melvyn Goldstein|year=2009|page=203}}</ref> and the '''Free Tibet Flag''', was a flag of the military of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]], introduced by the [[13th Dalai Lama]] in 1912 and used in the same capacity until 1959. Designed with the help of a Japanese, it reflects the design motif of [[Japanese military]]'s [[Rising Sun Flag]].<ref name="jpflag"/> Since the 1960s, it is used a symbol of the [[Tibetan independence movement]]. |
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Free Tibet campaigner [[Patrick French]] corroborates this story, saying that the Tibetan flag was a "regimental banner devised by a wandering Japanese man in the 1920s".<ref name="French"/> |
Free Tibet campaigner [[Patrick French]] corroborates this story, saying that the Tibetan flag was a "regimental banner devised by a wandering Japanese man in the 1920s".<ref name="French"/> |
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The Dalai Lama's government in Tibet did not fly the flag on government buildings or on national holidays, and few members of the public knew what the |
The Dalai Lama's government in Tibet did not fly the flag on government buildings or on national holidays, and few members of the public knew what the Tibetan flag looked like.<ref name="Goldstein 2009">{{Cite book|title=On the Cultural Revolution in Tibet: The Nyemo Incident of 1969|author=Goldstein, Melvyn C.|coauthors=Jiao, Ben and Tanzen Lhundrup|authorlink=Melvyn Goldstein|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2009|page=209}}</ref> Representatives of the [[Indian independence movement]] invited Tibetan delegates to the 1947 [[Asian Relations Conference]] in [[New Delhi]], which hosted Asian states and Asian independence movements, and the delegates were allowed to display the Tibetan Flag. According to Tibetologist [[A. Tom Grunfeld]], the conference was not government-sponsored, and so Tibet's and the Tibetan flag's presence had "no diplomatic significance".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Making of Modern Tibet|author=Grunfeld, A. Tom|authorlink=A. Tom Grunfeld|page=78|year=1996}}</ref> Nonetheless, the [[Republic of China]], also present at the conference, protested Tibet's showing, and in response, the Tibetan flag was removed and conference organizers issued a statement that [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] invited the Tibetan delegates "in a personal capacity".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century|author=Garver, John W.|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|year=2001|page=44}}</ref> |
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The flag continued to be used in the 1950s under the newly-established [[People's Republic of China]], although the flag's status was unclear. Many in the [[Communist Party of China]] felt that the usage of the flag indicated [[separatism]], but the Tibetan local government at the time stressed that the flag was an army flag (the Tibetan army continued to exist parallel to [[People's Liberation Army]] infantries) and not a national flag. [[Phuntsok Wangyal|Phuntso Wangye]] claims that [[Mao Zedong]] discussed the |
The flag continued to be used in the 1950s under the newly-established [[People's Republic of China]], although the flag's status was unclear. Many in the [[Communist Party of China]] felt that the usage of the flag indicated [[separatism]], but the Tibetan local government at the time stressed that the flag was an army flag (the Tibetan army continued to exist parallel to [[People's Liberation Army]] infantries) and not a national flag. [[Phuntsok Wangyal|Phuntso Wangye]] claims that [[Mao Zedong]] discussed the Tibetan Flag in 1955 conversation with the [[14th Dalai Lama]]. According to the story, Mao told the Dalai Lama that [[Zhang Jingwu]], [[Zhang Guohua]], and [[Fan Ming]] told him that Tibet had a "national flag". The Dalai Lama replied that Tibet had an army flag. Supposedly Mao replied that "you may keep your national flag". There is no official recognition of this conversation in Chinese documents, though.<ref name="tibflag">Melvyn C. Goldstein, Dawei Sherap, and William R. Siebenschuh, [http://books.google.com/books/ucpress?id=9TPqqH453BcC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA175&sig=eM3e4jFiernckVIG9dnZpus7Wtk ''A Tibetan revolutionary : the political life and times of Bapa Phuntso Wangye''], University of California Press, 2004, pp. 174-175, 194-195</ref> |
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Even while it was used by the army, few Tibetans in Tibet knew about the |
Even while it was used by the army, few Tibetans in Tibet knew about the Tibetan Flag, and so when they wanted to protest against the government, they would use a flag that imitated the flag of [[Chushi Gangdruk]] instead.<ref name="Goldstein 2009"/> |
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===As a pro-independence symbol=== |
===As a pro-independence symbol=== |
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[[File:Hsiao Bi-khim.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hsiao Bi-khim]], a [[Democratic Progressive Party]] politician, wears the flag in a Free Tibet demonstration in 2008]] |
[[File:Hsiao Bi-khim.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hsiao Bi-khim]], a [[Democratic Progressive Party]] politician, wears the flag in a Free Tibet demonstration in 2008]] |
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After the [[1959 Tibetan Rebellion]], the [[14th Dalai Lama]] left his position as [[Politics in Tibet|governor of Tibet]] and established the exile [[Central Tibetan Administration]] in India. As part of his project to inculcate pan-Tibetan nationalism (of all [[Tibetan people]] and not just those in his previous domain of the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]), he standardized and adopted symbols as nationalist symbols, such as the [[Standard Tibetan|Lhasa dialect of Tibetan]], a [[Tibetan National Anthem|Tibetan national anthem]], and the |
After the [[1959 Tibetan Rebellion]], the [[14th Dalai Lama]] left his position as [[Politics in Tibet|governor of Tibet]] and established the exile [[Central Tibetan Administration]] in India. As part of his project to inculcate pan-Tibetan nationalism (of all [[Tibetan people]] and not just those in his previous domain of the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]), he standardized and adopted symbols as nationalist symbols, such as the [[Standard Tibetan|Lhasa dialect of Tibetan]], a [[Tibetan National Anthem|Tibetan national anthem]], and the Tibetan Flag.<ref name="French">{{Cite book|title=Tibet, Tibet|first=Patrick|last=French|authorlink=Patrick French|publisher=[[Random House]]|year=2009|pages=24, 230}}</ref> According to the Central Tibetan Administration website, the symbolism of the flag includes the mountain representing Tibet, the [[snow lion]]s of "a unified spiritual and secular life", [[Three Jewels|three-coloured jewel]] of the [[Buddhahood|Buddha]], the [[Dharma]] and the [[Sangha]].<ref name="tibflag2">From [http://www.savetibet.org/resource-center/all-about-tibet/tibetan-flag ''The Symbolism of the Tibetan Flag''] by the International Campaign for Tibet, retrieved 2009-02-21.</ref> The flag was adopted as a symbol of the [[Tibetan independence movement]], and has become known as the "Free Tibet flag".<ref name="mic">[[BBC News]]: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370903.stm 'Free Tibet' flags made in China], 2008-04-28</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5633085.ece|title=Five pro-Tibet demonstrators arrested in clash outside Chinese embassy|first=Helen|last=Nugent|date=2009-02-01|accessdate=2011-01-16|publisher=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref> Through the diaspora's and international protesters' use of the flag, the Tibetan Flag that was previously obscure in Tibet became known and used in protest by the Tibetan public.<ref name="French"/> The flag is banned in [[mainland China]].<ref name="mic"/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 00:47, 27 February 2011
The Tibetan flag, also known as the Snow Lion Flag[2] and the Free Tibet Flag, was a flag of the military of Tibet, introduced by the 13th Dalai Lama in 1912 and used in the same capacity until 1959. Designed with the help of a Japanese, it reflects the design motif of Japanese military's Rising Sun Flag.[3] Since the 1960s, it is used a symbol of the Tibetan independence movement.
History
Design and early use
In late 18th century, after the Qing government defended Tibet from the Nepalese invasion, they created a twenty-nine points resolution called "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet".[4] The fourth clause of this decree stated "The lack of official military in the region of Tibet has led to emergency drafts in time of crisis, which has proven to be harmful to the Tibetan people. (This reform package included the selection of top incarnations (hutuktus) like the Dalai and Panchen Lamas through a lottery conducted in a golden urn, the aim being to prevent the selection of incarnations being manipulated to fall in politically powerful lay families.) The emperor has approved for Tibet to form an official troop of three thousand men. One thousand each will be stationed in front and back Tibet, five hundred in Shigatse and five hundred in Dingri." These three thousand troops became what is commonly known as the Tibetan Infantry. The Tibetan Army received training from the British and Japanese after the fall of the Qing Dynasty, when it then adopted an army flag.
According to the scholar Alexander Berzin,
Aoki Bunkyo, a Japanese Buddhist priest...also helped design the Tibetan National Flag by adding to traditional Tibetan symbols a rising sun surrounded by rays.[3] This motif comprised the Japanese cavalry and infantry flags of the day and later became the design for the Japanese Navy and Army Flag during World War II.[5]
Free Tibet campaigner Patrick French corroborates this story, saying that the Tibetan flag was a "regimental banner devised by a wandering Japanese man in the 1920s".[6]
The Dalai Lama's government in Tibet did not fly the flag on government buildings or on national holidays, and few members of the public knew what the Tibetan flag looked like.[7] Representatives of the Indian independence movement invited Tibetan delegates to the 1947 Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi, which hosted Asian states and Asian independence movements, and the delegates were allowed to display the Tibetan Flag. According to Tibetologist A. Tom Grunfeld, the conference was not government-sponsored, and so Tibet's and the Tibetan flag's presence had "no diplomatic significance".[8] Nonetheless, the Republic of China, also present at the conference, protested Tibet's showing, and in response, the Tibetan flag was removed and conference organizers issued a statement that Jawaharlal Nehru invited the Tibetan delegates "in a personal capacity".[9]
The flag continued to be used in the 1950s under the newly-established People's Republic of China, although the flag's status was unclear. Many in the Communist Party of China felt that the usage of the flag indicated separatism, but the Tibetan local government at the time stressed that the flag was an army flag (the Tibetan army continued to exist parallel to People's Liberation Army infantries) and not a national flag. Phuntso Wangye claims that Mao Zedong discussed the Tibetan Flag in 1955 conversation with the 14th Dalai Lama. According to the story, Mao told the Dalai Lama that Zhang Jingwu, Zhang Guohua, and Fan Ming told him that Tibet had a "national flag". The Dalai Lama replied that Tibet had an army flag. Supposedly Mao replied that "you may keep your national flag". There is no official recognition of this conversation in Chinese documents, though.[10]
Even while it was used by the army, few Tibetans in Tibet knew about the Tibetan Flag, and so when they wanted to protest against the government, they would use a flag that imitated the flag of Chushi Gangdruk instead.[7]
As a pro-independence symbol
After the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, the 14th Dalai Lama left his position as governor of Tibet and established the exile Central Tibetan Administration in India. As part of his project to inculcate pan-Tibetan nationalism (of all Tibetan people and not just those in his previous domain of the Tibet Autonomous Region), he standardized and adopted symbols as nationalist symbols, such as the Lhasa dialect of Tibetan, a Tibetan national anthem, and the Tibetan Flag.[6] According to the Central Tibetan Administration website, the symbolism of the flag includes the mountain representing Tibet, the snow lions of "a unified spiritual and secular life", three-coloured jewel of the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha.[11] The flag was adopted as a symbol of the Tibetan independence movement, and has become known as the "Free Tibet flag".[12][13] Through the diaspora's and international protesters' use of the flag, the Tibetan Flag that was previously obscure in Tibet became known and used in protest by the Tibetan public.[6] The flag is banned in mainland China.[12]
See also
External links
Notes
- ^ http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=10&rmenuid=8
- ^ Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2009). A History of Modern Tibet: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955. Vol. 2. University of California Press. p. 203.
- ^ a b Japanese Navy flag during World War II
- ^ Goldstein, Melvyn C. "The Snow Lion and the Dragon". University of California Press, 1997. Pg. 19
- ^ Berzin, Alexander (April 2003). "Russian and Japanese Involvement with Pre-Communist Tibet: The Role of the Shambhala Legend". The Buddhist Archives of Dr. Alexander Berzin. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ a b c French, Patrick (2009). Tibet, Tibet. Random House. pp. 24, 230.
- ^ a b Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2009). On the Cultural Revolution in Tibet: The Nyemo Incident of 1969. University of California Press. p. 209.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Grunfeld, A. Tom (1996). The Making of Modern Tibet. p. 78.
- ^ Garver, John W. (2001). Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century. University of Washington Press. p. 44.
- ^ Melvyn C. Goldstein, Dawei Sherap, and William R. Siebenschuh, A Tibetan revolutionary : the political life and times of Bapa Phuntso Wangye, University of California Press, 2004, pp. 174-175, 194-195
- ^ From The Symbolism of the Tibetan Flag by the International Campaign for Tibet, retrieved 2009-02-21.
- ^ a b BBC News: 'Free Tibet' flags made in China, 2008-04-28
- ^ Nugent, Helen (2009-02-01). "Five pro-Tibet demonstrators arrested in clash outside Chinese embassy". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2011-01-16.