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Invasive Spices (talk | contribs) m Even, even better. If an Italian translation is ever posted (unlikely) this would be the better link. |
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{{short description|The economic sector concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products}} |
{{short description|The economic sector concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} |
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[[File:Wash fish market.jpg|thumb|right|Fresh [[seafood]] laid out on one of several floating barge vendors at the [[Maine Avenue Fish Market]] in Washington D.C.]] |
[[File:Wash fish market.jpg|thumb|right|Fresh [[seafood]] laid out on one of several floating barge vendors at the [[Maine Avenue Fish Market]] in Washington D.C.]] |
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There are three principal industry sectors: |
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⚫ | The wording of the following definitions of the fishing industry are based on those used by the Australian government:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frdc.com.au/industry/ |title=Industry |work=[[Fisheries Research and Development Corporation]] |access-date=December 28, 2020 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614105342/http://frdc.com.au/industry/ |archivedate=June 14, 2009}}</ref> |
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* '''The commercial sector''': comprises enterprises and individuals associated with wild-catch or aquaculture resources and the various transformations of those resources into products for sale. It is also referred to as the "seafood industry", although non-food items such as pearls are included among its products. |
* '''The commercial sector''': comprises enterprises and individuals associated with wild-catch or aquaculture resources and the various transformations of those resources into products for sale. It is also referred to as the "seafood industry", although non-food items such as pearls are included among its products. |
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* '''The traditional sector''': comprises enterprises and individuals associated with fisheries resources from which aboriginal people derive products in accordance with their traditions. |
* '''The traditional sector''': comprises enterprises and individuals associated with fisheries resources from which aboriginal people derive products in accordance with their traditions. |
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Fish are harvested by [[commercial fishing]] and [[aquaculture]]. |
Fish are harvested by [[commercial fishing]] and [[aquaculture]]. |
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The [[Fishing industry by country|world harvest]] increased over the 20th century and, by 1986, had stabilized around 85–95 |
The [[Fishing industry by country|world harvest]] increased over the 20th century and, by 1986, had stabilized around {{convert|85–95|e6MT|e6ST}} per year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Larsen|first=Janet|date=16 July 2003|title=Other Fish in the Sea, But For How Long?|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/mobile/releases/update25|access-date=3 June 2020|website=Earth Policy Institute}}</ref> According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), the world harvest in 2005 consisted of {{convert|93.3|e6MT|e6ST}} captured by [[commercial fishing]] in [[Wild fisheries of the world|wild fisheries]], plus {{convert|48.1|e6MT|e6ST}} produced by [[fish farm]]s. In addition, {{convert|1.3|e6MT|e6ST}} of [[aquatic plants]] ([[seaweed]] etc.) were captured in wild fisheries and {{convert|14.8|e6MT|e6ST}} were produced by [[aquaculture]].<ref name="FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture"/> The number of individual fish caught in the wild has been estimated at 0.97–2.7 trillion per year (not counting fish farms or marine invertebrates).<ref name="Mood and Brooke, 2010">A Mood and P Brooke (July 2010). [http://www.fishcount.org.uk/published/std/fishcountstudy.pdf Estimating the Number of Fish Caught in Global Fishing Each Year]. FishCount.org.uk.</ref> |
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Following is a table of the 2011 world fishing industry harvest in |
Following is a table of the 2011 world fishing industry harvest in [[tonne]]s (metric tons) by capture and by [[aquaculture]].<ref name="FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/|title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Home |accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> |
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{| class="sortable wikitable" width="400" |
{| class="sortable wikitable" width="400" |
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Fish processing can be subdivided into two categories: fish handling (the initial processing of raw fish) and fish products manufacturing. Aspects of fish processing occur on [[fishing vessel]]s, [[fish processing vessel]]s, and at [[fish processing plant]]s. |
Fish processing can be subdivided into two categories: fish handling (the initial processing of raw fish) and fish products manufacturing. Aspects of fish processing occur on [[fishing vessel]]s, [[fish processing vessel]]s, and at [[fish processing plant]]s. |
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Another natural subdivision is into primary processing involved in the filleting and freezing of fresh fish for onward distribution to fresh fish retail and catering outlets, and the secondary processing that produces chilled, frozen and canned products for the retail and catering trades.<ref> |
Another natural subdivision is into primary processing involved in the filleting and freezing of fresh fish for onward distribution to fresh fish retail and catering outlets, and the secondary processing that produces chilled, frozen and canned products for the retail and catering trades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/enquiries/scottishfisheries/scottish_fishing_industry.pdf |last=Smith |first=David |date=March 2004 |title=Inquiry into The Future of the Scottish Fishing Industry |work=[[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] |access-date=December 28, 2020 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701002832/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/enquiries/scottishfisheries/scottish_fishing_industry.pdf |archivedate=July 1, 2007}}</ref> |
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===Fish products=== |
===Fish products=== |
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Fisheries are estimated to currently provide 16% of the world population's [[protein]]. The flesh of many fish are primarily valued as a source of food; there are many edible species of fish. Other marine life taken as food includes [[shellfish]], [[crustaceans]], [[sea cucumber (food)|sea cucumber]], [[jellyfish]] and [[roe]]. |
Fisheries are estimated to currently provide 16% of the world population's [[protein]]. The flesh of many fish are primarily valued as a source of food; there are many edible species of fish. Other marine life taken as food includes [[shellfish]], [[crustaceans]], [[sea cucumber (food)|sea cucumber]], [[jellyfish]] and [[roe]]. |
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Fish and other marine life can also be used for many other uses: [[pearl]]s and [[Nacre|mother-of-pearl]], [[shark]]skin and [[Rajiformes|rayskin]]. [[Sea horse]]s, [[star fish]], [[sea urchin]]s and [[Holothuroidea|sea cucumber]] are used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. [[Tyrian purple]] is a pigment made from marine snails, [[sepia (color)|sepia]] is a pigment made from the inky secretions of [[cuttlefish]]. [[Animal glue|Fish glue]] has long been valued for its use in all manner of products. [[Isinglass]] is used for the [[clarification (wine)|clarification]] of [[wine]] and [[beer]]. [[Fish emulsion]] is a [[fertilizer]] [[emulsion]] that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for [[fish oil]] and [[fish meal]]. |
Fish and other marine life can also be used for many other uses: [[pearl]]s and [[Nacre|mother-of-pearl]], [[shark]]skin and [[Rajiformes|rayskin]]. [[Sea horse]]s, [[star fish]], [[sea urchin]]s and [[Holothuroidea|sea cucumber]] are used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. [[Tyrian purple]] is a pigment made from marine snails, and [[sepia (color)|sepia]] is a pigment made from the inky secretions of [[cuttlefish]]. [[Animal glue|Fish glue]] has long been valued for its use in all manner of products. [[Isinglass]] is used for the [[clarification (wine)|clarification]] of [[wine]] and [[beer]]. [[Fish emulsion]] is a [[fertilizer]] [[emulsion]] that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for [[fish oil]] and [[fish meal]]. |
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In the industry the term ''[[seafood]] products'' is often used instead of ''fish products''. |
In the industry the term ''[[seafood]] products'' is often used instead of ''fish products''. |
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==International disputes== |
==International disputes== |
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The ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface and 80% of the value of exploited [[marine resources]] are attributed to the fishing industry. The fishing industry has provoked various international disputes as wild fish capture rose to a peak about the |
The ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface and 80% of the value of exploited [[marine resources]] are attributed to the fishing industry. The fishing industry has provoked various international disputes as wild fish capture rose to a peak about the end of the 20th century, and has since started a gradual decline.<ref>[http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]</ref> Iceland, Japan, and Portugal are the greatest consumers of [[seafood]] per capita in the world. |
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===Disputes in the Americas=== |
===Disputes in the Americas=== |
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[[Chile]] and [[Peru]] are countries with high [[fish consumption]], and therefore had troubles regarding fish |
[[Chile]] and [[Peru]] are countries with high [[fish consumption]], and therefore had troubles regarding their fish industries. In 1947, Chile and Peru first adopted the 200 [[nautical mile]] standard as their [[exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ), and in 1982, the [[UN]] formally adopted this term. In the 2000s, Chile and Peru suffered a serious fish crisis because of excessive fishing and lack of proper regulations, and now {{clarify|text=political power play in the area is rekindled|date=December 2020}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/science/earth/in-mackerels-plunder-hints-of-epic-fish-collapse.html|title=In Mackerel's Plunder, Hints of Epic Fish Collapse|date=25 January 2012|work=International Herald Tribune|accessdate=30 January 2016|via=The New York Times}}</ref> From the late 1950s, offshore bottom trawlers began exploiting the deeper part, leading to a large catch increase and a strong decline in the underlying biomass. The stock collapsed to extremely low levels in the early 1990s and this is a well-known example of non-excludable, non-rivalrous [[Public good (economics)|public good]] in economics, causing [[free-rider]] problems. |
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Following the [[collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery]] in 1992, a dispute arose between Canada and the European Union over the right to fish [[Greenland halibut]] (also known as turbot) just outside of Canada's exclusive economic zone in the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]]. The dispute became known as the [[Turbot War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Depleted fish stocks spark Canada's turbot war with Spain |first=Lisa |last=Anderson |work=Chicago Tribune |date=19 March 1995 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1995-03-19-9503190138-story.html |accessdate=28 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Court backs Canada's seizure of trawler during 'turbot war' |newspaper=CBC News |date=27 July 2005 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/court-backs-canada-s-seizure-of-trawler-during-turbot-war-1.533565 |accessdate=28 December 2020}}</ref> On 9 March 1995, in response to observations of foreign vessels fishing illegally in Canadian waters and using illegal equipment outside of Canada's EEZ, Canadian officials boarded and seized the Spanish trawler ''Estai'' in international waters on the Grand Banks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada Fires Warning Shots; Seizes Spanish Fishing Boat |first=Anne |last=Swardson |work=The Washington Post |date=10 March 1995 |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V115/N10/canada.10w.html |accessdate=28 December 2020}}</ref> Throughout March, the [[Spanish Navy]] deployed patrol ships to protect fishing boats in the area,<ref>{{cite news |title=Spanish trawler Estai reaches port |first=Giles |last=Tremlett |work=United Press International |date=23 March 1995 |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/03/23/Spanish-trawler-Estai-reaches-port/7334795934800/ |accessdate=28 December 2020}}</ref> and Canadian forces were authorized to open fire on any Spanish vessel showing its guns.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Canada and the European Union reached a settlement on 15 April which led to significant reforms in international fishing agreements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Answer to Question No E-4682/10 |first=Maria |last=Damanaki |authorlink=Maria Damanaki |website=[[European Parliament]] |date=6 September 2010 |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-7-2010-4682-ASW_EN.html?redirect |accessdate=28 December 2020}}</ref> |
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===Disputes in Europe=== |
===Disputes in Europe=== |
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[[Iceland]] is one of the largest consumers in the world and in 1972, a dispute occurred between [[UK]] and Iceland because of Iceland's announcement of [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ) to reduce overfishing. This dispute is called the [[Cod |
[[Iceland]] is one of the largest consumers in the world and in 1972, a dispute occurred between [[UK]] and Iceland because of Iceland's announcement of an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ) to reduce overfishing. This dispute is called the [[Cod Wars]], direct confrontations between Icelandic patrol vessels and British warships. |
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Nowadays in Europe in general, countries are searching for a way to recover fishing |
Nowadays in Europe in general, countries are searching for a way to recover their fishing industries. Overfishing of [[European Union|EU]] fisheries is costing 3.2 billion euros a year and 100,000 jobs according to a report. So Europe is constantly looking for some collective actions that could be taken to prevent overfishing.<ref name="BBC article">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16979976|title=Overfishing 'costs EU £2.7bn each year'|work=BBC News|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> |
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===Disputes in Asia=== |
===Disputes in Asia=== |
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[[Japan]], [[China]] and [[Korea]] are some of the greatest consumers of fish, and have some disputes over [[Exclusive Economic Zone]].<ref>Urbina, Ian. "[https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/china-illegal-fishing-fleet/ The deadly secret of China's invisible armada]". www.nbcnews.com. NBC News. Retrieved 11 August 2020</ref> |
[[Japan]], [[China]] and [[Korea]] are some of the greatest consumers of fish, and have some disputes over [[Exclusive Economic Zone]].<ref>Urbina, Ian. "[https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/china-illegal-fishing-fleet/ The deadly secret of China's invisible armada]". www.nbcnews.com. NBC News. Retrieved 11 August 2020</ref> |
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In 2011, due to a serious earthquake, the nuclear power facility in [[Fukushima, Fukushima|Fukushima]] was damaged. Ever since, huge amount of contaminated water leaked and is entering the oceans. [[Tokyo Electric Power Company]] (Tepco) admitted that around 300 tonnes of highly radioactive water had leaked from a storage tank on the site. In the [[Kuroshio Current]], the sea near Fukushima, about 11 countries catch fish. Not only the surrounding countries such as Japan, Korea and China, but also the countries like [[Ukraine]], [[Spain]] and [[Russia]] have boats in the Kuroshio Current. In September 2013, [[South Korea]] banned all fish imports from eight Japanese prefectures, |
In 2011, due to a serious earthquake, the nuclear power facility in [[Fukushima, Fukushima|Fukushima]] was damaged. Ever since, huge amount of contaminated water leaked and is entering the oceans. [[Tokyo Electric Power Company]] (Tepco) admitted that around 300 tonnes of highly radioactive water had leaked from a storage tank on the site. In the [[Kuroshio Current]], the sea near Fukushima, about 11 countries catch fish. Not only the surrounding countries such as Japan, Korea and China, but also the countries like [[Ukraine]], [[Spain]] and [[Russia]] have boats in the Kuroshio Current. In September 2013, [[South Korea]] banned all fish imports from eight Japanese prefectures, due to the radioactive water leaks from the Fukushima nuclear plant.<ref name="BBC article"/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |