→Demographics: fixing grammar and distinguishing between "reserve community", "band government" and "reserve", which are three different things. |
→Demographics: removed Atikamkew as it's the name of a people not a single band government, but three. see that article. this section now needs another example but that's it for tonight; one in NS or maybe NB or maybe Kahnwake might be best next. |
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In [[Canada]], '''[[First Nations of Canada|First Nations]] reserve''', '''First Nation reserve''', is a [[neologism]] for what is properly called an '''Indian reserve''', '''Indian Reserve''', a term specified by the [[Indian Act (Canada)|Indian Act]] as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in [[The Crown|Her Majesty]], that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band." Indian Reserves are not to be confused with [[land claims]]. |
In [[Canada]], '''[[First Nations of Canada|First Nations]] reserve''', '''First Nation reserve''', is a [[neologism]] for what is properly called an '''Indian reserve''', '''Indian Reserve''', a term specified by the [[Indian Act (Canada)|Indian Act]] as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in [[The Crown|Her Majesty]], that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band." Indian Reserves are not to be confused with [[land claims]]. |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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According to Statistics Canada,{{sfn|StatsCan|2011}} there are more than "600 First Nations/Indian bands in Canada." Examples include [[Sturgeon Lake First Nation]] in Alberta with a reserve by the same name, [[ |
According to Statistics Canada,{{sfn|StatsCan|2011}} there are more than "600 First Nations/Indian bands in Canada." Examples include [[Sturgeon Lake First Nation]] in Alberta with a reserve by the same name, [[Sturgeon Lake Indian Reserve No. 101]], and what is generally called the Musqueam Indian Reserve in British Columbia,{{sfn|StatsCan|2011}} but is really three separate but adjoining reserves, [[Musqueam Indian Reserve No. 2|Musqueam No. 2]] and [[Musqueam Indian Reserve No. 4|No. 4]], which are the only two extant reserves within the boundaries of the City of Vancouver, and [[Sea Island Indian Reserve No. 3]], which is in the City of [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]]); they are governed by the [[Musqueam Indian Band]].<ref>[http://pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/FNReserves.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=550&lang=eng Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Reserves/Settlements/Villages Detail]</ref> It is one of several First Nations whose reserve community lies within the boundaries of a city but is independent of those governments. In 2003, 60 percent of status Indians lived on reserves.{{sfn|DIAND|2003|2}} The [[Beaver Lake Cree Nation]], a [[First Nations government|First Nation or band]] located 105 km northeast of Edmonton, Alberta has two parcels of land reserved for the band by the Canadian Crown, [[Beaver Lake 131]] and the [[Blue Quills First Nation Indian Reserve]]; the latter is shared with five other bands, including the [[Saddle Lake First Nation]], which is a newer band comprising five merged bands, including "Blue Quill's Band", the source of that name. Many other band governments have multiple reserves, some reserves such as [[Peckquaylis]] are shared by twenty-three bands, some bands have only one reserve. In 2003, 60 percent of status Indians lived on reserves.{{sfn|DIAND|2003|2}} Some reserves that were originally rural were gradually surrounded by urban development. Montreal, Vancouver and Calgary are examples of cities with urban reserves. By 2003 there were 2,300 reserves in Canada, comprising 28,000 square kilometres.{{sfn|DIAND|2003|2}} |
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In ,{{sfn|StatsCan|2011b}} 851,560 people self-identified as a First Nations person, representing 60.8% of the total Aboriginal (First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples) population and 2.6% of the total Canadian population. Many First Nations people lived in Ontario and the western provinces. In the Northwest Territories, Yukon, Manitoba and Saskatchewan First Nations people make up the largest share of the total population. In 2011, 637,660 First Nations people or 74.9% of all First Nations people, were Registered. That represents 45.5% of the total Aboriginal population and 1.9% of the total Canadian population. One-quarter of First Nations people (213,900) were not Registered, representing 15.3% of the total Aboriginal population and less than 1% of the total Canadian population.{{sfn|StatsCan|2011b}} |
In ,{{sfn|StatsCan|2011b}} 851,560 people self-identified as a First Nations person, representing 60.8% of the total Aboriginal (First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples) population and 2.6% of the total Canadian population. Many First Nations people lived in Ontario and the western provinces. In the Northwest Territories, Yukon, Manitoba and Saskatchewan First Nations people make up the largest share of the total population. In 2011, 637,660 First Nations people or 74.9% of all First Nations people, were Registered. That represents 45.5% of the total Aboriginal population and 1.9% of the total Canadian population. One-quarter of First Nations people (213,900) were not Registered, representing 15.3% of the total Aboriginal population and less than 1% of the total Canadian population.{{sfn|StatsCan|2011b}} |
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One First Nations Chief and Council may administer more than one reserve such as the Beaver Lake Cree Nation with two areas of reserve land and the [[Lenape|Munsee-Delaware]] First Nations, occupying three reserves including [[Munsee-Delaware Nation 1, Ontario|Munsee-Delaware Nation]]in [[Ontario]]. |
One First Nations Chief and Council may administer more than one reserve such as the Beaver Lake Cree Nation with two areas of reserve land and the [[Lenape|Munsee-Delaware]] First Nations, occupying three reserves including [[Munsee-Delaware Nation 1, Ontario|Munsee-Delaware Nation]]in [[Ontario]]. |
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First Nations reserves may also choose to be part of regional tribal councils. For example, the [[Sto:lo people]], a group of c. 17 [[First Nations]] peoples inhabiting the [[Fraser Valley]] and lower Fraser Canyon of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]], with an archaeological history dating back 8,000 to 10,000 years ago,{{sfn|Carlson|2001}} now have two Sto:lo tribal councils, [[ |
First Nations reserves may also choose to be part of regional tribal councils. For example, the [[Sto:lo people]], a group of c. 17 [[First Nations]] peoples inhabiting the [[Fraser Valley]] and lower Fraser Canyon of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]], with an archaeological history dating back 8,000 to 10,000 years ago,{{sfn|Carlson|2001}} now have two Sto:lo tribal councils, [[Sto:lo Nation]] and the [[Stó:lō Tribal Council]], although not all Sto:lo bands belong to either council. Others include the [[Musqueam Indian Band]], [[Tsleil-Waututh First Nation]], [[Tsawwassen First Nation]], [[Semiahmoo First Nation]], and [[Yale First Nation]]. Twenty-four First Nations were signatories of the 1977 Stó:lō Declaration. |
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Some reserves are shared by multiple bands, whether as fishing camps or educational facilities such as [[Peckquaylis]], a reserve on the [[Fraser River]] which is used by 21 [[band government|Indian band]]s.<ref>{{BCGNIS|59960|Pekw'Xe:yles}}</ref><ref>[http://pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=09657&lang=eng Indian and Northern Affairs Canada - Reserves/Settlements/Villages detail]</ref> |
Some reserves are shared by multiple bands, whether as fishing camps or educational facilities such as [[Peckquaylis]], a reserve on the [[Fraser River]] which is used by 21 [[band government|Indian band]]s.<ref>{{BCGNIS|59960|Pekw'Xe:yles}}</ref><ref>[http://pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/RVDetail.aspx?RESERVE_NUMBER=09657&lang=eng Indian and Northern Affairs Canada - Reserves/Settlements/Villages detail]</ref> |
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Some bands belong to multiple tribal councils, as is case with many bands of the [[Nlaka'pamux people]], and some bands span more than one ethnic group, such as the [[Nicola Tribal Association]], which spans Nlaka'pamux and [[Okanagan people]]s, or the [[Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council]] which spans the [[Dakelh]] (Carrier) and [[Tsilhqot'in]] peoples. For some ethnic groups there is no tribal council, as is the case with the [[Tsimshian people]], whose attempt at a tribal council, the [[Tsimshian Tribal Council]] dissolved amid political discord. |
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==Constitution Act 1867== |
==Constitution Act 1867== |
Revision as of 08:04, 24 November 2013
Indigenous peoples in Canada |
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In Canada, First Nations reserve, First Nation reserve, is a neologism for what is properly called an Indian reserve, Indian Reserve, a term specified by the Indian Act as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty, that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band." Indian Reserves are not to be confused with land claims.
Demographics
According to Statistics Canada,[1] there are more than "600 First Nations/Indian bands in Canada." Examples include Sturgeon Lake First Nation in Alberta with a reserve by the same name, Sturgeon Lake Indian Reserve No. 101, and what is generally called the Musqueam Indian Reserve in British Columbia,[1] but is really three separate but adjoining reserves, Musqueam No. 2 and No. 4, which are the only two extant reserves within the boundaries of the City of Vancouver, and Sea Island Indian Reserve No. 3, which is in the City of Richmond); they are governed by the Musqueam Indian Band.[2] It is one of several First Nations whose reserve community lies within the boundaries of a city but is independent of those governments. In 2003, 60 percent of status Indians lived on reserves.[3] The Beaver Lake Cree Nation, a First Nation or band located 105 km northeast of Edmonton, Alberta has two parcels of land reserved for the band by the Canadian Crown, Beaver Lake 131 and the Blue Quills First Nation Indian Reserve; the latter is shared with five other bands, including the Saddle Lake First Nation, which is a newer band comprising five merged bands, including "Blue Quill's Band", the source of that name. Many other band governments have multiple reserves, some reserves such as Peckquaylis are shared by twenty-three bands, some bands have only one reserve. In 2003, 60 percent of status Indians lived on reserves.[3] Some reserves that were originally rural were gradually surrounded by urban development. Montreal, Vancouver and Calgary are examples of cities with urban reserves. By 2003 there were 2,300 reserves in Canada, comprising 28,000 square kilometres.[3]
In ,[4] 851,560 people self-identified as a First Nations person, representing 60.8% of the total Aboriginal (First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples) population and 2.6% of the total Canadian population. Many First Nations people lived in Ontario and the western provinces. In the Northwest Territories, Yukon, Manitoba and Saskatchewan First Nations people make up the largest share of the total population. In 2011, 637,660 First Nations people or 74.9% of all First Nations people, were Registered. That represents 45.5% of the total Aboriginal population and 1.9% of the total Canadian population. One-quarter of First Nations people (213,900) were not Registered, representing 15.3% of the total Aboriginal population and less than 1% of the total Canadian population.[4]
Governance on reserves
One First Nations Chief and Council may administer more than one reserve such as the Beaver Lake Cree Nation with two areas of reserve land and the Munsee-Delaware First Nations, occupying three reserves including Munsee-Delaware Nationin Ontario.
First Nations reserves may also choose to be part of regional tribal councils. For example, the Sto:lo people, a group of c. 17 First Nations peoples inhabiting the Fraser Valley and lower Fraser Canyon of British Columbia, Canada, with an archaeological history dating back 8,000 to 10,000 years ago,[5] now have two Sto:lo tribal councils, Sto:lo Nation and the Stó:lō Tribal Council, although not all Sto:lo bands belong to either council. Others include the Musqueam Indian Band, Tsleil-Waututh First Nation, Tsawwassen First Nation, Semiahmoo First Nation, and Yale First Nation. Twenty-four First Nations were signatories of the 1977 Stó:lō Declaration. Some reserves are shared by multiple bands, whether as fishing camps or educational facilities such as Peckquaylis, a reserve on the Fraser River which is used by 21 Indian bands.[6][7]
Some bands belong to multiple tribal councils, as is case with many bands of the Nlaka'pamux people, and some bands span more than one ethnic group, such as the Nicola Tribal Association, which spans Nlaka'pamux and Okanagan peoples, or the Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council which spans the Dakelh (Carrier) and Tsilhqot'in peoples. For some ethnic groups there is no tribal council, as is the case with the Tsimshian people, whose attempt at a tribal council, the Tsimshian Tribal Council dissolved amid political discord.
Constitution Act 1867
In 1867, legislative jurisdiction over "Indians and Lands reserved for the Indians" was assigned to the Parliament of Canada through the Constitution Act, 1867,[8] a major part of Canada's Constitution, originally enacted as the British North America Act (BNA), which acknowledged that First Nations had special status. Separate powers covered "status and civil rights on the one hand and Indian lands on the other."[9][10]
In 1870 the newly formed Canadian government acquired Rupert's Land, a vast territory in British North America, consisting mostly of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, that had been controlled by the Hudson's Bay Company under its Charter with the British Crown from 1670-1870. Numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The Canadian government promised Britain to honour the provisions of the Proclamation of 1763 to "negotiate with its Amerindians for the extinguishment of their title and the setting aside of reserves for their exclusive use." This promise led to the numbered treaties.[11]
Post-Proclamation and pre-Confederation Treaties and reserves
After the Royal Proclamation and before Confederation in 1867 the Upper Canada Treaties (1764-1862 Ontario) and the Douglas Treaties (1850-1854 British Columbia) treaties were signed. "Some of these pre-confederation and post-confederation treaties addressed reserve lands, hunting, fishing, trapping rights, annuities and other benefits."[12]
Numbered treaties 1871-1921
Between 1871 and 1921, through numbered treaties with First Nations, the Canadian government gained large areas of land for settlers and for industry in Northwestern Ontario, Northern Canada and in the Prairies. The treaties, also called the Land Cession or Post-Confederation Treaties,[13] Treaty 1 was a controversial agreement established August 3, 1871 between Queen Victoria and various First Nations in South Eastern Manitoba including the Chippewa and Swampy Cree tribes. Treaty 1 First Nations are Brokenhead Ojibway Nation, Fort Alexander (Sagkeeng First Nation), Long Plain First Nation, Peguis First Nation, Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation, Sandy Bay First Nation and Swan Lake First Nation.
The Indian Act 1876
The rights and freedoms of Canada's First Nations people have been governed by the Indian Act since its enactment in 1876[14] by the Parliament of Canada. The provisions of Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867, provided Canada's federal government exclusive authority to legislate in relation to "Indians and Lands Reserved for Indians".[15]
The Indian Act also specifies that land reserved for the use and benefit of a band which is not vested in the Crown.
Wikwemikong Unceded Reserve on Manitoulin Island) is subject to the Indian Act provisions governing reserves. Superficially a reserve is similar to an American Indian reservation, although the histories of the development of reserves and reservations are markedly different. Although the American term reservation is occasionally used, reserve is normally the standard term in Canada. Native reserves in 1867 are not listed here.
Northern frontier, northern homeland
“The North is a frontier, but it is a homeland too, the homeland of the Dene, Inuit and Métis, as it is also the home of the white people who live there. And it is a heritage, a unique environment that we are called upon to preserve for all Canadians.”
— Justice Thomas R. Berger, 1977, 1
"The idea of new institutions that give meaning to native self-determination should not frighten us. Special status for native people is an element of our constitutional tradition, one that is recognized by the British North America Act, by the treaties, by the Indian Act, and by the statement of policy approved by Cabinet in July 1976. It is an ethnic thread in our constitutional fabric. In the past, special status has meant Indian reserves. Now the native people wish to substitute self-determination for enforced dependency."[16]
Justice Thomas R. Berger's report [17] entitled Northern frontier, northern homeland, an investigation on the impact of the proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline on First Nations, Metis and Inuit, was a result of a three year journey across the Arctic holding meetings in numerous isolated First Nations reserves.[17] The CBC observed that some called it "Canada's Native Charter of Rights."[18] The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (Berger Inquiry) set new standards for working with Aboriginal communities.
Terminology
Status Indian, Registered Indian
Status Indian is a legal and historical term used in official government documents regarding eligibility for certain rights and benefits, which may include, for example, on-reserve housing benefits, education and exemption from federal, provincial and territorial taxes in specific situations.
"An individual recognized by the federal government as being registered under the ″Indian Act″ is referred to as a "Registered Indian" (commonly referred to as a "Status Indian"). Status Indians are entitled to a wide range of programs and services offered by federal agencies and provincial governments. Over the years, there have been many rules for deciding who is eligible for registration as an Indian under the Indian Act. Important changes were made to the Act in June 1985, when Parliament passed Bill C-31, "An Act to Amend the Indian Act," to bring it in line with the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," and again in 2011 with the coming into force of Bill C-3: "Gender Equity in Indian Registration Act."[19]
Canadian Federal Government policy regarding use of term "First Nations" instead of "Indian"
The official federal Canadian Government policy regarding the use of term "First Nations" instead of the term ″Indian″, is clearly defined in official documents, that also clarify exceptions.[20]
"The term "Indian" is considered outdated by many people, and there is much debate over whether to continue using this term. The Department, following popular usage, typically uses the term "First Nation" instead of "Indian,""except in the following cases: in direct quotations, when citing titles of books, works of art, etc. , in discussions of history where necessary for clarity and accuracy, in discussions of some legal/constitutional matters requiring precision in terminology, in discussions of rights and benefits provided on the basis of "Indian" status and in statistical information collected using these categories (e.g., the Census)."
— INAC, 2001
Statistics Canada uses First Nations when possible.[21]
According to Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, "First Nation is a term that began replacing Indian in the 1970s. Now widely used, the term describes both Status and Non-Status Indian people. Many Indian people have also adopted the term First Nation to replace band in the name of their community."[22][23] The term First Nations has also replaced Indian in provincial and municipal governments and in Canada's public school system,[24][25][26] in academia,[27] main stream media[28] in business and industry[29][30] and by NGOs in Canada and by international organizations such as the OECD[31]
As mentioned in the federal document on policy on terminology,[20] there are exceptions to the use of term First Nation when the term "Indian" has a legal meaning. The "Canada Revenue Agency recognizes that many First Nations people in Canada prefer not to describe themselves as Indians. However, the term Indian is used in these Web pages because it has a legal meaning in the Indian Act."[32]
Indian Act
The Indian Act gives the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs the right to "determine whether any purpose for which lands in a reserve are used is for the use and benefit of the band."[33] Title to land within the reserve may only be transferred to the band or to individual band members. Reserve lands may not be seized legally, nor is the personal property of a band or a band member living on a reserve subject to "charge, pledge, mortgage, attachment, levy, seizure distress or execution in favour or at the instance of any person other than an Indian or a band" (section 89 (1) of the[34]GCa (1985), Indian Act, Government of Canada{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
CMHC on First Nations reserves
While the act was intended to protect the Indian holdings, the limitations make it difficult for the reserves and their residents to obtain financing for development and construction, or renovation. To answer this need, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has created an on-reserve housing loan program. Members of bands may enter into a trust agreement with CMHC, and lenders can receive loans to build or repair houses. In other programs, loans to residents of reserves are guaranteed by the federal government.
Provinces and municipalities may expropriate reserve land only if specifically authorized by a provincial or federal law. Few reserves have any economic advantages, such as resource revenues. The revenues of those reserves which do, are held in trust by the Minister of Indian Affairs. Reserve lands and the personal property of bands and resident band members are exempt from all forms of taxation except local taxation.
Corporations owned by members of First Nations are not exempt, however. This exemption has allowed band members operating in proprietorships or partnerships to sell heavily taxed goods, such as cigarettes, on their reserves at prices considerably lower than those at stores off the reserves. Most reserves are self-governed, within the limits already described, under guidelines established by the Indian Act.
Due to treaty settlements, some Indian Reserves are now incorporated as Villages, such as New Aiyansh, British Columbia, which like other Nisga'a reserves was relieved of that status by the Nisga'a Treaty. Similarly, the Indian Reserves of the Sechelt Indian Band are now Indian Government Districts.
Public policy
First Nations reserves play a very important role in public policy stakeholder consultations, particularly when reserves are located in areas that have valuable natural resources with vast potential for economic development. Beginning in the 1970s, First Nations gained "recognition of their constitutionally protected rights."[31] First Nations' special status is protected by their constitutional rights (e.g., fish, game and timber). By 2002 (Valiente) First Nations had already "finalised 14 comprehensive land claims and self-government agreements, with numerous others, primarily in northern Canada and British Columbia, at different stages of negotiations." Land claims and self-government agreements, are "modern treaties" and therefore have constitutional status.
CEPA 1999
The Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999 (CEPA), "places aboriginal participation on par with federal ministers and the provinces in the National Advisory Committee."[31] Among other things, CEPA clarified the term "aboriginal land" in 3 (1): "The definitions in this subsection apply in this Act. "aboriginal land" means (a) reserves, surrendered lands and any other lands that are set apart for the use and benefit of a band and that are subject to the Indian Act."[35] Under sections 46 – 50 of the CEPA, Environment Canada's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) was initiated. NPRI is the inventory of "pollutants released, disposed of and sent for recycling by facilities across the country.".[36] The NPRI is used by First Nation administrations on reserves, along with other research tools, to monitor pollution. For example, NPRI data from Environment Canada's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) showed the Aamjiwnaang First Nation in Sarnia, Ontario was "ground zero for Ontario's heaviest load of air pollution."[36]
First Nations reserves and water quality
By 2006 [37] nearly 100 First Nations reserves had boil-water advisories and many others had substandard water. Kwicksutaineuk First Nation, on an island off the B.C. coast had a boil water advisory since 1997.[37] In October 2005 "high E. coli levels were found in the Kashechewan First Nation reserve's drinking water and chlorine levels had to be increased to "shock" levels causing skin problems and eventually resulting in an evacuation of hundreds of people from the reserve and costing approximately $16 million. [37]
See also
- List of Indian reserves in Canada
- List of Indian reserves in Canada by population
- The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples
Citations
- ^ a b StatsCan 2011.
- ^ Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Reserves/Settlements/Villages Detail
- ^ a b c DIAND, 2003 & 2.
- ^ a b StatsCan 2011b.
- ^ Carlson 2001.
- ^ "Pekw'Xe:yles". BC Geographical Names.
- ^ Indian and Northern Affairs Canada - Reserves/Settlements/Villages detail
- ^ Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3 (U.K.), R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 11.
- ^ GC 1870.
- ^ GC, 1867 & s.146.
- ^ Dickason & 2009 241.
- ^ DIAND, 2003 & 1.
- ^ Robert & 2001-5.
- ^ Clegg 1982.
- ^ Constitution Act
- ^ Berger, 1977 & xxiv.
- ^ a b Berger 1977.
- ^ CBC 2001.
- ^ AANDC 2013.
- ^ a b INAC 2001.
- ^ StatsCan 2012.
- ^ AANDC 2012.
- ^ MANA nd.
- ^ AB nd.
- ^ SCS nd.
- ^ BC, 2010 & 13.
- ^ UBC nd.
- ^ Ryerson nd. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRyersonnd (help)
- ^ Shell nd.
- ^ Husky nd.
- ^ a b c Henriques et al.
- ^ CRA 2013.
- ^ Indian Act
- ^ GCa 1985. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFGCa1985 (help)
- ^ CEPA 1999
- ^ a b Colihan 2008.
- ^ a b c CBC 2006.
References
- AANDC (1 October 2012), Terminology, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, retrieved 20 September 2013
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - AANDC (28 May 2013), Indian Status, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, retrieved 20 September 2013
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - AB (nd), Alberta Policy Glossary, First Nation, Métis, and Inuit Policy Framework, Government of Alberta
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - BC (July 2010), Building Relationships with First Nations: Respecting Rights and Doing Good Business (PDF), Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Berger, Thomas R. (1977), Northern frontier, northern homeland: the report of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Carlson, Keith Thor (ed.) (2001). A Stó:lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 6–18. ISBN 1-55054-812-3.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - CBC (2001), Twenty-five years after the Berger pipeline inquiry
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - CBC (9 November 2006), Kashechewan: Water crisis in Northern Ontario (PDF), Aboriginal Canadians, CBC
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Clegg, Cindy (4 September 1982), Our Native Land: Making the Canadian Indian, CBC
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Colihan, Mary Ann (1 April 2008), Chemical valley: Aamjiwnaang First Nation in Sarnia sounds alarm over toxins, Aboriginal Canadians, CBC News
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - DIAND (2003), Resolving Aboriginal Claims: a Practical Guide to Canadian Experiences (PDF), Ottawa, Ontario: Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, ISBN 0-662-35239-4
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Dickason, Olive Patricia (2009), David T. McNab (ed.), Canada's First Nations: a History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times, University of Oxford Press, ISBN 978-0-19-542892-6
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - GC (1867), Constitution Act, 1867, Government of Canada, p. s.146
- GC (23 June 1870), Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order, Government of Canada
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - GCa (1985), Indian Act, Government of Canada
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Henriques, Irene; Sadorsky, Perry (2004), Environmental Policy Tools and Firm Level Management Practices in Canada (PDF), Paris: OECD
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Husky (nd), Community, Husky Energy
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - INAC (February 2001), Words First: an Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada (PDF), Ottawa, Ontario: Communications Branch at Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), ISBN 0-662-33143-5, retrieved 20 September 2013
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - MANA (nd), Manitoba's Aboriginal Community: Who are Manitoba's Aboriginal People?, Manitoba Aboriginal and Northern Affairs, retrieved 20 September 2013
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - CRA (2013), Canada Revenue Agency, Government of Canada
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Robert, Jean-Claude (2001-5), Numbered Treaty Overview, Canada in the Making - Specific Events, Canadiana, retrieved 20 September 2013
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(help) - Ryerson (1998), Ryerson Journalism
- Ryerson (nd), Ryerson Journalism Diversity Watch
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - SCS, Guidelines for Integrating Indian and Métis Content and Perspectives, Saskatoon Catholic Schools, retrieved 20 September 2013
- Shell (nd), Shell At a Glance Shell
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - StatsCan (2011), AboriginalPeoples in Canada: First Nations People, Métis and Inuit, StatsCan, retrieved 16 August 2013
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - StatsCan (2011a), Tsinstikeptum 9, National Household Survey (NHS) Focus on Geography Series, Statistics Canada
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - StatsCan (2011b), Highlights: First Nations people, Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: First Nations People, Métis and Inuit, Statistics Canada, retrieved 16 August 2013
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - StatsCan (2012), High Level Indicators –Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2012 (PDF), 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS), Statistics Canada
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Inclusive language guidelines, Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia, nd
Further reading
- StatsCan (2011a). Tsinstikeptum 9 (Report). National Household Survey (NHS) Focus on Geography Series. Statistics Canada. This series provides data on individual reserves including population by Aboriginal identity, immigrant population, educational attainment, labour, income and housing. In the documents footnote it was pointed out that, "[r]espondents self-identified as 'First Nations (North American Indian)' on the NHS questionnaire; however, the term 'First Nations people' is used throughout this document." In the document, "term 'Aboriginal identity' refers to whether the person reported being an Aboriginal person, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or being a Registered or Treaty Indian, (that is, registered under the Indian Act of Canada) and/or being a member of a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the Constitution Act, 1982, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada."