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[[Image:Sterzing-Vipiteno.JPG|right|thumb|280px|The village of [[Sterzing]], Italianized as ''Vipiteno''.]] |
[[Image:Sterzing-Vipiteno.JPG|right|thumb|280px|The village of [[Sterzing]], Italianized as ''Vipiteno''.]] |
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'''Italianization''' is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something non-[[Italy|Italian]] becomes (or is made to become) Italian. |
'''Italianization''' is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something non-[[Italy|Italian]] becomes (or is made to become) Italian. |
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== Violent Italianization == |
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- |
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In the context of [[twentieth century]] history, Italianization is the process by which, after 1922, the government of [[Benito Mussolini]] forced [[Slavic peoples|Slavic populations]], [[German people|Germans]], [[Francophone|francophone populations]] and [[Greeks|Greek]]s living within the borders of [[Italy]] to assume [[Italian culture]]. |
In the context of [[twentieth century]] history, Italianization is the process by which, after 1922, the government of [[Benito Mussolini]] forced [[Slavic peoples|Slavic populations]], [[German people|Germans]], [[Francophone|francophone populations]] and [[Greeks|Greek]]s living within the borders of [[Italy]] to assume [[Italian culture]]. |
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This program of Italianization, aimed to suppress native [[Slovenes|Slovenian]] and [[Croats| |
This program of Italianization, aimed to suppress native [[Slovenes|Slovenian]] in [[Gorizia]], [[Triest]] and [[Carso]] areas, [[Croats|Croat]] populations notably one [[Croatia]]n Littoral - [[Istria]], [[Kvarner]], [[Rijeka]], [[Gorski Kotar]], [[Dalmatia]] and other parts of the former [[Austrian Littoral]] region, German-speakers living in [[South Tyrol]] and [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], and [[Franco-Provençal language|Francoprovençal]]-speaking peoples living in the [[Aosta Valley]]. |
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Under this program, these ethnic groups were pressured to adopt [[Italian name]]s, attend [[Italian language]] schools and churches and speak only the Italian language in public. |
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Slovenian and Croatian institutions, such as the ''[[Narodni dom]]'' (Slovene National Club) in [[Triest]], were vandalized and German traditional institutions as well. |
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Slav, German and French [[toponyms]] were systematically translated and immigration of Italians from other [[Regions of Italy|regions]] of Italy was also encouraged ([[Calabria]]). |
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The Italianization of surnames was executed on a legislative level - laws and decisions were brought, in which "funny Slavic names" were forbidden and was ordered to "restore them in original Italian form" (e.g. "''Regio decreto legge 10 Gennaio 1926, n. 17: |
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Restituzione in forma italiana dei cognomi delle famiglie della provincia di Trento). |
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School certificates were not issued in "unwanted" languages, but in Italian, schools in "unwanted" languages were closed, school programmes that taught in "unwanted" languages were abolished. Use of unwanted languages were forbidden. |
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Italianisation attempts are still to be found today, by both Italian revisionist parties and by ruling parties, especially when pointed towards Croatia and Slovenia (recent diplomatic incidents in 2007), as well as in use of Internet for spreading Italian irredentist and revisionist propaganda. |
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=== Italianization of Slovenians === |
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A Slovenian choirmaster [[Lojze Bratuž]], who led several [[Slovenian language]] church [[choir]]s and thus resisted persecution of Slovenians in the area around [[Gorizia]], was arrested on [[December 27]] [[1936]], tortured and forced to drink [[gasoline]] and [[motor oil]]. |
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=== Italianization of Croats === |
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With regard to Istria and Dalmatia, some Slovenians and Croatians willingly accepted Italianization as a compromise required in order to gain full status as Italian citizens, and favour upward social mobility; most, however, resisted, as far as possible, these policies, sometimes with the support of local Catholic clergy. |
With regard to Istria and Dalmatia, some Slovenians and Croatians willingly accepted Italianization as a compromise required in order to gain full status as Italian citizens, and favour upward social mobility; most, however, resisted, as far as possible, these policies, sometimes with the support of local Catholic clergy. |
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=== Italianization of Greeks, Turks and Jews === |
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The policy affected also the inhabitants of [[Dodecanese]], conquered by Italy in [[1912]]. Although the islands were overwhelmingly [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking, punctuated only by a relatively small [[Turkish language|Turkish]]-speaking minority and even smaller [[Ladino_language|Ladino]]-speaking [[Jew]]ish minority (with few Italian speakers), schools were required to teach in Italian, and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] religion of most of the inhabitants was strongly discouraged. These measures caused a good deal of Greek emigration from the islands, replaced by a moderate amount of Italian immigration. |
The policy affected also the inhabitants of [[Dodecanese]], conquered by Italy in [[1912]]. Although the islands were overwhelmingly [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking, punctuated only by a relatively small [[Turkish language|Turkish]]-speaking minority and even smaller [[Ladino_language|Ladino]]-speaking [[Jew]]ish minority (with few Italian speakers), schools were required to teach in Italian, and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] religion of most of the inhabitants was strongly discouraged. These measures caused a good deal of Greek emigration from the islands, replaced by a moderate amount of Italian immigration. |
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=== Italianization of Germans === |
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In [[1939]] [[Hitler]] and Mussolini reached an agreement on the status of Germans living in [[South Tyrol]]: they could emigrate to [[Germany]] (or its new territories) or stay in Italy and accept their complete Italianization. As a consequence of this "[[Option in South Tyrol]]," South Tyrolen society was deeply riven. Those who wanted to stay ("Dableiber"), were condemned as traitors, those who left ("Optanten") were defamed as [[Nazis]]. Because of the outbreak of the [[World War II]], this agreement was never fully accomplished. |
In [[1939]] [[Hitler]] and Mussolini reached an agreement on the status of Germans living in [[South Tyrol]]: they could emigrate to [[Germany]] (or its new territories) or stay in Italy and accept their complete Italianization. As a consequence of this "[[Option in South Tyrol]]," South Tyrolen society was deeply riven. Those who wanted to stay ("Dableiber"), were condemned as traitors, those who left ("Optanten") were defamed as [[Nazis]]. Because of the outbreak of the [[World War II]], this agreement was never fully accomplished. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Cultural assimilation]] |
*[[Cultural assimilation]] |
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*[[Croatisation]] |
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*[[Germanisation]] |
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*[[Francization]] |
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*[[Romantic nationalism]] |
*[[Romantic nationalism]] |
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*[[Italia irredenta]] |
*[[Italia irredenta]] |
Revision as of 08:21, 7 August 2007
Italianization is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something non-Italian becomes (or is made to become) Italian.
Violent Italianization
- In the context of twentieth century history, Italianization is the process by which, after 1922, the government of Benito Mussolini forced Slavic populations, Germans, francophone populations and Greeks living within the borders of Italy to assume Italian culture.
This program of Italianization, aimed to suppress native Slovenian in Gorizia, Triest and Carso areas, Croat populations notably one Croatian Littoral - Istria, Kvarner, Rijeka, Gorski Kotar, Dalmatia and other parts of the former Austrian Littoral region, German-speakers living in South Tyrol and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Francoprovençal-speaking peoples living in the Aosta Valley.
Under this program, these ethnic groups were pressured to adopt Italian names, attend Italian language schools and churches and speak only the Italian language in public.
Slovenian and Croatian institutions, such as the Narodni dom (Slovene National Club) in Triest, were vandalized and German traditional institutions as well.
Slav, German and French toponyms were systematically translated and immigration of Italians from other regions of Italy was also encouraged (Calabria).
The Italianization of surnames was executed on a legislative level - laws and decisions were brought, in which "funny Slavic names" were forbidden and was ordered to "restore them in original Italian form" (e.g. "Regio decreto legge 10 Gennaio 1926, n. 17: Restituzione in forma italiana dei cognomi delle famiglie della provincia di Trento).
School certificates were not issued in "unwanted" languages, but in Italian, schools in "unwanted" languages were closed, school programmes that taught in "unwanted" languages were abolished. Use of unwanted languages were forbidden.
Italianisation attempts are still to be found today, by both Italian revisionist parties and by ruling parties, especially when pointed towards Croatia and Slovenia (recent diplomatic incidents in 2007), as well as in use of Internet for spreading Italian irredentist and revisionist propaganda.
Italianization of Slovenians
A Slovenian choirmaster Lojze Bratuž, who led several Slovenian language church choirs and thus resisted persecution of Slovenians in the area around Gorizia, was arrested on December 27 1936, tortured and forced to drink gasoline and motor oil.
Italianization of Croats
With regard to Istria and Dalmatia, some Slovenians and Croatians willingly accepted Italianization as a compromise required in order to gain full status as Italian citizens, and favour upward social mobility; most, however, resisted, as far as possible, these policies, sometimes with the support of local Catholic clergy.
Italianization of Greeks, Turks and Jews
The policy affected also the inhabitants of Dodecanese, conquered by Italy in 1912. Although the islands were overwhelmingly Greek-speaking, punctuated only by a relatively small Turkish-speaking minority and even smaller Ladino-speaking Jewish minority (with few Italian speakers), schools were required to teach in Italian, and the Greek Orthodox religion of most of the inhabitants was strongly discouraged. These measures caused a good deal of Greek emigration from the islands, replaced by a moderate amount of Italian immigration.
Italianization of Germans
In 1939 Hitler and Mussolini reached an agreement on the status of Germans living in South Tyrol: they could emigrate to Germany (or its new territories) or stay in Italy and accept their complete Italianization. As a consequence of this "Option in South Tyrol," South Tyrolen society was deeply riven. Those who wanted to stay ("Dableiber"), were condemned as traitors, those who left ("Optanten") were defamed as Nazis. Because of the outbreak of the World War II, this agreement was never fully accomplished.