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{{about|execution vans in China|the mobile gas chamber execution van|Gas van}}The '''execution van''', also called a '''mobile execution unit''', was developed by the government of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC)<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/1332d59d-37bc-474f-8d15-08db1600d725 9 grim things you never knew about the death penalty] by [[BBC]]</ref> and was first used in 1997. The prisoner is strapped to a stretcher and executed inside the van. The van allows death sentences to be carried out without moving the prisoner to an execution ground. |
{{about|execution vans in China|the mobile gas chamber execution van|Gas van}}The '''execution van''', also called a '''mobile execution unit''', was developed by the government of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC)<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/1332d59d-37bc-474f-8d15-08db1600d725 9 grim things you never knew about the death penalty] by [[BBC]]</ref> and was first used in 1997. The prisoner is strapped to a stretcher and executed inside the van. The van allows death sentences to be carried out without moving the prisoner to an execution ground. |
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The vans also require less manpower per execution, requiring four persons to assist with the injection and are mobile. The PRC states that the vans are more humane than previous forms of execution. In 2004, [[Amnesty International]] predicted that the [[Capital punishment in China#Rates of execution|execution rate]] in China would increase because of mobile capital punishment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2004|title=Undermining Global Security: the European Union’s arms exports|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/88000/act300032004en.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|page=76}}</ref> However, the number of executions has dropped steadily in the 2000s, and significantly since 2007, when the [[Supreme People's Court|Supreme People’s Court]] regained the power to review all death sentences.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 November 2014|title=INFOGRAPHIC: Capital punishment in China|url=https://www.scmp.com/infographics/article/1631703/infographic-capital-punishment|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705012552/http://www.scmp.com/infographics/article/1631703/infographic-capital-punishment|archive-date=5 July 2017|access-date=3 May 2020|publisher=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref name="zh:中华人民共和国死刑犯列表">[[:zh:中华人民共和国死刑犯列表]]{{Circular reference|date=April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Dui Hua Foundation|title=Criminal Justice: Death Penalty Reform|url=http://duihua.org/wp/?page_id=136|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915073902/http://duihua.org/wp/?page_id=136#|archive-date=2014-09-15|access-date=2 March 2015|website=Dui Hua Foundation}}</ref><ref name="wp2">{{cite news|last1=Fan|first1=Maureen|last2=Cha|first2=Ariana Eunjung|date=2008-12-24|title=China's Capital Cases Still Secret, Arbitrary|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/23/AR2008122302795.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125093236/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/23/AR2008122302795.html|archive-date=2011-01-25}}</ref> Amnesty International claims that Mainland China executes more people than all other countries combined,<ref>{{cite news|date=15 January 2019|title=Canadian's death sentence in China 'horrific', family says|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-asia-china-46872651|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115135917/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-asia-china-46872651|archive-date=15 January 2019|quote=China is believed to execute more people annually than any other country, but is highly secretive about the number. Human rights group Amnesty International puts the figure in the thousands - more than the rest of the world's nations put together.}}</ref> though if China's very large population is taken into account, the number of executions per capita is comparable to [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|Vietnam]] and [[Capital punishment in Thailand|Thailand]], and much lower than several countries, including [[Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Capital punishment in Iran|Iran]] and the [[Capital punishment in the United States|United States]].<ref name="wp">{{cite news|last1=Fan|first1=Maureen|last2=Cha|first2=Ariana Eunjung|date=2008-12-24|title=China's Capital Cases Still Secret, Arbitrary|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/23/AR2008122302795.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125093236/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/23/AR2008122302795.html|archive-date=2011-01-25}}</ref> |
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The vans also require less manpower per execution, requiring four persons to assist with the injection and are mobile. The PRC states that the vans are more humane than previous forms of execution. [[Human rights|Human-rights]] groups predict that the execution rate in China will increase because of mobile capital punishment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2004|title=Undermining Global Security: the European Union’s arms exports|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/88000/act300032004en.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|page=76}}</ref> China has one of the highest execution rates in the world.<ref>https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/policy-issues/international/executions-around-the-world</ref> |
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==People's Republic of China== |
==People's Republic of China== |
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Historically, Chinese executions have been carried out by [[Execution by shooting|shooting]], although the state is attempting to shift toward [[Lethal injection|lethal injections]]. Because demand is high and the facilities can be expensive{{Better source|reason=Citation is the Washington Post, which does not provide sources.|date=November 2020}}, the state deploys special police buses designed to administer the injection.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Fisher|first=Max|title=Yes, China still harvests organs from executed prisoners|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/05/yes-china-still-harvests-organs-from-executed-prisoners/|access-date=2020-10-29|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> After the 1997 decision to legalize lethal injection as a form of execution, PRC officials began using execution vans across China. Becoming popular in 2007,<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/news/killing-vans-make-process-easier-for-china-s-authorities-1.703093 Killing Vans Make Process Easier For China's Authorities], by [[The Irish Times]]</ref> these officials state that the vans are cost-effective by allowing communities without the money to build dedicated death rows to kill prisoners without the costs associated with sending prisoners away for death. In 2006, former Chinese judge and current lawyer Qiu Xingsheng argues that "some places can't afford the cost of sending a person to Beijing—perhaps $250—plus $125 more for the drug."<ref name="usatoday"/> Because [[Beijing]] is the only place where the drug is manufactured, the vans have allowed localities to administer the death sentence where the crime took place. Estimates place the number of execution vans in operation at around 40; the PRC has not confirmed this number.<ref name=":0" /> |
Historically, Chinese executions have been carried out by [[Execution by shooting|shooting]], although the state is attempting to shift toward [[Lethal injection|lethal injections]]. Because demand is high and the facilities can be expensive{{Better source|reason=Citation is the Washington Post, which does not provide sources.|date=November 2020}}, the state deploys special police buses designed to administer the injection.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Fisher|first=Max|title=Yes, China still harvests organs from executed prisoners|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/05/yes-china-still-harvests-organs-from-executed-prisoners/|access-date=2020-10-29|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> After the 1997 decision to legalize lethal injection as a form of execution, PRC officials began using execution vans across China. Becoming popular in 2007,<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/news/killing-vans-make-process-easier-for-china-s-authorities-1.703093 Killing Vans Make Process Easier For China's Authorities], by [[The Irish Times]]</ref> these officials state that the vans are cost-effective by allowing communities without the money to build dedicated death rows to kill prisoners without the costs associated with sending prisoners away for death. In 2006, former Chinese judge and current lawyer Qiu Xingsheng argues that "some places can't afford the cost of sending a person to Beijing—perhaps $250—plus $125 more for the drug."<ref name="usatoday"/> Because [[Beijing]] is the only place where the drug is manufactured, the vans have allowed localities to administer the death sentence where the crime took place. Estimates place the number of execution vans in operation at around 40; the PRC has not confirmed this number.<ref name=":0" /> |
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A converted 24-seat bus, the execution van keeps the appearance of a normal police van on the outside with no markings indicating its purpose. The rear of the vehicle houses a windowless chamber where the execution takes place. Several cameras are present and feed closed-circuit televisions in the front of the van; a recording can be made if desired. The bed itself slides out of the wall under its own power, on which the convicted person is strapped down. A [[syringe]] is put into the arm by a technician and a police official administers the injection by pressing a button.<ref name=":0" /> |
A converted 24-seat bus, the execution van keeps the appearance of a normal police van on the outside with no markings indicating its purpose. The rear of the vehicle houses a windowless chamber where the execution takes place. Several cameras are present and feed closed-circuit televisions in the front of the van; a recording can be made if desired. The bed itself slides out of the wall under its own power, on which the convicted person is strapped down. A [[syringe]] is put into the arm by a technician and a police official administers the injection by pressing a button.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Criminal [[Organ harvesting]]== |
==Criminal [[Organ harvesting]]== |
Revision as of 03:14, 22 December 2020
The execution van, also called a mobile execution unit, was developed by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC)[1] and was first used in 1997. The prisoner is strapped to a stretcher and executed inside the van. The van allows death sentences to be carried out without moving the prisoner to an execution ground.
The vans also require less manpower per execution, requiring four persons to assist with the injection and are mobile. The PRC states that the vans are more humane than previous forms of execution. In 2004, Amnesty International predicted that the execution rate in China would increase because of mobile capital punishment.[2] However, the number of executions has dropped steadily in the 2000s, and significantly since 2007, when the Supreme People’s Court regained the power to review all death sentences.[3][4][5][6] Amnesty International claims that Mainland China executes more people than all other countries combined,[7] though if China's very large population is taken into account, the number of executions per capita is comparable to Vietnam and Thailand, and much lower than several countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran and the United States.[8]
People's Republic of China
Historically, Chinese executions have been carried out by shooting, although the state is attempting to shift toward lethal injections. Because demand is high and the facilities can be expensive[better source needed], the state deploys special police buses designed to administer the injection.[9] After the 1997 decision to legalize lethal injection as a form of execution, PRC officials began using execution vans across China. Becoming popular in 2007,[10] these officials state that the vans are cost-effective by allowing communities without the money to build dedicated death rows to kill prisoners without the costs associated with sending prisoners away for death. In 2006, former Chinese judge and current lawyer Qiu Xingsheng argues that "some places can't afford the cost of sending a person to Beijing—perhaps $250—plus $125 more for the drug."[11] Because Beijing is the only place where the drug is manufactured, the vans have allowed localities to administer the death sentence where the crime took place. Estimates place the number of execution vans in operation at around 40; the PRC has not confirmed this number.[2]
A converted 24-seat bus, the execution van keeps the appearance of a normal police van on the outside with no markings indicating its purpose. The rear of the vehicle houses a windowless chamber where the execution takes place. Several cameras are present and feed closed-circuit televisions in the front of the van; a recording can be made if desired. The bed itself slides out of the wall under its own power, on which the convicted person is strapped down. A syringe is put into the arm by a technician and a police official administers the injection by pressing a button.[2]
Criminal Organ harvesting
Execution vans are a procurement part of the Chinese organ trade. In 2012, it was estimated that 65% of transplanted organs came from executed prisoners, many of whom were executed in vans to meet the high demand for organs.[9] Activists claim that the bodies are quickly cremated, which makes it impossible for family members to determine if organs have in fact been removed.[12][dead link]
Controversy
The PRC government claims that this is a more humane form of killing people, being far less painful than firing squad executions. Zhao Shijie, president of the Yunnan Provincial High Court, was quoted as praising the new system: "The use of lethal injection shows that China's death penalty system is becoming more civilized and humane." While the vans have moved China away from previous days of large public executions, human rights activists counter that they are "like government-sanctioned death squads", and allow for an increased number and a higher efficiency of executions.
Notable executions
On December 22, 2003, organized crime leader Liu Yong was executed in an execution van in a controversial ruling. Liu was convicted of 32 charges and sentenced to death in 2000, but was granted a reprieve after appealing the case on the grounds that his confession was forced. Liu had been given a retrial by the Supreme Court on December 17. It was the first time the Supreme Court had bypassed China's two-trial system in which two trials are permitted and the verdict of the second trial may be appealed by either side.[13][14]
On March 17, 2006, billionaire Yuan Baojing was executed in a van for the arranged murder of a blackmailer.[11]
The former Director of the State Food and Drug Administration of the People's Republic of China Zheng Xiaoyu was executed in an execution van on July 10, 2007, for corruption. Zheng tried to appeal the sentence, but the court ruled that he was a "great danger" to the country and its reputation.
See also
- Capital punishment
- Capital punishment in the People's Republic of China
- Gas van
- Prison bus
- Police bus
References
- ^ 9 grim things you never knew about the death penalty by BBC
- ^ a b c "Undermining Global Security: the European Union's arms exports" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2004. p. 76.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "INFOGRAPHIC: Capital punishment in China". South China Morning Post. 4 November 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ zh:中华人民共和国死刑犯列表[circular reference]
- ^ Dui Hua Foundation. "Criminal Justice: Death Penalty Reform". Dui Hua Foundation. Archived from the original on 2014-09-15. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
- ^ Fan, Maureen; Cha, Ariana Eunjung (2008-12-24). "China's Capital Cases Still Secret, Arbitrary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
- ^ "Canadian's death sentence in China 'horrific', family says". BBC. 15 January 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
China is believed to execute more people annually than any other country, but is highly secretive about the number. Human rights group Amnesty International puts the figure in the thousands - more than the rest of the world's nations put together.
- ^ Fan, Maureen; Cha, Ariana Eunjung (2008-12-24). "China's Capital Cases Still Secret, Arbitrary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
- ^ a b Fisher, Max. "Yes, China still harvests organs from executed prisoners". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
- ^ Killing Vans Make Process Easier For China's Authorities, by The Irish Times
- ^ a b MacLeod, Calum (2006-06-15). "China makes ultimate punishment mobile". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ Antoaneta Bezlova (2006-07-21). "China's Mobile Death Fleet". Asia Times Online.
- ^ "Mafia kingpin dies in execution van". Taipei Times. 2003-12-23.
- ^ China's Criminal Justice System Archived 2011-10-19 at the Wayback Machine - Yale Law School - Yale University (PDF). Retrieved 1 October 2011.