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Kals was held in French captivity from May 1945 to January 1948. He died at [[Emden]] in 1979 at the age of 74.<ref name=uboat.net /> |
Kals was held in French captivity from May 1945 to January 1948. He died at [[Emden]] in 1979 at the age of 74.<ref name=uboat.net /> |
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==Summary of career== |
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==Awards== |
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===Ships attacked=== |
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As commander of {{GS|U-130|1941|2}} Ernst Kals reportedly sank 17 merchant ships for a total of {{GRT|111,249|disp=long}}, three auxiliary warships for a total of {{GRT|34,407}} and damaged one further ship of {{GRT|6,986}}. |
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{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |
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|- |
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!scope="col"|Date |
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!scope="col"|Name of ship |
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!scope="col"|Flag |
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!scope="col"|Tonnage |
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!scope="col"|Fate |
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|- |
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|align="right"|10 December 1941 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in December 1941#10 December|''Kirnwood'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}} |
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|align="right"|3,829 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|10 December 1941 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in December 1941#10 December|''Kurdistan'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}} |
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|align="right"|5,844 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|10 December 1941 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in December 1941#10 December|''Star of Luxor'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|Egypt|1922}} |
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|align="right"|5,298 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|13 January 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in January 1942#13 January|''Friar Rock'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|Panama}} |
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|align="right"|5,427 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|13 January 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in January 1942#13 January|''Frisco'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|Norway}} |
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|align="right"|1,582 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|21 January 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in January 1942#21 January|''Alexander Høegh'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|Norway}} |
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|align="right"|8,248 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|25 January 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in January 1942#25 January|''Varanger'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|Norway}} |
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|align="right"|9,305 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|27 January 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in January 1942#27 January|''Francis E. Powell'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|United States|1912}} |
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|align="right"|7,096 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|27 January 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in January 1942#27 January|''Halo'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|United States|1912}} |
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|align="right"|6,986 |
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|align="left" |Damaged |
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|- |
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|align="right"|11 April 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in April 1942#11 April|''Grenanger'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|Norway}} |
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|align="right"|5,393 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|11 April 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in April 1942#11 April|''Esso Boston'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|United States|1912}} |
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|align="right"|7,699 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|25 July 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1942#25 July|''Tankexpress'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|Norway}} |
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|align="right"|10,095 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|27 July 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1942#27 July|''Elmwood'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|Norway}} |
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|align="right"|7,167 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|30 July 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1942#30 July|''Danmark'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}} |
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|align="right"|8,391 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|9 August 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in August 1942#9 August|''Malmanger'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|Norway}} |
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|align="right"|7,078 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|11 August 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in August 1942#11 August|''Mirlo'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|Norway}} |
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|align="right"|7,455 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|25 August 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in August 1942#25 August|''Viking Star'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}} |
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|align="right"|6,445 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|26 August 1942 |
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|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in August 1942#26 August|''Beechwood'']] |
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|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}} |
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|align="right"|4,897 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|12 November 1942 |
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|align="left" |{{USS|Edward Rutledge|AP-52|6}} |
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|align="left" |{{navy|United States|1912}} |
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|align="right"|9,360 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|12 November 1942 |
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|align="left" |{{USS|Hugh L. Scott|AP-43|6}} |
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|align="left" |{{navy|United States|1912}} |
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|align="right"|12,479 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|- |
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|align="right"|12 November 1942 |
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|align="left" |{{USS|Tasker H. Bliss|AP-42|6}} |
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|align="left" |{{navy|United States|1912}} |
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|align="right"|12,568 |
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|align="left" |Sunk |
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|} |
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===Awards=== |
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* [[Iron Cross]] (1939) 2nd Class (18 December 1939) & 1st Class (18 December 1941)<ref name="Busch & Röll p255">Busch & Röll 2003, p. 255.</ref> |
* [[Iron Cross]] (1939) 2nd Class (18 December 1939) & 1st Class (18 December 1941)<ref name="Busch & Röll p255">Busch & Röll 2003, p. 255.</ref> |
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* [[U-boat War Badge]] (1939) (18 December 1941)<ref name="Busch & Röll p255"/> |
* [[U-boat War Badge]] (1939) (18 December 1941)<ref name="Busch & Röll p255"/> |
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* [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on 1 September 1942 as ''[[Korvettenkapitän]]'' and commander of ''U-130''<ref>Fellgiebel 2000, p. 250.</ref> |
* [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on 1 September 1942 as ''[[Korvettenkapitän]]'' and commander of ''U-130''<ref>Fellgiebel 2000, p. 250.</ref> |
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* [[War Merit Cross]] 2nd Class with Swords (30 January 1944)<ref name="Busch & Röll p255"/> |
* [[War Merit Cross]] 2nd Class with Swords (30 January 1944)<ref name="Busch & Röll p255"/> |
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* [[Wehrmacht Long Service Award]] 4th to 2nd Class |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 15:36, 19 November 2021
Ernst Kals | |
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Born | Glauchau, Saxony, German Empire | 2 August 1905
Died | 2 November 1979 Emden, West Germany | (aged 74)
Allegiance |
|
Service/ | |
Years of service | 1924–45 |
Rank | Kapitän zur See |
Unit | |
Commands held | |
Battles/wars | |
Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |
Ernst Kals (2 August 1905 – 2 November 1979) was a Kapitän zur See with the Kriegsmarine during World War II. He commanded the Type IXC U-boat U-130 on five patrols, and sank twenty ships, for a total of 145,656 tons of Allied shipping. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.
Career
Kals joined the Reichsmarine in 1924. In October 1940, after a period of service on torpedo boats and light cruisers, he transferred to the Ubootwaffe ("U-boat force"). After one patrol on U-37 under the command of Nicolai Clausen as commander in training, he took command of U-130 in June 1941. He was awarded the Knight's Cross in September 1941.[1]
In April 1942, Kals, in U-130, bombarded the Allied petroleum tank farm on Curaçao, in the Netherlands Antilles. He went on to sink a total of 20 ships on five patrols, for a total of 145,656 tons of Allied shipping. In five minutes he sank three United States troopships, the Edward Rutledge, Hugh L. Scott and Tasker H. Bliss.[1]
In January 1943 Kals became commander of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla, based in Lorient, France. Promoted to Kapitän zur See in September 1944, he remained in this position until the end of the war.[1]
Later life
Kals was held in French captivity from May 1945 to January 1948. He died at Emden in 1979 at the age of 74.[1]
Summary of career
Ships attacked
As commander of U-130 Ernst Kals reportedly sank 17 merchant ships for a total of 111,249 gross register tons (GRT), three auxiliary warships for a total of 34,407 GRT and damaged one further ship of 6,986 GRT.
Date | Name of ship | Flag | Tonnage | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 December 1941 | Kirnwood | United Kingdom | 3,829 | Sunk |
10 December 1941 | Kurdistan | United Kingdom | 5,844 | Sunk |
10 December 1941 | Star of Luxor | Egypt | 5,298 | Sunk |
13 January 1942 | Friar Rock | Panama | 5,427 | Sunk |
13 January 1942 | Frisco | Norway | 1,582 | Sunk |
21 January 1942 | Alexander Høegh | Norway | 8,248 | Sunk |
25 January 1942 | Varanger | Norway | 9,305 | Sunk |
27 January 1942 | Francis E. Powell | United States | 7,096 | Sunk |
27 January 1942 | Halo | United States | 6,986 | Damaged |
11 April 1942 | Grenanger | Norway | 5,393 | Sunk |
11 April 1942 | Esso Boston | United States | 7,699 | Sunk |
25 July 1942 | Tankexpress | Norway | 10,095 | Sunk |
27 July 1942 | Elmwood | Norway | 7,167 | Sunk |
30 July 1942 | Danmark | United Kingdom | 8,391 | Sunk |
9 August 1942 | Malmanger | Norway | 7,078 | Sunk |
11 August 1942 | Mirlo | Norway | 7,455 | Sunk |
25 August 1942 | Viking Star | United Kingdom | 6,445 | Sunk |
26 August 1942 | Beechwood | United Kingdom | 4,897 | Sunk |
12 November 1942 | USS Edward Rutledge | United States Navy | 9,360 | Sunk |
12 November 1942 | USS Hugh L. Scott | United States Navy | 12,479 | Sunk |
12 November 1942 | USS Tasker H. Bliss | United States Navy | 12,568 | Sunk |
Awards
- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (18 December 1939) & 1st Class (18 December 1941)[2]
- U-boat War Badge (1939) (18 December 1941)[2]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 1 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-130[3]
- War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords (30 January 1944)[2]
- Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th to 2nd Class
References
Notes
Bibliography
- Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (2003). Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945 — Die Ritterkreuzträger der U-Boot-Waffe von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [The U-Boat War 1939–1945 — The Knight's Cross Bearers of the U-Boat Force from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn Germany: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn. ISBN 978-3-8132-0515-2.
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.