→Belgium: centralizing treatment of French usage; dewikify redirects |
→Vietnam: reword note; remove French exonyms as not relevant to this English exonym list; note the Tourane/Turon was used in English sources; 5 Elements Mtns also found in English |
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==Czech Republic== |
==Czech Republic== |
||
''Česká republika (Česko)'' |
''Česká republika (Česko)'' |
||
Historically, English-language sources used German names for many places in what is now the Czech Republic. With few exceptions (such as the Elbe and Oder) this practice is no longer followed by most sources.<ref>Webb, Adrian. [http://books.google.com/books?id=omjBEYM3IK4C&pg=PR12&dq=english+uses+czech+german+%22pilsen%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZuecUrKvEYfUoASLpoCIBQ&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=english%20uses%20czech%20german%20%22pilsen%22&f=false The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919]. 2008.</ref> |
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*''Beskydy'' : [[Beskids]] |
*''Beskydy'' : [[Beskids]] |
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*''Čechy'' : [[Bohemia]] |
*''Čechy'' : [[Bohemia]] |
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*''[[České Budějovice]]'' : Budweis |
*''[[České Budějovice]]'' : Budweis |
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*''Česko'' : [[Czechia]] (recent coinage in English for Bohemia plus Moravia) |
*''Česko'' : [[Czechia]] (recent coinage in English for Bohemia plus Moravia) |
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*''[[Františkovy Lázně]]'' : Franzensbad |
*''[[Františkovy Lázně]]'' : Franzensbad |
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*''[[Karlovy Vary]]'' : Carlsbad |
*''[[Karlovy Vary]]'' : Carlsbad |
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*''[[Krkonoše]]'' : Giant Mountains |
*''[[Krkonoše]]'' : Giant Mountains |
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*''Krušné Hory'' : [[Ore Mountains]] |
*''Krušné Hory'' : [[Ore Mountains]] |
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*''Labe'' : [[Elbe]] |
*''Labe'' : [[Elbe]] |
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*''[[Mariánské Lázně]]'' : Marienbad |
*''[[Mariánské Lázně]]'' : Marienbad |
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*''Morava'' : [[Moravia]] |
*''Morava'' : [[Moravia]] |
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*''Odra'' : [[Oder]] |
*''Odra'' : [[Oder]] |
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*''[[Plzeň]]'' : Pilsen |
*''[[Plzeň]]'' : Pilsen |
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*''Praha'' : [[Prague]] |
*''Praha'' : [[Prague]] |
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*''Slezsko'' : [[Silesia]] (also used for Polish part of Silesia) |
*''Slezsko'' : [[Silesia]] (also used for Polish part of Silesia) |
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*''Sudety'' : [[Sudetenland]] |
*''Sudety'' : [[Sudetenland]] |
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==Denmark== |
==Denmark== |
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Line 222: | Line 224: | ||
*''Bretagne/Breizh'' : [[Brittany]] |
*''Bretagne/Breizh'' : [[Brittany]] |
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*''Bourgogne'' : [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]] |
*''Bourgogne'' : [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]] |
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*''Corse'' : [[Corsica]] |
*''Corse/Corsica'' : [[Corsica]] |
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*''Côte d'Azur'' : The [[French Riviera]] |
*''Côte d'Azur'' : The [[French Riviera]] |
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*''Dunkerque'' : [[Dunkirk]] |
*''Dunkerque'' : [[Dunkirk]] |
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Line 405: | Line 407: | ||
*''Dolomiti'' : [[Dolomites]] |
*''Dolomiti'' : [[Dolomites]] |
||
*''[[Ercolano]]'' (present day): [[Herculaneum]] (ancient city) |
*''[[Ercolano]]'' (present day): [[Herculaneum]] (ancient city) |
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*''Firenze'' : [[Florence]] |
*''Firenze'' : [[Florence]] |
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*''Genova'' : [[Genoa]] |
*''Genova'' : [[Genoa]] |
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*''Gianicolo'' : [[Janiculum]], English uses the Latin name |
*''Gianicolo'' : [[Janiculum]], English uses the Latin name |
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Line 417: | Line 419: | ||
*''Napoli'' : [[Naples]] |
*''Napoli'' : [[Naples]] |
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*''Padova'' : [[Padua]] |
*''Padova'' : [[Padua]] |
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*''Piemonte'' : [[Piedmont]] |
*''Piemonte/Piemont'' : [[Piedmont]] |
||
*''Pompei'' : [[Pompeii]] |
*''Pompei'' : [[Pompeii]] |
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*''Roma'' : [[Rome]] |
*''Roma'' : [[Rome]] |
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Line 429: | Line 431: | ||
*''Toscana'' : [[Tuscany]] |
*''Toscana'' : [[Tuscany]] |
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*''[[Trento]]'' : Trent (old-fashioned) |
*''[[Trento]]'' : Trent (old-fashioned) |
||
*''Tirolo'' : [[Tirol, South Tyrol|Tirol]] |
*''Tirolo/Tirol'' : [[Tirol, South Tyrol|Tirol]] |
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*''Venezia'' : [[Venice]] |
*''Venezia'' : [[Venice]] |
||
*''Vesuvio'' : [[Mount Vesuvius|Vesuvius]] |
*''Vesuvio'' : [[Mount Vesuvius|Vesuvius]] |
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Line 460: | Line 462: | ||
* ''Kurzeme'' : [[Courland]] |
* ''Kurzeme'' : [[Courland]] |
||
* ''[[Latgale]]'' : ''now historically'' Lettgallia |
* ''[[Latgale]]'' : ''now historically'' Lettgallia |
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* ''Rīga'' : [[Riga]] |
* ''Rīga'' : [[Riga]] |
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* ''[[Zemgale]]'' : Semigallia (''old-fashioned'') |
* ''[[Zemgale]]'' : Semigallia (''old-fashioned'') |
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Line 468: | Line 470: | ||
*''Ṣaydā'' (صيدا) : [[Sidon]] |
*''Ṣaydā'' (صيدا) : [[Sidon]] |
||
*''Ṣūr'' (صور) : [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] |
*''Ṣūr'' (صور) : [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] |
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*''Ṭarābulus'' (طرابلس) : [[Tripoli, Lebanon]] |
*''Ṭarābulus'' (طرابلس) : [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] |
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==Libya== |
==Libya== |
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Line 515: | Line 517: | ||
*''Den Haag'' (also: '''s-Gravenhage'') : [[The Hague]] |
*''Den Haag'' (also: '''s-Gravenhage'') : [[The Hague]] |
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*''[[Dordrecht]]'' : Dort |
*''[[Dordrecht]]'' : Dort |
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*''[[Gelderland]]'' : '' |
*''[[Gelderland]]'' : ''historically'' Guelders |
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*''Hoek van Holland'' : [[Hook of Holland]] |
*''Hoek van Holland'' : [[Hook of Holland]] |
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*''[[Leiden]]'' : Leyden ''(old-fashioned)'' |
*''[[Leiden]]'' : Leyden ''(old-fashioned)'' |
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Line 521: | Line 523: | ||
*''Rijn'' : [[Rhine]] |
*''Rijn'' : [[Rhine]] |
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*''[[Rijswijk]]'' : Ryswick |
*''[[Rijswijk]]'' : Ryswick |
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*''[[Vlissingen]]'' : |
*''[[Vlissingen]]'' : ''historically'' [[Flushing, Netherlands|Flushing]] |
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==New Zealand== |
==New Zealand== |
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Line 619: | Line 621: | ||
*''Andalucía'' : [[Andalusia]] |
*''Andalucía'' : [[Andalusia]] |
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*''Aragón'' : [[Aragon]] |
*''Aragón'' : [[Aragon]] |
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*''País Vasco'' : [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] |
*''País Vasco'' : [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] |
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*''Castilla'' : [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] |
*''Castilla'' : [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] |
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*''Catalunya / Cataluña'' : [[Catalonia]] |
*''Catalunya / Cataluña'' : [[Catalonia]] |
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*''[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]'' : Cordova |
*''[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]'' : Cordova |
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*Galician: ''[[A Coruña]] / Spanish: La Coruña'' : Corunna |
*Galician: ''[[A Coruña]] / Spanish: La Coruña'' : Corunna |
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*''Duero'' : river [[Douro]], English uses the Portuguese name |
*''Duero'' : river [[Douro]], English uses the Portuguese name |
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*''[[Gran Canaria]]'' : Grand Canary |
*''[[Gran Canaria]]'' : Grand Canary |
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*''Islas Baleares'' : [[Balearic Islands]] |
*''Islas Baleares'' : [[Balearic Islands]] |
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*''Islas Canarias'' : [[Canary Islands]] |
*''Islas Canarias'' : [[Canary Islands]] |
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*''Mallorca'' : [[Majorca]], compare French ''Majorque'', Italian ''Maiorca'' |
*''Mallorca'' : [[Majorca]], compare French ''Majorque'', Italian ''Maiorca'' |
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*''Menorca'' : [[Minorca]] |
*''Menorca'' : [[Minorca]] |
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*''Navarra / Nafarroa'' : [[Navarre]], English uses the French name |
*''Navarra / Nafarroa'' : [[Navarre]], English uses the French name |
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*''Pireneos'' : [[Pyrenees]] |
*''Pireneos'' : [[Pyrenees]] |
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*''[[Tenerife]]'' : Teneriffe (obsolete) |
*''[[Tenerife]]'' : Teneriffe (obsolete) |
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*''Vizcaya / Bizkaia'' : [[Biscay]] |
*''Vizcaya / Bizkaia'' : [[Biscay]] |
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*''[[Zaragoza]]'' : Saragossa |
*''[[Zaragoza]]'' : Saragossa |
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==Sudan== |
==Sudan== |
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Line 659: | Line 661: | ||
''Schweiz / Suisse / Svizzera''<BR> |
''Schweiz / Suisse / Svizzera''<BR> |
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{{See also|List of English exonyms for German toponyms}} |
{{See also|List of English exonyms for German toponyms}} |
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Historically, English-language sources used French names for some places in German-speaking Switzerland. This practice is no longer universally followed, and many sources now use German names for most Swiss German-speaking places.<ref>Bewes, Diccon. [http://books.google.com/books?id=hP9MkZky0_EC&pg=PT9&dq=swiss+place+name+french&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Nw6dUtaEI9PloATj-4L4Bg&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=swiss%20place%20name%20french&f=false Swiss Watching: Inside the Land of Milk and Honey]. 2012.</ref> |
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*''Alpen/Alpes/Alpi'' : [[Alps]] |
*''Alpen/Alpes/Alpi'' : [[Alps]] |
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*''[[Basel]]'' : Basle |
*''[[Basel]]'' : Basle |
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*''[[Bern]]'' : Berne |
*''[[Bern]]'' : Berne |
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*''Genève/Genf'' : [[Geneva]] |
*''Genève/Genf'' : [[Geneva]] |
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*''Luzern'' : [[Lucerne]] |
*''Luzern'' : [[Lucerne]] |
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*''Rhein'' : [[Rhine]] |
*''Rhein'' : [[Rhine]] |
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*''[[Zürich]]'' : Zurich |
*''[[Zürich]]'' : Zurich |
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==Syria== |
==Syria== |
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==Turkey== |
==Turkey== |
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''Türkiye'' |
''Türkiye'' |
||
*''İstanbul'' : [[Istanbul]], normally spelled without dotted "[[İ]]" in English, even in Turkish-font-enabled English sources which use otherwise use capital [[İ]] for towns like [[İzmir]] and [[İznik]] such as the [[Lonely Planet]] guides.<ref>''Lonely Planet Turkey'' ed. Verity Campbell 2007 Page 233 "There are also flights between İzmir and Europe on various European airlines (see p672). With the launch of İzmir Airlines, direct flights to Europe will greatly increase, and İzmir is billed to become one of Turkey's biggest hubs." and Page 291 "Original İznik tiles are antiquities and cannot be exported from Turkey, but new tiles make great, if not particularly cheap, souvenirs."</ref> Jordan, Adamič, and Woodman (Vienna 2007) consider "Istanbul," alone among Turkish city names, to be an English exonym of İstanbul.<ref>''Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names: Approaches towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction'' Peter Jordan, Milan Orožen Adamič, Paul Woodman, Vienna 2007 Page 210 [lists Istanbul, as an English exonym of İstanbul. Istanbul appears to be the only English exonym listed for any Turkish city].</ref> |
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*''İstanbul'' : [[Istanbul]] |
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*''[[Alaşehir]]'' : historically Philadelphia |
*''[[Alaşehir]]'' : historically Philadelphia |
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*''[[Antakya]]'' : historically Antioch |
*''[[Antakya]]'' : historically Antioch |
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Line 712: | Line 715: | ||
*''[[Üsküdar]]'' : historically Scutari<ref>{{cite book| author=James Steele | title=Turkey - A Traveller's Historical and Architectural Guide | date=1990 | publisher=Scorpion | pages=161-162| ISBN=0-905906-72-1 | accessdate=1 June 2013}}</ref> |
*''[[Üsküdar]]'' : historically Scutari<ref>{{cite book| author=James Steele | title=Turkey - A Traveller's Historical and Architectural Guide | date=1990 | publisher=Scorpion | pages=161-162| ISBN=0-905906-72-1 | accessdate=1 June 2013}}</ref> |
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*''Bozcaada'' |
*''Bozcaada'' : historically Greek island of [[Tenedos]] |
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*''Gökçeada'' |
*''Gökçeada'' : historically Greek island of [[Imbros]] |
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*'' |
*''Dicle nehri'' : River [[Tigris]] |
||
*'' |
*''Fırat nehri'' : River [[Euphrates]] |
||
*''Fırat nehri'' : still River [[Euphrates]] |
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*''Kapadokya'' : [[Cappadocia]] |
*''Kapadokya'' : [[Cappadocia]] |
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*''Trakya'' : [[Thrace]] |
*''Trakya'' : [[Thrace]] |
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==Vietnam== |
==Vietnam== |
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''Việt Nam'' |
''Việt Nam'' |
||
Several towns have English or French names joining the two syllables: |
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In English, the names of several places are written as one word that are written as two in Vietnamese: |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
*''Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh'' : [[Ho Chi Minh City]] |
*''Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh'' : [[Ho Chi Minh City]] |
||
*''Sài Gòn'' : [[Saigon]] |
*''Sài Gòn'' : [[Saigon]] |
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*''Chợ Lớn'' : [[Cholon, Ho Chi Minh City]] |
*''Chợ Lớn'' : [[Cholon, Ho Chi Minh City|Cholon]] |
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*''[[Hải Phòng]]'' : Haiphong |
*''[[Hải Phòng]]'' : Haiphong |
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*''[[Đà Lạt]]'' : Dalat |
*''[[Đà Lạt]]'' : Dalat |
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*''[[Đà Nẵng]]'' : Danang, |
*''[[Đà Nẵng]]'' : Danang, ''historically'' Tourane or Turon<ref>Donald F. Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. 1998 Page 1256 "Buzomi began his mission at "Turon" (Tourane, the French name for Da Nang), a town downriver from the place where the king resides."</ref> |
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*''[[Hội An]]'' : |
*''[[Hội An]]'' : ''historically'' Faifo<ref>Jean-Pierre Duteil ''Alexandre de Rhodes' Histoire du royaume du Tonkin'' 1999 Page 37 "Tourane se développe aux dépends de Faifo à la fin du XVIfle siècle, et l'éclipsé à peu près complètement au XTXe. "Faifo" doit son nom au "marché" (phô) de Hôi an (Hôi-an phô)."</ref> |
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*''Dãy Trường Sơn'' : [[Annamite Range]] |
*''Dãy Trường Sơn'' : [[Annamite Range]] |
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*''Ngũ Hành Sơn'' : [[Marble Mountains |
*''Ngũ Hành Sơn'' : [[Marble Mountains (Vietnam)|Marble Mountains]] or Five Elements Mountains |
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*''Mê Kông'' : [[Mekong River]] |
*''Mê Kông'' : [[Mekong River]] |
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*''Vịnh Bắc Bộ'' : [[Gulf of Tonkin]] |
*''Vịnh Bắc Bộ'' : [[Gulf of Tonkin]] |
Revision as of 00:51, 3 December 2013
An English exonym is a name in the English-language for a place (a toponym), or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage (the endonym). Exonyms and endonyms are features of all languages and other languages may have their own exonym for the English endonym, such as "Llundain" is the Welsh exonym for the English endonym "London."
An English exonym is typically a place name given by an English-speaking linguistic community to a topographic feature situated in a territory where English has no official status. British English traditionally uses the term "conventional name", but the more internationally accepted term is “exonym”.[1]
"For a toponym to be defined as an exonym, there must exist a minimum degree of difference between it and the corresponding endonym. ... Ĉkalovsk is not an exonym of the Russian city Чкаловск but simply the endonym written in a different script. The omission of diacritical marks usually does not turn an endonym into an exonym: Sao Paulo (for São Paulo); Malaga (for Málaga) or Amman (for 'Ammān) are not considered exonyms. However, in certain languages, diacritics enable names that are otherwise identical to be distinguished; in such cases, the omission of these diacritics could be regarded as generating exonyms. Thus, in Slovakia, Rovné and Rovne are different places, as are Brezany and Brežany. This is the reason for the broad definition of the term "exonym" in the Glossary." - United Nations Manual for the National Standardization of Geographical Names 2006
A less common form of exonym is usage for names and titles. Typically personal exonyms, are limited to regnal names such as popes (John Paul II), monarchs (Charles V), or less commonly very well known non-modern authors (John Calvin, for French Jean Calvin).
Romanization, or transcription of a non-Latin alphabet endonym into a Latin alphabet, is not generally regarded as creating exonyms; "The application of any scientifically sound romanization system to a non-Roman endonym merely re-creates that original endonym in another legitimate form" (Päll, 2002).[2][3] However old romanization systems, particularly pre-independence colonial-era romanization systems may leave a legacy of "familiar" spellings, as in the case of, for example, romanization of Burmese.[4] This affects romanization of Arabic, romanization of Chinese, and many other non-Latin alphabet place names.
Lists
For convenience a non-exhaustive summary list of English exonyms is included below. Note that the list includes both current and historic exonyms. In many cases, modern English-language sources no longer use the traditional English spelling, or do so only in historical contexts. See the article on each individual place name for information on its usage.
- The list includes more detailed and complete breakout lists for:
- List of English exonyms for Dutch toponyms
- List of English exonyms for German toponyms - some no longer current
- List of English exonyms for Italian toponyms - some no longer current
- English exonyms of Arabic speaking places
- List of renamed Indian public places - some without current acceptence
The list does not include the list of English translated personal names.
Albania
Shqipëria
- Tiranë : Tirana (not a true exonym, as Tirana is also the Albanian endonym for the city name with an indefinite article)
Algeria
الجزاٮُر (Al-Jazā'ir)
- Al-Jazā'ir (الجزاٮُر) : Algiers
Armenia
Հայաստան (Hayastan)
- Erevan (Երևան or Երեւան) : Yerevan
Australia
- Uluru : Ayers Rock
- Parramatta : now historically Rose Hill
Austria
Österreich
- Alpen : Alps
- Donau : Danube
- Drau : river Drava, English uses the Slovenian/Croatian name
- Kärnten : Carinthia
- Niederösterreich : Lower Austria
- Oberösterreich : Upper Austria
- Steiermark : Styria
- Wien : Vienna
- Tirol : Tyrol
Azerbaijan
Azərbaycan - using Turkish-based Azerbaijani alphabet since 1991
Belgium
België / Belgique
Historically, English borrowed French names for many places in Dutch-speaking areas of Belgium. With few exceptions (such as Bruges and Ypres) this practice is no longer followed by most sources.[5]
- Antwerpen/Anvers : Antwerp
- Brugge/Bruges : Bruges
- Brussel/Bruxelles : Brussels
- Gent/Gand : Ghent; historically also Gaunt
- Ieper/Ypres/Wipers : Ypres
- Kortrijk/Courtrai : Courtrai or Courtray
- Leuven/Louvain : Louvain
- Mechelen/Malines : Mechlin
- Oostende/Ostende : Ostend
- Vilvoorde/Vilvorde : Filford
Two main areas of Belgium:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosna i Hercegovina (Босна и Херцеговина)
- Bosna (Босна) : Bosnia
- Hercegovina (Херцеговина) : Herzegovina
Bulgaria
България (Balgariya)
- Dobrudzha (Добруджа) : Southern Dobruja, Bulgarian section of former Dobruja region
- Dunav (Дунав) : Danube
- Plovdiv (Пловдив) : now historically Philippopolis
- Rodopi (Родопи) : Rhodopes
- Sofiya (София) : Sofia
- Stara Planina (Стара Планина) : Balkan Mountains
- Trakiya (Тракия) : Thrace
Burma/Myanmar
Bama / Myanma
- Yangon : Rangoon
Canada
- Montréal : Montreal
- Québec : Quebec or Québec (province)
- Trois-Rivières : Three Rivers
- Ville de Québec : Quebec City
China
Some of the apparent "exonyms" for China are the result of change in romanization of Chinese to modern pinyin. For example the change from "Tientsin" to "Tianjin." Other apparent exonyms are the result of differences in regional pronunciation, for example old "Canton" is still nearer the local name than modern "Guangzhou" the northerners' way of pronouncing the southern city.
Zhongguo/PRC
- Beijing : now historically Peking
- Guangzhou : now historically Canton
- Nanjing : now historically Nanking
- Tianjin : now historically Tientsin
- Xiamen : now historically Amoy
- Qingdao : now historically Tsingtao
- Chongqing : now historically Chungking
- Shantou : now historically Swatow
- Fuzhou : now historically Foochow
- Shenyang : now historically Mukden or Mookden (matches Manchu)
- Lüshun : now historically Port Arthur
- Chang Jiang : Yangtze River
- Mandarin Xianggang / Cantonese Hoeng gong : Hong Kong
- Mandarin Aomen / Cantonese Ou mun : Macau (matches Portuguese), historically also Macao
- Northeast China / Dongbei : Manchuria[6]
- Sichuan : now historically Szechwan
Zhōnghuá Mínguó/ROC
- Taiwan : now historically Formosa (matches historically Portuguese)
- Penghu islands : Pescadores
- Kinmen / Jinmen : Quemoy
Croatia
Hrvatska
Cuba
- Habana : Havana
Cyprus
Κύπρος (Kýpros) / Kıbrıs
- Ammochostos/Gazimağusa : Famagusta
- Keryneia/Girne : Kyrenia
- Lemesos/Limasol : Limassol
- Lefkosía/Lefkoşa : Nicosia
Czech Republic
Česká republika (Česko)
Historically, English-language sources used German names for many places in what is now the Czech Republic. With few exceptions (such as the Elbe and Oder) this practice is no longer followed by most sources.[7]
- Beskydy : Beskids
- Čechy : Bohemia
- České Budějovice : Budweis
- Česko : Czechia (recent coinage in English for Bohemia plus Moravia)
- Františkovy Lázně : Franzensbad
- Karlovy Vary : Carlsbad
- Krkonoše : Giant Mountains
- Krušné Hory : Ore Mountains
- Labe : Elbe
- Mariánské Lázně : Marienbad
- Morava : Moravia
- Odra : Oder
- Plzeň : Pilsen
- Praha : Prague
- Slezsko : Silesia (also used for Polish part of Silesia)
- Sudety : Sudetenland
Denmark
Danmark
- Fyn : Funen
- Helsingør : Elsinore
- Jylland : Jutland
- København : Copenhagen
- Sjælland : Zealand
- Skagen : The Scaw
- Slesvig : Sleswick, Schleswig (matches German)
Egypt
مصر (Mişr)
- Būr Sā'id (بور سعݐد) : Port Said
- Al-Ğīzah (الجݐزة) : Giza
- Al-Iskandariyya (الإسکندرݐة) : Alexandria
- An-Nīl (النݐل) : Nile
- Al-Qāhira (القاهرة) : Cairo
- As-Suways (السوݐس) : Suez
- Al-Uqşur (الاقصر) : Luxor
Estonia
Eesti
- Peipsi järv : Lake Peipus
Finland
Suomi
Occasionally Swedish-based Latin names are used for historical provinces. Many provinces have different Finnish and Swedish names (Finnish / Swedish):
- Häme / Tavastland: Tavastia
- Karjala / Karelien: Karelia
- Lappi / Lappland : Lapland (Finland), also Laponia or Lapponia
- Pohjanmaa / Österbotten: Ostrobothnia
- Savo / Savolax: Savonia
- Varsinais-Suomi / Egentliga Finland: Finland Proper
Satakunta and Uusimaa (Finnish) and Åland (Swedish) are known with their own names in English.
France
- Alpes : Alps
- Bretagne/Breizh : Brittany
- Bourgogne : Burgundy
- Corse/Corsica : Corsica
- Côte d'Azur : The French Riviera
- Dunkerque : Dunkirk
- Gascogne : Gascony
- Golfe de Gascogne : Bay of Biscay
- Lyon : now historically Lyons
- Marseille : now historically Marseilles
- Normandie : Normandy
- Ouessant : island of Ushant, also Ouessant
- Picardie : Picardy
- Pyrénées : Pyrenees
- Reims : Rheims
- Rhin : Rhine
- Savoie : Savoy
Georgia (country)
საქართველო (Sakartvelo)
Germany
Deutschland
This list does not include German place names with ß such as Gießen, commonly written Giessen in English sources.
- Aachen : now historically Aix-la-Chapelle
- Alpen : Alps
- Bayern : Bavaria
- Braunschweig : now historically Brunswick
- Donau : Danube
- Erzgebirge : Ore Mountains
- Franken : Franconia
- Frankfurt am Main : now historically Frankfort
- Kleve : now historically Cleves
- Köln : Cologne
- Hameln : Hamelin
- Hannover : Hanover
- Helgoland : Heligoland
- Hessen : Hesse
- Koblenz : now historically Coblence
- Konstanz : Constance
- Niedersachsen : Lower Saxony
- Lausitz/Łužica/Łužyca : Lusatia
- Lüneburg : Lunenburg
- München : Munich
- Nordrhein-Westfalen : North Rhine-Westphalia
- Nürnberg : Nuremberg
- Oberpfalz : Upper Palatinate
- Pommern : Pomerania
- Regensburg : now historically Ratisbon
- Rhein : Rhine
- Rheinland-Pfalz : Rhineland-Palatinate
- Sachsen : Saxony
- Schwaben : Swabia
- Schwarzwald : Black Forest
- Thüringen : Thuringia
- Trier : now historically Treves
- Westfalen : Westphalia
Greece
Ελλάδα (Elláda) or Ἑλλάς (Ellás)
- Athina (Αθήνα) : Athens
- Attiki (Αττική) : Attica
- Dhodhekanisa (Δωδεκάνησα) : Dodecanese
- Evvia (Εύβοια) : Euboea
- Ikaria (Ικαρία) : Icaria
- Ionia Nisia (Ιόνια Νησιά) : Ionian Islands
- Ipiros (Ήπειρος) : Epirus
- Irakleio (Ηράκλειο) : Heraklion or Iraklion
- Kríti (Κρήτη) : Crete
- Kerkyra (Κέρκυρα) : Corfu
- Korinthos (Κόρινθος) : Corinth
- Kykladhes (Κυκλάδες) : Cyclades
- Mesologgi (Μεσολόγγι) : Missolonghi
- Nafpaktos (Νάυπακτος) : Naupactus or, historically, Lepanto
- Patrai (Πάτρα) : Patras
- Peiraeas (Πειραιάς) : Piraeus
- Peloponnisos (Πελοπόννησος) : Peloponnese
- Pylos (Πύλος) : now historically Navarino
- Rodhopi (Ροδόπη) : Rhodopes
- Rodos (Ρόδος) : Rhodes
- Samothraki (Σαμοθράκη) : Samothrace
- Thessalia (Θεσσαλία) : Thessaly
- Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη) : Thessalonica or, historically, Salonica
- Thiva (Θήβα) : Thebes
- Thraki (Θράκη) : Thrace
- Viotía (Βοιωτία) : Boeotia
- Zakynthos (Ζάκυνθος) : Zakynthos or Zante
Greenland
Kalaallit Nunaat
Holy See
- Civitas Vaticana : Vatican City
Hungary
Magyarország
- Duna : Danube
Iceland
Ísland
India
Bhārat
- Bengaluru in Kannada language : still Bangalore in English
- Chennai in Tamil language and now English : Madras (historically/old-fashioned)
- Jaipur : Jaypore (historically/old-fashioned)
- Kanpur : Cawnpore (historically/old-fashioned)
- Kolkata in Bengali language : Calcutta (historically/old-fashioned)
- Lakshadweep : Laccadive Islands (historically/old-fashioned)
- Mumbai in Marathi language and now English : Bombay (historically/old-fashioned)
- Pune : Poona (historically/old-fashioned)
- Shimla : Simla (historically/old-fashioned)
- Varanasi : Benares (historically/old-fashioned)
Iran
اݐران (Iran)
- Bushehr (بوشهر) : Bushire (old-fashioned)
- Eşfahān (اصفهان) : Isfahan
- Mashhad (مشهد) : Meshed
- Tehran (تهحران) : Teheran (regarded by some as historic; 'Tehran' is also often used)
Iraq
العراق (Al-Irāq)
Ireland
Éire
The vast majority of placenames in Ireland are anglicisations, or phonetic renderings, of Irish language names. However, some names come directly from the English language. When the Irish Free State gained independence from the United Kingdom, some placenames were reverted to their Irish or anglicised forms. This includes:
- Bagenalstown, which became Muine Bheag
- Charleville, which became Ráth Luirc
- Kingstown, which became Dún Laoghaire
- King's County, which became County Offaly
- Philipstown, which became Daingean
- Queenstown, which became Cobh
- Queen's County, which became County Laois
- Maryborough, which became Port Laoise
Israel
ישראל (Yisrael)
The below listing is only a summary. Modern Israeli transcription systems (romanization of Hebrew) vary from the familiar spellings of many hundreds of place names of Ancient Israel adopted by Bible translations - both Christian, such as the King James Version (1611) and also Jewish versions such as the JPS (1917). For example modern 'v' on road signs in Israel corresponds to 'w' or 'b' in traditional English naming.[8]
- Akko (עַכּוֹ) : Acre
- Afula (עֲפוּלָה) : Afula
- Arad (עֲרָד) : Arad
- Ariha/Yeriho (יְרִיחוֹ / ٲرݐحا) : Jericho
- Ashqelon (אֵשְׁקְלוֹן) : Ashkelon
- Beit Lahm/Bet Lehem (בֵּית לֶחֶם / بݐت لحم) : Bethlehem
- Ha-Galil (הַגָּלִיל) : Galilee
- Kafar Nahum (כְּפַר נֵחוּם) : Capernaum
- Natzrat (נָצְרַת) : Nazareth
- Qeisaria (קֵיסָרְיָה) : Caesarea
- Tverya (טְבֶריָה) : Tiberias
- Yafo (יָפוֹ) : Jaffa
- Yehudah (יְהוּדָה) : Judea
- Yerushalayim (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם) : Jerusalem
- Rishon LeZion (רִאשׁוֹן לְצִיּוֹן) Rishon Lezion
- Tel Aviv (תֵּל־אָבִיב) Tel Aviv
Italy
Italia
- Valle d'Aosta : Aosta Valley
- Alpi : Alps
- Appennini : Apennine Mountains
- Puglia : Apulia
- Campidoglio : Capitoline Hill
- Dolomiti : Dolomites
- Ercolano (present day): Herculaneum (ancient city)
- Firenze : Florence
- Genova : Genoa
- Gianicolo : Janiculum, English uses the Latin name
- Lazio : Latium (old-fashioned)
- Livorno : Leghorn (old-fashioned)
- Lombardia : Lombardy
- Mantova : Mantua
- Marche : The Marches (old-fashioned)
- Milano : Milan
- Monferrato : Montferrat, English uses the French name
- Napoli : Naples
- Padova : Padua
- Piemonte/Piemont : Piedmont
- Pompei : Pompeii
- Roma : Rome
- Rubicone : Rubicon
- Sardegna : Sardinia
- Sicilia : Sicily
- Siena : Sienna (old-fashioned)
- Siracusa : Syracuse
- Tevere : Tiber
- Torino : Turin
- Toscana : Tuscany
- Trento : Trent (old-fashioned)
- Tirolo/Tirol : Tirol
- Venezia : Venice
- Vesuvio : Vesuvius
Japan
Nihon (日本) or Nippon
Jordan
الاردن (Al-'Urdunn)
Korea
North and South Korea have different names for their own country, and each other. Romanization of Korean has also produced many name variations which are common in English, but simply variations in romanization systems. For example Cheju Island is an older romanization of Jeju Province. In some cases the older romanizations have been retained in English sources. Some even older names, not now retained in English, are the result of Japanese pronunciation of Korean names during the colonial period.
North Korea
조선 (Chosun) : Korea
- Kumgangsan : Diamond Mountains
- Amnok gang : Yalu River, Chinese endonym used in English, as it divides the SW border
- Tuman gang : Tumen River, Chinese endonym used in English, as it divides the NE border
South Korea
한국 (Hanguk) : Korea 대한민국 (Daehan Minguk) : Republic of Korea
- Busan : formerly spelled Pusan under older romanization system
Kosovo
Kosova
Latvia
Latvija
- Kurzeme : Courland
- Latgale : now historically Lettgallia
- Rīga : Riga
- Zemgale : Semigallia (old-fashioned)
Lebanon
لبنان (Lubnān)
Libya
ليبيا (Libiyā)
- Barqah (برقة) : Cyrenaica
- Fizzān (فزان) : Fezzan
- Miṣrātah (مصراتة) : Misrata
- Sirt (سرت) : Sirte
- Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) : Tripoli, also Tripolitania
Lithuania
Lietuva
- Mažoji Lietuva : Lithuania Minor
- Nemunas : Neman or historically Niemen
- Suvalkija : Sudovia (old-fashioned)
- Žemaitija : Samogitia
Malaysia
- Melaka : Malacca
- Bandaraya Melaka : Malacca City
- Selat Melaka : Strait of Malacca
- Pulau Pinang : Penang Island
Mexico
- Ciudad de México : Mexico City
Moldova
- Chişinău : now historically Kishinev (from Russian Кишинёв/Kishinyov)
Montenegro
Црна Гора (Crna Gora)
Morocco
المغرب (Al-Maghrib)
- Ad-Dār Al-Beiḍāʼ (الدار البيضاء) : Casablanca
- Fās (فاس) : Fez
- Ṭanjah (طنجة) : Tangier
Netherlands
Nederland
- Brielle (also: Den Briel): Brill (old-fashioned)
- Den Haag (also: 's-Gravenhage) : The Hague
- Dordrecht : Dort
- Gelderland : historically Guelders
- Hoek van Holland : Hook of Holland
- Leiden : Leyden (old-fashioned)
- Maas : Meuse
- Rijn : Rhine
- Rijswijk : Ryswick
- Vlissingen : historically Flushing
New Zealand
- Whanganui : Wanganui
Norway
Norge
Poland
Polska
- Beskidy : Beskids
- Galicja : Galicia (Eastern Europe)
- Karkonosze : Giant Mountains
- Karpaty : Carpathians
- Kaszuby/Kaszëbë : Kashubia
- Kraków : Cracow
- Mazowsze : Mazovia
- Mazury : Masuria
- Odra : Oder, English uses the German name
- Pomorze : Pomerania
- Śląsk : Silesia
- Warszawa : Warsaw
- Wisła : Vistula
Portugal
Romania
România
- București : Bucharest
- Carpați : Carpathians
- Carpați Meridionali : Southern Carpathians
- Dobrogea : Northern Dobruja, Romanian section of forumer Dobruja region
- Dunărea : Danube
- Transilvania : Transylvania
- Țara Românească / Valahia : Wallachia
Russia
Россия (Rossiya)
- Arkhangel'sk (Архангельск) : now historically Archangel
- Kavkaz (Кавказ) : Caucasus
- Komsomol'sk-na-Amure (Комсомольск-на-Амуре) : Komsomolsk-on-Amur
- Moskva (Москва) : Moscow
- Oryol (Орёл) : now historically Orel
- Rostov-na-Donu (Ростов-на-Дону) : Rostov-on-Don
- Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) : Saint Petersburg
Saudi Arabia
الصعودية (As-Saʿūdīyah)
Serbia
Србија (Srbija)
- Beograd (Београд) : Belgrade
- Dunav (Дунав) : Danube
- Stara Planina (Стара Планина) : Balkan Mountains
Slovakia
Slovensko
- Beskydy : Beskids
- Dunaj : Danube
- Karpaty : Carpathians
Slovenia
Slovenija
South Africa
Suid-Afrika
Many South African towns have multiple names due to the diversity of languages.
- Alexanderbaai : Alexander Bay
- Aliwal-Noord : Aliwal North
- Grahamstad : Grahamstown
- Kaapstad : Cape Town
- Mooirivier : Mooi River (Vaal), Mooi River (KwaZulu-Natal) and Mooi River (town)
- Plettenbergbaai : Plettenberg Bay
- Simonstad : Simon's Town
- Vishoek : Fish Hoek
Spain
España
- English uses Spanish exonyms for some well known places in non-Spanish (Catalan, Valencian, Basque, Galician) speaking regions.
- Andalucía : Andalusia
- Aragón : Aragon
- País Vasco : Basque Country
- Castilla : Castile
- Catalunya / Cataluña : Catalonia
- Córdoba : Cordova
- Galician: A Coruña / Spanish: La Coruña : Corunna
- Duero : river Douro, English uses the Portuguese name
- Gran Canaria : Grand Canary
- Islas Baleares : Balearic Islands
- Islas Canarias : Canary Islands
- Mallorca : Majorca, compare French Majorque, Italian Maiorca
- Menorca : Minorca
- Navarra / Nafarroa : Navarre, English uses the French name
- Pireneos : Pyrenees
- Sevilla : Seville
- Tajo : Tagus
- Tenerife : Teneriffe (obsolete)
- Vizcaya / Bizkaia : Biscay
- Zaragoza : Saragossa
Sudan
السودان (As-Sūdān)
Sweden
Sverige
- Dalarna : Dalecarlia
- Göteborg : Gothenburg
- Norrbotten : North Bothnia
- Skåne : Scania
- Västerbotten : West Bothnia
- Västerås : West Aros
Switzerland
Schweiz / Suisse / Svizzera
Historically, English-language sources used French names for some places in German-speaking Switzerland. This practice is no longer universally followed, and many sources now use German names for most Swiss German-speaking places.[9]
- Alpen/Alpes/Alpi : Alps
- Basel : Basle
- Bern : Berne
- Genève/Genf : Geneva
- Luzern : Lucerne
- Rhein : Rhine
- Zürich : Zurich
Syria
سورية (Sūrīyah)
- Dimašq (دمشق) : Damascus
- Al-Furāt (الفرات) : Euphrates
- Ḥalab (حلب) : Aleppo
- Al-Lāḏiqīyah (اللاذقية) : Latakia
Thailand
ประเทศไทย (Prathet Thai)
Tunisia
تونس (Tūnis)
Turkey
Türkiye
- İstanbul : Istanbul
- Alaşehir : historically Philadelphia
- Antakya : historically Antioch
- Bergama : historically Pergamon
- Bodrum : historically Halicarnassus
- Bursa : historically Prusa
- Edirne : historically Adrianople
- Istanbul : historically Constantinople
- Karadeniz Ereğli : historically Heraclea Pontica
- Kayseri : historically Caesarea
- Gelibolu : historically Gallipoli
- İzmir : historically Smyrna
- Izmit : historically Nicomedia
- Iznik : historically Nicaea
- Konya : historically Iconium
- Silifke : historically Seleucia
- Trabzon : historically Trebizond
- Üsküdar : historically Scutari[10]
- Dicle nehri : River Tigris
- Fırat nehri : River Euphrates
- Kapadokya : Cappadocia
- Trakya : Thrace
Ukraine
Україна (Ukrayina)
Many Ukrainian names in English historically match the Russian spelling/pronunciation. For example:
- Kyiv (Київ) : Kiev
- Kharkiv (Харків) : Kharkov
- Horlivka (Горлівка) : Gorlovka
- Kryvyi Rih (Кривиі Ріг) : Krivoy Rog
etc.
- Chornobyl (Чорнобиль) : Chernobyl
- Halychyna (Галичина) : Galicia (Eastern Europe)
- Krym (Крум) : Crimea
United Kingdom
Scotland
Alba
- NOTE: These places are all in the Hebrides, where Scottish Gaelic is predominant.
- Àird a Bhàsair : Ardvasar
- Àird Shlèite : Aird of Sleat
- An t-Acha Mòr : Achmore
- An t-Aodann Bàn : Edinbane
- An t-Àth Leathann : Broadford
- An t-Òb : Leverburgh
- An t-Sàilean : Salen
- Àirigh na Gobhar : Arinagour
- Bàgh a Chaisteal : Castlebay
- Baile a Ghràna : Ballygrant
- Baile a Mhanaich : Balivanich
- Barabhas : Barvas
- Barraigh : Barra
- Beàrnasdal : Bernisdale
- Beinn na Fadhla : Benbecula
- Beul an Àtha : Bridgend, Islay
- Bhatarsaigh : Vatersay
- Bogh Mòr : Bowmore
- Bracadal : Bracadale
- Breascleit : Breasclete
- Càirinis : Carinish
- Calanais : Callanish
- Calgarraidh : Calgary, Mull
- Camas Dìonabhaig : Camastianavaig
- Caol Àcain : Kyleakin
- Caol Reatha : Kylerhea
- Càrlabhagh : Carloway
- Clèadail : Cleadale
- Colbhasa : Colonsay
- Cola : Coll
- Craig an Iobhair : Craignure
- Dalabrog : Daliburgh
- Diùra : Jura
- Dùn Bheagain : Dunvegan
- Ealaghol : Elgol
- Eige : Eigg
- Eilean Iarmain : Isleornsay
- Èirisgeigh : Eriskay
- Heàrrlois : Harlosh
- Ì Chaluim Chille : Iona
- Ìle : Islay
- Lacadal : Laxdale
- Leodhas : Isle of Lewis
- Liùrbost : Leurbost
- Loch Baghasdail : Lochboisdale
- Loch nam Madadh : Lochmaddy
- Miolabhaig : Milovaig
- Muc : Muck
- Muile : Isle of Mull
- Na Hearadh : Harris
- Na Torrain : Torrin
- Orasaigh : Oronsay
- Pabail : Bayble
- Port Asgaig : Port Askaig
- Port Ìlain : Port Ellen
- Port na h-Abhainn : Portnahaven
- Port nan Giùran : Portnaguran
- Port nan Long : Newton Ferry
- Port Nis : Port of Ness
- Port Rìgh : Portree
- Port Sgioba : Port Charlotte
- Ratharsair : Raasay
- Roghadal : Rodel
- Sgalpaigh : Scalpay, Inner Hebrides
- Sgalpaigh : Scalpay, Outer Hebrides
- Sgairinis : Scarinish
- Sgiogarstaigh : Skigersta
- Sgitheanach : Isle of Skye
- Sòdhaigh : Soay
- Stafa : Staffa
- Staoinebrig : Stoneybridge
- Steinn : Stein
- Steòrnabhagh : Stornoway
- Taigh a'Ghearraidh : Tigharry
- Taigh na Creige : Craighouse
- Tairbeart : Tarbert
- Tarsgabhaig : Tarskavaig
- Tiriodh : Tiree
- Tobha Mòr : Howmore
- Tobar Mhoire : Tobermory
- Uibhist a Deas : South Uist
- Uibhist a Tuath : North Uist
- Ulbha : Ulva
Wales
Cymru
- See also: Welsh exonyms and Welsh placenames
- NOTE: English is the most frequently spoken language in some of the locations listed below. In others Welsh is predominant.
- Aberdaugleddau : Milford Haven
- Aberdyfi : Aberdovey
- Abergwaun : Fishguard
- Aberhonddu : Brecon
- Abermaw : Barmouth
- Aberpennar : Mountain Ash, Rhondda Cynon Taf
- Abertawe : Swansea
- Afon Gwy : River Wye
- Afon Menai : Menai Strait
- Afon Tywi : River Towy
- Afon Wysg : River Usk
- Bannau Brycheiniog : Brecon Beacons
- Biwmaris : Beaumaris
- Bro Morgannwg : Vale of Glamorgan
- Brycheiniog : Brecknockshire
- Brynbuga : Usk
- Bwcle : Buckley
- Caerfyrddin : Carmarthen
- Caerdydd : Cardiff
- Caergybi : Holyhead
- Caerllion : Caerleon
- Caernarfon : Caernarvon/Carnarvon (antiquated)
- Cas-gwent : Chepstow
- Casnewydd : Newport
- Castell-nedd : Neath
- Ceredigion : Cardiganshire (antiquated)
- Conwy : Conway (antiquated)
- Dinbych : Denbigh
- Dinbych-y-pysgod : Tenby
- Dindyrn : Tintern
- Dolgellau : Dolgelley (antiquated)
- Eryri : Snowdonia
- Glyn Ebwy : Ebbw Vale
- Gŵyr : Gower Peninsula
- Hendy-gwyn : Whitland
- Hafren : River Severn
- Hwlffordd : Haverfordwest
- Llanandras : Presteigne
- Llanbedr Pont Steffan : Lampeter
- Llanelwy : St Asaph
- Llaneurgain : Northop
- Llanfair-ym-Muallt : Builth Wells
- Llanilltud Fawr : Llantwit Major
- Llanymddyfri : Llandovery
- Llyn Tegid : Bala Lake
- Maesyfed : Radnorshire
- Meirionnydd : Merionethshire
- Morgannwg : Glamorgan
- Trefynwy : Monmouth
- Sir Fynwy : Monmouthshire
- Penarlâg : Hawarden
- Penfro : Pembrokeshire
- Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr : Bridgend
- Pontarfynach : Devil's Bridge
- Pontneddfechan : Pont Neath Vaughan
- Porthaethwy : Menai Bridge
- Porthmadog : Portmadoc
- Rhydaman : Ammanford
- Rhymni : Rhymney
- Trecelyn : Newbridge
- Trefaldwyn : Montgomeryshire
- Treffynnon : Holywell
- Tref-y-clawdd : Knighton
- Tresimwn : Bonvilston
- Tyddewi : St David's
- Tywyn : Towyn (antiquated)
- Wdig : Goodwick
- Wrecsam: Wrexham
- Y Bont-faen : Cowbridge
- Y Drenewydd : Newtown, Powys
- Y Felinheli : Port Dinorwic
- Y Feni : Abergavenny
- Y Fflint : Flint
- Y Gelli Gandryll : Hay-on-Wye
- Y Gogarth : Great Orme
- Ynys Bŷr : Caldey Island
- Ynys Enlli : Bardsey Island
- Ynys Seiriol : Puffin Island, Anglesey
- Ynys Môn : Isle of Anglesey
- Yr Wyddfa : Snowdon
- Yr Wyddgrug : Mold, Flintshire
- Y Trallwng : Welshpool
- Y Waun : Chirk
Vietnam
Việt Nam
In English, the names of several places are written as one word that are written as two in Vietnamese:
- Hà Nội : Hanoi
- Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh : Ho Chi Minh City
- Sài Gòn : Saigon
- Chợ Lớn : Cholon
- Hải Phòng : Haiphong
- Đà Lạt : Dalat
- Đà Nẵng : Danang, historically Tourane or Turon[11]
- Hội An : historically Faifo[12]
- Dãy Trường Sơn : Annamite Range
- Ngũ Hành Sơn : Marble Mountains or Five Elements Mountains
- Mê Kông : Mekong River
- Vịnh Bắc Bộ : Gulf of Tonkin
References
- ^ Manual for the National Standardization of Geographical Names - Page 129 United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations. Statistical Division - 2006 "An exonym is a name given by a linguistic community—a group of people who communicate with each other with relative ease in a common language—in its own language to a topographic feature situated in a territory where this language has no official status, for example, a foreign country. The English traditionally use the form "conventional name", but here we will use the internationally accepted term “exonym”."
- ^ Peeter Päll, Estonia, "Do Romanization Systems Create Exonyms?" UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Working Group on Romanization Systems (2002)
- ^ Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names Peter Jordan, Milan Orožen Adamič, Paul Woodman - 2007- Page 16 "2.2.11 This brings us on to the question of romanization. Does the application of a romanization system turn an endonym into an exonym? In his GeoNames 2000 paper Do Romanization Systems Create Exonyms?, Peeter Päll argued convincingly.."
- ^ M. B. Hooker Laws of South-East Asia: The pre-modern texts 1986 - Page 23 "Place names such as Rangoon, Mandalay, Pegu and Moulmein have been left in the English form which is familiar to the non-Burmese reader. Personal names also have been left in the old romanization which seems to be familiar to.."
- ^ Willemyns, Roland. Dutch: Biography of a Language. Oxford University Press. 2013.
- ^ This is not a true exonym, but rather refers to a different geographical conception of what is now the People's Republic of China.
- ^ Webb, Adrian. The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919. 2008.
- ^ Dorit Diskin Ravid Spelling Morphology 2012- Page 10 "For example, in the Hebraist tradition, current v would be transcribed as either w or b following Hebrew graphemes – so that official place names on road signs in Israel can be quite misleading to non-Hebrew readers traveling around Israel."
- ^ Bewes, Diccon. Swiss Watching: Inside the Land of Milk and Honey. 2012.
- ^ James Steele (1990). Turkey - A Traveller's Historical and Architectural Guide. Scorpion. pp. 161–162. ISBN 0-905906-72-1.
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(help) - ^ Donald F. Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. 1998 Page 1256 "Buzomi began his mission at "Turon" (Tourane, the French name for Da Nang), a town downriver from the place where the king resides."
- ^ Jean-Pierre Duteil Alexandre de Rhodes' Histoire du royaume du Tonkin 1999 Page 37 "Tourane se développe aux dépends de Faifo à la fin du XVIfle siècle, et l'éclipsé à peu près complètement au XTXe. "Faifo" doit son nom au "marché" (phô) de Hôi an (Hôi-an phô)."