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{{Redirect|Enfield revolver|the .38 caliber double action revolver|Enfield No. 2}} |
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{{Infobox Weapon |
{{Infobox Weapon |
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|name=Enfield Mk II Revolver |
|name=Enfield Mk II Revolver |
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'''Enfield Revolver''' |
The '''Enfield Revolver''' was a self-extracting British [[handgun]] designed and manufactured at the government-owned [[Royal Small Arms Factory]] in [[Enfield Town|Enfield]]; initially the [[.476 Enfield|.476]] calibre (actually 11.6 mm)<ref>Barnes, p.175, ".476 Ely/.476 Enfield Mk-3".</ref> |
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The .476 calibre '''Enfield Mk I''' and '''Mk II''' [[revolver]]s were the [[service pistol|official sidearm]] of both the British Army and the [[North-West Mounted Police]]—as well as being issued to many other Colonial units throughout the [[British Empire]] |
The .476 calibre '''Enfield Mk I''' and '''Mk II''' [[revolver]]s were the [[service pistol|official sidearm]] of both the British Army and the [[North-West Mounted Police]]—as well as being issued to many other Colonial units throughout the [[British Empire]] The term "Enfield Revolver" is not applied to [[Webley Revolver|Webley Mk VI revolvers]] built by RSAF Enfield between 1923 and 1926. |
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==Enfield Mk I & Mk II Revolvers== |
==Enfield Mk I & Mk II Revolvers== |
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The system was obsolete as soon as the Enfield Mk I was introduced, especially as it required reloading one round at a time via a gate in the side (much like the [[Colt Single Action Army]] or the [[Nagant M1895]] revolvers). Combined with the somewhat cumbersome nature of the revolver, and a tendency for the action to foul or jam when extracting cartridges, the Enfield Mk I/Mk II revolvers were never popular and eventually replaced in 1889 by the .455 calibre Webley Mk I revolver. |
The system was obsolete as soon as the Enfield Mk I was introduced, especially as it required reloading one round at a time via a gate in the side (much like the [[Colt Single Action Army]] or the [[Nagant M1895]] revolvers). Combined with the somewhat cumbersome nature of the revolver, and a tendency for the action to foul or jam when extracting cartridges, the Enfield Mk I/Mk II revolvers were never popular and eventually replaced in 1889 by the .455 calibre Webley Mk I revolver. |
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==Enfield No. 2 |
== Enfield No. 2 == |
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The '''Enfield No. 2 Mk 1''' is an unrelated revolver that was the standard sidearm of British and Commonwealth forces during [[World War II]]. |
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{{Infobox Weapon |
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|name=Enfield No 2 Mk I Revolver |
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|image=[[File:Revolver Enfield No2 Mk I.jpg|300px]] |
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|caption= |
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|origin={{flag|United Kingdom}} |
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|type=[[Service pistol]] |
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<!-- Type selection --> |
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|is_ranged=yes |
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|is_UK=yes |
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<!-- Service history --> |
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|service=1932–1963 |
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|used_by=[[United Kingdom]] & [[British Empire|Colonies]], [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]], |
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|wars= [[World War II]], [[Korean War]], [[British Empire|British colonial conflicts]], numerous others |
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<!-- Production history --> |
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|designer=[[Royal Small Arms Factory|ʜ]], [[Webley and Scott|Webley & Scott]] |
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|design_date=1928 |
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|manufacturer=[[Royal Small Arms Factory|RSAF Enfield]] |
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|production_date=1932–1957 |
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|number=approx 270,000 |
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|variants=Enfield No 2 Mk I*, Enfield No 2 Mk I** |
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<!-- General specifications --> |
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|weight= 1.7 lb (765 g), unloaded |
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|length=10.25 in (260 mm) |
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|part_length= |
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<!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> |
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|cartridge= .380" Revolver Mk I or Mk IIz |
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|caliber= [[.38/200]] (9.65 mm) |
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|action= Double Action revolver (Mk I* and Mk I** Double Action Only) |
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|rate= 20–30 rounds/minute |
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|velocity= 620 ft/s (189 m/s) |
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|range=15 yards (13 m) |
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|max_range=200 yd |
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|feed=6-round cylinder |
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|sights=fixed front post and rear notch |
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}} |
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After the First World War, it was decided by the British Government that a smaller and lighter .38 calibre (9.2 mm) sidearm firing a long, heavy 200 grain (13 g) soft lead bullet would be preferable to the large Webley service revolvers using the .455 calibre (11.6 mm) round.<ref>Stamps, Mark, and Ian Skennerton, ''.380 Enfield Revolver No. 2'', page 9.</ref><ref name="Smith, W.H.B page 11">Smith, W.H.B, ''1943 Basic Manual of Military Small Arms'' (facsimile), page 11.</ref> While the .455 had proven to be an effective weapon for stopping enemy soldiers, the recoil of the .455 cartridge complicated marksmanship training.<ref>Shore, C. (Capt), ''With British Snipers to the Reich'', Paladin Press (1988), pp. 200-201</ref> The authorities began a search for a double-action revolver with less weight and recoil that could be quickly mastered by a minimally trained<ref>Weeks, John, ''World War II Small Arms'', London: Orbis Publishing Ltd. (1979), p. 76: the standard pistol training ammunition allocation per soldier was only ''12 rounds per year''</ref> soldier, with a good probability of hitting an enemy with the first shot at extremely close ranges.<ref>Shore, C. (Capt), ''With British Snipers to the Reich'', Paladin Press (1988), p. 201</ref> By using such a long, heavy, round-nose lead bullet in a .38 calibre cartridge, it was found that the bullet, being minimally stabilised for its weight and calibre, tended to 'keyhole' or tumble longitudinally when striking an object, theoretically increasing wounding and stopping ability of human targets at short ranges.<ref>Shore, C. (Capt), ''With British Snipers to the Reich'', Paladin Press (1988), p. 202</ref><ref name="Barnes, Frank C. 1989 p. 239">Barnes, Frank C., ''Cartridges of the World'', 6th ed. DBI Books (1989), p. 239</ref> At the time, the .38 calibre Smith & Wesson cartridge with {{convert|200|gr|sing=on}} lead bullet, known as the [[.38/200]], was also a popular cartridge in civilian and police use (in the USA, the .38/200 or 380/200 was known as the ''.38 Super Police'' load).<ref name="Barnes, Frank C. 1989 p. 239"/> |
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[[File:Webley Military Mark IV 1793.jpg|thumb|left| Webley Mk IV .38/200 revolver. The similarities between the Webley and Enfield designs are rather obvious.]] |
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Consequently, the British firm of [[Webley|Webley & Scott]] tendered their [[Webley Revolver|Webley Mk IV revolver]] in [[.38/200]] calibre.<ref>Maze, Robert J., ''Howdah to High Power'', page 103.</ref> Rather than adopting it, the British authorities took the design to the Government-run Royal Small Arms Factory at [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]], and the Enfield factory came up with a revolver that was very similar to the Webley Mk IV .38, but internally slightly different. The Enfield-designed pistol was quickly accepted under the designation ''Revolver, No 2 Mk I'', and was adopted in 1931,<ref>§ A6862, LoC</ref> followed in 1938 by the Mk I* (spurless hammer, double action only),<ref name="§ B2289, LoC">§ B2289, LoC</ref> and finally the Mk I** (simplified for wartime production) in 1942.<ref>§ B6712, LoC</ref> |
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Webley sued the British Government for £2,250, being "costs involved in the research and design" of the revolver. Their action was contested by Enfield, who stated that the Enfield No 2 Mk I was actually designed by Captain Boys (the Assistant Superintendent of Design, famous for the [[Rifle, Anti-Tank, .55 in, Boys|Boys Rifle]]) with assistance from Webley & Scott, and not the other way around—accordingly, their claim was denied. By way of compensation, however, the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors awarded Webley & Scott £1,250.<ref>Stamps, Mark, and Ian Skennerton, ''.380 Enfield Revolver No. 2'', page 12.</ref> |
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RSAF Enfield proved unable to manufacture enough No. 2 revolvers to meet the military's wartime demands, and as a result Webley's Mk IV was also adopted as a standard sidearm for the British Army. |
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==Variants== |
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[[File:Enfield-No2.jpg|thumb|left|Enfield No.2 Mk I* revolver, used by the [[Royal Tank Regiment|Tank Corps]]. The No. 2 Mk I* configuration was double-action only and is therefore missing the hammer spur that would enable it to be manually cocked by the firer.]] |
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There were two main variants of the Enfield No 2 Mk I revolver. The first was the '''Mk I*''', which had a spurless hammer and was [[double action only]], meaning that the hammer could not be thumb-cocked by the shooter for each shot. Additionally, in keeping with the revolver's purpose as a close-range weapon, the handgrips, now made of plastic, were redesigned to improve grip when used in rapid double-action fire; the new handgrip design was given the designation Mk II.<ref name="Dunlap, Roy 1948 p. 141">Dunlap, Roy, ''Ordnance Went Up Front'', Samworth Press (1948), p. 141</ref> The majority of Enfields produced were either Mk I* or modified to that standard.<ref name="Weeks, John 1979 p. 76">Weeks, John, ''World War II Small Arms'', London: Orbis Publishing Ltd. (1979), p. 76</ref> The second variant was the '''Mk I**''', which was a 1942 variant of the Mk I* simplified in order to increase production, but was discontinued shortly thereafter as a result of safety concerns over some of the introduced modifications. |
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The vast majority of Enfield No 2 Mk I revolvers were modified to Mk I* during World War II, generally as they came in for repair or general maintenance;<ref name="§ B2289, LoC"/> the official explanation of the change to the Mk I* version was that the Tank Corps had complained the spur on the hammer was catching on protrusions inside tanks, but most historians nowadays believe that the real reason was that the Mk I* version was cheaper and faster to manufacture.<ref>Wilson, Royce, "A Tale of Two Collectables", ''Australian Shooter'' magazine, March 2006.</ref> When used in the manner in which British forces trained (rapid double-action fire at very close ranges), the No 2 Mk I* is at least as accurate as any other service pistol of its time, because of the relatively light double action trigger pull. It is not, however, the best choice for deliberately aimed, long-distance shooting — the double action pull will throw the most competent shooter's aim off enough to noticeably affect accuracy at ranges of more than {{convert|15|yd|m}} or so.<ref name="Smith, W.H.B page 11"/> |
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Some unit Armourers are known to have retrofitted the Enfield No 2 Mk I* back to the Mk I variant, but this was never an official policy and appears to have been done on an individual basis. Despite officially being declared obsolete at the end of World War II, the Enfield (and Webley revolvers) were not completely phased out in favour of the [[Browning Hi-Power]] until April 1969.<ref>Stamps, Mark, and Ian Skennerton, ''.380 Enfield Revolver No. 2'', page 118</ref> |
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The Enfield No 2 is very fast to reload—as are all British [[Top-break#Top_break|top-break]] revolvers—because of its automatic ejector, which simultaneously removes all six cases from the cylinder. <br /> |
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British combat experience during World War II with the .38/200 Enfield revolvers during World War II seemed to confirm that, ''for the average soldier'', the Enfield No. 2 Mk I could be used far more effectively than the bulkier and heavier .455 calibre Webley revolvers that had been issued during World War I.<ref name="Smith, W.H.B page 11"/> Perhaps because of the relatively long double-action trigger pull compared to other pistols capable of single-action fire,<ref name="Weeks, John 1979 p. 76"/> the double-action-only Mk I* revolvers were not popular with troops,<ref name="Weeks, John 1979 p. 76"/> many of whom took the first available opportunity to exchange them in favour of [[Smith & Wesson Model 10|Smith & Wesson]], [[Colt Official Police|Colt]], or [[Webley Revolver|Webley]] revolvers.<ref>Stamps, Mark, and Ian Skennerton, ''.380 Enfield Revolver No. 2'', page 79</ref> |
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==Ammunition== |
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The Enfield No.2 Mk I was designed for use with the .38 S&W cartridge, now officially termed the 380/200, Revolver Mk I, but also known as the [[.38/200]]. It had a {{convert|200|gr|abbr=on}}. unjacketed round-nose, lead bullet of .359" diameter that developed a muzzle velocity of 620 - {{convert|650|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}. |
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Just prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, British authorities became concerned that the soft unjacketed lead bullet used in the 380/200 might be considered as violating the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Convention of 1899]] governing deforming or 'explosive bullets'. A new .38 loading was introduced for use in combat utilizing a {{convert|178|gr|sing=on}}, gilding-metal jacketed lead bullet; new foresights were issued to compensate for the new cartridge's ballistics and change to the point of aim.<ref name="Dunlap, Roy 1948 p. 141"/> The new cartridge was accepted into Commonwealth Service as "Cartridge, Pistol, .380 Mk IIz", firing a 178 - 180 grain (11.7 g) full metal jacket round-nose bullet. The 380/200 Mk I lead bullet cartridge was continued in service, originally restricted to training and marksmanship practice.<ref name="Dunlap, Roy 1948 p. 141"/> However, after the outbreak of war, supply exigencies forced British authorities to use both the 380/200 Mk I and the .380 Mk IIz loadings interchangeably in combat. U.S. ammunition manufacturers such as Winchester-Western supplied 380/200 Mk I cartridges to British forces throughout the war.<ref>Shore, C. (Capt.), ''With British Snipers to the Reich'', Paladin Press (1989), p. 201</ref> |
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==Other manufacturers== |
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The vast majority of Enfield No 2 revolvers were made by RSAF (Royal Small Arms Factory) Enfield, but wartime necessities meant that numbers were produced elsewhere. [[Albion Motors]] in Scotland made the Enfield No 2 Mk I* from 1941 to 1943, whereupon the contract for production was passed onto Coventry Gauge & Tool Co. By 1945, 24,000<ref>Hogg, Ian V., and John Walter.''Pistols of the World'', 4th Ed.</ref> Enfield No 2 Mk I* and Mk I** revolvers had been produced by Albion/CG&T. The Howard Auto Cultivator Company (HAC) in [[New South Wales]], Australia tooled up and began manufacturing the Enfield No 2 Mk I* and I** revolvers in 1941, but the production run was very limited (estimated at around 350 or so revolvers in total), and the revolvers produced were criticised for being non-interchangeable, even with other HAC-produced revolvers. Very few HAC revolvers are known to exist, and it is thought by many collectors that most of the HAC revolvers may have been destroyed in the various Australian Gun Amnesties and "Buy-Backs". |
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==Users== |
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*{{flag|Australia}} |
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*{{flag|Canada}} |
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*{{noflag|[[Commonwealth of Nations]]}} |
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*{{flag|Gambia}}<ref name="Hogg">{{cite book|last = Hogg| first = Ian| title = Jane's Infantry Weapons 1989-90, 15th Edition | publisher = Jane's Information Group| year = 1989| isbn =0-7106-0889-6| page =831}}</ref> |
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*{{flag|Lesotho}}<ref name="Hogg"/> |
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*{{flag|Philippines|1919}} - The Enfield No 2 Mk I Revolver was used by the Philippine Commonwealth military and recognized guerrillas during World War II from 1942 to 1945 and used by the Philippine military during the post-war era from 1945 to 1960s and the Hukbalahap Rebellion from 1946 to 1954. |
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*{{flag|Sri Lanka}} |
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*{{flag|United Kingdom}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Colt Official Police|Colt .38/200 Revolver]] |
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*[[Smith & Wesson Model 10|Smith & Wesson .38/200 S&W M&P Revolver]] |
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*[[Webley Revolver|Webley Mk IV revolver]] |
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*[[.38/200]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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* Maze, Robert J. ''Howdah to High Power''. Tucson, Arizona: Excalibur Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-880677-17-2. |
* Maze, Robert J. ''Howdah to High Power''. Tucson, Arizona: Excalibur Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-880677-17-2. |
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* Phillips, Roger F., & Klancher, Donald J. ''Arms & [sic] Accoutrements of the Mounted Police 1873-1973''. Bloomfield, ON: Museum Restoration Service, 1982. ISBN 0-919316-84-0. |
* Phillips, Roger F., & Klancher, Donald J. ''Arms & [sic] Accoutrements of the Mounted Police 1873-1973''. Bloomfield, ON: Museum Restoration Service, 1982. ISBN 0-919316-84-0. |
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* Smith, W.H.B. ''1943 Basic Manual of Military Small Arms'' (facsimile). Harrisburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books, 1979. ISBN 0-8117-1699-6. |
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* Stamps, Mark, and Ian Skennerton. ''.380 Enfield Revolver No 2''. London: Greenhill Books, 1993. ISBN 1-85367-139-8. |
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* Wilson, Royce. "A Tale of Two Collectables". ''Australian Shooter'' magazine, March 2006. |
* Wilson, Royce. "A Tale of Two Collectables". ''Australian Shooter'' magazine, March 2006. |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://www.rememuseum.org.uk/arms/pistols/armpr.htm#268 The Corps of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Museum of Technology: Pistol Revolver .476 inch Enfield Model 1882] |
* [http://www.rememuseum.org.uk/arms/pistols/armpr.htm#268 The Corps of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Museum of Technology: Pistol Revolver .476 inch Enfield Model 1882] |
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* [http://www.rememuseum.org.uk/arms/pistols/armpr.htm#291 The Corps of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Museum of Technology: Pistol Revolver .38 inch No 2 Mk I] and [http://www.rememuseum.org.uk/arms/pistols/armpr.htm#516 again] |
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{{WW2 Brit Comm Infantry Guns}} |
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{{BritishEmpireWeapons}} |
{{BritishEmpireWeapons}} |
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{{.38 Calibre}} |
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{{good article}} |
{{good article}} |
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[[Category:British revolvers]] |
[[Category:British revolvers]] |
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[[Category:Military revolvers]] |
[[Category:Military revolvers]] |
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[[Category:World War II British infantry weapons]] |
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[[Category:Military equipment of the British Empire]] |
[[Category:Military equipment of the British Empire]] |
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[[Category:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom]] |
[[Category:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:Single-action revolvers]] |
[[Category:Single-action revolvers]] |
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[[Category:Revolvers]] |
[[Category:Revolvers]] |
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[[Category:.38 Special firearms]] |
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[[de:Revolver Enfield No. 2 Mark 1]] |
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[[fr:Enfield .38]] |
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[[nl:Enfieldrevolver]] |
[[nl:Enfieldrevolver]] |
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[[ja:エンフィールド・リボルバー]] |
[[ja:エンフィールド・リボルバー]] |
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[[no:Enfield revolver]] |
[[no:Enfield revolver]] |
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[[pl:Rewolwer Enfield No.2]] |
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[[ru:Энфилд (револьвер)]] |
[[ru:Энфилд (револьвер)]] |
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[[sv:Enfield No.2]] |
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[[zh:恩菲爾德左輪手槍]] |
[[zh:恩菲爾德左輪手槍]] |
Revision as of 01:22, 26 January 2013
Enfield Mk II Revolver | |
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Type | Service revolver |
Place of origin | Britain |
Service history | |
In service | 1880–1955 |
Used by | See Users |
Wars | British colonial conflicts, World War I, World War II |
Production history | |
Designer | RSAF Enfield |
Designed | 1879 |
Manufacturer | RSAF Enfield |
Produced | 1880–1889 |
Specifications | |
Length | 11.5 in (292 mm) |
Barrel length | 5.75 in (146 mm) |
Cartridge | .476" Revolver Mk II |
Calibre | .476 Enfield |
Action | Double action revolver |
Rate of fire | 18 rounds/minute |
Muzzle velocity | 600 ft/s |
Effective firing range | 25 yd (22 m) |
Maximum firing range | 200 yd |
Feed system | 6-round cylinder |
Sights | fixed front post and rear notch |
The Enfield Revolver was a self-extracting British handgun designed and manufactured at the government-owned Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield; initially the .476 calibre (actually 11.6 mm)[1]
The .476 calibre Enfield Mk I and Mk II revolvers were the official sidearm of both the British Army and the North-West Mounted Police—as well as being issued to many other Colonial units throughout the British Empire The term "Enfield Revolver" is not applied to Webley Mk VI revolvers built by RSAF Enfield between 1923 and 1926.
Enfield Mk I & Mk II Revolvers
The first models of Enfield revolver—the Mark I and Mark II—were official British military sidearms from 1880 through 1887, and issue sidearms of the North-West Mounted Police in Canada from 1883 until 1911.[2]
NWMP Commissioner Acheson G. Irvine ordered 200 Mark IIs in 1882,[3] priced at C$15.75 each,[4] which were shipped by London's Montgomery and Workman in November that year, arriving in December.[5] They replaced the Adams.[6] Irvine liked them so much, in one of his final acts as Commissioner, he ordered another 600, which were delivered in September 1885;[7] his replacement, Lawrence W. Herchmer, reported the force was entirely outfitted with Enfields (in all 1,079 were provided)[8] and was pleased with them, but concerned about the .476 round being too potent.[8] The first batch was stamped NWMP-CANADA (issue number between) after delivery; later purchases were not.[9] They were top-break single- or double-action,[7] and fitted with lanyard rings.[10] Worn spindle arms would fail to hold empty cases on ejection, and worn pivot pins could cause barrels to become loose, resulting in inaccuracy.[7] Its deep rifling would allow firing of slugs of between .449 and .476 in (11.4 and 12.1 mm) diameter.[7] Complaints began arising as early as 1887, influenced in part by the British switching to Webleys,[8] and by 1896, hinge wear and barrel loosening were a real issue.[5]
Beginning in late 1904,[5] the Mark II began to be phased out in favor of the .45 calibre Colt New Service revolver, but the Enfield remained in service until 1911.[5]
The .476 Enfield cartridge the Enfield Mk I/Mk II were chambered for fired a 265 gr (17.2 g) lead bullet, loaded with 18 gr (1.2 g) of black powder.[11] The cartridge was, however, found to be somewhat underpowered during the Afghan War and other contemporary Colonial conflicts, lacking the stopping power believed necessary for military use at the time.
Unlike most other self-extracting revolvers (such as the Webley service revolvers or the Smith & Wesson No. 3 Revolver), the Enfield Mk I/Mk II was somewhat complicated to unload, having an Owen Jones selective extraction/ejection system which was supposed to allow the firer to eject spent cartridges, whilst retaining live rounds in the cylinder. The Enfield Mk I/Mk II had a hinged frame, and when the barrel was unlatched, the cylinder would move forward, operating the extraction system and allowing the spent cartridges to simply fall out. The idea was that the cylinder moved forward far enough to permit fired cases to be completely extracted (and ejected by gravity), but not far enough to permit live cartridges (i.e., those with projectiles still present, and thus longer in overall length) from being removed in the same manner.
The system was obsolete as soon as the Enfield Mk I was introduced, especially as it required reloading one round at a time via a gate in the side (much like the Colt Single Action Army or the Nagant M1895 revolvers). Combined with the somewhat cumbersome nature of the revolver, and a tendency for the action to foul or jam when extracting cartridges, the Enfield Mk I/Mk II revolvers were never popular and eventually replaced in 1889 by the .455 calibre Webley Mk I revolver.
Enfield No. 2
The Enfield No. 2 Mk 1 is an unrelated revolver that was the standard sidearm of British and Commonwealth forces during World War II.
Notes
- ^ Barnes, p.175, ".476 Ely/.476 Enfield Mk-3".
- ^ Maze, Robert J: "Howdah to High Power", p. 37. Excalibur Publications, 2002.
- ^ Phillips, Roger F., & Klancher, Donald J. Arms & [sic] Accoutrements of the Mounted Police 1873-1973 (Bloomfield, ON: Museum Restoration Service, 1982), p. 21.
- ^ Phillips & Klancher, p. 207 note 2 to Chapter 3; Sessional Papers, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, 1885, p. 164, & Sessional Papers 5-7, 1885, p. 265.
- ^ a b c d Phillips & Klancher, p. 23.
- ^ A small number of Adams revolvers remained in possession of RCMP officers until 1888. Phillips & Klancher, p. 207 note 7 to Chapter 3.
- ^ a b c d Phillips & Klancher, p. 21.
- ^ a b c Phillips & Klancher, p. 22.
- ^ Phillips & Klancher, pp. 21 & 23.
- ^ Phillips & Klancher, photo p. 22.
- ^ Maze, Robert J: "Howdah to High Power" (Excalibur Publications, 2002), p. 32.
References
- Barnes, Frank C., ed. by John T. Amber. Cartridges of the World, p. 175, ".476 Ely/.476 Enfield Mk-3", and p. 174, ".455 Revolver MK-1/.455 Colt". Northfield, IL: DBI Books, 1972. ISBN 0-695-80326-3.
- Hogg, Ian V., and John Walter.Pistols of the World, 4th Ed. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications, 2004. ISBN 0-87349-460-1.
- Maze, Robert J. Howdah to High Power. Tucson, Arizona: Excalibur Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-880677-17-2.
- Phillips, Roger F., & Klancher, Donald J. Arms & [sic] Accoutrements of the Mounted Police 1873-1973. Bloomfield, ON: Museum Restoration Service, 1982. ISBN 0-919316-84-0.
- Wilson, Royce. "A Tale of Two Collectables". Australian Shooter magazine, March 2006.
External links