Electromagnetic therapy is a form of alternative medicine which claims to treat disease by applying electromagnetic energy to the body.[1][2] It has been labelled pseudoscientific by its critics. A related alternative treatment, magnet therapy, uses the application of static (non-varying) magnetic fields.
Use
Some proponents of electromagnetic therapy believe that "harmful electromagnetic fields" might "disrupt the body's chemical makeup resulting in disease and illness."[3] Other more scientific-based thinkers believe that electromagnetic radiation may be able to target specific pathogenic causes of diseases some of which have no known cure yet in conventional allopathic / prescription drug therapy-based medicine (such as cancer viruses, HIV AIDS, fibromyalgia, epstein-bar, Gulf-War syndrome, and some forms of wasting dementia). The University of California Medical Centre, Moore Cancer Centre, offers alternative therapies for cancer patients. However, it clearly states on its website that to their knowledge "there is no scientific evidence available that any electromagnetic therapies work." [3]
Types of machines
Some of the electromagnetic treatment devices below are being used experimentally.[4] As such some of these devices are not yet approved by the U.S. FDA. Some of the listed devices are the subjects of experimental research. Some experimentation of some of these devices is being conducted informally by members of the public. Any specific claims made are those of the individuals publishing their findings informally, and probably involve some testimonials or anecdotal rather than clinical evidence in support of some of these devices.
Significance of various machine types
Scientific background information
Every atom, and every molecule in chemistry in the universe as an absorption and an emission spectrum of electromagnetic energy. The specific spectrum for each can consist of sometimes very few frequencies, and sometimes a very large scattering of frequencies. The emission spectrum can be measured for any chemical sample by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) where generally a large EM (magnetic) impulse (with harmonics in the high MHz range) is used as an input stimulus, and the reflected / emitted energy response is carefully measured. The chemical constituents can also be measured by means of visible light EM radiation by using spectrographic analysis. These methods are very akin in electrical engineering to measuring an electronic filter's frequency response curve by means of a finite impulse response (FIR) (or a theoretical infinite impulse response (IIR)). The absorption spectrum may be measurable (I just do not know how this is done--anybody out there know?). If a specific frequency of EM radiation is forcefully applied to a chemical sample, constituent chemical nuclei and bonds will begin to resonate more and more, weakening the bond, until the energy threshold for the bond is exceeded, and the chemical bond breaks. Some chemical bonds are strong, such as an ionic bond, whereas other bonds are much weaker (such as molecular bonds) so that the energy input required to break them is significantly less.
Each of these general categories of EM therapy machines uses a different electromagnetic (EM) band. As such the EM spectrum used and therefore the energy per photon of EM radiation is different. For example, low frequency electrical current has very limited tissue penetration due to various tissue impedance characteristics, whereas, radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation (EM) energy travels in waves that can travel (waveform propagation) completely through the human body (and for kilometers or miles beyond). Magnetic fields, regardless of frequency, on the other hand, easily penetrate tissues that are not specifically shielded against such fields, but their field strength (intensity) varies sharply according to Newton's inverse square law (and are not 'easily' detected beyond background levels at moderate distances of, for example, 10 meters or 33 feet). Therefore, EM machines that use specific approaches that differ in these respects have different energy level intensities, and tissue penetration characteristics so that their modality (mechanism or way of working) of electro-biochemical operation differs from one another.
Body tissue absorption issues
Radio frequency engineering involves the transmission and reception of radio wave energy. Such engineers know about the radiation patterns of broadcast antennae, and about the resonance of receiving antennae. Also important knowledge is that of mediums of waveform propagation, and carefully matched impedance characteristics of broadcasting and receiving antennae. The human body, for example, has a wide range of impedance for different frequencies of RF radiation depending on the chemical makeup and densities of the tissues involved. These varied chemical properties, and densities are what make diagnostic imaging scanner technology possible. By subjecting various parts of the body to EM radiation of various frequencies, kinds, and energy levels, tissue types, tissue densities, chemical constituents, and blood circulation information can be detected and recorded. Photography (optical light), X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans, and MRI scanners are all in use today. Each such scanner has a particular specialty in medical diagnostic processes.
As seen in the medical diagnostic machine cases, similarly, the EM therapy machines using different frequencies will have varying degrees of penetration, absorption, reflection, and secondary emission radiation spectrums when such energy is directed at various parts of a patient. Via NMR scientific quantitative analysis it has been identified on a macro level the amount of input radiation versus secondary emission levels to be expected by various body chemical constituents. Similarly, via MRI scientific quantitative analysis it has been identified on a macro level the amount of input radiation versus secondary emission levels to be expected by various body tissue types. However, on microscopic and sub-microscopic levels, such as for viruses, nothing has been scientifically measured as to input and secondary emission radiation levels or frequency spectrums involved. The chemical constituents of isolated forms of pathogens can be identified. The theoretical structural makeup of some of these pathogens are known, for example most viruses have a protein capsid coat that is dissimilar to that employed by cells in the human body. Some of the required quantities are available, but the calculations must be based on properly calibrated, tested treatment equipment, and it being applied via carefully positioned geometry.
From the limitations imposed by some machines (see the table), they would be unable to treat properly certain deeper tissues.
Modality characteristics affected
Within a major category of machine, there are subcategories of devices using different Voltage levels that change the induced electrical current flow for the tissues that are effected, as well as waveform types that change the modality of the biochemical and molecular chemical constituents (materials) effected by their usage. See nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). For example, square waves operate on the principle that the waves have a frequency spectrum consisting of an infinite set of diminishing level odd-order harmonics (See Laplace Transform or Fourier Transform), and so are used to cover a wide bandwidth of the frequency spectrum in sort of a shotgun targeting of the "required" frequency ranges involved. If the "required" frequency for 'devitalizing' the targeted pathogen is very high, the energy strength of the square wave harmonics for such a frequency can be very low, thereby requiring a very long duration exposure to the square wave than if all the energy was directed at exactly the specific frequency required. Sine wave frequency devices operate on the premise that the wave forms are specifically targeting certain molecular bonds found only in particular pathogenic (germ) caused diseases by 'devitializing' the viruses thought to be causing the illness (e.g., many forms of cancer are caused by viruses--whereas at one time, before the 1930s, such malignancy was thought to be caused only by random spontaneous cellular mutation. The viral causes of cancer were proven in animals long ago 1940s, but in humans this was only proven in the 1970s). CFS is thought by some scientists to be caused by mycoplasms. Due to the different structural makeup of the various pathogenic causes of diseases, the frequencies used must be adjusted / targeted accordingly.
Targeting specific pathogens
Royal Rife experimented in the early to late 1930s by using a very powerful optical microscope that operated out of the human visible spectrum of light by using the heterodyning principle. With this microscope Rife could view the entire life cycles of microbes, including, supposedly, viruses. Rife conducted experiments using highly directed electromagnetic radio frequency wave radiation to determine what would kill or 'devitalize' each of tens of thousands of pathogenic causes of disease. By direct observation he reported that supposedly many viruses had pleamorphic (multiple) forms. From this he found that some pathogens required a frequency for each of the pleamophic forms of that pathogen. TB he reported required 3 simultaneously applied frequencies to 'devitalize' simultaneously each of the possible forms of the bacteria, virus, and fungus. If Rife did not 'devitalize' all of the forms, the toxins and radicals released by killing one of the larger forms would kill the patient. Similar results were reported by allopathic doctors treating the disease using drug treatments--they could kill the rod-form of the bacteria, but this would result in the death of the patient. Some people confuse the application of 3 simultaneous frequencies summed together with the other frequencies produced using a Philip Hoyland-like frequency generator that used unfiltered heterodyning to produce its output waveform into the Beam Ray radio frequency output tube. In the present time, there are only a very small number of microscopes that can view live microbes at high magnification. Surviving Rife 'virus' microscopes exist, but each one no longer works because key components are missing, either that or no one person is able to operate the intact ones properly to get working results.
Targeting cell energy enhancement or triggering improved defense against diseases
Georges Lakhovsky believed that his Multiple Wave Oscillator (MWO) enhanced the energy of body tissue cells, while overwhelming the energy of pathogens of diseases.
Electric current flow as in blood electrification is said to 'inactivate' pathogens at the same time as triggering mitochondrial energy via increased production of ATP. This would supposedly increase the body's cells' energy while reducing pathogens carried in the blood.
Significance
To treat all such machines as merely 'radionics' devices is not scientifically valid, and in some cases so "extremely so" as to be unthinkingly recklessness since each has operating principles that differ completely from the other machines. These differing properties make each one use a different treatment modality and therefore target a different energy transfer.
Table of machines
Category / Class | Waveform used Machine varieties |
Supposed Benefits | Supposed Disadvantages |
---|---|---|---|
Skin contact electrodes / pads | 1 Under 10 Volts single-ended square wave signals with low drive current.(Clark Zapper) 2 At between 40 - 70 Volts-pp complementary drive square wave signals at between 3 to 30 milliamperes adjustable drive current (forearm blood electrification from wrist).[5] 3 Specific sine wave frequency wave forms at 15 - 70 Volts and adjustable current 3 to 30 milliamperes. 4 Specific unfiltered heterodyned sine wave harmonics at 10 - 70 Volts and adjustable current 3 to 30 milliamperes. |
1 Low Cost 2 Easy to build 3 A Jarisch–Herxheimer Reaction confirms treatment efficacy. 4 Some devices perform blood electrification |
1 Possible contact site "tissue accommodation"[6] 2 Uncertain current flow path[6] 3 Possible inadequate tissue penetration depth[6] 4 Possible ion migration to contact sites[6] 5 Possible uncertain current strength / power levels for designated purpose[6] 6 Detoxification required 7 Duration and spacing of treatments depends on uncertain efficacy 8 Very low level of electroporation can cause toxic absorption into cells and system[5] 9 Some suggest complimentary millisecond 40+ kiloGauss pulsed magnetic treatments for unaffected tissues at additional costs[5] 10 Household electrolyte (table salt+water) unsuitable due to aluminum de-clumping agent that would be absorbed at contact sites.[5] 11 Risk of electrocution if too much power is passed into tissues 12 Unusable at Rife RF frequecies due to patient's skin impedance and electrode connection wires. |
Tube with Ionized Noble Gas Plasma (Bare-Rife) | 1 50 to 500 Watts gated / pulsed DC with specific pure sine wave HF - VHF RF wave forms 2 50 to 500 Watts gated / pulsed DC with unfiltered heterodyned harmonic mixed frequency signal wave forms HF - VHF RF 3 50 to 500 Watts gated / pulsed DC with square waveform at a non-specific frequency |
1 Supposedly targets microbes 2 RF Tissue penetration excellent 3 A Jarisch–Herxheimer Reaction confirms treatment efficacy. |
1 If condition is not microbe related, treatments are ineffective 2 Power levels required are uncertain 3 Proximity to treatment element is uncertain. 4 Tube could leak noble gas and become ineffective 5 Frequencies generated can possibly lose calibration. 6 Recalibration costs 7 Detoxification of microbial byproducts requires spacing the treatments by a few days 8 FDA / AMA intervention may preclude medical doctor's supervision to monitor treatment progress 9 Radio frequency interference 10 Targeted microbial destruction cannot be confirmed without a 'virus' microscope capable of 30 - 60,000 x magnification of live specimens. 11 Some machines have very limited frequency functionality thereby limiting application scope. 12 Fixed frequency heterodyned machines often produce harmonics only near those recommended, thereby reducing efficacy. |
Microwaves[7][8][9][10] | Microwaves | Cancer Treatment somehow? | Modality? |
Surgically implanted electrodes at a targeted site[11] | Usually applies DC via implanted batteries that need to be changed periodically via surgery[11] | Performed by highly qualified medical surgeon | 1 Cost of approved device 2 Cost of surgery 3 Pain of operation 4 Scaring of incision 5 Surgery to change batteries. 6 Risk of infection at incision site 7 Each target tissue site requires a separate device be implanted. |
Doug Machine[12][13] as used to treat 'Chronic' Lyme Disease | A 2 kilowatt professional rock concert AF amplifier running 15 Ampere drive current into 12 inch (30 cm) forced air- or liquid- cooled magnetic coils. Sine wave frequency resonance is setup via capacitor banks for the selected magnetic coil used. | 1 Many frequencies published 2 Limited but flexible frequency range sweeping afforded by some machines to insure 'coverage' 3 A Jarisch–Herxheimer Reaction confirms treatment efficacy. |
1 Cost of all the equipment 2 Repeated treatments required possibly over several years 3 power consumption costs 4 May generate RF interference 5 Some components must be pre-ordered and custom made 6 Delays in manufacturing and delivery reduce start of treatments 7 Risk of destroying the pro rock concert AF amplifier if too much power is used (with associated substantial financial loss). 8 Inability to use multiple simultaneous frequencies due to the high power resonance requriements of the coils and amplifiers and capacitor banks used. |
Antoine Prioré magnetically bottled GHz plasma RF device[14][15] | 9.5 GHz 40 Kw peak gated for 1 microsecond at a rate of 1 kHz, two high frequency oscillators (17.6 Mhz and 15.8 Mhz), a pulsed magnetic field of 1200 Gauss pulsed at a rate of 5/6 Hz[15] | 1 Penetrates tissues fully. 2 Unknown Jarisch–Herxheimer Reaction result. 3 Treatment is said to establish a lasting / 'permanent' immuno-rejection of cancerous malignancy. |
1 Extremely technical to engineer due to precise geometry requirements since high-energy radar electronics / physics is involved. 2 Quite expensive custom engineered / hand-crafted equipment probably costing a lot of money to build--Entire physics building(s) / labs full of equipment appear required. 3 Operating power levels are unknown. 4 Only theoretical guesses as to its modality of operation. 5 Since "pre-exposure and exposure induce an immuno-rejection to cancerous malignancy" implies non-microbial malignancy such as radiation induced tumors will not be treatable. |
Georges Lakhovsky Multiple Wave Oscillator (MWO) | Broadband harmonic frequencies as generated by a RF spark-gap-Tesla Coil generator, and as radiated by multi-frequency antennae | 1 Sub-cellular level effects 2 Excellent penetration |
1 Some designs include sub-standard parts like too small a wide-band antennae that limits the spectrum of frequencies radiated. 2 No means of calibration or certification of energy levels produced. 3 Generator may not actually emit sufficient broadband RF energy. 4 Only theoretical guesses as to its modality of operation--If only pathogens are affected, then malignancy not caused by microbial influence will be untreatable. |
CES Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation |
1 Sine wave signaling with up to 256 harmonics (possibly done via a 12-bit to 16-bit ROM lookup table driving a D-to-A converter) 2 Unknown signal strength 3 Qi meridians behind the ears are sometimes used. |
1 Unknown penetration 2 Supposedly is used for drug addiction therapy |
Unknown |
ECT Electroconvulsive therapy a.k.a. Electro-Shock Therapy |
Higher Voltage Higher Current 1 to 10 second shock Patient is given muscle relaxant to prevent violent muscle contractions that might otherwise physically harm the patient |
1 Body's reflex reaction to the shock is beneficial 2 Used to modify personality traits such as behavior in behavior modification by erasing memories |
1 No specific memories are targeted for erasure so that desired memories might be erased 2 Relearning of desired memories requires retraining and possible use of a therapist 3 Possible brain damage |
Scientific Evidence
A paper recently published in Alternative Therapy and Health Medicine claimed quality of life improvements for MS sufferers after elctromagnetic therapy. [16] Two studies have shown improvements in patients with arthritis pain. [17] [18]
Dr. Robert E. Strecker, MD., PhD counters the pseudoscience claim by illustrating that Medical Doctors and Dentists routinely use both antiseptics, and germicidal Ultra Violet light (photons are a form of electromagnetic energy with a particular range of wavelengths in the EM band) on their stainless steel medical equipment and instruments to sterilize them (to kill viruses, bacteria, and fungus).[19] Strecker states "Those individuals that tell you that EM radiation cannot kill viruses are lying to you."[19]
Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) are routinely used to aid bone fusion in surgery, [20] however, the mechanisms by which this technique work have been established by the scientific method and the use of PEMF is a separate issue from the claims made by some alternative health practitioners.
This bone fusion medical treatment was studied in the 1960s and 1970s by Dr. Robert O. Becker MD., PhD, (US Veterans Administration). He established the scientific background and later in 1985 he with Gary Seldon publicized it in their book "The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life." Becker found that direct pulsed electrical stimulation elicited the formation of Stem Cells by the bone marrow to assist healing in Vietnam war veterans whose bones would not otherwise heal / fuse.
September-October 2006 a School of Medicine in Adana, Turkey published a paper regarding the regenerative effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field on injured peripheral nerves.[21]
In 2005, a Spanish research hospital published a study on pulsed magnetic fields on injured nerves.[22]
A study of Gamma Ionizing radiation exposure, and MRI field exposure on in-vitro Mouse C3H 10T1/2 cells showed that when mitotic cells were examined for chromosomal alterations, the frequencies of both chromosomal aberrations per cell and sister chromatid exchanges per chromosome were noticeably less after MR exposures even when compared to the unexposed control.[23]
Surgically implanted electrodes at a targeted site were used in cancer cases involving 'non-small' lung tumors in a clinical case study on 386 cancer patients in China, and the results published after 6 months.[11]
Some Japanese dental scientists studied the effects of weak electric current on oral bacteria:[24]
- The ions generated by weak electric current may be used for removal of dental plaque. Also, it has been judged from changes in the viable bacterial cell count and the amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the saliva that the passage of such a current also has a bactericidal effect on the oral microflora. We confirmed in vitro that 0.5 and 1.0 mA currents that passed for 10 min through phosphate buffered saline containing salivary bacteria were effective in killing the bacteria.[24]
For years it was known that pulsed magnetic fields are able to attenuate pathogenic causes of disease, and a patent for such devices was issued[25] entitled "Deactivation of Microorganisms by an Oscillating Magnetic Field."
- "A single pulse of the magnetic field generally decreases the microorganism population by at least about 2 orders of magnitude"[25] (100 times less).
A patent was filed May 1984, was awarded in May 1987 where the claims were validated regarding "Malignancy treatment".[26] This cancer treatment patent claim had to prove that its claims were true prior to the patent being awarded. The effective treatment against malignancy (cancer) uses multiple pulsed magnetic fields using electromagnet(s).[26]
Veterinarians have been using these magnetic pulser devices on the joints and bones of race horses for years.[27][28][29] Several articles have been compiled from English language sources or translated from Italian, German, etc., on a veterinary web site. [30] AMA Science web site has kept on file an email message citing various forms of pulsed magnetic therapies being used by race horse trainers and veterinarians.[31] More recently all forms of pets have been given the therapy, even for conditions such as strokes in dogs.[32]
Robert (Bob) C. Beck, DSc., was sponsoring research by providing several California hospitals with his apparatus for free to institute and study "The Beck Protocol."[33] He even replenished the battery supplies. In return he requested that patients consent to Bob Beck receiving a copy of the patient's before and after AIDS PCR Test (Polymerase chain reaction Test) results. At the times of a couple of his video lectures, Bob was in possession of about 2,000 such case histories that were said to have stacked up to about 1 foot high in thickness.[33]
Bob took a sample of about 10 such PCR Test results of patients who had consented to have their information released into the public with him to the lectures, however, Bob had signed confidentiality statement the he would not release such information, so would only show medical practitioners (M.D.s and nurses) such case history results.[33] Bob stated that the only unsuccessful case was one where the testing lab would not believe the results, believing that the patient's name was faked, or the blood samples switched with that of a healthy individual because the lab insisted that there was no cure for HIV AIDS, and the second test could not be true.[33]
Criticism
The American Cancer Society says that "relying on electromagnetic treatment alone and avoiding conventional medical care, may have serious health consequences." Electromagnetic therapy devices using external fields have never been scientifically proven effective in the treatment of disease. In some cases, the devices may be not only ineffective but harmful in and of themselves. [34]
However,
- The combination therapies of the complete "Beck Protocol" are never addressed as such by the American Cancer Society (ACS) article.
- The ACS article authors address a category of electronic machine (H. Clark-like) as it applies specifically to cancer.
- The blood electrification machine is NOT addressed as a blood purifier, but only a "Rife"-frequency radionics device targeting cancer which is not its specified purpose.
- Authors offer no scientific experimental evidence, nor provide any laws of physics or biochemistry against any of the electronic devices that are supported elsewhere by thousands of anecdotal supporting cases.
- Pulsed magnetic field devices are NOT addressed to any real degree by this ACS article, and PEMF were sufficiently scientifically demonstrated in US patent claims for treatment methods specifically for malignancy (cancer).
And the ACS article is mistaken that no clinical scientific studies have been undertaken as the published implanted electrode China cancer study shows.[11]
See also
- Bioelectricity
- Bioelectromagnetics
- Electromagnetic radiation and health
- Electromagnetism
- Hulda Regehr Clark Zapper.
- "The Beck Protocol" and Blood electrification
- Royal Rife Beam Ray Tubes and Radio Frequencies.
- Magnet therapy
References
- ^ Gordon GA (2007 Jun 18). "Designed electromagnetic pulsed therapy: Clinical applications". Pub Med. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
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(help) - ^ Luben RA (1991 Jul). "Effects of low-energy electromagnetic fields (pulsed and DC) on membrane signal transduction processes in biological systems". Pub Med. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
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(help) - ^ a b Moore Cancer Centre. "Complementary and Alternative Therapies For Cancer Patients".
- ^ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/MH00115
- ^ a b c d Forrest, Michael (January 11, 1998). "Q & A - "Bob Beck Protocol"". Tools For Healing. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
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(help) - ^ a b c d e James E. Bare Dr. Chiropractic Med. "Electro * Discovering Rife: Contact Pad-Electrode vs Beam Ray Tube". www.rifetechnologies.com. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
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- ^ a b c d "China Cancer Study". Pub Med. 1997. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
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(help) - ^ "Chronic Lyme Disease". 2007 Jun 18. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
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(help) - ^ Rosner, Bryan. "Lyme Disease Book cover" (PDF / Adobe Acrobat). BioMed Publishing Group. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
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(help) - ^ Lappin MS, Lawrie FW, Richards TL, Kramer ED. (2003). "Effects of a pulsed electromagnetic therapy on multiple sclerosis fatigue and quality of life: a double-blind, placebo controlled trial". Altern Ther Health Med. 9 (4): 38–48.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Trock; et al. (1994). "The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and cervical spine. Report of randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials". J Rheumatol. 21 (10): 1903–11.
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(help) - ^ a b Strecker, Dr. Robert E., MD., PhD Pharmacology (1988). "1988 Strecker Video" (Video AVI DivX-4 352x240 01h:36m:42s 410,145,814 bytes). Retrieved 2007-06-23.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Mooney V. (1990). "A randomized double-blind prospective study of the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields for interbody lumbar fusions". Spine. 15 (7): 708–12.
- ^ Mert T, Gunay I, Gocmen C, Kaya M, Polat S. (2006 Sep-Oct). "Regenerative effects of pulsed magnetic field on injured peripheral nerves". Pub Med Department of Biophysics, University of Cukurova School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ De Pedro JA, Pérez-Caballer AJ, Dominguez J, Collía F, Blanco J, Salvado M. (2005 Jan). "Pulsed electromagnetic fields induce peripheral nerve regeneration and endplate enzymatic changes". Pub Med Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. jpedrom@usal.es. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ . Geard CR, Osmak RS, Hall EJ, Simon HE, Maudsley AA, Hilal SK. (1984-07). "Magnetic resonance and ionizing radiation: a comparative evaluation in vitro of oncogenic and genotoxic potential". Pub Med. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Ichimura K, Harazaki M, Yanagi K, Isshiki Y., Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan (2001-05). "Effect of weak electric current on reducing oral bacteria in vitro". Pub Med / Bulletin Tokyo Dental College. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Hofmann, Gunter A. "US Patent #4524079 "Deactivation of microorganisms by an oscillating magnetic field"". Patent-Therapeutic Magnetic Pulser Device(s). Retrieved 2007-06-19.
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(help) - ^ "History of Pulsed Magnetic Fields for Treatment of Horses" (PDF / Adobe Acrobat). horsemagneticpulser.com. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
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- ^ http://amasci.com/freenrg/magheal.txt
- ^ "Dog Stroke Therapy Using Pulsed Magnetic Fields". Health Harmony Vistas. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
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(help) - ^ The American Cancer Society. "Electromagnetic Therapy".