COI is not the problem. The mass failed verification is. |
Sennen goroshi (talk | contribs) revert to prior stable version, before blatantly biased anti-ecig crusading edits were made. |
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{{COI|date=September 2018}} |
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{{Distinguish|Electronic cigarette}} |
{{Distinguish|Electronic cigarette}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} |
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{{Use British English|date=December 2017}} |
{{Use British English|date=December 2017}} |
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A '''heat-not-burn tobacco product''' ('''HNB''') [[heat]]s [[tobacco]] to a lower temperature than when a conventional cigarette is burned.<ref name="Cap2016">{{cite journal|last1=Caputi|first1=TL|date=24 August 2016|title=Heat-not-burn tobacco products are about to reach their boiling point|journal=Tobacco |
A '''heat-not-burn tobacco product''' ('''HNB''') [[heat]]s [[tobacco]] to a lower temperature than when a conventional cigarette is burned.<ref name="Cap2016">{{cite journal|last1=Caputi|first1=TL|date=24 August 2016|title=Heat-not-burn tobacco products are about to reach their boiling point.|journal=Tobacco control|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053264|pmid=27558827}}</ref> The resulting [[smoke]] contains [[nicotine]] and other chemicals.<ref name=Bentley2017>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2017/03/15/heat-not-burn-tobacco-the-next-wave-of-a-harm-reduction-revolution/#629237cc6292|title=Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco: The Next Wave Of A Harm-Reduction Revolution|first=Guy | last=Bentley|work=[[Forbes]]|date=15 March 2017}}</ref> These products may match some of the behavioral aspects of smoking.<ref name=Bentley2017/> Some tobacco companies claim these products are less harmful to consumers than other types of cigarettes, but there is no reliable evidence to support these claims.<ref name="Cap2016" /><ref name="WHO2016" /> |
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Heat-not-burn products first came to market in 1988, however they were not a commercial success.<ref name=Cap2016/> The ubiquitousness of [[electronic cigarette]]s and growing dissatisfaction that e-cigarettes do not provide |
Heat-not-burn products first came to market in 1988, however they were not a commercial success.<ref name=Cap2016/> The ubiquitousness of [[electronic cigarette]]s and growing dissatisfaction that e-cigarettes do not provide the "throat-hit" that smokers are used to may present an opportunity for heat-not-burn tobacco products.<ref name=Cap2016/> These products are currently being introduced by [[Big Tobacco|large tobacco]] companies.<ref name=Chin2017/> |
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{{TOC limit|3}} |
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== Health effects == |
== Health effects == |
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⚫ | Claims of lowered risk or health benefits for heat-not-burn tobacco products are based on industry-funded research, and reliable independent research is not available to support these claims.<ref name=WHO2016/> No compelling evidence has been presented for the claims of lowered risk and health benefits for these products.<ref name=WHO2016/> There is not enough research to evaluate their level of harm.<ref name=RIVM2016>{{cite web|url=http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2016-0103.pdf|title=Alternatieve tabaksproducten: harm reduction? |pages=1–66|publisher=[[Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment]]|year=2016}}</ref> Some scientists believe that heat-not-burn tobacco products to be as dangerous as traditional [[cigarette]]s.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite web|title=Further development of the partial guidelines for implementation of Articles 9 and 10 of the WHO FCTC|url=http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/cop7/FCTC_COP_7_9_EN.pdf?ua=1&ua=1|pages=5–6|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|date=12 July 2016}}</ref> |
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Some substances known or suspected to be harmful are present at lower levels in the smoke of some "HnB" devices. Other substances are present at much higher levels. The health effects of these differences are unknown.<ref name=constituents>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321 |pmid=30158205 |title=IQOS: Examination of Philip Morris International's claim of reduced exposure |journal=Tobacco Control |pages=tobaccocontrol-2018-054321 |year=2018 |last1=St.Helen |first1=Gideon |last2=Jacob Iii |first2=Peyton |last3=Nardone |first3=Natalie |last4=Benowitz |first4=Neal L }}</ref> Claims of lower levels of specific harmful chemicals tend to be wrongly interpreted as claims of less health harm.<ref name=lower_toxin>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054315 |pmid=30158212 |title=Impact of modified risk tobacco product claims on beliefs of US adults and adolescents |journal=Tobacco Control |pages=tobaccocontrol-2018-054315 |year=2018 |last1=El-Toukhy |first1=Sherine |last2=Baig |first2=Sabeeh A |last3=Jeong |first3=Michelle |last4=Byron |first4=M Justin |last5=Ribisl |first5=Kurt M |last6=Brewer |first6=Noel T }}</ref> Some "HnB" marketing claims have been shown to give the false impression that the products are harmless.<ref name=effects>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054333 |pmid=30158208 |title=IQOS labelling will mislead consumers |journal=Tobacco Control |pages=tobaccocontrol-2018-054333 |year=2018 |last1=McKelvey |first1=Karma |last2=Popova |first2=Lucy |last3=Kim |first3=Minji |last4=Lempert |first4=Lauren Kass |last5=Chaffee |first5=Benjamin W |last6=Vijayaraghavan |first6=Maya |last7=Ling |first7=Pamela |last8=Halpern-Felsher |first8=Bonnie }}</ref> |
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⚫ | Claims of lowered risk or health benefits for heat-not-burn tobacco products are based on industry-funded research, and reliable independent research is not available to support these claims.<ref name=WHO2016/> No compelling evidence has been presented for the claims of lowered risk and health benefits for these products.<ref name=WHO2016/> There is not enough research to evaluate their level of harm.<ref name=RIVM2016>{{cite web|url=http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2016-0103.pdf|title=Alternatieve tabaksproducten: harm reduction? |pages=1–66|publisher=[[Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment]]|year=2016}}</ref> Some scientists believe that heat-not-burn tobacco products to be as dangerous as traditional [[cigarette]]s.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite web|title=Further development of the partial guidelines for implementation of Articles 9 and 10 of the WHO FCTC|url=http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/cop7/FCTC_COP_7_9_EN.pdf?ua=1&ua=1|pages=5–6|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|date=12 July 2016}}</ref> |
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Developing "modified risk" products that are implied to be less hazardous is a strategy that has been used in [[nicotine marketing]] for decades.<ref name=levels>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00204-018-2215-y |pmid=29730817 |pmc=6002459 |title=Levels of selected analytes in the emissions of "heat not burn" tobacco products that are relevant to assess human health risks |journal=Archives of Toxicology |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=2145–2149 |year=2018 |last1=Mallock |first1=Nadja |last2=Böss |first2=Lisa |last3=Burk |first3=Robert |last4=Danziger |first4=Martin |last5=Welsch |first5=Tanja |last6=Hahn |first6=Harald |last7=Trieu |first7=Hai-Linh |last8=Hahn |first8=Jürgen |last9=Pieper |first9=Elke |last10=Henkler-Stephani |first10=Frank |last11=Hutzler |first11=Christoph |last12=Luch |first12=Andreas }}</ref><ref name=lower_toxin/> |
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Carlos Jiménez, director of research on smoking at the Spanish Society of Pneumonology and Thoracic Surgery stated in 2017 that these products are still harmful.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.larazon.es/atusalud/salud/es-posible-conseguir-un-tabaco-menos-nocivo-EC14345980|title=¿Es posible conseguir un tabaco menos nocivo?|last=Conquero|first=Belén V.|publisher=Larazon.es|language=es-ES|date=20 January 2017}}</ref> [[Action on Smoking and Health]] stated in 2016 that due to "the tobacco industry's long record of deceit" regarding the health risks involving smoking, it is important to conduct independent studies into the health effects of these products.<ref name=ASH2016>{{cite web|title=ASH reaction to new Philip Morris IQOS 'heat not burn' product|url=http://ash.org.uk/media-and-news/press-releases-media-and-news/ash-reaction-to-new-philip-morris-iqos-heat-not-burn-product/|website=Action on Smoking and Health|date=30 November 2016}}</ref> Marketing slogans like "heat-not-burn" cannot be a substitute for science.<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017/> |
Carlos Jiménez, director of research on smoking at the Spanish Society of Pneumonology and Thoracic Surgery stated in 2017 that these products are still harmful.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.larazon.es/atusalud/salud/es-posible-conseguir-un-tabaco-menos-nocivo-EC14345980|title=¿Es posible conseguir un tabaco menos nocivo?|last=Conquero|first=Belén V.|publisher=Larazon.es|language=es-ES|date=20 January 2017}}</ref> [[Action on Smoking and Health]] stated in 2016 that due to "the tobacco industry's long record of deceit" regarding the health risks involving smoking, it is important to conduct independent studies into the health effects of these products.<ref name=ASH2016>{{cite web|title=ASH reaction to new Philip Morris IQOS 'heat not burn' product|url=http://ash.org.uk/media-and-news/press-releases-media-and-news/ash-reaction-to-new-philip-morris-iqos-heat-not-burn-product/|website=Action on Smoking and Health|date=30 November 2016}}</ref> Marketing slogans like "heat-not-burn" cannot be a substitute for science.<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017/> |
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The effects of second-hand exposure are unknown.<ref name=WHO2018>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/prod_regulation/heated-tobacco-products/en/ |title=Heated tobacco products (HTPs) information sheet |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |year=2018 |quote=Currently, there is also insufficient evidence on the potential effects of second-hand emissions produced by HTPs.}}</ref> |
The effects of second-hand exposure are unknown.<ref name=WHO2018>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/prod_regulation/heated-tobacco-products/en/ |title=Heated tobacco products (HTPs) information sheet |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |year=2018 |quote=Currently, there is also insufficient evidence on the potential effects of second-hand emissions produced by HTPs.}}</ref> |
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===Addiction and quitting=== |
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Surveys have found that about half of users have never smoked conventional cigarettes.<ref name=Japan_prevalance/><ref name=Italy/> This has caused concern that the products might cause [[nicotine addiction]] rather than [[harm reduction|reduce harm]] to those who already smoke.<ref name=Italy/> |
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"Modified risk" products have historically been used to discourage quitting, by offering unwilling smokers an alternative to quitting, and implying that using the alternate product will reduce the hazards of smoking.<ref name=FDA_review>{{Cite conference| publisher = US Food and Drug Administration| pages = 252| last = Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) of the Center for Tobacco Products of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)| title = Menthol Cigarettes and Public Health: Review of the Scientific Evidence and Recommendations| accessdate = 2018-05-24| date = 2011-07-21| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170517052326if_/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/TobaccoProductsScientificAdvisoryCommittee/UCM269697.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|62–65}}<ref name=media_role>{{Cite conference| publisher = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute| pages = 684| last1 = Davis| first1 = Ronald M.| last2 = Gilpin| first2 = Elizabeth A.| last3 = Loken| first3 = Barbara| last4 = Viswanath| first4 = K.| last5 = Wakefield| first5 = Melanie A.| title = The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use| series = National Cancer Institute tobacco control monograph series| date = 2008 |url=https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps119239/m19_complete.pdf}}</ref> Smokers to postponed their intentions to quit after using HnB products or being exposed to HnB marketing messages, according to an independent reanalysis of an industry trial of a HnB product.<ref name=effects/> |
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There is evidence that some users of similar "modified-risk" products falsely considered such use equivalent to quitting. There is also evidence that messages about modified risk are misinterpreted by adults and youth as claims that a "modified-risk" product is harmless. They are more likely to start using it, and less likely to quit, as a result.<ref name=effects/> |
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Smokers using Hnb products are not likely to stop using regular cigarettes; they mostly use both, even when HnB products are supplied to them for free.<ref name=effects/> |
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== Regulations == |
== Regulations == |
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In the US, these products fall under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration.<ref name=LopezHiler2016>{{cite journal|last1=Lopez|first1=Alexa A.|last2=Hiler|first2=Marzena|last3=Maloney|first3=Sarah|last4=Eissenberg|first4=Thomas|last5=Breland|first5=Alison B.|title=Expanding clinical laboratory tobacco product evaluation methods to loose-leaf tobacco vaporizers|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=169|year=2016|pages=33–40|issn=0376-8716|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.005|pmc=5140724|pmid=27768968}}</ref> {{Asof|2016}}, 19 countries have permitted the sale of iQOS.<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017/> Advertisement for the iQOS, but not iQOS' tobacco stick, is not regulated under the European Union [[Tobacco Products Directive]].<ref name=Harlay2016/> Heat-not-burn tobacco products are not restricted for sale in Israel by the [[Ministry of Health (Israel)|Ministry of Health]].<ref name=Siegel-Itzkovich2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Health-and-Science/Orgs-slam-Litzman-for-allowing-sale-of-iQOS-heated-smokeless-cigarettes-482967|title=Orgs slam Litzman for allowing sale of iQOS heated, smokeless cigarettes|first=Judy | last=Siegel-Itzkovich|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Ploom and iQOS are governed by the Tobacco Industries Act regulations as tobacco products in Japan.<ref name=TabuchiKiyohara2016>{{cite journal|last1=Tabuchi|first1=Takahiro|last2=Kiyohara|first2=Kosuke|last3=Hoshino|first3=Takahiro|last4=Bekki|first4=Kanae|last5=Inaba|first5=Yohei|last6=Kunugita|first6=Naoki|title=Awareness and use of electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products in Japan|journal=Addiction|volume=111|issue=4|year=2016|pages=706–713|issn=0965-2140|doi=10.1111/add.13231|pmid=26566956}}</ref> The [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] will deliberate over increasing the tax rate for heat-not-burn tobacco products in April 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/09/08/business/tax-hike-heat-not-burn-tobacco-products-consideration-ldp-begins-review-tax-reforms/#.Wb131bpFw5s|title=Tax hike on heat-not-burn tobacco products under consideration as LDP begins review of tax reforms|work=The Japan Times|date=8 September 2017}}</ref> iQOS's refill sticks are not legal for sale in New Zealand by the [[Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|Ministry of Health]].<ref name=Caruana2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.vapingpost.com/2017/02/03/iqos-heatsticks-declared-illegal-in-nz/|title=iQos heatsticks declared illegal in NZ|first=Diane |last=Caruana|publisher=VapingPost|date=3 February 2017}}</ref> Emerging tobacco products are banned in Singapore by the [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health]].<ref name=MOHS2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/pressRoom/pressRoomItemRelease/2016/singapore-enhances-tobacco-control-measures.html|title=Singapore Enhances Tobacco Control Measures|publisher=Ministry of Health (Singapore)|date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Electronic tobacco products using dry material are regulated as e-cigarettes in South Korea by the [[Ministry of Health and Welfare (South Korea)|Ministry of Health and Welfare]].<ref name=Jae-hyuk2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2017/05/694_230069.html|title=IQOS available in Seoul Saturday|author=Park Jae-hyuk|work=The Korea Times|date=26 May 2017}}</ref> Korea regulates e-cigarettes differently than traditional cigarettes for tax reasons.<ref name=Trefis2017/> As a result, iQOS are taxed at a decreased rate, compared to the 75% incurred on normal cigarettes.<ref name=Trefis2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/why-is-korea-easier-to-conquer-for-iqos-than-europe-cm845245|title=Why Is Korea Easier To Conquer For iQOS Than Europe?|author=Trefis Team|publisher=[[NASDAQ]]|date=13 September 2017}}</ref> |
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In some jurisdictions, these products are not subject to the same regulations as older tobacco products. |
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Action on Smoking and Health stated in 2016 that "unless and until independent evidence shows that IQOS and similar products are substantially less harmful than smoking then these products should be regulated in the same way as other tobacco products."<ref name=ASH2016/> [[Tobacco control]] activist [[Stanton Glantz]] stated that the US FDA should halt new tobacco products until tobacco companies stop selling traditional cigarettes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielfisher/2014/05/28/philip-morris-international-bets-big-on-the-future-of-smoking/#4fa6b7e454f5|title=Philip Morris International Bets Big On The Future Of Smoking|last=Fisher|first=Daniel|work=Forbes|date=16 June 2014}}</ref> "There is concern that heat-not-burn tobacco will skirt local ordinances that prevent smoking in public areas," [[Mitchell H. Katz]], director of the [[Los Angeles County Health Agency]], wrote in 2017.<ref name=Rapaport2017>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-tobacco-heatnotburn-idUSKBN18M2JB|title='Heat-not-burn' cigarettes still release cancer-causing chemicals|first=Lisa|last=Rapaport|publisher=Reuters|date=26 May 2017}}</ref> |
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In the US, these products fall under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration,<ref name=LopezHiler2016>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.005 |pmid=27768968 |pmc=5140724 |title=Expanding clinical laboratory tobacco product evaluation methods to loose-leaf tobacco vaporizers |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=169 |pages=33–40 |year=2016 |last1=Lopez |first1=Alexa A |last2=Hiler |first2=Marzena |last3=Maloney |first3=Sarah |last4=Eissenberg |first4=Thomas |last5=Breland |first5=Alison B }}</ref> which is reviewing them as of 2018. |
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Advertisement for the iQOS, but not iQOS' tobacco stick, is unregulated under the European Union [[Tobacco Products Directive]].<ref name=Harlay2016/> In Italy, taxes, smoking bans, ad bands, and health warnings have all been scaled back from what is required of conventional cigarettes; for instance, the warning labels required are less than half as large, and do not have to include images.<ref name=Italy>{{cite journal |doi=10.2188/jea.JE20180040 |pmid=29657258 |pmc=5911679 |title=Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products Are Getting Hot in Italy |journal=Journal of Epidemiology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=274–275 |year=2018 |last1=Liu |first1=Xiaoqiu |last2=Lugo |first2=Alessandra |last3=Spizzichino |first3=Lorenzo |last4=Tabuchi |first4=Takahiro |last5=Gorini |first5=Giuseppe |last6=Gallus |first6=Silvano }}</ref> |
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Heat-not-burn tobacco products are not restricted for sale in Israel by the [[Ministry of Health (Israel)|Ministry of Health]].<ref name=Siegel-Itzkovich2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Health-and-Science/Orgs-slam-Litzman-for-allowing-sale-of-iQOS-heated-smokeless-cigarettes-482967|title=Orgs slam Litzman for allowing sale of iQOS heated, smokeless cigarettes|first=Judy | last=Siegel-Itzkovich|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=2 March 2017}}</ref> However, after intervention by three voluntary organizations, they are now taxed at the same rate as other cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Justice Ministry says iQOS product will be treated as ordinary tobacco - HEALTH & SCIENCE - Jerusalem Post| accessdate = 2018-09-09| url = https://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Health-and-Science/Justice-Ministry-says-iQOS-product-will-be-treated-as-ordinary-tobacco-485912}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = In Blow to Philip Morris, Israel to Tax iQOS E-cigarettes Like Ordinary Cigarettes| last= Linder-Ganz | first=Ronny | url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/israel-to-tax-iqos-e-cigarettes-like-ordinary-cigarettes-1.5730823 |work = Haaretz| date = 2018-01-16}}</ref> |
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Ploom and iQOS are governed by the Tobacco Industries Act regulations as tobacco products in Japan.<ref name=TabuchiKiyohara2016>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/add.13231 |pmid=26566956 |title=Awareness and use of electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products in Japan |journal=Addiction |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=706–713 |year=2016 |last1=Tabuchi |first1=Takahiro |last2=Kiyohara |first2=Kosuke |last3=Hoshino |first3=Takahiro |last4=Bekki |first4=Kanae |last5=Inaba |first5=Yohei |last6=Kunugita |first6=Naoki }}</ref> Nicotine e-cigarettes are illegal in Japan, and rare, while IQOS cigarettes made up nearly 5% of tobacco sales in October 2016.<ref name=Japan_prevalance>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053947 |pmid=29248896 |pmc=6073918 |title=Heat-not-burn tobacco product use in Japan: Its prevalence, predictors and perceived symptoms from exposure to secondhand heat-not-burn tobacco aerosol |journal=Tobacco Control |volume=27 |issue=e1 |pages=e25–e33 |year=2018 |last1=Tabuchi |first1=Takahiro |last2=Gallus |first2=Silvano |last3=Shinozaki |first3=Tomohiro |last4=Nakaya |first4=Tomoki |last5=Kunugita |first5=Naoki |last6=Colwell |first6=Brian }}</ref> The [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] will deliberate over increasing the tax rate for heat-not-burn tobacco products in April 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/09/08/business/tax-hike-heat-not-burn-tobacco-products-consideration-ldp-begins-review-tax-reforms/#.Wb131bpFw5s|title=Tax hike on heat-not-burn tobacco products under consideration as LDP begins review of tax reforms|work=The Japan Times|date=8 September 2017}}</ref> |
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Electronic tobacco products using dry material are regulated as e-cigarettes in South Korea by the [[Ministry of Health and Welfare (South Korea)|Ministry of Health and Welfare]].<ref name=Jae-hyuk2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2017/05/694_230069.html|title=IQOS available in Seoul Saturday|author=Park Jae-hyuk|work=The Korea Times|date=26 May 2017}}</ref> Korea regulates e-cigarettes differently than traditional cigarettes for tax reasons.<ref name=Trefis2017/> As a result, iQOS are taxed at a decreased rate, compared to the 75% incurred on normal cigarettes.<ref name=Trefis2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/why-is-korea-easier-to-conquer-for-iqos-than-europe-cm845245|title=Why Is Korea Easier To Conquer For iQOS Than Europe?|author=Trefis Team|publisher=[[NASDAQ]]|date=13 September 2017}}</ref> Emerging tobacco products are banned in Singapore by the [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health]].<ref name=MOHS2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/pressRoom/pressRoomItemRelease/2016/singapore-enhances-tobacco-control-measures.html|title=Singapore Enhances Tobacco Control Measures|publisher=Ministry of Health (Singapore)|date=28 July 2016}}</ref> |
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After iQOS launched a marketing campaign in New Zealand, the [[Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|Ministry of Health]], which has the authority to regulate nicotine products, stated that the refill sticks are not legal for sale in New Zealand.<ref name=illegal_NZ>{{Cite web| last = Elder| first = Vaughan| title = Legality of tobacco product in question| website = Otago Daily Times Online News| accessdate = 2018-09-09| date = 2017-01-13| url = https://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/legality-tobacco-product-question}}</ref> Later negotiation between politicians and the tobacco industry about legalization, and regulation as a consumer product rather than a medical treatment, caused controversy.<ref>{{Cite web| title = New Zealand's legal action against IQOS postponed, consultation with Big Tobacco follows - New Zealand Medical Journal| accessdate = 2018-09-09| url = https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2017/vol-130-no-1465-10-november-2017/7417}}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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|caption2=Philip Morris' Heatbar pictured without a specifically designed cigarette. |
|caption2=Philip Morris' Heatbar pictured without a specifically designed cigarette. |
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The first commercial heat-not-burn product was the [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company|R.J. Reynolds]] [[Premier (cigarette)|Premier]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/19/business/smokeless-cigarette-s-hapless-start.html|title='Smokeless' Cigarette's Hapless Start|last=Mcgill|first=Douglas C|issn=0362-4331|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 November 1988}}</ref> a smokeless cigarette launched in 1988 and described as difficult to use.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6o7SrLdgx8gC&pg=PA51|title=Brand Failures: The Truth about the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All Time|last=Haig|first=Matt|year=2003|publisher=Kogan Page Publishers|isbn=978-0-7494-4433-4}}</ref> Many smokers disliked the taste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/safer-cigarettes-history.html|title="Safer" Cigarettes: A History|last=Parker-Pope|first=Tara|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=10 February 2001}}</ref> It was shaped like a traditional cigarette, and when heated the smoldered charcoal moved past processed [[tobacco]] containing more than 50 percent [[glycerol|glycerin]] to create |
The first commercial heat-not-burn product was the [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company|R.J. Reynolds]] [[Premier (cigarette)|Premier]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/19/business/smokeless-cigarette-s-hapless-start.html|title='Smokeless' Cigarette's Hapless Start|last=Mcgill|first=Douglas C|issn=0362-4331|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 November 1988}}</ref> a smokeless cigarette launched in 1988 and described as difficult to use.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6o7SrLdgx8gC&pg=PA51|title=Brand Failures: The Truth about the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All Time|last=Haig|first=Matt|year=2003|publisher=Kogan Page Publishers|isbn=978-0-7494-4433-4}}</ref> Many smokers disliked the taste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/safer-cigarettes-history.html|title="Safer" Cigarettes: A History|last=Parker-Pope|first=Tara|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=10 February 2001}}</ref> It was shaped like a traditional cigarette, and when heated the smoldered charcoal moved past processed [[tobacco]] containing more than 50 percent [[glycerol|glycerin]] to create an [[aerosol]] of [[nicotine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/us/little-smoke-little-tar-but-full-dose-of-nicotine.html|title=Little Smoke, Little Tar, but Full Dose of Nicotine|last=Hilts|first=Philip J.|issn=0362-4331|work=The New York Times|date=27 November 1994}}</ref> It did require some combustion.<ref name=O'Connell2016/> In 1989,<ref name=AndersonLing2008/> after spending $325 million,<ref name=Haig2005>{{cite book|first=Matt | last=Haig|title=Brand Failures: The Truth about the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6o7SrLdgx8gC&pg=PA51|year=2005|publisher=Kogan Page Publishers|isbn=978-0-7494-4433-4|pages=51–}}</ref> R.J. Reynolds pulled it from the market months later after organisations recommended to the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) to restrict it or classify it as a drug.<ref name=Fisher2014>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielfisher/2014/05/29/is-this-the-cigarette-of-the-future-and-will-the-fda-let-you-buy-it/#1c0f86987478|title=Is This The Cigarette Of The Future, And Will The FDA Let You Buy It?|last=Fisher|first=Daniel|work=Forbes|date=29 May 2014}}</ref> |
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The Premier product concept went on to be further developed and re-launched as [[Eclipse (cigarette)|Eclipse]]<ref name=AndersonLing2008>{{cite journal |
The Premier product concept went on to be further developed and re-launched as [[Eclipse (cigarette)|Eclipse]]<ref name=AndersonLing2008>{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=S J|last2=Ling|first2=P M|title="And they told two friends...and so on": RJ Reynolds' viral marketing of Eclipse and its potential to mislead the public|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=17|issue=4|year=2008|pages=222–229|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tc.2007.024273}}</ref> in the mid-1990s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tobaccojournal.com/New_heat-not-burn_brand_from_RAI.52768.0.html|title=New heat-not-burn brand from RAI|publisher=Tobacco Journal International|date=5 January 2015}}</ref> and was available in limited distribution as of 2015.<ref name=Craver2015/> [[Reynolds American]] stated that the Revo was a "repositioning" of its Eclipse.<ref name=Harlay2016/> R.J. Reynolds' Revo was withdrawn in 2015.<ref name=Craver2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/business/business_news/local/reynolds-ends-revo-test-market-in-wisconsin/article_e23495d0-353e-11e5-98d3-cbaf921dc91c.html|title=Reynolds ends Revo test market in Wisconsin|last=Craver|first=Richard|work=[[Winston-Salem Journal]]|date=28 July 2015}}</ref> |
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[[Philip Morris International]] (PMI) launched a cigarette in 1998 that was placed into an electronic heating device as Accord.<ref name=Rossel2016>{{cite news|last=Rossel|first=Stefanie|url=http://www.tobaccoreporter.com/2016/06/all-eyes-on-iqos/|title=All eyes on iQOS|publisher=Tobacco Reporter|date=1 June 2016}}</ref> The [[battery (electricity)|battery]]-powered product was the size of a [[pager]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://adage.com/article/news/philip-morris-smokeless-accord-tobacco-marketer-cautious-brand-consumer-research/70262/|title=Philip Morris tries smokeless Accord: tobacco marketer, cautious about brand, doing 'consumer research'|last=Pollack|first=Juddan|work=[[Ad Age]]|date=27 October 1997}}</ref> In 2007 PMI launched Heatbar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tobaccojournal.com/Anti-smoking_body_attacks_smokeless_cigarette_device.48750.0.html|title=Anti-smoking body attacks smokeless cigarette device|publisher=Tobacco Journal International|date=11 December 2007}}</ref> The Heatbar was around the size of a [[mobile phone]] and heated specifically designed cigarettes, rather than burning them.<ref name=Houston2007>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/tobacco-giants-secret-new-weapon/2007/06/26/1182623909034.html|title=Revealed: tobacco giant's secret new weapon in the age of smoking bans|last=Houston|first=Cameron|work=[[The Age]]|date=27 June 2007}}</ref> The only benefit was to lower [[passive smoking|second-hand smoke]], which lead to Heatbar being discontinued.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/02/01/why-philip-morris-internationals-new-heated-produc.aspx|title=Why Philip Morris International's New Heated Products Will Do Better Than Its Last Attempt|last=Cooper|first=Ted|publisher=[[The Motley Fool]]|date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Heatbar did not obtain any significant user reception.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.fr/us/philip-morris-is-releasing-a-ton-of-cool-new-cigarettes-2012-6/|title=Philip Morris Is Releasing A Bunch Of Crazy New Cigarettes|last=Lubin|first=Gus|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=25 June 2012}}</ref> Accord and Heatbar are predecessors of PMI's heat-not-burn tobacco products.<ref name=euromonitor>{{cite news|url=http://blog.euromonitor.com/2014/01/can-philip-morris-must-learn-from-the-mistakes-of-heat-not-burn-tobaccos-past.html|title=Has Philip Morris Learned from Heat-not-Burn Tobacco's Past?|last=MacGuill|first=Shane|publisher=Euromonitor International|date=23 January 2014}}</ref> |
[[Philip Morris International]] (PMI) launched a cigarette in 1998 that was placed into an electronic heating device as Accord.<ref name=Rossel2016>{{cite news|last=Rossel|first=Stefanie|url=http://www.tobaccoreporter.com/2016/06/all-eyes-on-iqos/|title=All eyes on iQOS|publisher=Tobacco Reporter|date=1 June 2016}}</ref> The [[battery (electricity)|battery]]-powered product was the size of a [[pager]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://adage.com/article/news/philip-morris-smokeless-accord-tobacco-marketer-cautious-brand-consumer-research/70262/|title=Philip Morris tries smokeless Accord: tobacco marketer, cautious about brand, doing 'consumer research'|last=Pollack|first=Juddan|work=[[Ad Age]]|date=27 October 1997}}</ref> In 2007 PMI launched Heatbar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tobaccojournal.com/Anti-smoking_body_attacks_smokeless_cigarette_device.48750.0.html|title=Anti-smoking body attacks smokeless cigarette device|publisher=Tobacco Journal International|date=11 December 2007}}</ref> The Heatbar was around the size of a [[mobile phone]] and heated specifically designed cigarettes, rather than burning them.<ref name=Houston2007>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/tobacco-giants-secret-new-weapon/2007/06/26/1182623909034.html|title=Revealed: tobacco giant's secret new weapon in the age of smoking bans|last=Houston|first=Cameron|work=[[The Age]]|date=27 June 2007}}</ref> The only benefit was to lower [[passive smoking|second-hand smoke]], which lead to Heatbar being discontinued.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/02/01/why-philip-morris-internationals-new-heated-produc.aspx|title=Why Philip Morris International's New Heated Products Will Do Better Than Its Last Attempt|last=Cooper|first=Ted|publisher=[[The Motley Fool]]|date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Heatbar did not obtain any significant user reception.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.fr/us/philip-morris-is-releasing-a-ton-of-cool-new-cigarettes-2012-6/|title=Philip Morris Is Releasing A Bunch Of Crazy New Cigarettes|last=Lubin|first=Gus|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=25 June 2012}}</ref> Accord and Heatbar are predecessors of PMI's heat-not-burn tobacco products.<ref name=euromonitor>{{cite news|url=http://blog.euromonitor.com/2014/01/can-philip-morris-must-learn-from-the-mistakes-of-heat-not-burn-tobaccos-past.html|title=Has Philip Morris Learned from Heat-not-Burn Tobacco's Past?|last=MacGuill|first=Shane|publisher=Euromonitor International|date=23 January 2014}}</ref> |
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== Products == |
== Products == |
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The products use systems where tobacco is not [[combustion|burning]], but rather tobacco constituents are heated and |
The products use systems where tobacco is not [[combustion|burning]], but rather tobacco constituents are heated and [[aerosolization|aerosolized]].<ref name=Bentley2017/> They are designed to be similar their combustible counterparts.<ref name=Harlay2016/> A tobacco stick along with a heating element will provide the user a choice across the different heat-not-burn tobacco products available.<ref name=Harlay2016/> Another type of heat-not-burn tobacco product is the loose-leaf tobacco [[vaporizer (inhalation device)|vaporizer]] that entails putting loose-leaf tobacco into a chamber, which is electrically heated using an element.<ref name=LopezHiler2016/> |
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=== 3T === |
=== 3T === |
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=== glo === |
=== glo === |
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In 2016 [[British American Tobacco]] (BAT) launched a heat-not-burn product called glo in Japan.<ref name=TJT2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/03/22/business/corporate-business/bat-finds-strong-japan-demand-glo-smokeless-tobacco-device/|title=BAT finds strong Japan demand for its Glo smokeless tobacco device|work=The Japan Times|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=22 March 2017}}</ref> glo is battery-powered.<ref name=TJT2017/> It uses a [[heating element]] with a tobacco stick.<ref name=Harlay2016/> In May 2017 they released i-glo in Canada.<ref name=Caplinger2017>{{cite news|url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2017/05/31/heres-why-the-worst-might-be-yet-to-come-for-phili.aspx|title=Here's Why the Worst Might Be Yet to Come for Philip Morris International|last=Caplinger|first=Dan|publisher=The Motley Fool|date=31 May 2017}}</ref> The glo iFuse debuted in Romania by BAT in 2015.<ref name=Harlay2016/> It uses a cartridge with a tobacco stick and a flavored nicotine liquid.<ref name=Harlay2016/> Bonnie Herzog, a senior analyst at [[Wells Fargo Securities]] stated that the proposed acquisition of R. J. Reynolds by BAT in 2016 would let them catch up in the technology competition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.advfn.com/news_Innovation-Drives-BATs-47-Billion-Bid-WSJ_72727933.html|title=Innovation Drives BAT's $47 Billion Bid -- WSJ|publisher=[[ADVFN]]|date=24 October 2016}}</ref> |
In 2016 [[British American Tobacco]] (BAT) launched a heat-not-burn product called glo in Japan.<ref name=TJT2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/03/22/business/corporate-business/bat-finds-strong-japan-demand-glo-smokeless-tobacco-device/|title=BAT finds strong Japan demand for its Glo smokeless tobacco device|work=The Japan Times|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=22 March 2017}}</ref> glo is battery-powered.<ref name=TJT2017/> It uses a [[heating element]] with a tobacco stick.<ref name=Harlay2016/> In May 2017 they released i-glo in Canada.<ref name=Caplinger2017>{{cite news|url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2017/05/31/heres-why-the-worst-might-be-yet-to-come-for-phili.aspx|title=Here's Why the Worst Might Be Yet to Come for Philip Morris International|last=Caplinger|first=Dan|publisher=The Motley Fool|date=31 May 2017}}</ref> The glo iFuse debuted in Romania by BAT in 2015.<ref name=Harlay2016/> It uses a cartridge with a tobacco stick and a flavored nicotine liquid.<ref name=Harlay2016/> Bonnie Herzog, a senior analyst at [[Wells Fargo Securities]] stated that the proposed acquisition of R. J. Reynolds by BAT in 2016 would let them catch up in the technology competition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.advfn.com/news_Innovation-Drives-BATs-47-Billion-Bid-WSJ_72727933.html|title=Innovation Drives BAT's $47 Billion Bid -- WSJ|publisher=[[ADVFN]]|date=24 October 2016}}</ref> |
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The introduction of IQOS <!--(I-Quit-Ordinary-Smoking<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017/>)--> was announced on 26 June 2014.<ref name=Felberbaum2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/06/26/philip_morris_intl_to_sell_marlboro_heatsticks/|title=Philip Morris Int'l to Sell Marlboro HeatSticks|last1=Felberbaum|first1=Michael|work=Salon (website)|agency=Associated Press|date=26 June 2014}}</ref> The product is marketed by [[Philip Morris International]] (PMI) under the [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] and [[Parliament (cigarette)|Parliament]] brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/11/23/5-things-every-philip-morris-investor-should-know.aspx|title=5 Things Every Philip Morris Investor Should Know|last=Caplinger|first=Dan|publisher=The Motley Fool|date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Initially launched in 2014 in [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]] and [[Milan]], [[Italy]], IQOS is being gradually rolled out to other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marketrealist.com/2016/10/philip-morris-iqos-sales-japan-promising/|title=Why Philip Morris's iQOS Sales in Japan Are Promising|last=Nathan|first=Ralph|website=marketrealist.com|publisher=Market Realist|language=English|date=12 October 2016}}</ref> By end of 2016 it was available in over 20 countries, with expansion plans into several more in 2017 as manufacturing capacity increases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pmi-iqos-uk-idUSKBN13P0LU|title=Philip Morris looks beyond cigarettes with alternative products|publisher=Reuters|date=30 November 2016}}</ref> PMI has stated it will likely launch its iQOS heat-not-burn product in the US market in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-24/in-marlboro-country-a-big-money-race-for-the-new-smoke|title=The World's Biggest Tobacco Firm Tells Smokers to Quit|last=Kaplan|first=Jennifer|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=24 October 2016}}</ref> PMI has projected that when 30 billions units are sold, iQOS would increase profits by $700 million.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news|first1=Thomas|last1=Mulier|first2=Gabi|last2=Thesing|title=Philip Morris Sees $700 Million Boost From iQOS Smoking Device|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-26/philip-morris-sees-700-million-boost-from-iqos-smoking-device.html|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=26 June 2014}}</ref> To date, the company claims that total investments made in the development and assessment of these products have exceeded $3 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-05/philip-morris-s-cigarette-alternative-could-reach-u-s-in-2017|title=Philip Morris’s Cigarette Alternative Could Hit U.S. in 2017|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Phillip Morris spent €500 million on iQOS in 2016 alone.<ref name=pharmaceuticalization/> |
The introduction of IQOS <!--(I-Quit-Ordinary-Smoking<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017/>)--> was announced on 26 June 2014.<ref name=Felberbaum2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/06/26/philip_morris_intl_to_sell_marlboro_heatsticks/|title=Philip Morris Int'l to Sell Marlboro HeatSticks|last1=Felberbaum|first1=Michael|work=Salon (website)|agency=Associated Press|date=26 June 2014}}</ref> The product is marketed by [[Philip Morris International]] (PMI) under the [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] and [[Parliament (cigarette)|Parliament]] brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/11/23/5-things-every-philip-morris-investor-should-know.aspx|title=5 Things Every Philip Morris Investor Should Know|last=Caplinger|first=Dan|publisher=The Motley Fool|date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Initially launched in 2014 in [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]] and [[Milan]], [[Italy]], IQOS is being gradually rolled out to other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marketrealist.com/2016/10/philip-morris-iqos-sales-japan-promising/|title=Why Philip Morris's iQOS Sales in Japan Are Promising|last=Nathan|first=Ralph|website=marketrealist.com|publisher=Market Realist|language=English|date=12 October 2016}}</ref> By end of 2016 it was available in over 20 countries, with expansion plans into several more in 2017 as manufacturing capacity increases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pmi-iqos-uk-idUSKBN13P0LU|title=Philip Morris looks beyond cigarettes with alternative products|publisher=Reuters|date=30 November 2016}}</ref> PMI has stated it will likely launch its iQOS heat-not-burn product in the US market in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-24/in-marlboro-country-a-big-money-race-for-the-new-smoke|title=The World's Biggest Tobacco Firm Tells Smokers to Quit|last=Kaplan|first=Jennifer|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=24 October 2016}}</ref> PMI has projected that when 30 billions units are sold, iQOS would increase profits by $700 million.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news|first1=Thomas|last1=Mulier|first2=Gabi|last2=Thesing|title=Philip Morris Sees $700 Million Boost From iQOS Smoking Device|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-26/philip-morris-sees-700-million-boost-from-iqos-smoking-device.html|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=26 June 2014}}</ref> To date, the company claims that total investments made in the development and assessment of these products have exceeded $3 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-05/philip-morris-s-cigarette-alternative-could-reach-u-s-in-2017|title=Philip Morris’s Cigarette Alternative Could Hit U.S. in 2017|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Phillip Morris spent €500 million on iQOS in 2016 alone.<ref name=pharmaceuticalization/> |
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iQOS consists of a charger around the size of a mobile phone and a holder that looks like a pen.<ref name=Hyo-sik2017>{{cite news|url=http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/phone/news/view.jsp?req_newsidx=229533|title=Philip Morris unveils smoke-free cigarette in Korea|author=Lee Hyo-sik|work=[[The Korea Times]]|date=17 May 2017}}</ref> The disposable tobacco stick, which looks somewhat like a short cigarette, has been dipped in [[propylene glycol]],<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017/> is inserted into the holder which then heats it to temperatures up to 350 °C.<ref name=Rossel2016/> The smoke released contains nicotine and other chemicals.<ref name=Bentley2017/> The amount of nicotine provided may be a little strong for [[lights (cigarette type)|light cigarette]] smokers.<ref name=Tai2015>{{cite news|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Trends/Philip-Morris-rolls-out-iQOS-smokeless-smokes|title=Philip Morris rolls out iQOS smokeless smokes|last=Tai|first=Mariko|date=31 August 2015|publisher=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref> Users have reported less smell and odour on clothing.<ref name=O'Connell2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38152297|title=Philip Morris could stop making conventional cigarettes|last=O'Connell|first=Dominic|publisher=[[BBC News]]|language=English|date=30 November 2016}}</ref> The smoke generated by iQOS contains substances from [[pyrolysis]] and thermogenic degradation that are identical to the constituents found in traditional [[list of cigarette smoke carcinogens|tobacco cigarette smoke]].<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017/> A 2017 review found "little research on what substances are released after the device heats the tobacco-based paste. The physical effects on users are also not yet known."<ref name=DropeCahn2017>{{cite journal |
iQOS consists of a charger around the size of a mobile phone and a holder that looks like a pen.<ref name=Hyo-sik2017>{{cite news|url=http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/phone/news/view.jsp?req_newsidx=229533|title=Philip Morris unveils smoke-free cigarette in Korea|author=Lee Hyo-sik|work=[[The Korea Times]]|date=17 May 2017}}</ref> The disposable tobacco stick, which looks somewhat like a short cigarette, has been dipped in [[propylene glycol]],<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017/> is inserted into the holder which then heats it to temperatures up to 350 °C.<ref name=Rossel2016/> The smoke released contains nicotine and other chemicals.<ref name=Bentley2017/> The amount of nicotine provided may be a little strong for [[lights (cigarette type)|light cigarette]] smokers.<ref name=Tai2015>{{cite news|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Trends/Philip-Morris-rolls-out-iQOS-smokeless-smokes|title=Philip Morris rolls out iQOS smokeless smokes|last=Tai|first=Mariko|date=31 August 2015|publisher=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref> Users have reported less smell and odour on clothing.<ref name=O'Connell2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38152297|title=Philip Morris could stop making conventional cigarettes|last=O'Connell|first=Dominic|publisher=[[BBC News]]|language=English|date=30 November 2016}}</ref> The smoke generated by iQOS contains substances from [[pyrolysis]] and thermogenic degradation that are identical to the constituents found in traditional [[list of cigarette smoke carcinogens|tobacco cigarette smoke]].<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017/> A 2017 review found "little research on what substances are released after the device heats the tobacco-based paste. The physical effects on users are also not yet known."<ref name=DropeCahn2017>{{cite journal|last1=Drope|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Cahn|first2=Zachary|last3=Kennedy|first3=Rosemary|last4=Liber|first4=Alex C.|last5=Stoklosa|first5=Michal|last6=Henson|first6=Rosemarie|last7=Douglas|first7=Clifford E.|last8=Drope|first8=Jacqui|title=Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|year=2017|issn=0007-9235|doi=10.3322/caac.21413|pmid=28961314}}</ref> |
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One independent study of the iQOS criticized Phillip Morris, saying "Dancing around the definition of smoke to avoid indoor-smoking bans is unethical" and called for more independent research, saying "Smokers and non-smokers need accurate information about toxic compounds released in IQOS smoke. This information should come from sources independent of the tobacco industry".<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017>{{ |
One independent study of the iQOS criticized Phillip Morris, saying "Dancing around the definition of smoke to avoid indoor-smoking bans is unethical" and called for more independent research, saying "Smokers and non-smokers need accurate information about toxic compounds released in IQOS smoke. This information should come from sources independent of the tobacco industry".<ref name=AuerConcha-Lozano2017>{{Cite journal| volume = 177| issue = 7| pages = 1050–1052| last1 = Auer| first1 = Reto| last2 = Concha-Lozano| first2 = Nicolas| last3 = Jacot-Sadowski| first3 = Isabelle| last4 = Cornuz| first4 = Jacques| last5 = Berthet| first5 = Aurélie| title = Heat-not-burn tobacco cigarettes: smoke by any other name| journal = JAMA Internal Medicine| date = 2017| url= https://cdn.doctorsonly.co.il/2017/06/jamainternal_Auer_2017_ld_170021.pdf | issn=2168-6106|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1419|pmid=28531246}}</ref> After the study was published, the heads of the three Swiss universities where the authors worked received unusual letters from Phillip Morris, accusing the authors of faulty methodology, and subsequently the researchers were not willing to talk to a journalist.<ref name=better_query>{{Cite news| issn = 0190-8286| last = Wan| first = William| title = Big Tobacco’s new cigarette is sleek, smokeless — but is it any better for you?| work = Washington Post| accessdate = 2018-05-27| date = 2017-08-11| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/big-tobaccos-new-cigarette-is-sleek-smokeless--but-is-it-actually-healthier/2017/08/11/60e9fe5a-763e-11e7-8839-ec48ec4cae25_story.html}}</ref> Phillip Morris also published an online academic counter-argument.<ref name=better_query/> |
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In December 2016, PMI submitted an multi-million page application<ref name=pharmaceuticalization>{{Cite journal |
In December 2016, PMI submitted an multi-million page application<ref name=pharmaceuticalization>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.7326/M17-0759| issn = 0003-4819| volume = 167| issue = 4| pages = 278–280| last1 = Hendlin| first1 = Yogi Hale| last2 = Elias| first2 = Jesse| last3 = Ling| first3 = Pamela M.| title = The Pharmaceuticalization of the Tobacco Industry| journal = Annals of Internal Medicine| date = 2017-08-15| pmid = 28715843| pmc = 5568794}}</ref> to the US FDA for iQOS to be authorized as a [[modified risk tobacco product]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2016/12/30/fda-approval-for-iqos-to-be-a-game-changer-for-altria/|title=FDA Approval For iQOS To Be A Game Changer For Altria|author=Trefis Team|work=Forbes|date=30 December 2016}}</ref> The FDA reviewed Phillip Morris's data, some independent studies, including the May 2017 Swiss paper about toxic compounds in iQOS smoke mentioned above, a December 2017 amendment to the application by Phillip Morris on the same topic, and the FDA's own laboratory testing data.<ref name=FDA_briefing>{{Cite| last = January 24–25, 2018 Meeting of the Tobacco Product s Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC)| title = Modified Risk Tobacco Product Application s (MRTPAs) MR0000059 -MR00000 61 Philip Morris Products S.A.| accessdate = 2018-06-01| url = https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/TobaccoProductsScientificAdvisoryCommittee/UCM593109.pdf}}</ref> |
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In January 2018, the FDA advisory panel ruled that Phillip Morris had not shown that their product cut health risks;<ref name=mercury>{{Cite web| title = FDA panel rejects |
In January 2018, the FDA advisory panel ruled that Phillip Morris had not shown that their product cut health risks;<ref name=mercury>{{Cite web| title = FDA panel rejects ‘heat-not-burn’ cigarette safety claims| work = The Mercury News| accessdate = 2018-08-16| date = 2018-01-25| url = https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/01/25/fda-panel-rejects-heat-not-burn-cigarette-safety-claims/}}</ref><ref name=chicago_trib>{{cite web| last = Chambers| first = Sam| title = Big Tobacco spending billions to develop products that could move industry beyond cigarettes — but regulators are skeptical| work = chicagotribune.com| accessdate = 2018-05-28|archive-date=2018-06-21| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194319/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-big-tobacco-cigarette-alternatives-iqos-20180126-story.html|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-big-tobacco-cigarette-alternatives-iqos-20180126-story.html}}</ref> the panel also "expressed concerns about the lack of data" on risk relative to cigarettes.<ref name=FDA_rules>{{Cite web| title = FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, Center for Tobacco Products (CTP), Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC), meeting minutes, January 24-25, 2018| work =FDA | accessdate = 2018-06-01| url = https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/TobaccoProductsScientificAdvisoryCommittee/UCM599236.pdf}}</ref> An official from the [[Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids]] have stated that "It is high-tech. It is sleek. It is designed in exactly the way that would appeal to young people."<ref name=npr_FDA>{{Cite web| title = FDA Panel Gives Qualified Support To Claims For 'Safer' Smoking Device| work = NPR.org| accessdate = 2018-06-04| url = https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/01/25/580213742/fda-panel-gives-qualified-support-to-claims-for-safer-smoking-device}}</ref> |
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PMI intends to convert its customers in Japan to using heat-not-burn products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-28/no-smoke-nicotine-hits-heat-up-japan-s-moribund-tobacco-market|title=Big Tobacco Wants to Turn Japan's Smokers Into Vapers|last=Yui|first=Monami|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=28 August 2016}}</ref> iQOS is sold as an alternative to cigarettes.<ref name=TE2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21697275-philip-morris-health-company-smoke-signals|title=Smoke signals|newspaper=The Economist|date=23 April 2016}}</ref> PMI states that they understand that its iQOS product will be as addictive as tobacco smoking.<ref name=ASH2016/> iQOS is sold with a warning that the best option is to avoid tobacco use altogether.<ref name=Mulier2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-24/marlboro-kicks-some-ash|title=Marlboro Kicks Some Ash|last1=Mulier|first1=Thomas|last2=Chambers|first2=Sam|last3=Liefgreen|first3=Liefgreen|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=24 March 2016}}</ref> |
PMI intends to convert its customers in Japan to using heat-not-burn products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-28/no-smoke-nicotine-hits-heat-up-japan-s-moribund-tobacco-market|title=Big Tobacco Wants to Turn Japan's Smokers Into Vapers|last=Yui|first=Monami|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=28 August 2016}}</ref> iQOS is sold as an alternative to cigarettes.<ref name=TE2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21697275-philip-morris-health-company-smoke-signals|title=Smoke signals|newspaper=The Economist|date=23 April 2016}}</ref> PMI states that they understand that its iQOS product will be as addictive as tobacco smoking.<ref name=ASH2016/> iQOS is sold with a warning that the best option is to avoid tobacco use altogether.<ref name=Mulier2016>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-24/marlboro-kicks-some-ash|title=Marlboro Kicks Some Ash|last1=Mulier|first1=Thomas|last2=Chambers|first2=Sam|last3=Liefgreen|first3=Liefgreen|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=24 March 2016}}</ref> |
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=== iSmoke OneHitter === |
=== iSmoke OneHitter === |
||
iSmoke OneHitter by iSmoke was launched in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csnews.com/product-categories/tobacco/ismoke-vapor-products?nopaging=1|title=The iSmoke OneHitter, iSmoke "3-in-1" and iSmoke Oven join portfolio.|work=Convenience Store News|year=2017}}</ref> It can be used as a loose-leaf tobacco vaporizer.<ref name=CSD2015/> It has a chamber that can be filled with up to 800-milligrams of tobacco.<ref name=CSD2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.cstoredecisions.com/2015/03/04/consumer-centric-vaping/|title=Consumer-Centric Vaping|work=Convenience Store Decisions|agency=Harbor Communications|date=4 March 2015}}</ref> |
iSmoke OneHitter by iSmoke was launched in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csnews.com/product-categories/tobacco/ismoke-vapor-products?nopaging=1|title=The iSmoke OneHitter, iSmoke "3-in-1" and iSmoke Oven join portfolio.|work=Convenience Store News|year=2017}}</ref> It can be used as a loose-leaf tobacco vaporizer.<ref name=CSD2015/> It has a chamber that can be filled with up to 800-milligrams of tobacco.<ref name=CSD2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.cstoredecisions.com/2015/03/04/consumer-centric-vaping/|title=Consumer-Centric Vaping|work=Convenience Store Decisions|agency=Harbor Communications|date=4 March 2015}}</ref> |
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=== Korea Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation === |
=== Korea Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation === |
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[[Korea Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation]] announced on 8 June 2017 they will launching a heat-not-burn tobacco product in September 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170608000804|title=KT&G to release heat-not-burn tobacco amid iQOS growing popularity|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=8 June 2017}}</ref> |
[[Korea Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation]] announced on 8 June 2017 they will launching a heat-not-burn tobacco product in September 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170608000804|title=KT&G to release heat-not-burn tobacco amid iQOS growing popularity|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=8 June 2017}}</ref> |
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=== Pax 2 === |
=== Pax 2 === |
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[[PAX Labs]], formerly known as Ploom,<ref name=Yakowicz2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.inc.com/will-yakowicz/pax-labs-vaporizer-company-raises-47-million.html|title=This Silicon Valley Company Just Raised $47 Million to Smoke Cigarette Makers|first=Will | last=Yakowicz|work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]|date=10 June 2015}}</ref> sells PAX vaporizers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/freddiedawson/2015/07/31/pax-labs-looking-at-international-expansion/|title=Pax Labs Looking At International Expansion|last=Dawson|first=Freddie|work=Forbes|date=31 July 2015}}</ref> In 2010 they launched Ploom, a butane-powered product used for the heating tobacco or botanical products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/17/an-interview-with-the-creator-of-the-ultracool-pax-vaporizer/|title=Smoke Up: An Interview With The Creator Of The Ultracool Pax Vaporizer|last=Biggs|first=John|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|date=17 June 2012}}</ref> Later models replaced butane heating with an electric system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/07/ploom-two/|title=Review: Ploom Model Two|last=Lavrinc|first=Damon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> After its initial partnership with [[Japan Tobacco]] was abandoned, the company became known as Pax Labs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/11/this-was-published-at-4-20/|title=The Pax 2 Improves Upon One Of The Best Vaporizers On The Market|last=Lawler|first=Ryan|publisher=TechCrunch|date=11 March 2015}}</ref> The Pax 2 uses loose-leaf tobacco.<ref name=Harlay2016/> The surface of the Pax 2 remains cool, while the oven heats to temperatures up to 455 °F.<ref name=Stenovec2016/> It has four temperature options.<ref name=Stenovec2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-pax-vaporizer-2016-3|title=How two guys from Stanford built the 'iPhone of vaporizers'|last=Stenovec|first=Tim|work=Business Insider|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> |
[[PAX Labs]], formerly known as Ploom,<ref name=Yakowicz2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.inc.com/will-yakowicz/pax-labs-vaporizer-company-raises-47-million.html|title=This Silicon Valley Company Just Raised $47 Million to Smoke Cigarette Makers|first=Will | last=Yakowicz|work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]|date=10 June 2015}}</ref> sells PAX vaporizers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/freddiedawson/2015/07/31/pax-labs-looking-at-international-expansion/|title=Pax Labs Looking At International Expansion|last=Dawson|first=Freddie|work=Forbes|date=31 July 2015}}</ref> In 2010 they launched Ploom, a butane-powered product used for the heating tobacco or botanical products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/17/an-interview-with-the-creator-of-the-ultracool-pax-vaporizer/|title=Smoke Up: An Interview With The Creator Of The Ultracool Pax Vaporizer|last=Biggs|first=John|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|date=17 June 2012}}</ref> Later models replaced butane heating with an electric system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/07/ploom-two/|title=Review: Ploom Model Two|last=Lavrinc|first=Damon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> After its initial partnership with [[Japan Tobacco]] was abandoned, the company became known as Pax Labs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/11/this-was-published-at-4-20/|title=The Pax 2 Improves Upon One Of The Best Vaporizers On The Market|last=Lawler|first=Ryan|publisher=TechCrunch|date=11 March 2015}}</ref> The Pax 2 uses loose-leaf tobacco.<ref name=Harlay2016/> The surface of the Pax 2 remains cool, while the oven heats to temperatures up to 455 °F.<ref name=Stenovec2016/> It has four temperature options.<ref name=Stenovec2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-pax-vaporizer-2016-3|title=How two guys from Stanford built the 'iPhone of vaporizers'|last=Stenovec|first=Tim|work=Business Insider|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> |
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=== Ploom Tech === |
=== Ploom Tech === |
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In January 2016 Japan Tobacco (JT) released Ploom TECH.<ref name=Rossel-2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.tobaccoreporter.com/2016/07/blending-nature-and-technology/|title=Blending nature and technology|first=Stefanie | last=Rossel|publisher=Tobacco Reporter|date=1 July 2016}}</ref> JT's Ploom has been withdrawn from the US.<ref name=Harlay2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.vapingpost.com/2016/11/09/what-you-need-to-know-about-heat-not-burn-cigarettes-hnb/|title=What you need to know about Heat-not-Burn (HNB) cigarettes|first=Jérôme | last=Harlay|publisher=VapingPost|date=9 November 2016}}</ref> The Ploom brand, however, remained with JT and the product itself has been replaced with a different product called Ploom Tech, in which an aerosol passes through a capsule of granulated tobacco leaves.<ref name=Tuinstra2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.tobaccoreporter.com/2016/01/jt-announces-launch-of-next-generation-ploom/|title=JT announces launch of next-generation Ploom|first=Taco | last=Tuinstra|publisher=Tobacco Reporter|date=26 January 2016}}</ref> Sales are being expanded throughout Japan in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tobaccoreporter.com/2016/10/jt-to-expand-ploom-tech-sales/|title=JT to expand Ploom TECH sales|date=2016-10-10|work=Tobacco Reporter}}</ref> They intend to spend $500 million to increase their heated tobacco manufacturing capacity by late 2018.<ref name=Uranaka2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/japan-tobacco-plans-to-quadruple-smokeless-tobacco-output-capacity-by-2018--ceo-8892958|title=Japan Tobacco plans to quadruple smokeless tobacco output capacity by 2018: CEO|author1=Taiga Uranaka|author2=Himani Sarkar|publisher=[[Channel NewsAsia]]|agency=Reuters|date=29 May 2017}}</ref> |
In January 2016 Japan Tobacco (JT) released Ploom TECH.<ref name=Rossel-2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.tobaccoreporter.com/2016/07/blending-nature-and-technology/|title=Blending nature and technology|first=Stefanie | last=Rossel|publisher=Tobacco Reporter|date=1 July 2016}}</ref> JT's Ploom has been withdrawn from the US.<ref name=Harlay2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.vapingpost.com/2016/11/09/what-you-need-to-know-about-heat-not-burn-cigarettes-hnb/|title=What you need to know about Heat-not-Burn (HNB) cigarettes|first=Jérôme | last=Harlay|publisher=VapingPost|date=9 November 2016}}</ref> The Ploom brand, however, remained with JT and the product itself has been replaced with a different product called Ploom Tech, in which an aerosol passes through a capsule of granulated tobacco leaves.<ref name=Tuinstra2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.tobaccoreporter.com/2016/01/jt-announces-launch-of-next-generation-ploom/|title=JT announces launch of next-generation Ploom|first=Taco | last=Tuinstra|publisher=Tobacco Reporter|date=26 January 2016}}</ref> Sales are being expanded throughout Japan in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tobaccoreporter.com/2016/10/jt-to-expand-ploom-tech-sales/|title=JT to expand Ploom TECH sales|date=2016-10-10|work=Tobacco Reporter}}</ref> They intend to spend $500 million to increase their heated tobacco manufacturing capacity by late 2018.<ref name=Uranaka2017>{{cite news|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/japan-tobacco-plans-to-quadruple-smokeless-tobacco-output-capacity-by-2018--ceo-8892958|title=Japan Tobacco plans to quadruple smokeless tobacco output capacity by 2018: CEO|author1=Taiga Uranaka|author2=Himani Sarkar|publisher=[[Channel NewsAsia]]|agency=Reuters|date=29 May 2017}}</ref> |
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=== V2 Pro === |
=== V2 Pro === |
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V2 originally released their vaporizer line named V2 Pro in July 2014.<ref name=Monkeyshines2015/> The initial product was named Series 3.<ref name=Monkeyshines2015/> Series 3 comes with 3 cartridges including a loose-leaf cartridge, which heats the material by conduction.<ref name=Kahn2016>{{cite news|url=http://gazettereview.com/2016/03/v2-pro-series-3-vaporizer-vape-future/|title=V2 Pro Series 3 Vaporizer Review – Updated for 2017|last=Kahn|first=Steven|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=11 March 2016}}</ref> It comes with a battery and USB changer, among other things.<ref name=Kahn2016/> Pro Series 3X also by V2 can be used with dry material.<ref name=Silver2017/> It has three different air flow options that can be adjusted with a slight turn of the mouthpiece.<ref name=Silver2017>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/curtissilver/2017/05/19/v2-pro-series-3x-is-the-highly-versatile-vape-youve-been-looking-for/#29cd13c347cf|title=V2 Pro Series 3X Is The Highly Versatile Vape You've Been Looking For|first=Curtis|last=Silver|work=Forbes|date=19 May 2017}}</ref> Series 7 comes with a loose-leaf cartridge, among other things.<ref name=Craft2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.idigitaltimes.com/v2-pro-series-7-review-premium-vapor-quality-surprisingly-affordable-vaporizer-451522|title=V2 Pro Series 7 Review: Premium Vapor Quality From A Surprisingly Affordable Vaporizer|first=Scott|last=Craft|work=[[IBT Media#Assets|iDigitalTimes]]|date=16 June 2015}}</ref> Series 7 lets the user change the temperature by using a single button.<ref name=Monkeyshines2015>{{cite news|url=http://hightimes.com/culture/high-buy-v2-pro-series-7/|title=High Buy: V2 Pro Series 7|author=Monkeyshines|work=[[High Times]]|date=1 April 2015}}</ref> |
V2 originally released their vaporizer line named V2 Pro in July 2014.<ref name=Monkeyshines2015/> The initial product was named Series 3.<ref name=Monkeyshines2015/> Series 3 comes with 3 cartridges including a loose-leaf cartridge, which heats the material by conduction.<ref name=Kahn2016>{{cite news|url=http://gazettereview.com/2016/03/v2-pro-series-3-vaporizer-vape-future/|title=V2 Pro Series 3 Vaporizer Review – Updated for 2017|last=Kahn|first=Steven|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=11 March 2016}}</ref> It comes with a battery and USB changer, among other things.<ref name=Kahn2016/> Pro Series 3X also by V2 can be used with dry material.<ref name=Silver2017/> It has three different air flow options that can be adjusted with a slight turn of the mouthpiece.<ref name=Silver2017>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/curtissilver/2017/05/19/v2-pro-series-3x-is-the-highly-versatile-vape-youve-been-looking-for/#29cd13c347cf|title=V2 Pro Series 3X Is The Highly Versatile Vape You've Been Looking For|first=Curtis|last=Silver|work=Forbes|date=19 May 2017}}</ref> Series 7 comes with a loose-leaf cartridge, among other things.<ref name=Craft2015>{{cite news|url=http://www.idigitaltimes.com/v2-pro-series-7-review-premium-vapor-quality-surprisingly-affordable-vaporizer-451522|title=V2 Pro Series 7 Review: Premium Vapor Quality From A Surprisingly Affordable Vaporizer|first=Scott|last=Craft|work=[[IBT Media#Assets|iDigitalTimes]]|date=16 June 2015}}</ref> Series 7 lets the user change the temperature by using a single button.<ref name=Monkeyshines2015>{{cite news|url=http://hightimes.com/culture/high-buy-v2-pro-series-7/|title=High Buy: V2 Pro Series 7|author=Monkeyshines|work=[[High Times]]|date=1 April 2015}}</ref> |
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== References == |
=== References === |
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{{reflist|32em}} |
{{reflist|32em}} |
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{{Cigarettes}} |
{{Cigarettes}} |
Revision as of 01:39, 8 October 2018
A heat-not-burn tobacco product (HNB) heats tobacco to a lower temperature than when a conventional cigarette is burned.[1] The resulting smoke contains nicotine and other chemicals.[2] These products may match some of the behavioral aspects of smoking.[2] Some tobacco companies claim these products are less harmful to consumers than other types of cigarettes, but there is no reliable evidence to support these claims.[1][3]
Heat-not-burn products first came to market in 1988, however they were not a commercial success.[1] The ubiquitousness of electronic cigarettes and growing dissatisfaction that e-cigarettes do not provide the "throat-hit" that smokers are used to may present an opportunity for heat-not-burn tobacco products.[1] These products are currently being introduced by large tobacco companies.[4]
Health effects
Claims of lowered risk or health benefits for heat-not-burn tobacco products are based on industry-funded research, and reliable independent research is not available to support these claims.[3] No compelling evidence has been presented for the claims of lowered risk and health benefits for these products.[3] There is not enough research to evaluate their level of harm.[5] Some scientists believe that heat-not-burn tobacco products to be as dangerous as traditional cigarettes.[3]
Carlos Jiménez, director of research on smoking at the Spanish Society of Pneumonology and Thoracic Surgery stated in 2017 that these products are still harmful.[6] Action on Smoking and Health stated in 2016 that due to "the tobacco industry's long record of deceit" regarding the health risks involving smoking, it is important to conduct independent studies into the health effects of these products.[7] Marketing slogans like "heat-not-burn" cannot be a substitute for science.[8]
The effects of second-hand exposure are unknown.[9]
Regulations
In the US, these products fall under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration.[10] As of 2016, 19 countries have permitted the sale of iQOS.[8] Advertisement for the iQOS, but not iQOS' tobacco stick, is not regulated under the European Union Tobacco Products Directive.[11] Heat-not-burn tobacco products are not restricted for sale in Israel by the Ministry of Health.[12] Ploom and iQOS are governed by the Tobacco Industries Act regulations as tobacco products in Japan.[13] The Liberal Democratic Party will deliberate over increasing the tax rate for heat-not-burn tobacco products in April 2018.[14] iQOS's refill sticks are not legal for sale in New Zealand by the Ministry of Health.[15] Emerging tobacco products are banned in Singapore by the Ministry of Health.[16] Electronic tobacco products using dry material are regulated as e-cigarettes in South Korea by the Ministry of Health and Welfare.[17] Korea regulates e-cigarettes differently than traditional cigarettes for tax reasons.[18] As a result, iQOS are taxed at a decreased rate, compared to the 75% incurred on normal cigarettes.[18]
Action on Smoking and Health stated in 2016 that "unless and until independent evidence shows that IQOS and similar products are substantially less harmful than smoking then these products should be regulated in the same way as other tobacco products."[7] Tobacco control activist Stanton Glantz stated that the US FDA should halt new tobacco products until tobacco companies stop selling traditional cigarettes.[19] "There is concern that heat-not-burn tobacco will skirt local ordinances that prevent smoking in public areas," Mitchell H. Katz, director of the Los Angeles County Health Agency, wrote in 2017.[20]
History
The first commercial heat-not-burn product was the R.J. Reynolds Premier,[21] a smokeless cigarette launched in 1988 and described as difficult to use.[22] Many smokers disliked the taste.[23] It was shaped like a traditional cigarette, and when heated the smoldered charcoal moved past processed tobacco containing more than 50 percent glycerin to create an aerosol of nicotine.[24] It did require some combustion.[25] In 1989,[26] after spending $325 million,[27] R.J. Reynolds pulled it from the market months later after organisations recommended to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to restrict it or classify it as a drug.[28]
The Premier product concept went on to be further developed and re-launched as Eclipse[26] in the mid-1990s,[29] and was available in limited distribution as of 2015.[30] Reynolds American stated that the Revo was a "repositioning" of its Eclipse.[11] R.J. Reynolds' Revo was withdrawn in 2015.[30]
Philip Morris International (PMI) launched a cigarette in 1998 that was placed into an electronic heating device as Accord.[31] The battery-powered product was the size of a pager.[32] In 2007 PMI launched Heatbar.[33] The Heatbar was around the size of a mobile phone and heated specifically designed cigarettes, rather than burning them.[34] The only benefit was to lower second-hand smoke, which lead to Heatbar being discontinued.[35] Heatbar did not obtain any significant user reception.[36] Accord and Heatbar are predecessors of PMI's heat-not-burn tobacco products.[37]
The ubiquitousness of electronic cigarettes and growing dissatisfaction with not providing a throat-hit may present an opportunity for heat-not-burn tobacco products.[1] These products are currently being introduced by large tobacco companies.[4] PMI anticipates a future without traditional cigarettes, but campaigners and industry analysts call into question the probability of traditional cigarettes being dissolved, by either e-cigarettes or other products like iQOS.[38]
Products
The products use systems where tobacco is not burning, but rather tobacco constituents are heated and aerosolized.[2] They are designed to be similar their combustible counterparts.[11] A tobacco stick along with a heating element will provide the user a choice across the different heat-not-burn tobacco products available.[11] Another type of heat-not-burn tobacco product is the loose-leaf tobacco vaporizer that entails putting loose-leaf tobacco into a chamber, which is electrically heated using an element.[10]
3T
The 3T from Vapor Tobacco Manufacturing was launched in December 2014.[39] The product employs a patented, aqueous system whereby desired components are extracted into water.[40] The liquid is mixed with glycerin and aerosolized by an electronic heating system.[40] Their organic liquids are made from organic tobacco, organic glycerin, and water.[39]
glo
In 2016 British American Tobacco (BAT) launched a heat-not-burn product called glo in Japan.[41] glo is battery-powered.[41] It uses a heating element with a tobacco stick.[11] In May 2017 they released i-glo in Canada.[42] The glo iFuse debuted in Romania by BAT in 2015.[11] It uses a cartridge with a tobacco stick and a flavored nicotine liquid.[11] Bonnie Herzog, a senior analyst at Wells Fargo Securities stated that the proposed acquisition of R. J. Reynolds by BAT in 2016 would let them catch up in the technology competition.[43]
IQOS
The introduction of IQOS was announced on 26 June 2014.[44] The product is marketed by Philip Morris International (PMI) under the Marlboro and Parliament brands.[45] Initially launched in 2014 in Nagoya, Japan and Milan, Italy, IQOS is being gradually rolled out to other countries.[46] By end of 2016 it was available in over 20 countries, with expansion plans into several more in 2017 as manufacturing capacity increases.[47] PMI has stated it will likely launch its iQOS heat-not-burn product in the US market in 2017.[48] PMI has projected that when 30 billions units are sold, iQOS would increase profits by $700 million.[49] To date, the company claims that total investments made in the development and assessment of these products have exceeded $3 billion.[50] Phillip Morris spent €500 million on iQOS in 2016 alone.[51]
iQOS consists of a charger around the size of a mobile phone and a holder that looks like a pen.[52] The disposable tobacco stick, which looks somewhat like a short cigarette, has been dipped in propylene glycol,[8] is inserted into the holder which then heats it to temperatures up to 350 °C.[31] The smoke released contains nicotine and other chemicals.[2] The amount of nicotine provided may be a little strong for light cigarette smokers.[53] Users have reported less smell and odour on clothing.[25] The smoke generated by iQOS contains substances from pyrolysis and thermogenic degradation that are identical to the constituents found in traditional tobacco cigarette smoke.[8] A 2017 review found "little research on what substances are released after the device heats the tobacco-based paste. The physical effects on users are also not yet known."[54]
One independent study of the iQOS criticized Phillip Morris, saying "Dancing around the definition of smoke to avoid indoor-smoking bans is unethical" and called for more independent research, saying "Smokers and non-smokers need accurate information about toxic compounds released in IQOS smoke. This information should come from sources independent of the tobacco industry".[8] After the study was published, the heads of the three Swiss universities where the authors worked received unusual letters from Phillip Morris, accusing the authors of faulty methodology, and subsequently the researchers were not willing to talk to a journalist.[55] Phillip Morris also published an online academic counter-argument.[55]
In December 2016, PMI submitted an multi-million page application[51] to the US FDA for iQOS to be authorized as a modified risk tobacco product.[56] The FDA reviewed Phillip Morris's data, some independent studies, including the May 2017 Swiss paper about toxic compounds in iQOS smoke mentioned above, a December 2017 amendment to the application by Phillip Morris on the same topic, and the FDA's own laboratory testing data.[57]
In January 2018, the FDA advisory panel ruled that Phillip Morris had not shown that their product cut health risks;[58][59] the panel also "expressed concerns about the lack of data" on risk relative to cigarettes.[60] An official from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids have stated that "It is high-tech. It is sleek. It is designed in exactly the way that would appeal to young people."[61]
PMI intends to convert its customers in Japan to using heat-not-burn products.[62] iQOS is sold as an alternative to cigarettes.[63] PMI states that they understand that its iQOS product will be as addictive as tobacco smoking.[7] iQOS is sold with a warning that the best option is to avoid tobacco use altogether.[64]
iSmoke OneHitter
iSmoke OneHitter by iSmoke was launched in 2015.[65] It can be used as a loose-leaf tobacco vaporizer.[66] It has a chamber that can be filled with up to 800-milligrams of tobacco.[66]
Korea Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation
Korea Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation announced on 8 June 2017 they will launching a heat-not-burn tobacco product in September 2017.[67]
Pax 2
PAX Labs, formerly known as Ploom,[68] sells PAX vaporizers.[69] In 2010 they launched Ploom, a butane-powered product used for the heating tobacco or botanical products.[70] Later models replaced butane heating with an electric system.[71] After its initial partnership with Japan Tobacco was abandoned, the company became known as Pax Labs.[72] The Pax 2 uses loose-leaf tobacco.[11] The surface of the Pax 2 remains cool, while the oven heats to temperatures up to 455 °F.[73] It has four temperature options.[73]
Ploom Tech
In January 2016 Japan Tobacco (JT) released Ploom TECH.[74] JT's Ploom has been withdrawn from the US.[11] The Ploom brand, however, remained with JT and the product itself has been replaced with a different product called Ploom Tech, in which an aerosol passes through a capsule of granulated tobacco leaves.[75] Sales are being expanded throughout Japan in 2017.[76] They intend to spend $500 million to increase their heated tobacco manufacturing capacity by late 2018.[77]
V2 Pro
V2 originally released their vaporizer line named V2 Pro in July 2014.[78] The initial product was named Series 3.[78] Series 3 comes with 3 cartridges including a loose-leaf cartridge, which heats the material by conduction.[79] It comes with a battery and USB changer, among other things.[79] Pro Series 3X also by V2 can be used with dry material.[80] It has three different air flow options that can be adjusted with a slight turn of the mouthpiece.[80] Series 7 comes with a loose-leaf cartridge, among other things.[81] Series 7 lets the user change the temperature by using a single button.[78]
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