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[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|right|thumb|Major [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of [[South Asia]]; Eastern Indo-Aryan languages in shades of yellow]] |
[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|right|thumb|Major [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of [[South Asia]]; Eastern Indo-Aryan languages in shades of yellow]] |
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The '''Eastern Indo-Aryan languages''', also known as '''Māgadhan languages''', are spoken throughout the eastern Indian subcontinent ([[East India]] and [[Assam]], [[Bangladesh]]), including [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Assam]], and [[Odisha]]; alongside other regions surrounding the northeastern Himalayan corridor. [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is official language of [[Bangladesh]] and the state of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]], while [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] are the official languages of [[Assam]] and [[Odisha]], respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Magadhan [[Apabhraṃśa]]<ref name=Ray2007 /> and ultimately from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref>{{Citation| contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan | editor1-last=Cardona | editor1-first=George | editor2-last=Jain | editor2-first=Dhanesh | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Routledge | place=London | year=2003 | series=Routledge language family series | isbn=0-7007-1130-9 | pages=46–66}}</ref><ref name=Claus2003>South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203</ref><ref name=Ray2007>Ray, Tapas S. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA444 "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya"]. In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''. Routledge. p. 445. {{ISBN|978-1-135-79711-9}}.</ref> |
The '''Eastern Indo-Aryan languages''', also known as '''Māgadhan languages''', are spoken throughout the [[Eastern South Asia|eastern Indian subcontinent]] ([[East India]] and [[Assam]], [[Bangladesh]]), including [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Assam]], and [[Odisha]]; alongside other regions surrounding the northeastern Himalayan corridor. [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is official language of [[Bangladesh]] and the state of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]], while [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] are the official languages of [[Assam]] and [[Odisha]], respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Magadhan [[Apabhraṃśa]]<ref name=Ray2007 /> and ultimately from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref>{{Citation| contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan | editor1-last=Cardona | editor1-first=George | editor2-last=Jain | editor2-first=Dhanesh | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Routledge | place=London | year=2003 | series=Routledge language family series | isbn=0-7007-1130-9 | pages=46–66}}</ref><ref name=Claus2003>South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203</ref><ref name=Ray2007>Ray, Tapas S. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA444 "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya"]. In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''. Routledge. p. 445. {{ISBN|978-1-135-79711-9}}.</ref> |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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{{Tree list}} |
{{Tree list}} |
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* '''[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]''': |
* '''[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]''': |
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** Bengali |
** [[Bengali language|Bengali family]] |
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*** [[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]] ( |
*** [[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]] (Central Bengali) |
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*** [[Bangali |
*** [[Bangali dialect|Bangali]] (Eastern Bengali) |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
*** [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] |
*** [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] |
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*** [[Manbhumi dialect|Manbhumi]] (Western Bengali) |
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⚫ | |||
*** [[ |
*** [[Noakhailla dialect|Noakhailla]] (Southeastern Bengali) |
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⚫ | |||
*** [[Noakhailla]] |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
*** [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] |
*** [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
** Kamarupic: |
** Kamarupic: |
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*** [[Assamese language|Assamese]] ([[Kamrupi dialects|Kamrupi]], [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya]]) |
*** [[Assamese language|Assamese]] ([[Kamrupi dialects|Kamrupi]], [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya]]) |
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*** [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]], [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]], [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]] |
*** [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]], [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]], [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]] |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
* '''Odia languages''' |
* '''Odia languages''' |
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** [[Odia Language|Odia Family]] |
** [[Odia Language|Odia Family]] |
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***[[Baleswari Odia|Baleswari]] (Northern Odia) |
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*** Eastern Belt |
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*** |
*** Kataki (Central Odia) |
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*** |
***[[Sambalpuri language |Sambalpuri]] |
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***[[Sundargadi Odia|Sundargadi]] (Northwestern Odia) |
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*** Western Belt |
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***[[Kalahandia Odia|Kalahandia]] |
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***[[Desia language|Desia]] |
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***Southern |
***[[Ganjami Odia|Ganjami]] (Southern Odia) |
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****[[Desia language|Desia]] |
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****[[Ganjami Odia|Ganjamia]] |
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****[[Kalahandia Odia|Kalahandia]] |
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** [[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]] |
** [[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]] |
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** [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]] |
** [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]] |
Revision as of 15:53, 27 February 2023
Eastern Indo-Aryan | |
---|---|
Magadhan | |
Geographic distribution | Eastern India, Bangladesh, southern Nepal |
Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
Early forms | |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | indo1323 (Indo-Aryan Eastern zone) biha1245 (Bihari) |
The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Māgadhan languages, are spoken throughout the eastern Indian subcontinent (East India and Assam, Bangladesh), including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bengal, Tripura, Assam, and Odisha; alongside other regions surrounding the northeastern Himalayan corridor. Bengali is official language of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal and Tripura, while Assamese and Odia are the official languages of Assam and Odisha, respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa[1] and ultimately from Magadhi Prakrit.[2][3][1]
Classification
The exact scope of the Eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial. All scholars agree about a kernel that includes the Odia cluster and the Bengali–Assamese languages, while many also include the Bihari languages. The widest scope was proposed by Suniti Kumar Chatterji who included the Eastern Hindi varieties, but this has not been widely accepted.[4]
When the Bihari languages are included, the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages fall into four language groups in two broader categories:
Western Magadhan
Eastern Magadhan
- Bengali–Assamese:
- Bengali family
- Rarhi (Central Bengali)
- Bangali (Eastern Bengali)
- Chittagonian
- Manbhumi (Western Bengali)
- Noakhailla (Southeastern Bengali)
- Sundarbani (Southern Bengali)
- Sylheti
- Varendri (North Central Bengali)
- Kamarupic:
- Bishnupriya Manipuri
- Chakma
- Hajong
- Rohingya
- Tanchangya
- Bengali family
- Odia languages
- Odia Family
- Baleswari (Northern Odia)
- Kataki (Central Odia)
- Sambalpuri
- Sundargadi (Northwestern Odia)
- Kalahandia
- Desia
- Ganjami (Southern Odia)
- Bodo Parja
- Bhatri
- Reli
- Kupia
- Odia Family
- Halbic:
Features
Grammatical features of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages:[5]
Case | Bengali | Assamese | Odia | Rajbangshi | Surjapuri | Maithili | Bhojpuri | Tharu | Sylheti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Instrumental | -t̪e, -ke d̪ie | -e, -er-e, di, -e-di | -e, -re, -d̪ei | -d̪i | sɛ | -e,e˜, sə˜, d̪ea | le, leka | -re, di | |
Dative | -ke, -[e]re | -k, -ɒk | -ku | -k, -ɔk | -k, -ɔk | -ke˜ | -ke | -hənə | -gu, -gur |
Ablative | -t̪ʰeke | -pɒra | -u, -ru, -ʈʰaru, -ʈʰiru | -hat̪ɛ, t̪ʰaki | -sɛ | -sə˜, -k -karəne | se | -lagi, -tône | |
Genitive | -r, -er | -r, -ɒr | -rɔ | -r, -ɛr | -r, -ɛr | -ker (-k) | -kæ | -ək | -r, -ôr |
Locative | -e, -t̪e | -t, -ɒt | -re | -t̪, -ɔt̪ | -t̪, -ɔt̪ | e, me, -hi, -tə | -mə | -t, -ô |
References
- ^ a b Ray, Tapas S. (2007). "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya". In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 445. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
- ^ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (2003), "The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan", The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge language family series, London: Routledge, pp. 46–66, ISBN 0-7007-1130-9
- ^ South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203
- ^ Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 446–462.
- ^ (Toulmin 2006:148)
External links
- A Comparative dictionary of the Bihārī language, Volume 1 By August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle, Sir George Abraham Grierson (1885)
- Toulmin, Mathew W S (2006). Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (PhD). The Australian National University.