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{{Infobox civil conflict |
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{{short description|Riots that took place in 2017 at Ełk, Poland after murder by workers of local Kebab shop}} |
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| title = Ełk Riots |
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| subtitle = |
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| partof = |
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| image = |
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| image_size = |
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| caption = |
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| date = January 01, 2017 |
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| place = [[Ełk, Poland]] |
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| coordinates = |
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| causes = Murder of a [[Polish people|Polish]] man by a Tunisian shopowner. |
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| goals = |
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| methods = Rioting, Demonstrations, Vandalism, Attempted Arson |
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| status = |
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| result = |
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| side1 = Polish rioters |
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*[[Right-wing]] political organizations |
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*Other White rioters |
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| side2 = Ełk Police |
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---- |
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Muslim residents |
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| side3 = |
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| leadfigures1 = |
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| leadfigures2 = |
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| leadfigures3 = |
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| howmany1 = 300 |
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| howmany2 = |
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| casualties1 = |
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| casualties2 = |
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| casualties3 = |
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| fatalities = |
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| injuries = |
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| arrests = 28 |
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| detentions = |
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| charged = |
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| fined = |
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| casualties_label = |
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| notes = |
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}} |
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{{short description|Anti-Muslim riots in Ełk, Poland, in 2017}} |
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[[File:Ełk 01.01.2017 AK burda (14) (Copy).jpg|thumb|Riot police, center of Ełk, 1 January 2017]] |
[[File:Ełk 01.01.2017 AK burda (14) (Copy).jpg|thumb|Riot police, center of Ełk, 1 January 2017]] |
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The [[Islamophobia in Poland|anti-Muslim]] '''Ełk riots''' occurred |
The [[Islamophobia in Poland|anti-Muslim]] '''Ełk riots''' occurred on 1 January 2017 in the town of [[Ełk]], Poland, after 21-year-old Daniel Rudnicki stole two Coke bottles from a local [[kebab]] eatery and was murdered by the establishment's cook (a [[Tunisia|Tunisian]] immigrant with Polish citizenship)<ref name="ŁyszczarzSoc" /><ref name="ŁyszczarzMKKS" /> who chased him with a knife. The fatal stabbing sparked riots the next day. Angry young locals chanted anti-foreigner slogans,<ref name="BBC20170102" /> smashed Prince Kebab's window, and threw rocks, bottles, and at least one firecracker at the restaurant.<ref name="BBC20170102"/><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://elk.wm.pl/408805,Zamieszki-w-Elku-po-smierci-21-latka-Lokal-z-kebabem-zniszczony.html |title=Zamieszki w Ełku po śmierci 21-latka. Lokal z kebabem zniszczony |date=2017-01-01 |website=elk.wm.pl |language=pl |trans-title=Riots in Ełk after the death of the 21-year-old. Kebab place destroyed}}</ref><ref name="NRC20171229"/> Police responded using pepper spray and arrested 28 people.<ref name="Zawadzka" /> |
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==Background== |
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In 2017, the town of [[Ełk]] had some 61,500 residents, 6 of which were originally from Muslim countries who were owners or employees of four [[kebab]] bars in town.<ref name="ŁyszczarzSoc"/> An anti-immigrant demonstration took place in Ełk, followed by a protest against a refugee center in the near town of [[Olecko]], and a racist assault against the ''Cleopatra Kebab'' immigrant workers in Ełk.<ref name="ŁyszczarzSoc">{{cite web |url=https://czasopisma.uksw.edu.pl/index.php/ucs/article/viewFile/3273/2980 |title=Radykalizacja antymuzułmańskiego i antyimigranckiego dyskursu w mediach społecznościowych w latach 2016 i 2017 na przykładzie wydarzeń w Ełku |last1=Łyszczarz |first1=Michał |last2=Marcinkiewicz |first2=Stefan M. |issue=2018: 22(1) |publisher=Uniwersyteckie Czasopismo Socjologiczne |trans-title=The radicalisation of the anti-muslim and antimigrant discourse in the social media on the example of local incidents in Ełk in 2016 and 2017 |format=PDF |language=pl}}</ref> |
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⚫ | On 31 December 2016, a man named Daniel Rudnicki,<ref name="NRC20171229" /><ref name="ŁyszczarzMKKS">{{cite web |url=http://uwm.edu.pl/mkks/wp-content/uploads/MKKS_14_3_2018_09_Lyszczarz-M_Marcinkiewicz-SM.pdf |title=Obecność muzułmanów i imigrantów w polskim dyskursie publicznym na przykładzie doniesień prasowych dotyczących wydarzeń w Ełku na przełomie 2016 i 2017 roku |last1=Łyszczarz |first1=Michał |last2=Marcinkiewicz |first2=Stefan M. |publisher=MKKS |issue=14/3, 2018 |trans-title=The presence of Muslims and immigrants in Polish public discourse on the example of press reports regarding events in Ełk at the turn of 2016 and 2017 |language=pl}}</ref> entered the ''Prince Kebab'' shop, took two Coke bottles, and behaving ostentatiously left without paying while his colleague launched a firecracker into the shop. Two immigrant restaurant workers, a cook, and an owner chased the thief, one of them holding a kitchen knife. In the ensuing fight, unarmed Rudnicki received lethal stab wounds and died soon after.<ref name="Zawadzka">{{cite web |url=http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_11649_a_1672/c/a.1672-3635.pdf |title=Drinking vodka with anti-Semites. A case study of 'Polish-Jewish relations' today. |last=Zawadzka |first=Anna |issue=Adeptus 11 (2018): 1-23}}</ref><ref name="BBC20170102">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38488863|title=Tunisian charged over Poland stabbing that sparked riot|date=2 January 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=26 August 2019|language=en}}</ref> |
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While Muslims in Poland, some 35,000, constitute only 0.1 percent of the population, [[Islamophobia in Poland]] is significant.<ref name="NRC20171229"/> The leader of the ruling [[Law and Justice]] (PiS) party, [[Jarosław Kaczyński]], had stated that Muslims carry diseases that haven't been present in Europe for a long time, posing a threat to public health.<ref name="NRC20171229"/><ref>[https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/jnmlp/12/2/article-p162.xml Pickel, Gert, and Cemal Öztürk. "Islamophobia Without Muslims? The “Contact Hypothesis” as an Explanation for Anti-Muslim Attitudes–Eastern European Societies in a Comparative Perspective." Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 12.2 (2018): 162-191.]</ref> The pro-government magazine ''[[Sieci]]'' ran a cover titled "The Islamic Rape of Europe" with an image of a blonde woman assailed by brown hands.<ref name="NRC20171229"/> |
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The significant impact on the media popularity of the events in Ełk was a [[2016 Berlin truck attack|December 19, 2016 terrorist attack in Berlin]], for which the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] took responsibility. Polish truck driver Łukasz Urban died in the attack. In the circumstances of the global threat of Muslim terrorism, local events in Ełk, although they had nothing to do with it, became extraordinarily current and momentous for the media.<ref name="ŁyszczarzMKKS" /> |
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⚫ | On |
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==Riots== |
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[[File:Ełk 01.01.2017 AK burda (2) (Copy).jpg|thumb|Riot Police at center of Ełk, 1 January 2017]] |
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[[File:Ełk 01.01.2017 AK burda (84).jpg|thumb|Center of Ełk, 1 January 2017]] |
[[File:Ełk 01.01.2017 AK burda (84).jpg|thumb|Center of Ełk, 1 January 2017]] |
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Following the altercation, 300 people surrounded the Kebab Bar.<ref name="Zawadzka"/><ref name="BBC20170102" /> Initial media reports stated that Rudnicki was a random victim and not a thief chased by shop workers.<ref>[https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=686857#page=218 Rejman-Karolewska, Małgorzata. "ATTITUDE TO IMMIGRANTS AND ACTIONS OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL IN POLAND." СБОРНИК (2018): page 220]</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2020}} Dozens of angry locals outraged by the slaying, chanted anti-foreigner slogans,<ref name="BBC20170102" /> smashed Prince Kebab's window and at least one firecracker, rocks, bottles and paving stones were thrown at the restaurant.<ref name="BBC20170102" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="NRC20171229" /> The police used pepper spray and arrested 28 people.<ref name="Zawadzka" /> The day following the riots, activists from the far-right [[National Radical Camp]] (ONR) came to Ełk, employing the slogan "Ełk free from jihad".<ref name="NRC20171229"/> Smaller incidents also took place in several other municipalities.<ref name="NeverAgain2017-8">{{cite web |url=https://www.nigdywiecej.org/docstation/com_docstation/172/selection_of_islamophobic_events_for_2017_2018_monitored_in_the_brown_book.pdf |title=Selection of Islamophobic events (for 2017-2018) monitored in the "Brown Book" monitoring by the "NEVER AGAIN" Association |publisher=[["Never Again" Association]] |date=29 January 2019}}</ref> |
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Following the altercation, several hundred men surrounded the shop.<ref name="Zawadzka"/><ref name="BBC20170102">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38488863 Tunisian charged over Poland stabbing that sparked riot], BBC, 2 January 2017</ref> The crowd tossed firecrackers, stones, and [[Molotov cocktail]]s at the shop. The Police did not intervene for several hours, watching as the crowd broke the shop's windows.<ref name="NRC20171229"/> When police did intervene, a few hours later, the crowd turned against the police as well. 38 people were arrested.<ref name="NRC20171229"/> |
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==Analysis== |
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The day following the riots, activists from the far-right [[National Radical Camp]] (ONR) came to Ełk, employing the slogan "Ełk free from jihad".<ref name="NRC20171229"/> According to Przemysław Witkowski, the inciters of the riots felt that they had the official blessing of by higher political echelons.<ref>[http://politicalcritique.org/cee/poland/2017/polish-racism-in-a-mazurian-kebab-shop/ Polish racism in a Mazurian kebab shop], Przemysław Witkowski, 3 January 2017, Political Critique</ref> |
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Sociologists Michał Łyszczarz and Stefan M. Marcinkiewicz note that other fatal incidents involving foreigners, the killing of a Pole by two Canadians in [[Brożec, Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Brożec near Strzelin]] on New Year's Eve or a drunk Ukrainian driver killing two teenagers in [[Jelenia Góra]], did not elicit a similar response. Łyszczarz and Marcinkiewicz state that Ukrainians and Canadians were not the subject of attention as people from Muslim countries were and did undergo a long-term process of spreading prejudices in public.<ref name="ŁyszczarzSoc"/> Łyszczarz and Marcinkiewicz compare the death of Rudnicki to a spark in a [[powder keg]] which led to an outburst of stored emotions. In social media, which rapidly mobilized supporters, Rudnicki's death was referred to as a "[[jihad]]" and some local politicians utilized the events for self-promotion.<ref name="ŁyszczarzSoc"/> |
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In [[Lublin]], the ''Superkebab'' restaurant was vandalized<ref name="Zawadzka"/> with the slogan "Fuck ISIS".<ref name="NRC20171229"/> |
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In [[Legnica]], a masked man beat up a Bangladeshi employee of a Kebab business.<ref name="NRC20171229"/> |
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⚫ | The Polish interior minister [[Mariusz Błaszczak]] responded to events saying "Poland is not affected by social problems such as those in Western Europe, where big enclaves of Muslim immigrants who do not integrate with the rest of society occur". Błaszczak further stated that the riot was an expression of "utterly understandable fears" of [[Islamic terrorism in Europe]].<ref name="Zawadzka"/> |
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⚫ | Perception of Rudnicki varies among locals; While some see him as a man with a criminal record who died prior to the kebab violence, right-wing nationalists see him as the victim of "Arab" violence, part of a campaign of "Islamization of Europe".<ref name="NRC20171229">[https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/12/29/gestorven-door-het-kebabmes-a1586549 Died by the kebab knife], [[NRC Handelsblad]], 29 December 2017, Roeland Termote & Pieter van Os</ref> In Ełk, employees of a municipal kindergarten invited the anti-racist [["Never Again" Association]] to hold tolerance lessons.<ref>[http://olsztyn.wyborcza.pl/olsztyn/7,48726,21478409,kontrola-w-przedszkolu-po-lekcji-tolerancji.html Kontrola w przedszkolu po lekcji tolerancji], [[Gazeta Wyborcza]], Martyna Siudak, 9 March 2017</ref> |
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In [[Wrocław]] a Molotov cocktail was tossed at an Egyptian business.<ref name="NRC20171229"/> |
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⚫ | The man who stabbed Rudnicki, pleaded not guilty to the charge of murder, saying he did not want to kill anyone and that he is sorry for Rudnicki's family.<ref>[http://bialystok.wyborcza.pl/bialystok/7,35241,23134341,poczatek-procesu-za-zabojstwo-pod-barem-prince-kebab.html The trial begins for the murder at Prince Kebab], [[Gazeta Wyborcza]] (Bialystok), 12 March 2018</ref> According to [[TVN24]], he was convicted of murder in 2019 and sentenced to 12 years in jail and a 70,000 [[Polish złoty]] fine. According to TVN24, the owner of ''Prince Kebab'' was sentenced to a suspended sentence of one year in prison for participating in the fight and not helping Rudnicki.<ref>[https://www.tvn24.pl/pomorze,42/elk-wyrok-po-zabojstwie-przed-kebabem,941533.html After the murder, riots broke out in the city. The accused just heard the verdict], [[TVN24]], 3 June 2019</ref> |
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In [[Ozorków]], a Pakistani worker at a kebab shop was beaten up the next day.<ref name="NRC20171229"/> |
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⚫ | The Polish interior minister [[Mariusz Błaszczak]] responded to events saying "Poland is not affected by social problems such as those in Western Europe, where big enclaves of Muslim immigrants who do not integrate with the rest of society occur". Błaszczak further stated that the riot was an expression of "utterly understandable fears" |
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⚫ | Perception of Rudnicki |
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The public discussion also led to ironic expressions. A short time after the riots, ''The Kebab War'' website was launched, subtitled "death to the enemies of the fatherland" ({{lang-pl|smierc wrogom ojczyzny}}) which is an allusion to football fans who are preoccupied with a national history of massacres and Catholic glory and use this slogan as their motto. On the website, a famous painting of the [[Battle of Grunwald]] is rendered with the enemies being migrants holding kebab sandwiches, and each attack on a kebab business, is given the name of a famous historic battle. <ref name="NRC20171229"/> |
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Following the riots, "native" Polish kebab shops were opened. In Lublin, a stall with the slogan "Real kebab at the real Pole" with a large Polish flag was launched to sell kebab. In Ełk, a "native" McKebab restaurant was opened.<ref name="NRC20171229"/> |
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⚫ | The man who stabbed Rudnicki, pleaded not guilty to the charge of murder, saying he did not want to kill anyone and that he is sorry for Rudnicki's family.<ref>[http://bialystok.wyborcza.pl/bialystok/7,35241,23134341,poczatek-procesu-za-zabojstwo-pod-barem-prince-kebab.html The trial begins for the murder at Prince Kebab], [[Gazeta Wyborcza]] (Bialystok), 12 March 2018</ref> According to [[TVN24]], he was convicted |
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Some of the rioters were sentenced to prison or community service.<ref name="NRC20171229"/> |
Some of the rioters were sentenced to prison or community service.<ref name="NRC20171229"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Ethnic riots]] |
[[Category:Ethnic riots]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:2017 riots]] |
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[[Category:Islamophobia]] |
[[Category:Islamophobia in Poland]] |
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[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in Europe]] |
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Anti-Arabism]] |
[[Category:Anti-Arabism in Europe]] |
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[[Category:2017 in Poland]] |
[[Category:2017 crimes in Poland]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Poland]] |
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[[Category:Ełk County]] |
[[Category:Ełk County]] |
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[[Category:History of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]] |
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[[Category:Racism in Poland]] |
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[[Category:Racially motivated violence in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Attacks on restaurants in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Poland]] |
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[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in Poland]] |
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[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2017]] |
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[[Category:Tunisian diaspora]] |
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[[Category:2016 murders in Poland]] |
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[[Category:December 2016 crimes in Europe]] |
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[[Category:January 2017 crimes in Europe]] |
Latest revision as of 17:03, 21 May 2024
Ełk Riots | |||
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Date | January 01, 2017 | ||
Location | |||
Caused by | Murder of a Polish man by a Tunisian shopowner. | ||
Methods | Rioting, Demonstrations, Vandalism, Attempted Arson | ||
Parties | |||
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Number | |||
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Casualties | |||
Arrested | 28 |
The anti-Muslim Ełk riots occurred on 1 January 2017 in the town of Ełk, Poland, after 21-year-old Daniel Rudnicki stole two Coke bottles from a local kebab eatery and was murdered by the establishment's cook (a Tunisian immigrant with Polish citizenship)[1][2] who chased him with a knife. The fatal stabbing sparked riots the next day. Angry young locals chanted anti-foreigner slogans,[3] smashed Prince Kebab's window, and threw rocks, bottles, and at least one firecracker at the restaurant.[3][4][5] Police responded using pepper spray and arrested 28 people.[6]
Background
In 2017, the town of Ełk had some 61,500 residents, 6 of which were originally from Muslim countries who were owners or employees of four kebab bars in town.[1] An anti-immigrant demonstration took place in Ełk, followed by a protest against a refugee center in the near town of Olecko, and a racist assault against the Cleopatra Kebab immigrant workers in Ełk.[1]
On 31 December 2016, a man named Daniel Rudnicki,[5][2] entered the Prince Kebab shop, took two Coke bottles, and behaving ostentatiously left without paying while his colleague launched a firecracker into the shop. Two immigrant restaurant workers, a cook, and an owner chased the thief, one of them holding a kitchen knife. In the ensuing fight, unarmed Rudnicki received lethal stab wounds and died soon after.[6][3]
The significant impact on the media popularity of the events in Ełk was a December 19, 2016 terrorist attack in Berlin, for which the Islamic State took responsibility. Polish truck driver Łukasz Urban died in the attack. In the circumstances of the global threat of Muslim terrorism, local events in Ełk, although they had nothing to do with it, became extraordinarily current and momentous for the media.[2]
Riots
Following the altercation, 300 people surrounded the Kebab Bar.[6][3] Initial media reports stated that Rudnicki was a random victim and not a thief chased by shop workers.[7][failed verification] Dozens of angry locals outraged by the slaying, chanted anti-foreigner slogans,[3] smashed Prince Kebab's window and at least one firecracker, rocks, bottles and paving stones were thrown at the restaurant.[3][4][5] The police used pepper spray and arrested 28 people.[6] The day following the riots, activists from the far-right National Radical Camp (ONR) came to Ełk, employing the slogan "Ełk free from jihad".[5] Smaller incidents also took place in several other municipalities.[8]
Analysis
According to Anna Zawadzka, the Polish media often avoided describing the event as racist or Islamophobic and stressed the Polish identity of Rudnicki, while describing the shop workers as Algerian, Tunisian, or Arab.[6]
Sociologists Michał Łyszczarz and Stefan M. Marcinkiewicz note that other fatal incidents involving foreigners, the killing of a Pole by two Canadians in Brożec near Strzelin on New Year's Eve or a drunk Ukrainian driver killing two teenagers in Jelenia Góra, did not elicit a similar response. Łyszczarz and Marcinkiewicz state that Ukrainians and Canadians were not the subject of attention as people from Muslim countries were and did undergo a long-term process of spreading prejudices in public.[1] Łyszczarz and Marcinkiewicz compare the death of Rudnicki to a spark in a powder keg which led to an outburst of stored emotions. In social media, which rapidly mobilized supporters, Rudnicki's death was referred to as a "jihad" and some local politicians utilized the events for self-promotion.[1]
Aftermath
The Polish interior minister Mariusz Błaszczak responded to events saying "Poland is not affected by social problems such as those in Western Europe, where big enclaves of Muslim immigrants who do not integrate with the rest of society occur". Błaszczak further stated that the riot was an expression of "utterly understandable fears" of Islamic terrorism in Europe.[6]
Perception of Rudnicki varies among locals; While some see him as a man with a criminal record who died prior to the kebab violence, right-wing nationalists see him as the victim of "Arab" violence, part of a campaign of "Islamization of Europe".[5] In Ełk, employees of a municipal kindergarten invited the anti-racist "Never Again" Association to hold tolerance lessons.[9]
The man who stabbed Rudnicki, pleaded not guilty to the charge of murder, saying he did not want to kill anyone and that he is sorry for Rudnicki's family.[10] According to TVN24, he was convicted of murder in 2019 and sentenced to 12 years in jail and a 70,000 Polish złoty fine. According to TVN24, the owner of Prince Kebab was sentenced to a suspended sentence of one year in prison for participating in the fight and not helping Rudnicki.[11]
Some of the rioters were sentenced to prison or community service.[5]
References
- ^ a b c d e Łyszczarz, Michał; Marcinkiewicz, Stefan M. "Radykalizacja antymuzułmańskiego i antyimigranckiego dyskursu w mediach społecznościowych w latach 2016 i 2017 na przykładzie wydarzeń w Ełku" [The radicalisation of the anti-muslim and antimigrant discourse in the social media on the example of local incidents in Ełk in 2016 and 2017] (PDF) (in Polish). Uniwersyteckie Czasopismo Socjologiczne.
- ^ a b c Łyszczarz, Michał; Marcinkiewicz, Stefan M. "Obecność muzułmanów i imigrantów w polskim dyskursie publicznym na przykładzie doniesień prasowych dotyczących wydarzeń w Ełku na przełomie 2016 i 2017 roku" [The presence of Muslims and immigrants in Polish public discourse on the example of press reports regarding events in Ełk at the turn of 2016 and 2017] (PDF) (in Polish). MKKS.
- ^ a b c d e f "Tunisian charged over Poland stabbing that sparked riot". BBC News. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- ^ a b "Zamieszki w Ełku po śmierci 21-latka. Lokal z kebabem zniszczony" [Riots in Ełk after the death of the 21-year-old. Kebab place destroyed]. elk.wm.pl (in Polish). 2017-01-01.
- ^ a b c d e f Died by the kebab knife, NRC Handelsblad, 29 December 2017, Roeland Termote & Pieter van Os
- ^ a b c d e f Zawadzka, Anna. "Drinking vodka with anti-Semites. A case study of 'Polish-Jewish relations' today" (PDF).
- ^ Rejman-Karolewska, Małgorzata. "ATTITUDE TO IMMIGRANTS AND ACTIONS OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL IN POLAND." СБОРНИК (2018): page 220
- ^ "Selection of Islamophobic events (for 2017-2018) monitored in the "Brown Book" monitoring by the "NEVER AGAIN" Association" (PDF). "Never Again" Association. 29 January 2019.
- ^ Kontrola w przedszkolu po lekcji tolerancji, Gazeta Wyborcza, Martyna Siudak, 9 March 2017
- ^ The trial begins for the murder at Prince Kebab, Gazeta Wyborcza (Bialystok), 12 March 2018
- ^ After the murder, riots broke out in the city. The accused just heard the verdict, TVN24, 3 June 2019