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{{Short description|Name in the Georgian Chronicles for Vainakh peoples}} |
{{Short description|Name in the Georgian Chronicles for Vainakh peoples}} |
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⚫ | The '''Durdzuks''' ({{lang-ka|დურძუკები|tr}}), also known as '''Dzurdzuks''',{{cn|date=May 2023}} was a medieval Georgian exonym of the 9th-18th centuries also used in some Arabic{{cn|date=May 2023}} and Armenian{{cn|date=May 2023}} sources in reference to the [[Nakh peoples|Vainakh peoples]]{{cn|date=May 2023}} ([[Chechens]]{{cn|date=May 2023}} and [[Ingush people|Ingush]]).{{cn|date=May 2023}} |
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[[File:Map of Georgia by Prince Vakhushti Bagrationi.32.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Vakhushti map, 1745.]] |
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[[File:Дзурдзукетия.jpg|thumb|"Dourdsoukethi" (Mitcheghi). Atlas of the [[Caucasus]]. Dubois de Montpereux F., 1843]] |
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⚫ | Researchers unanimously identify the Durdzuks as the ancestors of modern [[Chechens]]{{cn|date=May 2023}} and [[Ingush people|Ingush]].{{cn|date=May 2023}}{{sfn|Какабадзе|1967|page=471}}{{sfn|Робакидзе|1968|page=27}}{{cn|date=June 2023}}{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=34}}{{cn|date=June 2023}}{{sfn|Волкова|1973|page=135}}{{cn|date=June 2023}}{{sfn|Гольдштейн|1977|page=203}}{{cn|date=June 2023}}<ref>{{harvnb|Rapp|2003|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nCFwaxMumWkC&q=Durdzuks+Ingushes 276]}}: "See also Kurtsikidze/Chikovani, "Pankisi," pp. 10-12, for the Durdzuks as the modern Vainaxs (Vainakhs), i. e., the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingushes."{{cn|date=May 2023}}</ref> Historians link the Durdzuks to mountainous [[Ingushetia]] and identify them with the Ingush people<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klaproth|first=Julius Heinrich|author-link=Julius Klaproth|year=1812|url=https://archive.org/details/reiseindenkauka01klapgoog/page/n830/mode/1up|title=Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien unter nommen in den Jahren 1807 and 1808|trans-title=Journeys to the Caucasus and Georgia made in 1807 and 1808|language=de|location=Halle und Berlin|publisher=In den Buchhandlungen des Hallischen Waisenhauses|page=239}}</ref>{{cn|date=June 2023}}{{sfn|Koch|1843|page=[{{Google books|7vJWAAAAMAAJ|page=30|plainurl=yes}} 30]}}{{cn|date=June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brosset|first=Marie-Félicité|author-link=Marie-Félicité Brosset|year=1847 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg3otGGhuv8C&dq=dourdzoucs+ingouches&pg=PA18|title=Quelques remarques sur un livre intitulé: Reise durch Russland nach dem kaukasischen Isthmus, in den Jahren 1836, 1837, 1838, von K. Koch, Doctor der Medicin und Philosophie|trans-title=Some remarks on a book entitled: Voyages through Russia to the Caucasian Isthmus, in the years 1836, 1837, 1838, by K. Koch, doctor of medicine and philosophy|language=fr|page=18}}</ref>{{sfn|Генко|1930|page=712}}{{sfn|Eremian|1973|page=270}}{{sfn|Волкова|1973|pages=136–137}}{{sfn|Пиотровский|Нарочницкий|1988|page=152}}{{sfn|Сотавов|Мейер|1991|page=207}}<ref>{{harvnb|Rapp|2003|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nCFwaxMumWkC&q=Durdzuks+Ingushes 276]}}: "[...] Hewsen identifies Durdzuks, arm. Durckk', as the ancestors of the modern Ingushes."</ref> The Georgian historian Vakhtang Gamrekeli claims that "Durdzuk" is definitely and, with all its references, uniformly localized, between [[Tsez people|Didoeti]]-[[Dagestan]] in the east and the gorge of the [[Terek River]], in the west.<ref>{{Cite book|url=|last=Гамрекели|first=В. Н.|year=1961|title=Двалы и Двалетия в I—XV вв.|location=|publisher=|language=ru|trans-title=|page=27|isbn=}}</ref>{{cn|date=June 2023}} |
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== Ethnonym == |
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⚫ | Researchers unanimously identify the Durdzuks as the ancestors of modern [[Chechens]] and [[Ingush people|Ingush]].{{sfn|Какабадзе|1967|page=471}}{{sfn|Робакидзе|1968|page=27}}{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=34}}{{sfn|Волкова|1973|page=135}}{{sfn|Гольдштейн|1977|page=203}}<ref>{{harvnb|Rapp|2003|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nCFwaxMumWkC&q=Durdzuks+Ingushes 276]}}: "See also Kurtsikidze/Chikovani, "Pankisi," pp. 10-12, for the Durdzuks as the modern Vainaxs (Vainakhs), i. e., the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingushes."</ref> Historians link the Durdzuks to mountainous [[Ingushetia]] and identify them with the Ingush people |
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The village Zurzakoy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Military topographic map of Caucasus region, 1926 |url=http://www.etomesto.com/map-atlas_5-verst-kavkaz/?x=45.847002&y=42.951212 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.etomesto.com}}</ref> in [[Vedensky District|Southern Chechnya]] has been theorized to share a common origin with the ethnonym Durdzuk.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nataev |first=S. A. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842907585 |title=Chechenskie taĭpy : problemy izuchenii︠a︡ prirody, struktury i istoricheskoĭ dinamiki sot︠s︡ialʹnykh institutov chechent︠s︡ev |last2=Натаев |first2=С. А. |date=2013 |isbn=978-5-4242-0117-2 |location=Makhachkala |pages=413 |oclc=842907585}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Топонимический словарь Кавказа. Статьи на букву "З" |url=http://otpusk-info.ru/journey/dictionary/kavkaz/fc/slovar-199.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=otpusk-info.ru}}</ref> The "Gate of the Durdzuks" mentioned in Georgian sources is thought to have been in the [[Assa (river)|Assa Gorge]] of [[Ingushetia]], which is a path connecting the North and South [[Caucasus]] regions.<ref name=Anchab/>{{sfn|Генко|1930|page=712}} |
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==History== |
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According to the [[The Georgian Chronicles|Georgian royal annals]]: |
According to the [[The Georgian Chronicles|Georgian royal annals]]: |
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{{cquote|ხოლო შვილთა ზედა კავკასისთა იყო უფალ დურძუკ, ძე ტირეთისი. <br>And as for upon the sons of Caucasus there was a lord Durdzuk, son of Tiretis.<ref>Georgian royal annals, Life of Kartli, 2-20</ref>}} |
{{cquote|ხოლო შვილთა ზედა კავკასისთა იყო უფალ დურძუკ, ძე ტირეთისი. <br>And as for upon the sons of Caucasus there was a lord Durdzuk, son of Tiretis.<ref>Georgian royal annals, Life of Kartli, 2-20</ref>}} |
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In the [[Armenia]]n adaptation of ''Georgian Chronicles'', the Durdzuks defeated the [[Scythians]] and became a significant power in the area in the region in the first millennium BC.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Jaimoukha|first=Amjad|date=2004-11-10|title=The Chechens|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203356432|doi=10.4324/9780203356432|isbn=9780203356432}}</ref> |
In the [[Armenia]]n adaptation of ''Georgian Chronicles'', the Durdzuks defeated the [[Scythians]] and became a significant power in the area in the region in the first millennium BC.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Jaimoukha|first=Amjad|date=2004-11-10|title=The Chechens|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203356432|doi=10.4324/9780203356432|isbn=9780203356432}}</ref>{{cn|date=May 2023}} |
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According to ''Georgian Chronicles'', King Pharnavaz married a Durdzuk girl. |
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According to ''Georgian Chronicles'', the Durdzuks allied themselves with Georgia, and helped the first Georgian king [[Pharnavaz I of Iberia]] consolidate his reign against his unruly vassals. The alliance with Georgia was cemented when King Pharnavaz married a Durdzuk girl.<ref name=Anchab>Anchabadze, George. [http://eprints.iliauni.edu.ge/1855/1/The_Vainakhs..pdf "The Vainakhs."] (2009).</ref> |
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{{cquote|და მოიყვანა ცოლი დურძუკელთა, ნათესავი კავკასისი. <br> And married he [Pharnavaz] a Durdzuk wife, a relative of the Caucasus.<ref>Georgian royal annals, Life of Kartli, 3-47</ref>}} |
{{cquote|და მოიყვანა ცოლი დურძუკელთა, ნათესავი კავკასისი. <br> And married he [Pharnavaz] a Durdzuk wife, a relative of the Caucasus.<ref>Georgian royal annals, Life of Kartli, 3-47</ref>}} |
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The Durdzuks are said to have raided [[Kakheti]] and [[Bazaleti (historical area)|Bazaleti]] during the reign of [[Mirian I of Iberia|Mirian I]], who invaded and ravaged the land of the Durdzuks in retaliation. Later on, the Durdzuks are mentioned fighting the [[Mongols]] alongside their Georgian allies as well as the [[Ossetians]].<ref>Howorth, Henry Hoyle. History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th century. No. 85. Burt Franklin, 1888. Page 11.</ref> Durdzuk soldiers are also mentioned fighting alongside Georgians against the troops of [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]].<ref name=Anchab/> [[Queen Tamar]] of Georgia was highly esteemed, and the Durdzuks named daughters as well as bridges and other buildings after her.<ref name=Wakizaka>WAKIZAKA, KEISUKE. "LIVING AS “NORTH CAUCASIANS” IN GEORGIA: IDENTITY AND INTEGRATION IN GEORGIA AMONG THE OSSETIAN AND THE CHECHEN-KIST COMMUNITIES." (2019). Page 78: "According to Kartlis Tskhovreba (History of Georgia) and works of the Georgian historian Leonti Mroveli in the 11th century, these relations began before Christ. In these sources, Vainakhs are called “Nachkhs”, “Ghlighvs”, “Dzurdzuks” and “Durdzuks”. At the turn of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C., Parnavaz, the king of Iberia, married a woman from a Vainakh tribe in order to get support from the Highlanders.209 They fought alongside the Georgian kings for centuries. Vainakhs loved Queen Tamar and named their daughters, bridges and other constructions after her. In this way, high-level interaction and fusion among Vainakhs, Georgians and many other highlander tribes existed in history .210 In the process of Vainakhs’ settlement in Georgia, they were assimilated into Georgian society. In fact, there are tribes who insist that their origins are based on Chechnya and Ingushetia among Tushs, Khevsurs, Pshavs and Georgians in Kakheti and Mtskheta-Mtianeti. Some tribes in Chechnya and Ingushetia insist that they are Georgian-origin and that they emigrated to Chechnya and Ingushetia afterward..."</ref> |
The Durdzuks are said to have raided [[Kakheti]] and [[Bazaleti (historical area)|Bazaleti]] during the reign of [[Mirian I of Iberia|Mirian I]], who invaded and ravaged the land of the Durdzuks in retaliation. Later on, the Durdzuks are mentioned fighting the [[Mongols]] alongside their Georgian allies as well as the [[Ossetians]].<ref>Howorth, Henry Hoyle. History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th century. No. 85. Burt Franklin, 1888. Page 11.</ref> Durdzuk soldiers are also mentioned fighting alongside Georgians against the troops of [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]].<ref name=Anchab>Anchabadze, George. [http://eprints.iliauni.edu.ge/1855/1/The_Vainakhs..pdf "The Vainakhs."] (2009).</ref> [[Queen Tamar]] of Georgia was highly esteemed, and the Durdzuks named daughters as well as bridges and other buildings after her.<ref name=Wakizaka>WAKIZAKA, KEISUKE. "LIVING AS “NORTH CAUCASIANS” IN GEORGIA: IDENTITY AND INTEGRATION IN GEORGIA AMONG THE OSSETIAN AND THE CHECHEN-KIST COMMUNITIES." (2019). Page 78: "According to Kartlis Tskhovreba (History of Georgia) and works of the Georgian historian Leonti Mroveli in the 11th century, these relations began before Christ. In these sources, Vainakhs are called “Nachkhs”, “Ghlighvs”, “Dzurdzuks” and “Durdzuks”. At the turn of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C., Parnavaz, the king of Iberia, married a woman from a Vainakh tribe in order to get support from the Highlanders.209 They fought alongside the Georgian kings for centuries. Vainakhs loved Queen Tamar and named their daughters, bridges and other constructions after her. In this way, high-level interaction and fusion among Vainakhs, Georgians and many other highlander tribes existed in history .210 In the process of Vainakhs’ settlement in Georgia, they were assimilated into Georgian society. In fact, there are tribes who insist that their origins are based on Chechnya and Ingushetia among Tushs, Khevsurs, Pshavs and Georgians in Kakheti and Mtskheta-Mtianeti. Some tribes in Chechnya and Ingushetia insist that they are Georgian-origin and that they emigrated to Chechnya and Ingushetia afterward..."</ref> |
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The Durdzuks are mentioned in the 7th-century work ''[[Ashkharhatsuyts|Geography of Armenia]]'' by [[Anania Shirakatsi]] as the ''Dourtsk'' ({{Lang-hy|Դուրծկք}}).<ref name=Anchab/>{{sfn|Eremian|1973|page=270}} |
The Durdzuks are mentioned in the 7th-century work ''[[Ashkharhatsuyts|Geography of Armenia]]'' by [[Anania Shirakatsi]] as the ''Dourtsk'' ({{Lang-hy|Դուրծկք}}).<ref name=Anchab/>{{sfn|Eremian|1973|page=270}}{{cn|date=May 2023}} |
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In 1745, Georgian geographer [[Vakhushti of Kartli]] noted that the country ''"Durdzuketi consists of [[Kistin|Kisti]], Durdzuki and [[Gligvi]]"'', placing the first in the vicinity of the [[Darial Gorge]] and the latter the more east of the three, bordering [[Pankisi]], [[Tusheti]] and [[Tsez people|Didoeti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Багратиони |first=Вахушти |title=Известия грузинских летописей и историков о северном Кавказе и России. М.Г. Джанашвили (1897)|year=1745|page=65, 77-79}}</ref> |
In 1745, Georgian geographer [[Vakhushti of Kartli]] noted that the country ''"Durdzuketi consists of [[Kistin|Kisti]], Durdzuki and [[Gligvi]]"'', placing the first in the vicinity of the [[Darial Gorge]] and the latter the more east of the three, bordering [[Pankisi]], [[Tusheti]] and [[Tsez people|Didoeti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Багратиони |first=Вахушти |title=Известия грузинских летописей и историков о северном Кавказе и России. М.Г. Джанашвили (1897)|year=1745|page=65, 77-79}}</ref>{{cn|date=May 2023}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Dvals]] |
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*[[Peoples of the Caucasus]] |
*[[Peoples of the Caucasus]] |
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*[[Princedom of Simsim]] |
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*[[Surakat]] |
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*[[Khour II]] |
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*[[Chechen-Kazikumukh war]] |
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*[[Timurid invasions of Simsim]] |
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*[[Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 19:48, 10 June 2023
The Durdzuks (Georgian: დურძუკები, romanized: durdzuk'ebi), also known as Dzurdzuks,[citation needed] was a medieval Georgian exonym of the 9th-18th centuries also used in some Arabic[citation needed] and Armenian[citation needed] sources in reference to the Vainakh peoples[citation needed] (Chechens[citation needed] and Ingush).[citation needed]
Researchers unanimously identify the Durdzuks as the ancestors of modern Chechens[citation needed] and Ingush.[citation needed][1][2][citation needed][3][citation needed][4][citation needed][5][citation needed][6] Historians link the Durdzuks to mountainous Ingushetia and identify them with the Ingush people[7][citation needed][8][citation needed][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The Georgian historian Vakhtang Gamrekeli claims that "Durdzuk" is definitely and, with all its references, uniformly localized, between Didoeti-Dagestan in the east and the gorge of the Terek River, in the west.[16][citation needed]
According to the Georgian royal annals:
ხოლო შვილთა ზედა კავკასისთა იყო უფალ დურძუკ, ძე ტირეთისი.
And as for upon the sons of Caucasus there was a lord Durdzuk, son of Tiretis.[17]
ხოლო დურძუკ, რომელი უწარჩინებულეს იყო შვილთა შორის კავკასისთა, მივიდა და დაჯდა ნაპრალსა შინა მთისასა, და უწოდა სახელი თჳსი დურძუკეთი.
And as for this Durdzuk, who was one of the most honorable sons of Kavkas, came and set at the mountains, and gave it the name of his as Durdzuketi.[18]
In the Armenian adaptation of Georgian Chronicles, the Durdzuks defeated the Scythians and became a significant power in the area in the region in the first millennium BC.[19][citation needed]
According to Georgian Chronicles, King Pharnavaz married a Durdzuk girl.
და მოიყვანა ცოლი დურძუკელთა, ნათესავი კავკასისი.
And married he [Pharnavaz] a Durdzuk wife, a relative of the Caucasus.[20]
The Durdzuks are said to have raided Kakheti and Bazaleti during the reign of Mirian I, who invaded and ravaged the land of the Durdzuks in retaliation. Later on, the Durdzuks are mentioned fighting the Mongols alongside their Georgian allies as well as the Ossetians.[21] Durdzuk soldiers are also mentioned fighting alongside Georgians against the troops of Jalal al-Din Mangburni.[22] Queen Tamar of Georgia was highly esteemed, and the Durdzuks named daughters as well as bridges and other buildings after her.[23]
The Durdzuks are mentioned in the 7th-century work Geography of Armenia by Anania Shirakatsi as the Dourtsk (Armenian: Դուրծկք).[22][11][citation needed]
In 1745, Georgian geographer Vakhushti of Kartli noted that the country "Durdzuketi consists of Kisti, Durdzuki and Gligvi", placing the first in the vicinity of the Darial Gorge and the latter the more east of the three, bordering Pankisi, Tusheti and Didoeti.[24][citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ Какабадзе 1967, p. 471.
- ^ Робакидзе 1968, p. 27.
- ^ Крупнов 1971, p. 34.
- ^ Волкова 1973, p. 135.
- ^ Гольдштейн 1977, p. 203.
- ^ Rapp 2003, p. 276: "See also Kurtsikidze/Chikovani, "Pankisi," pp. 10-12, for the Durdzuks as the modern Vainaxs (Vainakhs), i. e., the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingushes."[citation needed]
- ^ Klaproth, Julius Heinrich (1812). Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien unter nommen in den Jahren 1807 and 1808 [Journeys to the Caucasus and Georgia made in 1807 and 1808] (in German). Halle und Berlin: In den Buchhandlungen des Hallischen Waisenhauses. p. 239.
- ^ Koch 1843, p. 30.
- ^ Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1847). Quelques remarques sur un livre intitulé: Reise durch Russland nach dem kaukasischen Isthmus, in den Jahren 1836, 1837, 1838, von K. Koch, Doctor der Medicin und Philosophie [Some remarks on a book entitled: Voyages through Russia to the Caucasian Isthmus, in the years 1836, 1837, 1838, by K. Koch, doctor of medicine and philosophy] (in French). p. 18.
- ^ Генко 1930, p. 712.
- ^ a b Eremian 1973, p. 270.
- ^ Волкова 1973, pp. 136–137.
- ^ Пиотровский & Нарочницкий 1988, p. 152.
- ^ Сотавов & Мейер 1991, p. 207.
- ^ Rapp 2003, p. 276: "[...] Hewsen identifies Durdzuks, arm. Durckk', as the ancestors of the modern Ingushes."
- ^ Гамрекели, В. Н. (1961). Двалы и Двалетия в I—XV вв (in Russian). p. 27.
- ^ Georgian royal annals, Life of Kartli, 2-20
- ^ Georgian royal annals, Life of Kartli, 2-23
- ^ Jaimoukha, Amjad (2004-11-10). The Chechens. doi:10.4324/9780203356432. ISBN 9780203356432.
- ^ Georgian royal annals, Life of Kartli, 3-47
- ^ Howorth, Henry Hoyle. History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th century. No. 85. Burt Franklin, 1888. Page 11.
- ^ a b Anchabadze, George. "The Vainakhs." (2009).
- ^ WAKIZAKA, KEISUKE. "LIVING AS “NORTH CAUCASIANS” IN GEORGIA: IDENTITY AND INTEGRATION IN GEORGIA AMONG THE OSSETIAN AND THE CHECHEN-KIST COMMUNITIES." (2019). Page 78: "According to Kartlis Tskhovreba (History of Georgia) and works of the Georgian historian Leonti Mroveli in the 11th century, these relations began before Christ. In these sources, Vainakhs are called “Nachkhs”, “Ghlighvs”, “Dzurdzuks” and “Durdzuks”. At the turn of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C., Parnavaz, the king of Iberia, married a woman from a Vainakh tribe in order to get support from the Highlanders.209 They fought alongside the Georgian kings for centuries. Vainakhs loved Queen Tamar and named their daughters, bridges and other constructions after her. In this way, high-level interaction and fusion among Vainakhs, Georgians and many other highlander tribes existed in history .210 In the process of Vainakhs’ settlement in Georgia, they were assimilated into Georgian society. In fact, there are tribes who insist that their origins are based on Chechnya and Ingushetia among Tushs, Khevsurs, Pshavs and Georgians in Kakheti and Mtskheta-Mtianeti. Some tribes in Chechnya and Ingushetia insist that they are Georgian-origin and that they emigrated to Chechnya and Ingushetia afterward..."
- ^ Багратиони, Вахушти (1745). Известия грузинских летописей и историков о северном Кавказе и России. М.Г. Джанашвили (1897). p. 65, 77-79.
Bibliography
- Какабадзе, С. С. (1967). Грузинские документы Института народов Азии АН СССР [Georgian documents of the Institute of the Peoples of Asia of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–511.
- Робакидзе, А. И., ed. (1968). Кавказский этнографический сборник. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии [Caucasian ethnographic collection. Essays on the ethnography of Mountainous Ingushetia] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Тбилиси: Мецниереба. pp. 1–333.
- Крупнов, Е. И. (1971). Средневековая Ингушетия [Medieval Ingushetia] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–211.
- Виноградов, В. Б. (1972). Центральный и Северо-Восточный Кавказ в скифское время (VII—IV вв. до н. э.). (Вопросы политической истории, эволюции культур и этногенеза) [Central and North-Eastern Caucasus in the Scythian time (7th-4th centuries BC). (Issues of political history, evolution of cultures and ethnogenesis)] (in Russian). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское Книжное Издательство. pp. 1–392.
- Волкова, Н. Г. (1973). Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа [Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–210.
- Гольдштейн, А. Ф. (1977). Башни в горах [Towers in the mountains] (in Russian). Москва: Советский художник. pp. 1–330.
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