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{{Short description|Abandoned language family proposal}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} |
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{{Infobox language family |
{{Infobox language family |
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|name = Dravido-Korean |
|name = Dravido-Korean |
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|acceptance=probably spurious |
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|region = [[South |
|region = [[South India]], [[Japan]] and [[Korea]] |
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|familycolor=superfamily |
|familycolor=superfamily |
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|family = Proposed [[language family]] |
|family = Proposed [[language family]] |
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'''Dravido-Koreanic''', sometimes '''Dravido-Koreo-Japonic''', is an abandoned proposal linking the [[Dravidian languages]] to [[Korean language|Korean]] and (in some versions) to [[Japanese language|Japanese]].{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=15}} A genetic link between the Dravidian languages and Korean was first hypothesized by [[Homer B. Hulbert]] in 1905.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1905}} In his book ''The Origin of the Japanese Language'' (1970), [[Susumu Ōno]] proposed a layer of Dravidian (specifically Tamil) vocabulary in both Korean and Japanese. Morgan E. Clippinger gave a detailed comparison of Korean and Dravidian vocabulary in his article "Korean and Dravidian: Lexical Evidence for an Old Theory" (1984), but there has been little interest in the idea since the 1980s.{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=15}} |
'''Dravido-Koreanic''', sometimes '''Dravido-Koreo-Japonic''', is an abandoned proposal linking the [[Dravidian languages]] to [[Korean language|Korean]] and (in some versions) to [[Japanese language|Japanese]].{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=15}} A genetic link between the Dravidian languages and Korean was first hypothesized by [[Homer B. Hulbert]] in 1905.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1905}} In his book ''The Origin of the Japanese Language'' (1970), [[Susumu Ōno]] proposed a layer of Dravidian (specifically [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) vocabulary in both Korean and Japanese. Morgan E. Clippinger gave a detailed comparison of Korean and Dravidian vocabulary in his article "Korean and Dravidian: Lexical Evidence for an Old Theory" (1984), but there has been little interest in the idea since the 1980s.{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=15}} |
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==Recognition of language similarities== |
==Recognition of language similarities== |
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Similarities between the [[Dravidian languages]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] were first noted by French missionaries in Korea.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1906|p=28}} In 1905, [[Homer B. Hulbert]] wrote a comparative grammar of Korean and Dravidian in which he hypothesized a genetic connection between the two.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1905}} Later, Susumu Ōno caused a stir in [[Japan]] with his theory that [[Tamil language|Tamil]] constituted a lexical stratum of both [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], which was widely publicized in the following years but was quickly abandoned. However, Clippinger applied the [[comparative method]] systematically to [[Middle Korean]] forms and reconstructed Dravidian forms.{{sfnp|Clippinger|1984}} Lee Ki-Moon, Professor Emeritus at [[Seoul National University]], argued in 2011 that Clippinger's conclusion should be revisited.{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=15}} |
Similarities between the [[Dravidian languages]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] were first noted by French missionaries in Korea.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1906|p=28}} In 1905, [[Homer B. Hulbert]] wrote a comparative grammar of Korean and Dravidian in which he hypothesized a genetic connection between the two.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1905}} According to Hulbert, the endings of many names of ancient settlements of southern Korea can be traced to Dravidian words.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1906|pp=28–29}} Later, Susumu Ōno caused a stir in [[Japan]] with his theory that [[Tamil language|Tamil]] constituted a lexical stratum of both [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], which was widely publicized in the following years but was quickly abandoned. However, Clippinger applied the [[comparative method]] systematically to [[Middle Korean]] forms and reconstructed Dravidian forms.{{sfnp|Clippinger|1984}} Lee Ki-Moon, Professor Emeritus at [[Seoul National University]], argued in 2011 that Clippinger's conclusion should be revisited.{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=15}} |
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The ''[[Samguk yusa]]'' describes [[Heo Hwang-ok]], who was the first queen of |
The ''[[Samguk yusa]]'' describes [[Heo Hwang-ok]], who was the first queen of [[Geumgwan Gaya]]—a statelet of the [[Gaya confederacy]]—as coming from Ayuta in India.<ref>The ancient [[Ay kingdom]] was based in modern [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]) in [[Tamil Nadu]].</ref> Since the ''Samguk yusa'' was compiled in the 12th century, and contains mythical narratives, it is not strong evidence. However, contact with [[Tamils|Tamil]] merchants and a limited inflow of immigrants may have influenced the formation of the Gaya confederacy.<ref>이거룡. 2017, "가락국(駕洛國)과 고대 남인도(南印度)의 문화적 접촉에 관한 고찰: 물고기숭배를 중심으로" [A Study on the Cultural Contacts between Garak Kingdom and Ancient South India: With Special Reference to 'Fish Worship'], 인도연구, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 85–121. {{doi|10.21758/jis.2017.22.1.85}}</ref> According to the historian Kim Byung-ho, the Karak Kingdom of King Suro was named after an old Dravidian work meaning 'fish'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Gina Lee|title=State formation in Korea: historical and archaeological perspectives|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|page=185}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Choong-Soon|title=Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Contemporary Korea|year=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=174}}</ref> |
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In 2011, Jung Nam Kim, president of the Korean Society of Tamil Studies, mentioned that the similarities between Korean and Dravidian are strong, but he also said that this does not prove a genetic link between Dravidian and Korean, and that more research needs to be done.{{fact|date=August 2020}} |
In 2011, Jung Nam Kim, president of the Korean Society of Tamil Studies, mentioned that the similarities between Korean and Dravidian are strong, but he also said that this does not prove a genetic link between Dravidian and Korean, and that more research needs to be done.{{fact|date=August 2020}} |
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==Arguments== |
==Arguments== |
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[[Susumu Ōno]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ohno|first=Susumu|title=The Origin of the Japanese Language|year=1970|publisher=Journal of Japanese studies}}</ref> and [[Homer B. Hulbert]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Paek|first=Nak-chun|title=The history of Protestant missions in Korea, 1832-1910|year=1987|publisher=Yonsei University Press}}</ref> propose that early [[Dravidian people]], especially [[Tamil people|Tamils]], migrated to the Korean peninsula and Japan. Hulbert based his theories of language relationships and associated migration patterns on the [[Turanian languages|Turanian language hypothesis]], which has been obsolete since the early 20th century.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1906|pp=28, 300–302}} Morgan E. Clippinger |
[[Susumu Ōno]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ohno|first=Susumu|title=The Origin of the Japanese Language|year=1970|publisher=Journal of Japanese studies}}</ref> and [[Homer B. Hulbert]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Paek|first=Nak-chun|title=The history of Protestant missions in Korea, 1832-1910|year=1987|publisher=Yonsei University Press}}</ref> propose that early [[Dravidian people]], especially [[Tamil people|Tamils]], migrated to the Korean peninsula and Japan. Hulbert based his theories of language relationships and associated migration patterns on the [[Turanian languages|Turanian language hypothesis]], which has been obsolete since the early 20th century.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1906|pp=28, 300–302}} Morgan E. Clippinger presented 408 putative cognates and derived about 60 phonological correspondences from them. Clippinger proposed that some cognates were closer than others leading him to speculate a genetic link which was reinforced by a later migration.{{sfnp|Clippinger|1984}}{{sfnp|Sohn|1999|pp=28–29}} Comparative linguist Kang Gil-un identifies 1300 Dravidian Tamil cognates in Korean. He suggests that Korean is probably related to the [[Nivkh language]] and influenced by Tamil.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kang|first=Gil-un|title=고대사의 비교언어학적 연구|year=1990|publisher=새문사}}</ref> There are two basic common features:{{sfnp|Sohn|1999|p=29}} |
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* all three languages are [[agglutinative]], |
* all three languages are [[agglutinative]], |
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* all three follow [[SOV word order]], |
* all three follow [[SOV word order]], with modifiers preceding modified words, and are post-positional. |
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However, typological similarities such as these could easily be due to chance; agglutinative languages are quite common, and half of the languages in the world follow SOV word order. The lack of a statistically significant number of cognates and the lack of anthropological and genetic links can be adduced to dismiss this proposal.<ref name="ling450ch">{{cite web |title=Origin Theories of the Korean Language|url=http://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/ling450ch/reports/korean.html|access-date=2013-12-15}}</ref> |
However, typological similarities such as these could easily be due to chance; agglutinative languages are quite common, and half of the languages in the world follow SOV word order. The lack of a statistically significant number of cognates and the lack of anthropological and genetic links can be adduced to dismiss this proposal.<ref name="ling450ch">{{cite web |title=Origin Theories of the Korean Language|url=http://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/ling450ch/reports/korean.html|access-date=2013-12-15}}</ref> |
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Comparative linguist Kang Gil-un identifies 1300 Dravidian Tamil cognates in Korean. He suggests that Korean is probably related to the [[Nivkh language]] and influenced by Tamil.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kang|first=Gil-un|title=고대사의 비교언어학적 연구|year=1990|publisher=새문사}}</ref> |
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==List of potential Korean-Tamil cognates== |
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===Personal pronouns=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Korean !! Meaning !! Tamil !! Meaning !! Notes |
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| na (나) (naneun 나는, naega 내가) || I || nāṉ (நான்)/ nāṉu (நானு) |
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nāṅgaḷ (நாங்கள்) |
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|| I || ''Nā நா'' is informal in both languages. In Korean ''naneun 나는'', ''na 나'' is the first person singular pronoun, whereas ''-neun 는'' is a marker of the [[topic (linguistics)|topic]]. In colloquial Korean speech, ''naneun 나는'' may be shortened to ''nan 난''. |
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|- |
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| neo (너) (neoneun 너는, nega 네가) || you || nī (நீ)/ nīnga (நீங்க) || you || ''Nī நீ'' is informal in both languages. ''Nīnga நீங்க'' is formal in Tamil. Korean ''nega 네가'' is an irregular form of ''neo 너'' (second person singular pronoun) + ''-ga 가'' (marker of the [[nominative case]]). In colloquial Korean speech, ''neoneun 너는'' may be shortened to ''neon 넌'', and ''nega 네가'' may be pronounced as ''niga 니가''. |
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|- |
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|} |
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===Kinship=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Korean !! Meaning !! Tamil !! Meaning |
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|- |
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| Appa (아빠, informal) / Abeoji (아버지, formal) {{Dubious|reason=the term for pappa is a universal false cognate|date=December 2013}} || Father || Appā (அப்பா)/ Appuchchi (அப்புச்சி, grand-pa) || Father |
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|- |
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| Eomma (엄마) / Eomeoni (어머니) {{Dubious|reason=the term for mamma is a universal false cognate|date=December 2013}} || Mother; middle-aged lady; aunt || Ammā (அம்மா) / Ammaṇi (அம்மணி, a term of respect while addressing a woman) || Mother; milady (honorific for young women) |
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|- |
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| Eonni (언니) || Elder sister (females for their elder sisters); but note that the term historically meant elder sibling of either sex. || Aṇṇi (அண்ணி) || Elder sister-in-law |
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|- |
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| Nuna (누나) || Elder sister (males for their elder sisters) || |
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|- |
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| Agassi (아가씨) || Young lady; however this term is most likely a compound of "aga" (baby) + "-ssi" (suffix for politely calling someone) || Thankachi/Thangai (தங்கச்சி/தங்கை) |
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|| Younger Sister |
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|} |
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===Others=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Korean !! Meaning !! Tamil !! Meaning !! Notes |
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|- |
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| Mettugi (메뚜기) || grasshopper || Vettukkili (வெட்டுக்கிளி) || grasshopper || |
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|- |
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| Pul (풀) || grass || Pul (புல்) || grass || |
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|- |
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| Ippal (이빨) || tooth || Pal (பல்) || tooth || |
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|- |
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| -boda (-보다) || than || Vida (விட) || than || |
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|- |
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| gada (가다) || to go || Kada (கட) || to pass or to cross || |
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|- |
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| Wa (와) {{Dubious|reason=This is definitely a false cognate; wa in Korean is an artifact of conjugation --- o (root for come) + a (particle) but in Dravidian languages wa is the root|date=December 2013}} || an inflected form of the verb o-(오-) "to come" || Vā (வா) || come || |
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|- |
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| olla (올라) {{Dubious|reason=how is this even a cognate? up doesn't mean in; the equivalent of Tamil ulle/ulla is 안|date=December 2013}} || an inflected form of the verb oreu-(오르-) "to climb" || Yeḷḷa (எழ)/Yeḷḷa(எழு) || Rise || Yellu/yella |
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|- |
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| Aigu (아이구) || - || Aiyō (ஐயோ) || - || Expression of surprise, disgust or disregard |
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|- |
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| Igeot (이것) || this: a compound made of i ("this") + geot ("(some)thing") || Itu (இது) || this || |
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|- |
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| Nal (날) || day || Nāḷ (நாள்) || day || |
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|- |
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| jogeum-jogeum (조금 조금) || - || konjam-konjam (கொஞ்சம் கொஞ்சம்) || - || Literally 'little-bit little-bit' |
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|- |
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| eoneu (어느) || one/what (as in "one day" or "what day") || onnu (ஒண்ணு) || one || |
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|- |
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|} |
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==References== |
==References== |
Latest revision as of 20:49, 2 April 2024
Dravido-Korean | |
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(probably spurious) | |
Geographic distribution | South India, Japan and Korea |
Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | None |
Dravido-Koreanic, sometimes Dravido-Koreo-Japonic, is an abandoned proposal linking the Dravidian languages to Korean and (in some versions) to Japanese.[1] A genetic link between the Dravidian languages and Korean was first hypothesized by Homer B. Hulbert in 1905.[2] In his book The Origin of the Japanese Language (1970), Susumu Ōno proposed a layer of Dravidian (specifically Tamil) vocabulary in both Korean and Japanese. Morgan E. Clippinger gave a detailed comparison of Korean and Dravidian vocabulary in his article "Korean and Dravidian: Lexical Evidence for an Old Theory" (1984), but there has been little interest in the idea since the 1980s.[1]
Recognition of language similarities
Similarities between the Dravidian languages and Korean were first noted by French missionaries in Korea.[3] In 1905, Homer B. Hulbert wrote a comparative grammar of Korean and Dravidian in which he hypothesized a genetic connection between the two.[2] According to Hulbert, the endings of many names of ancient settlements of southern Korea can be traced to Dravidian words.[4] Later, Susumu Ōno caused a stir in Japan with his theory that Tamil constituted a lexical stratum of both Korean and Japanese, which was widely publicized in the following years but was quickly abandoned. However, Clippinger applied the comparative method systematically to Middle Korean forms and reconstructed Dravidian forms.[5] Lee Ki-Moon, Professor Emeritus at Seoul National University, argued in 2011 that Clippinger's conclusion should be revisited.[1]
The Samguk yusa describes Heo Hwang-ok, who was the first queen of Geumgwan Gaya—a statelet of the Gaya confederacy—as coming from Ayuta in India.[6] Since the Samguk yusa was compiled in the 12th century, and contains mythical narratives, it is not strong evidence. However, contact with Tamil merchants and a limited inflow of immigrants may have influenced the formation of the Gaya confederacy.[7] According to the historian Kim Byung-ho, the Karak Kingdom of King Suro was named after an old Dravidian work meaning 'fish'.[8][9]
In 2011, Jung Nam Kim, president of the Korean Society of Tamil Studies, mentioned that the similarities between Korean and Dravidian are strong, but he also said that this does not prove a genetic link between Dravidian and Korean, and that more research needs to be done.[citation needed]
Arguments
Susumu Ōno,[10] and Homer B. Hulbert[11] propose that early Dravidian people, especially Tamils, migrated to the Korean peninsula and Japan. Hulbert based his theories of language relationships and associated migration patterns on the Turanian language hypothesis, which has been obsolete since the early 20th century.[12] Morgan E. Clippinger presented 408 putative cognates and derived about 60 phonological correspondences from them. Clippinger proposed that some cognates were closer than others leading him to speculate a genetic link which was reinforced by a later migration.[5][13] Comparative linguist Kang Gil-un identifies 1300 Dravidian Tamil cognates in Korean. He suggests that Korean is probably related to the Nivkh language and influenced by Tamil.[14] There are two basic common features:[15]
- all three languages are agglutinative,
- all three follow SOV word order, with modifiers preceding modified words, and are post-positional.
However, typological similarities such as these could easily be due to chance; agglutinative languages are quite common, and half of the languages in the world follow SOV word order. The lack of a statistically significant number of cognates and the lack of anthropological and genetic links can be adduced to dismiss this proposal.[16]
References
- ^ a b c Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 15.
- ^ a b Hulbert (1905).
- ^ Hulbert (1906), p. 28.
- ^ Hulbert (1906), pp. 28–29.
- ^ a b Clippinger (1984).
- ^ The ancient Ay kingdom was based in modern Kanyakumari) in Tamil Nadu.
- ^ 이거룡. 2017, "가락국(駕洛國)과 고대 남인도(南印度)의 문화적 접촉에 관한 고찰: 물고기숭배를 중심으로" [A Study on the Cultural Contacts between Garak Kingdom and Ancient South India: With Special Reference to 'Fish Worship'], 인도연구, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 85–121. doi:10.21758/jis.2017.22.1.85
- ^ Barnes, Gina Lee (2001). State formation in Korea: historical and archaeological perspectives. Routledge. p. 185.
- ^ Kim, Choong-Soon (2011). Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Contemporary Korea. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 174.
- ^ Ohno, Susumu (1970). The Origin of the Japanese Language. Journal of Japanese studies.
- ^ Paek, Nak-chun (1987). The history of Protestant missions in Korea, 1832-1910. Yonsei University Press.
- ^ Hulbert (1906), pp. 28, 300–302.
- ^ Sohn (1999), pp. 28–29.
- ^ Kang, Gil-un (1990). 고대사의 비교언어학적 연구. 새문사.
- ^ Sohn (1999), p. 29.
- ^ "Origin Theories of the Korean Language". Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Works cited
- Clippinger, Morgan E. (1984), "Korean and Dravidian: Lexical Evidence for an Old Theory", Korean Studies, 8: 1–57, doi:10.1353/ks.1984.0011, JSTOR 23717695, S2CID 162384193.
- Hulbert, Homer B. (1905), A Comparative Grammar Of The Korean Language and the Dravidian Languages of India, Seoul: Methodist Publishing House.
- ——— (1906), The passing of Korea, New York: Doubleday.
- Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011), A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-49448-9.
- Sohn, Ho-Min (1999), The Korean Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-36123-1.