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The '''Danish Unitary State''' (Danish: '''''Helstaten''', [[German language|German]]: Gesammtstaat''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Betrachtungen über den dänischen Gesammtstaat |year=1857 |location=Hamburg |pages=24 |language=German}}</ref>) was a Danish political designation for the monarchical state formation of [[Denmark]], [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]], [[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]] and [[Saxe-Lauenburg]], between the two treaties of [[Vienna]] in [[Treaty of Vienna (1815)|1815]] and [[Treaty of Vienna (1864)|1864]]. The useage of the term became relevant after the [[First Schleswig War]], when a need for a constitutional framework for the monarchy was present, which ought to follow the premises of the [[London Protocol (1852)|London Protocol]], that prohibited a closer connection between two of the monarchy's possesions. The political designation was ultimately eleminated after The [[Second Schleswig War]] and was replaced by the national state in 1866. |
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== Definitions and meaning == |
== Definitions and meaning == |
Revision as of 09:03, 2 March 2024
Danish Unitary State | |
---|---|
1814–1864 | |
Status | personal union between Schleswig, Holstein, Lauenburg and Denmark |
Common languages | Danish, German, Frisian |
Religion | Lutheranism |
King of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg | |
• 1808–1839 | Frederik VI |
• 1839–1848 | Christian VIII |
• 1848–1863 | Frederik VII |
• 1863-1906 | Christian IX |
Prime ministers (1848–1855) Council Presidents (1855–1864) | |
• 1848–1852 | Adam Wilhelm Moltke |
• 1852–1853 | Christian Albrecht Bluhme |
• 1853–1854 | Anders Sandøe Ørsted |
• 1854–1856 | Peter Georg Bang |
• 1856–1857 | Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ |
• 1857–1859 | Carl Christian Hall |
• 1859–1860 | Carl Edvard Rotwitt |
• 1863–1864 | Ditlev Gothard Monrad |
Historical era | Late Modern Period |
• Established | 1814 |
14 January 1814 | |
1848–1851 | |
• Disestablished | 1864 |
The Danish Unitary State (Danish: Helstaten, German: Gesammtstaat[1]) was a Danish political designation for the monarchical state formation of Denmark, Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg, between the two treaties of Vienna in 1815 and 1864. The useage of the term became relevant after the First Schleswig War, when a need for a constitutional framework for the monarchy was present, which ought to follow the premises of the London Protocol, that prohibited a closer connection between two of the monarchy's possesions. The political designation was ultimately eleminated after The Second Schleswig War and was replaced by the national state in 1866.
Definitions and meaning
The Danish term Helstaten reffers to two historical state formations of Denmark.[2] One being the twin realms of Denmark–Norway, and the other (and most reffered to) is the personal and for a short time real union between Denmark and the North German duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg (From 1815)[2]
Definition
There are various of different definitions of the word Helstat. Helstat is a compound word, combined from Hel (English: Whole) and stat (English: State), compound to 'Whole-state'. Acording to Salmonsens, a Helstat is:[2]
A state connection under a common monarchy has existed between parts of the state that could neither be described as a Federal State nor as mere provnces, so that the unit could neither be said to constitute a mere real union, a confederation in the narrower sense nor an equivalent. Unity state
— Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon
It is also noted that the term is mainly used in connection with Denmark and the Duchies and the Austrian Realm's Constituion[2] Another definition by the Danish Lexicon of Ordbog over det danske sprog States as following:[2][3]
State, consisting of several parts of the state connected under a common constitution for the common affairs (cf. unitary, federal state); spec. about the state connection that was sought to be maintained between 1850 and 1864 between the Danish Kingdom, Southern Jutland and the German Duchies
— Ordbog over det danske sprog'
Similar definitions are giving by Illustreret dansk konversationslektion and Norsk Riksmålsordbok[4][2]
Despite small disagreements the definitions agree on certain points[2]
- A Helstat is a state formation consisting of more than one political entity
- They share some political aspects (fx foreign affairs)
- Yet the political entities have an extentsive autonomy
It should also be noted that the Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon, Illustreret dansk konversationslektion and Ordbog over det dansk sprog, specifically mentions the state formation of Denmark and the Duchies, as such example of a Helstat[2]
Historic usage in refference to Denmark and Norway
The first mention of the word Helstat in a historic context, is from 1885, on the book Danmark-Norges indre Historie 1660- 1720, by Edward Holm[5][2] reffering to the union between the two nations of Denmark and Norway, quite directly meaning a whole state[2][5] Other Danish works mentioning the word in refference to Denmark-Norway includes Danmark-Norge i det 18. Aarhundrede, by Albert Olsen[6][2], Dansk-Norsk Veksel virkning i det 18. Aarhundred, by Hans Jensen[7][2] and Mellem brødre, by Vilhelm la Cour[8][2]
Olsen, like Holm, describes the Helstat as a opposition to the expression of special interests[6] yet Olsen does not argue why he chose to call Denmark-Norway a Helstat, moreover Olsen sees the Helstat as a complete opposite of the Nationalstaten and thereby also equalizes a Multinational state and a Helstat[2]
"It was, however, in the aim of the new government of the two kingdoms to create a distinctly centralized Helstat, and within such a framework local considerations had to naturally always give way to what, according to the opinion of the time, would serve the assembled Monarch"
Vilhelm la Cour: Mellem brødre. Dansk-norske Problemer i det 18. Aarhundredes Helstat,1943, s. 9-10
Jensen's book on Denmark-Norway seems to be the only one reffering to the Helstat, as that of Denmark and the Duchies[2] He defines the goal of the Helstat as being to achieve the biggest possible commonwealth and enitity[2][7] He thereby also devalueates the Helstat with Denmark and the Duchies as characterizing it as uncomplete[2] and instead highlights the union with Norway as the complete version of a Helstat.[2][7] Although Jensen has no Source for the definition he uses.[2]
La Cour, defines the Helstat as an act of Absolute monarchy and unity in contrast to the other definitions[2] Such definition is shared by Ole Feldbæk, who in his book Danmark-Norge 1380-1814, describes the Helstat in a contrast to Norwegain indepedence and autonomy[9]
Historic usage in reference to Denmark and the duchies
There are also problems with the argumentation of the historians describing and defining the unitary
state between Denmark and the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg (also refered to as "the Duchies"; Danish: Hertugdømmerne)[10][11]
Acording to Claus Bjørn the term Helstaten only became politically relevant after the Three Years War[12] and links the term with the period between 1848 and 1863[2][13] He also notes that the traditional usage of the word for historians can be traced back to 1773 and the Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo[2][13]
The reason being that Christian VII of Denmark got full control of Ducal holstein after Tsarskoye Selo[2]
During the aftermath of the First Schleswig War the usage of the word became politically relevant in terms of creating an united constitution for both Denmark and the Duchies[12] The term is mentioned in a Danish state council protocol from a refferate on the 21 December 1850,[14] from a dairy of Christian Dahl from 1848-1849[15] and especially from letters from Danish politics, such as Ditlev Gothard Monrad and Andreas Frederik Krieger in the 1830s and 1840s[16]
Theres no excact date accepted for the first usage of the political word of Helstaten, although just as Bjørn argues, Christian Molbech states that the term originated in 1848[17] Nevertheless the usage of the term saw an increase, especially politically, during the negotiations of a constitution to the Danish realm[2]
Political ideology
The idea of preserving the Helstat is called Helstatspatriotisme (English: The Unitary State Patriotisme), its ideology is focused on valueing and preserving the Danish led Oldenburg Monarchy and to stop the spread of Nationalism in the possesions of the dynasty[18] Nationalism had been rising since the French revolution and was a founding part of social changes in the Danish realm during the 19th century[18] The old state formation, made by royal houses and feudalism, was challenged by nationalism and liberalism and the Helstatspatriotisme were in position to preserve the old state formation of the Oldenburg monarch[18] The Oldenburg state is said to be Dano-German from the beginning.[18] Especially during the 17th and 18th centuries when German language and culture began to influence Danish nobility, whom the majoirty had German as first language[18]
Before the waiver of Norway, 25% of Denmark, spoke German, that number rose 40% during the aftermath of the Treaty of Kiel. In the capital of Copenhagen 20% spoke German, and in other cities like Odense, Fredericia and Elsinore, there were a noteable German-speaking population[19][18][20] And the seperation of Danish and German in Denmark and Schleswig should therefore not be seen as necessary for the creation of a national state[18]
This rise of the German culture in Denmark led to several unrests and clashes between the Danes and Germans, like the Royal Guards Mutiny in 1771 as response to the alledged Germanisation of Denmark by Struensee[21], and the German Fued (Danish: Tyskerfejden) which sought to disestablish German occupation of important political and cultural jobs[20] After the reforms by Struensee, the power of government was succeded by Ove Høegh-Guldberg, who reformed the State into a more Danish-centered state rather than German-centered. Laws like the Danish Citizenship Act of 1776 under which access to public positions in the kingdom of Denmark became the prerogative of native-born subjects and those who were considered their equals[22] Danish also became the official language of The Danish military and the Politicians and administrators should also use Danish instead of German[18]
Creation of the Unitary State
The creation of the Danish unitary state, in connection to Denmark and the Duchies, has its roots in the early 19th century
Napoleonic Wars
Treaty of Kiel and Congress of Vienna
1814-1847
Early years
Unrest
1848-1863
First Schleswig War
Creation of the Danish Constitution
Aftermath of the Revolution of 1848
The Constitution for The Unitary State and The June Constitution
Constitutional disputes
The November Constituion
Dissolution, 1864-1866
Aftermath of the November Constitution
Second Schleswig War
Aftermath and The Revised Constitution (1866)
Creation of the National State
References
- ^ Betrachtungen über den dänischen Gesammtstaat (in German). Hamburg. 1857. p. 24.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Degn, Jens (1999). Hvad er helstaten? [What is the unitary state?] (in Danish). Fortid og Nutid. pp. 220–226.
- ^ "helstat". Den Danske Ordbog.
- ^ "helstat". Det Norske Akedemis Ordbok.
- ^ a b Holm, Edward (1885). Danmark-Norges indre Historie 1660-1720 (in Danish). Copenhagen: Forlaget for Universitetsboghandler. p. 72.
- ^ a b Olsen, Albert (1936). Danmark-Norge i det 18. Aarhundred [Denmark-Norway the 19th century] (in Danish). Gyldendal. pp. 75, 143.
- ^ a b c Jensen, Hans (1938). Dansk-norsk Vekselvirkning i det 18. Aarhundrede (in Danish). Fortid og Nutid.
- ^ la Cour, Vilhelm (1943). Mellem brødre [Between Brothers] (in Danish). Eget.
- ^ Fedbæk, Ole. Danmark-Norge 1380-1814 (in Danish). Vol. IV. p. 381.
- ^ Arup, Erik (1903). Den finansielle side af erhvervelsen af hertugdømmerne 1460-1487 [The financial side of the acquisition of the duchies 1460-1487] (in Danish). Historisk Tidsskrift.
- ^ Hansen, Hans. Arkiver fra hertugdømmerne Slesvig og Holsten indtil 1864. Historisk Tidsskrift.
- ^ a b Bjørn, Claus. "Helstaten". Den store Danske.
- ^ a b Den Store Danske Encyklopædi, bd. 8, 1997, s. 370
- ^ Statsrådets forhandlinger 1848-63. Vol. III. p. 96.
- ^ Dahl, Christian (1999). dagbog fra Den grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling 1848-49. Claus Bjørn and Christian Larsen.
- ^ Povl, Bagge. Danske politiske breve fra 1830erne og 1840ern. Vol. I.
- ^ Molbech, Christian (1859). Ordbog over det danske Sprog (in Danish). Private. p. 895.
- ^ a b c d e f g h NATIONALSTATEN (PDF) (in Danish). Roskilde Universitet. pp. 36–46.
- ^ Feldbæk, Ole. Fædreland og Indfødsret. 1700-tallets danske identitet (in Danish). Vol. I. p. 137.
- ^ a b Winge, Vibeke (1991). Tyskerfejden 1789-1790 [The German Fued 1789-1790] (in Danish). Vol. II.
- ^ Geisler, Jens (2022). "Juleaftensfejden". Dansk Militærhistorie.
- ^ "Indfødsretten". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 16 June 2022.