Delhi Sultanate—Mewar conflicts | |||||
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Mewar-Delhi sultanate in 1525[1] | |||||
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Belligerents | |||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||
Jaitrasimha Viradhavala Tejasimha Sarangdeva Rawal Samarsimha Bhuvanasimha Ratnasimha Rana Lakhan † Ari Singh † Maharana Hammir Baruji Sauda Junsi Kachhwaha Kshetra Singh Lakha Singh Mokal Singh Rana Sanga (WIA) Medini Rai |
Iltutmish Balban Ulugh Khan Alauddin Khalji Firuz Shah Tughluq Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty) Ibrahim Lodi |
The Mewar-Delhi Sultanate Wars refer to a series of wars between Kingdom of Mewar and the Islamic Delhi Sultanate from 13th century to early 16th century. These wars left a profound impact on Rajputana's history and played an important role in preservation of Hindu culture in modern day Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. The Kingdom of Mewar stood up as one of the major Hindu powers in Medieval India amidst the continuous Turkish Islamic invasions from the west.
After the fall of Chahamanas of Shakambhari with Prithviraja Chauhan's defeat in Second Battle of Tarain in 1192, the Islamic Delhi Sultanate which was a successor to the Ghurid dynasty was established in the northern part of the Indian subcontinet.[2] During the reign of Iltutmish, the sultanate started raiding Mewar and thus came into conflict with at first the Guhila dynasty of Mewar and later Sisodia's of Mewar. The Guhila's despite gaining initial victories against the Sultans suffered a huge loss when their capital Chittor was seized by Alauddin Khilji in 1303.[3]
By 1336, the fort was recovered by the celebrated Maharana Hammir under whom Mewar regained independence from Delhi Sultanate. He defeated the Tughluq forces in Battle of Singoli and liberated the strategic Rajputana.[4][5] Mewar continued to prosper under Hammira's sons and grandsons and eventually reached great heights under its most notable rulers such as Lakha, Kumbha and Sanga.[6] The Sisodia's of Mewar especially Rana Sanga were one of the many significant reasons in downfall and weakening of Delhi Sultanate.[7]
Background
The Guhila dynasty, a Rajput dynasty, governed the Mewar region of present-day Rajasthan, founded by Bappa Rawal in the 8th century.[8] However some historians discard Bappa Rawal as founder of the dynasty.[9] Bappa Rawal is famous for repelling the Arab invasion of India and this led to a belief of him being the founder of this dynasty.[citation needed]
Guhila dynasty गुहिल राजवंश | |
---|---|
The Guhila kings then ruled as Imperial Pratihara's feudatories between end of 8th and 9th centuries and later were independent in period of the early 10th century and allied themselves with the Rashtrakutas.[11]
In the later half of 10th century, the Guhilas encountered numerous defeats from neighboring kingdoms like the Chahamanas of Shakambhari, the Chalukyas of Gujarat, and the Paramaras of Malwa. At one point, the Paramara king Munja II even occupied the Chittorgarh fort, but the Guhilots refused to surrender and instead gathered their strength gradually.[12]
Seizing the opportunity presented by the Ghurid invasions weakening the Chauhans, Chalukyas, and Paramaras in neighboring kingdoms, Jaitra Singh attempted to leverage this situation to consolidate Guhila power over the region.[12]
Battles during Guhila Dynasty
Name of Conflict (time) | Rawal of Mewar/Commander | Opposition (Sultan/Commander) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Invasion of Mewar
(1253–54) |
Tejasimha | Balban
(under Sultan Nasiruddin Shah) |
Mewar Victory[13]
|
Second Invasion of Mewar (1255) | Tejasimha | Balban
(under Sultan Nasiruddin Shah) |
Mewar Victory[13]
|
Invasion of Gujarat (sometime before 1285) | Samarasimha
|
Balban | Mewar Victory[14][15][3]
|
Raid on Mewar (1299) | Samarasimha
|
Ulugh Khan
(under Sultan Alauddin Khalji) |
Inconclusive[17][16][3][18]
|
Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) | Ratnasimha | Alauddin Khalji | Khalji Victory[3][21]
|
Battles during Sisodia dynasty
Name of Conflict (time) | Maharana of Mewar/Commander | Opposition (Sultan/Commander) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Recovery of Mewar (1321–36) | Maharana Hammir | Maladeva & Jaiza
(first under Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq and later Muhammad bin Tughluq) |
Mewar Victory[5][24][23][25]
|
Battle of Singoli (1336) | Maharana Hammir | Muhammad bin Tughluq | Mewar Victory[5]
|
Battle of Bakrol | Maharana Kshetra | Firuz Shah Tughlaq | Mewar Victory[28]
|
Battle of Badnor | Maharana Lakha | Firuz Shah Tughlaq | Mewar Victory[29][30]
|
Battle of Raipur | Maharana Mokal | Mubarak Shah | Mewar Victory[31]
|
Battle of Khatoli (1517) | Maharana Sanga
(WIA) |
Ibrahim Khan Lodi | Mewar Victory[32] |
Battle of Dholpur (1519) | Maharana Sanga | Ibrahim Khan Lodi | Mewar Victory[7] |
Battle of Ranthambhore | Maharana Sanga | Ibrahim Khan Lodi | Mewar Victory[34]
|
References
- ^ Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.). S.L. Agarwala. 1954.
- ^ Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2004). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. Psychology Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-415-30786-4.
It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of first Muslim sultanate.
- ^ a b c d S N Sen (1987). Ancient Indian history and civilization.
- ^ a b Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. p. 331. ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6.
- ^ a b c d Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.
- ^ Bhatnagar, V. S. (1974). Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743. Impex India. p. 6.
Mewar's grand recovery commended under Lakha and later under kumbha and most notably under Sanga it became one of the greatest power in the northern India in first quarter of 16th century.
- ^ a b c d Sarda, Har Bilas (1918). Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race. University of California Libraries. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries.
- ^ Ludden, David (2013-11-01). India and South Asia: A Short History. Simon and Schuster. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6.
- ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. p. 40.
- ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 21, 147. ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. p. 51.
- ^ a b A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526, edited by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. People's Publishing House. 1970.
- ^ a b Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. pp. 86–87.
- ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. pp. 90–91.
- ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1966). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
- ^ a b c Majumdar, Asoke Kumar (1956). Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the Middle of the Tenth to the End of the Thirteenth Century. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 188.
- ^ Lal, Kishori Saran (1968). History of the Khaljis, A.D. 1290-1320. Asia Publishing House. p. 84.
- ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. p. 91.
- ^ Jackson, Peter (2003-10-16). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
- ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB). Rupa & Company. p. 313. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.
- ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB). Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.
- ^ A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. People's Publishing House. 1970. p. 368.
- ^ a b Jain, Pratibha; Śarmā, Saṅgītā (2004). Honour, Status & Polity. Rawat Publications. ISBN 978-81-7033-859-8.
The Charans who occupied significant positions in the courts of the rulers were known as Barhats. In Mewar, the descendants of Baru Charan, who came to be known as Sauda Barhats, acquired prominence on account of Baru's timely military assistance to Hammir in regaining his lost throne.
- ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. p. 106.
- ^ Lal, Kishori Saran (1968). History of the Khaljis, A.D. 1290-1320. Asia Publishing House. p. 131.
Maldeva's greatest enemy was Hammir, Rānã of Sesoda, whose grandfather Lakshman Singh had died with his seven sons including Arsi Singh, father of Hamrair, fighting in the battle of Chittor. Hammīr who had survived the memorable battle, Hammir became the Rana of Sesoda estate and constantly waged war to obtain Chittor Maldeva tried to conciliate him. He married his daughter to Hammīr and ceded certain parts of Chittor to him, but the brave Ränā was determined to regain the whole of Chittor. At last his efforts were crowned with success and after the death of Maldeva in about 1321 A.D. Hammir became master of the whole of Mewar, and assumed the title of Mahãrānā. In an inscription of Mahārānā Kumbhā's time,dated 1438 A.D.;Hammīr is said to have killed a large number of Musalmans. Hammir's descendants have ruled Mewar to the present day
- ^ Bhatnagar, V. S. (1974). Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743. Impex India. p. 377.
In regards of Allaudin invasion, We do not know the outcome of the campaign. However, even if Amber was conquered by Turkish domination, which seems likely, it is certain that they soon regained freedom by taking advantage of the growing weakness of the Sultanate after 1335 A.D by Raja Junsi (Jawan Singh) in joining Rana Hammir of Mewar against Delhi Sultanate forces.
- ^ Brooks, J. C. (1859). History Of Mewar.
- ^ Sarda, Har Bilas (1917). Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar. University of California Libraries. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co.
- ^ Ahluwalia, Manjit Singh (1978). Muslim Expansion in Rajasthan: The Relations of Delhi Sultanate with Rajasthan, 1206-1526. Yugantar Prakashan. p. 168.
Lakshman Simha (Rana Lakha) is said to have defeated the Sultan of Delhi near Badnor and got exemption from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visits to holy places like Kashi, Gaya and Paryag.
- ^ Sarda, Har Bilas (1917). Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar. University of California Libraries. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co.
- ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. pp. 335–336. ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6.
- ^ Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) - Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
- ^ "p.56-7. Maharana Sanga: The Hindupat, the Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race". 2015-12-08. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
- ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. p. 451. ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6.
Sources
- Brooks,J.C. (1859) History of Mewar
- Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2004) Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
- S N Sen (1987) Ancient history and civilization
- Payne, C (1960) Tod's Annals of Rajasthan The Annals of Mewar
- Hooja, Rima (2006) A History of Rajasthan Rupa and Company ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6
- Majumdar, R.C. (1960) The History and Culture of the Indian People Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
- Sarda Har Bilas (1917) Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar University of California Libraries Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co.
- Sarda, Har Bilas (1970) Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race University of California Libraries Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries
- Somani, Ramvallabha (1976) History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications
- Majumdar, R.C. (1966) The History and Culture of the Indian People Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
- Majumdar, Asoke Kumar (1976) Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the Middle of the Tenth to the End of the Thirteenth Century Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
- Lal, Kishori Saran (1968) History of the Khaljis, A.D. 1290-1320 Asia Publishing House
- Jackson, Peter (2003-10-16) The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3
- Chandra, Satish (2007) History of Medieval India: 800-1700 Orient BlackSwan ISBN
- A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami People's Publishing House (1970)
- Jain, Pratibha; Sarma. Sangita Honour, Status & Polity Rawat Publications ISBN 978-81-7033-859-8
- Bhatnagar, V.S. (1974) Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743 Impex India
- Ahluwalia, Manjit Singh (1978) Muslim Expansion in Rajasthan: The Relations of Delhi Sultanate with Rajasthan, 1206-1526 Yugantar Prakashan
- Chandra, Satish (2004) Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) - Part One Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5