Commenting on submission (AFCH 0.9) |
→Houses: Bri, you can't reword a direct quotation just because it doesn't follow our style! |
||
Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
==Residential architecture== |
==Residential architecture== |
||
=== Houses === |
=== Houses === |
||
Summarizing the styles of Seattle single-family residential architecture in 1986, Jim Stacey identified the typical houses of the inner neighborhoods as "Both one and two-story older [[Framing (construction)|frame]] houses, with such names as [[bungalow]], [[American Craftsman|craftsman]], [[Tudor Revival architecture|Tudor]], [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], [[Dutch Colonial Revival architecture|Dutch Colonial]], and [[saltbox]]," noting roughly {{convert|5|mi|km}} from the center these give way to newer styles such as "[[Ranch-style house|rambler]] and [[Split-level home|split-level]]" with [[Cape Cod (house)|Cape Cod]]s in between, both chronologically and geographically.<ref name=Stacey>{{cite book|title=Seattle Homes: Buying/Selling/Investing|author=Jim Stacey|date=1986|publisher=Peanut Butter Publishing|isbn=0897161602}}</ref>{{rp|7–8}} Few homes survive from before 1900. Prior to the World War II era, homes were constructed mostly of brick or wood, with a wider variety of materials after that. Many [[Concrete masonry unit|concrete block]] houses were built in the 1950s.<ref name=Stacey />{{rp|8}} Sam DeBord lists major styles chronologically as "[[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne]] – Victorian, Seattle Box – [[American Foursquare|Four Square]], Craftsman Bungalow – [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]], Dutch Colonial, Tudor, Cape Cod, [[Mid-century modern|Mid-Century]], Stark 60s Modern, [[Split-level home#Split entry|Split-Entry]], |
Summarizing the styles of Seattle single-family residential architecture in 1986, Jim Stacey identified the typical houses of the inner neighborhoods as "Both one and two-story older [[Framing (construction)|frame]] houses, with such names as [[bungalow]], [[American Craftsman|craftsman]], [[Tudor Revival architecture|Tudor]], [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], [[Dutch Colonial Revival architecture|Dutch Colonial]], and [[saltbox]]," noting roughly {{convert|5|mi|km}} from the center these give way to newer styles such as "[[Ranch-style house|rambler]] and [[Split-level home|split-level]]" with [[Cape Cod (house)|Cape Cod]]s in between, both chronologically and geographically.<ref name=Stacey>{{cite book|title=Seattle Homes: Buying/Selling/Investing|author=Jim Stacey|date=1986|publisher=Peanut Butter Publishing|isbn=0897161602}}</ref>{{rp|7–8}} Few homes survive from before 1900. Prior to the World War II era, homes were constructed mostly of brick or wood, with a wider variety of materials after that. Many [[Concrete masonry unit|concrete block]] houses were built in the 1950s.<ref name=Stacey />{{rp|8}} Sam DeBord lists major styles chronologically as "[[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne]] – Victorian, Seattle Box – [[American Foursquare|Four Square]], Craftsman Bungalow – [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]], Dutch Colonial, Tudor, Cape Cod, [[Mid-century modern|Mid-Century]], Stark 60s Modern, [[Split-level home#Split entry|Split-Entry]], NW Contemporary – [[Minimalism#Minimalist design and architecture|Minimalist]], [[Postmodern architecture|Post-Modernism]]" along with recent "Traditional Revivals" and "Modern Hybrids".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlewaterfronthomes/2010/07/23/seattle-architectural-styles-through-the-years-real-estate-changes-by-decade/|title=Seattle Architectural Styles Through the Years – Real Estate Changes by Decade|author=Sam DeBord|publisher=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|date=July 23, 2010|access-date=2015-12-03}}</ref> |
||
Seattle in the 21st Century is essentially a "built out" city: typically, to build new houses means demolishing older houses. As of 2016, Seattle builders are tearing down older homes at the average of about one a day; most are being replaced with larger homes. The most affected areas are Ballard and the Central District, followed by Crown Hill/North Greenwood, Queen Anne, Green Lake/Wallingford and Phinney Ridge/Fremont.<ref> |
Seattle in the 21st Century is essentially a "built out" city: typically, to build new houses means demolishing older houses. As of 2016, Seattle builders are tearing down older homes at the average of about one a day; most are being replaced with larger homes. The most affected areas are Ballard and the Central District, followed by Crown Hill/North Greenwood, Queen Anne, Green Lake/Wallingford and Phinney Ridge/Fremont.<ref> |
Revision as of 02:39, 17 October 2017
- Comment: This is a very good start to a notable topic. It should be promoted to mainspace for others to improve. Legacypac (talk) 02:30, 17 October 2017 (UTC)
The architecture of Seattle, largest city of the US Pacific Northwest, includes aspects that predate the mid-nineteenth century arrival of the area's first settlers of European ancestry, and has reflected and influenced numerous architectural styles over time. As of 2015, a major construction boom[1][2] continues to reconfigure Seattle's Downtown, as well as neighborhoods such as Capitol Hill,[3] Ballard[citation needed] and, perhaps most dramatically, South Lake Union.[4][5]
Native and native-influenced architecture
Prior to the arrival of European settlers in the Puget Sound area, the largest building in the Salish Sea region was Old Man House,[6] a longhouse roughly 13.5 miles (21.7 km) northwest of Downtown Seattle near the present-day town of Suquamish. Measuring roughly 800 feet (240 m) in length,[7] it was the largest longhouse ever known[8] and remained the largest building in the region[citation needed] until it was burned by the United States government in 1870.[9]
While there was nothing of this scale within the city limits of present-day Seattle, the Duwamish tribe had at least 13 villages in that area. Of these, the largest and most important was dzee-dzee-LAH-letch ("little crossing-over place") near present-day Pioneer Square, with an estimated 200 people in 1800, before Old World diseases caused massive death in the region. It consisted of eight longhouses, each roughly 60 feet (18 m) by 120 feet (37 m) and an even larger potlatch house.[citation needed]
Although no significant architectural structures from the era before European settlement survive as anything more than archaeological sites, several present-day Seattle buildings deliberately invoke the traditional regional Native American architecture as an influence. Examples of this include Daybreak Star Cultural Center in Discovery Park,[10] owned by the United Indians of All Tribes; the Duwamish Longhouse, owned by the Duwamish tribe, just west of the Duwamish River,[11] roughly across the street from the present-day Herring's House Park,[12] whose name commemorates the second-largest historical Duwamish village, tohl-AHL-too ("herring's house") or hah-AH-poos ("where there are horse clams");[13] wǝɫǝbʔaltxʷ ("Intellectual House"), a multi-service learning and gathering space for Native American students, faculty and staff on the Seattle campus of the University of Washington;[14] and Ivar's Salmon House, a restaurant on the north shore of Lake Union.[15]
-
Interior, Daybreak Star Cultural Center
-
Duwamish Longhouse
-
Interior, Duwamish Longhouse
-
Intellectual House
-
Main entrance of Ivar's Salmon House
Residential architecture
Houses
Summarizing the styles of Seattle single-family residential architecture in 1986, Jim Stacey identified the typical houses of the inner neighborhoods as "Both one and two-story older frame houses, with such names as bungalow, craftsman, Tudor, Victorian, Dutch Colonial, and saltbox," noting roughly 5 miles (8.0 km) from the center these give way to newer styles such as "rambler and split-level" with Cape Cods in between, both chronologically and geographically.[16]: 7–8 Few homes survive from before 1900. Prior to the World War II era, homes were constructed mostly of brick or wood, with a wider variety of materials after that. Many concrete block houses were built in the 1950s.[16]: 8 Sam DeBord lists major styles chronologically as "Queen Anne – Victorian, Seattle Box – Four Square, Craftsman Bungalow – Arts and Crafts, Dutch Colonial, Tudor, Cape Cod, Mid-Century, Stark 60s Modern, Split-Entry, NW Contemporary – Minimalist, Post-Modernism" along with recent "Traditional Revivals" and "Modern Hybrids".[17]
Seattle in the 21st Century is essentially a "built out" city: typically, to build new houses means demolishing older houses. As of 2016, Seattle builders are tearing down older homes at the average of about one a day; most are being replaced with larger homes. The most affected areas are Ballard and the Central District, followed by Crown Hill/North Greenwood, Queen Anne, Green Lake/Wallingford and Phinney Ridge/Fremont.[18]
Pacific Northwest Contemporary is a modern architecture style that emerged in the 21st century following Northwest Regional style of the mid 20th century. It retains earlier influences from Japanese architecture and utilizes an open floor plan and materials found in the Northwest such as cedar wood and locally-found stones including granite and basalt.[19]
-
Although much altered, 3045 64th Ave SW in the Alki neighborhood is almost certainly Seattle's oldest residential building. It is believed to have been built by Doc Maynard in 1860.[20]
-
The Italianate Ward House (520 E. Denny Way) was built in 1882 at 1025 Pike Street on First Hill, then rotated to face Boren Avenue as 1427 Boren Avenue, and moved to its current Capitol Hill location in 1986, but the exterior is otherwise very little altered.[21]
-
The George Kinnear house, 809 Queen Anne Ave. N., a
-
The Wilson-Franklin House, 2813 Broadway East in the Roanoke Park Historic District, built in 1910 by C.L. Martin, is a typical American Foursquare[22]
-
The Satterlee House (1906) at 4866 Beach Drive S.W. in West Seattle, one of the grander examples of the Foursquare or Box style[23]
-
The 1910 home of Samuel Hill (814 E. Highland Dr. on Capitol Hill), designed by Hill in collaboration with Hornblower & Marshall, is an early example of concrete construction.[24]
-
2121 31st Avenue S. in the Mount Baker neighborhood, a blend of Tudor and Craftsman styles, built 1910 as a home for developer Charles P. Dose, who platted this area of the city.[25]
-
Another Mount Baker neighborhood Tudor, the 1911 Joseph Kraus Residence, 2812 Mt. St. Helens Place, designed by J.E. Douglass.[26]
-
210 NE 50th Street in the Wallingford neighborhood, with the gambrel roofline typical of the Dutch Colonial style.
-
6511 23rd Avenue NW in the Ballard neighborhood, a California bungalow in the American Craftsman style.
-
3146 NE 83rd St in the Wedgwood neighborhood, a typical Cape Cod with attached garage.
-
Egan House, designed by architect Robert Reichert for Admiral Willard Egan and built 1957-1959 on the west side of Capitol Hill below St. Mark's Cathedral is the youngest building in the portfolio of Historic Seattle.[27][28]
-
4142 20th Avenue SW in the Pigeon Point neighborhood (left) was built in 2007 in the space that was formerly the garage of neighboring 4146 20th Avenue SW (right).[29]
Apartment buildings
Seattle has very few remaining 19th-century apartment buildings. Two with city landmark status are the Victorian Row Apartments, 1234 South King Street on the border of the International District and Central District[30] and the Wayne Apartments in Belltown.[31] Victorian Row was built in 1891 on a site near its current location, moved in 1909 during the Jackson Street Regrade, and rehabilitated 1992–1993, constitutes Seattle's only remaining structurally unaltered 19th-century apartment building.[30][32] The Wayne Apartments, originally three row houses,[32] is probably best known for the bars along Second Avenue in a 1911 extension of the building toward the street.[31][33] The three three two-story attached wood-frame rowhouses were constructed some time between 1888 and 1893, and were representative of "a once-common but now extremely rare rowhouse building form in Seattle."[32] Around 1906 the neighborhood was the subject of one of Seattle's many regrades. By 1911, the old buildings had been divided into apartments. They were raised to become the upper stories of a building with commercial buildings at street level, constituting a "regrade hybrid," common both here in the Denny Regrade and in the regraded portions of the International District.[32] An apartment building dating from 1903, somewhat structurally similar to the Wayne Apartments, and similarly raised in 1911 to add a commercial ground floor, stood at the northeast corner of 12th Avenue East and East Pike Street on Capitol Hill until it was demolished in 2014.[32]
Around 1910 Seattle began to see apartment buildings for a wealthier clientele. On Capitol Hill, apartments from the 1910s advertised such features as private baths, gas ranges, refrigerators, telephones, bay windows, hardwood floors, built-in cabinetry, leaded and/or beveled glass, and entry through a marble-floored lobby. The Phoenix (535 20th Avenue East) even offered some apartments with 18 feet (5.5 m) ceilings.[34] In the same era, the mansions of First Hill began to give way to duplexes, row houses, and apartment buildings, with one of the first apartment buildings being the still-extant Mission-style San Marco at 1205 Spring Street (Saunders and Lawton, completed 1905).[35][36]
more pre-war buildings on First Hill; cheaper mid-20th-century buildings; the current batch being built (including upwards extensions that preserve old low facades), and a few examples of conversions of warehouse or industrial to residential.
-
The Victorian Row Apartments in the International District, built 1891, moved in 1909 during the Jackson Street Regrade, and rehabilitated 1992-1993, constitutes Seattle's only remaining structurally unaltered 19th-century apartment building.[30]
-
The Chelsea, near Kinnear Park on Queen Anne Hill was designed by Harlan Thomas and opened as a hotel in 1907; it became increasingly residential, and by 1917 was simply an apartment building.
-
1005 E. Roy on Capitol Hill, one of many Seattle apartment buildings by master builder Frederick Anhalt.
-
The former Fire Station 25 (built 1909) on the border of Capitol Hill and First Hill, decommissioned in 1970 and converted into 16 condominium apartments in 1980.
-
A 1916 ad promotes the then-new Carolina Court on Eastlake Avenue in the Cascade neighborhood
-
Garden apartments at 18th Avenue and E. Spruce Street, built 1924.
-
The Watermark Tower, built in 1983 and converted to condominiums in 1987,[37] one of the older Downtown luxury residential tower buildings
-
Thornton Place, in the Northgate neighborhood, one of the largest of the mixed-use developments common to Seattle in the early 21st Century.
Floating homes
Seattle has had floating homes (also known as houseboats) almost since the time of first European settlement. At one time there were over 2,500 such homes in the city, not even counting seaworthy live-aboard boats. From the first, these included floating slums of shabby shacks, but gentrified houseboats go back at least to 1888 when the Yesler Way cable car reached Leschi on Lake Washington and a string of luxury summer getaways (none of them surviving today) lined the shore from there north to Madison Park. A 1980 This Old House episode about a Seattle houseboat inspired the setting for the 1993 film Sleepless in Seattle Seen by some as a bohemian paradise and by others as "lawless nests of anarchic outcasts, rowdy riff-raff, and the flotsam of society," some houseboat colonies succumbed to zoning changes, public health scares, or shoreline and freeway development, while others have survived even in the face of similar pressures. As of 2010, there were about 480 floating homes on Lake Union and a lesser number elsewhere in the city.[38]
Seattle's earliest floating homes were on the downtown waterfront. These were cleared out for sanitary infractions in 1908; at the time some moved to Harbor Island and the Duwamish River. In the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Harbor Island colony grew into a floating Hooverville; it was cleared out during the war, with some of the more sound structures moving to Lake Union. A few floating homes remain on the Duwamish even in the 21st Century. Meanwhile, a 1907 law intended to raise money for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition forced landowners with shoreline property along Lake Union to either buy the submerged extensions of their property or lose control of them. While the landowners were hardly happy with the law, clear title led many of them to build piers and rent space for houseboats. By 1914, about 200 residences were floating on Lake Union; one was the former Hostess House from the A-Y-P Exposition, transferred to a barge, which remained on the lake into the 1960s. By 1922 the number was up to 1,100, exacerbating issues of water pollution: most of the houseboats fed their sewage directly into the lake, as did many shoreline properties.[38]
Conflicts over sanitation and occasionally building codes and aesthetics continued. By 1938 the last of the floating homes on Lake Washington were banished. The Portage Bay and Lake Union colonies were repeatedly in conflict with nearby neighborhood associations. Some were evicted due to major shoreline projects, such as a Coast and Geodetic Survey Base in 1962.[38] In the 1920s, the houseboaters had formed their first formal association, the shortlived Houseboat and Home Protective League; this was succeeded by the Waterfront Improvement Club in 1939, also shortlived.[39] In November 1962, the houseboaters finally formed a long-lived neighborhood association of their own, the Floating Homes Association, with King County deputy assessor George Neale as its firstpresident and activist reporter Terry Pettus as its administrative secretary. That organization has now survived for over 50 years. The sanitation issues were finally settled in 1965, with the installation of the Portage Bay-Lake Union Sewer Line.[38]
In 1972, one threat to the surviving houseboats was removed when state lands commissioner, Bert Cole announced tougher policies on use of underwater lands, effectively preventing the construction of any further large apartment complexes on piers. Four years later, a city ordinance backed by Mayor Wesley Uhlman and councilman John Miller codified regulations to preserve a diverse Lake Union, including houseboats; a 1987 Shoreline Master Program declared houseboats to be a "preferred" shoreline use.[38]
Seattle's houseboats differ in numerous ways from other housing in the city. In contrast to other single-family dwellings, any parking is inevitably on shore, with the docks themselves entirely pedestrianized. Many have small sailboats or dinghies docked at their sides; some have floating gardens, including vegetable gardens. A typical 1920s houseboat was a small rectangular building, built atop a raft of logs or a former fishing barge, often with a rounded "'sprung' roof… constructed by… bending ships laps (notched lath) over a central beam or two and nailing them down to the side walls," although those with more money and stronger aesthetic concerns opted for peaked roofs, more like the houses ashore. They ranged from tar paper-covered shacks to pleasant shingled houses. In that era, houseboats lined the shore; houseboat piers reaching out into the lake were a later development.[39]
The rafts or barges inevitably rotted over time, and replacing them was not easy. By the 1970s, the preferred flotation devices were "styrofoam logs", with a lift of 60 pounds per cubic foot (960 kg/m³). By that time, the nature of new houseboats was changing radically. Architects such as Grant Copeland began designing high-end floating homes in the 1960s; many of the newer floating homes had two stories, where as nearly all of the old ones were single-story. People began to see houseboats as investments. By 1974, Dick Wagner, president of the the Floating Homes Association, was warning that Lake Union was turning into a "floating Bellevue" (alluding to a wealthy Seattle suburb). "The people are now interesting but rich. They used to be interesting but poor."[39]
-
Floating homes on the east shore of Lake Union near Roanoke Street, Seattle, 1953.
-
Along the waterline, the two-story floating homes of Roanoke Reef, seen here from Gas Works Park, have replaced the more modest structures in the previous image.
-
Looking along a dock in Westlake, with floating homes on either side.
-
Floating homes on Portage Bay at the foot of E. Shelby Street. Looking toward the Montlake Cut.
-
The NRHP-listed Wagner Houseboat, home of Dick Wagner, former president of the the Floating Homes Association and founder of the Center for Wooden Boats.
Office and retail buildings
The Seattle Department of Neighborhoods describes Pioneer Square as "Seattle's original downtown… [r]ebuilt after the devastating "Great Fire" of 1889…characterized by late nineteenth century brick and stone buildings and one of the nation's best surviving collections of Romanesque Revival style urban architecture."[40] Since 1970, it has been listed federally as a National Historic District and a locally as a preservation district.[40] The neighborhood was rebuilt rapidly after the fire with buildings that met the conditions of the new building code, Ordinance 1147.[41] Construction halted almost completely after the Panic of 1893, then resumed at a rapid pace five years later as Seattle became a jumping-off point for the Klondike Gold Rush. Because the center of Seattle's downtown later shifted several blocks north, a very large number of these 1890s buildings were still intact, though run down, as the architectural conservation movement grew in the 1960s. Over the decades since, most of the district's surviving older buildings have been successfully rehabilitated.[41]
At the other end of Downtown is Pike Place Market, the oldest continually operating farmers' market in the United States and another historic district with both national and city status. A public market since 1907, after threats to its continued existence in the late 1960s it underwent major rehabilitation in the early 1970s, with a plan that centered on "preserving the buildings in their original form, as much as possible."[42]
As of 2016, Downtown Seattle contains all but one of the 20 tallest buildings in Washington (the nearby Space Needle being the sole exception); all of these are office buildings, although The Mark, due to be completed in 2017, will be partly a hotel, and another hotel under construction at 8th and Howell will also make it into the top 20.[citation needed] Even the Smith Tower, built in 1914 and until 1931 the tallest building west of the Mississippi River,[43] remains taller than any building in the state outside of Seattle.[citation needed] Notable among the older buildings are the 15-floor Alaska Building (1904) designed by St. Louis, Missouri firm Eames and Young; the 17-floor Hoge Building (1911, Bebb and Mendel); and the aforementioned Smith Tower (1914, Gaggin & Gaggin); all of these are near the south end of the present-day downtown.[citation needed] The downtown core edged north with the Dexter Horton Building; completed in 1924, the 15-story building covers nearly half a city block.[citation needed] A few years later and a bit further north came two notable Art Deco buildings, both built on the verge of the Great Depression: the Eliel Saarinen-influenced[44] Seattle Tower (1929, Albertson, Wilson & Richardson), originally known as the Northern Life Tower,[44] and the 22-story Exchange Building (1930, John Graham & Associates).[citation needed]
From the Great Depression of the 1930s well into the 1960s, Seattle added relatively few major office buildings. The drought was somewhat broken by the International Style Norton Building (1959, Bindon & Wright, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill), but the Central Business District skyline changed little until the 50-floor Seattle-First National Bank Building (now Safeco Plaza; 1969, NBBJ), 42-floor Union Bank of California Building (now simply known as 901 Fifth Avenue; 1973, John Graham & Company); and 37-floor Federal Building (now Henry M. Jackson Federal Building, 1974, John Graham & Company) the 32-floor Pacific Northwest Bell Building (now Qwest Plaza or simply 1600 Seventh, 1976, John Graham & Company); and the 41-floor Rainier Bank Tower (now Rainier Tower, 1977, NBBJ and Minoru Yamasaki). All of these were designed by architects with strong local connections: NBBJ and John Graham were both Seattle-based firms, and New-York-based Yamasaki was born, raised, and educated in Seattle.[citation needed]
As new buildings in an already-developed city center, the construction these and others represented loss of earlier major buildings. For example, one of the buildings sacrificed for the Federal Building was Elmer H. Fisher's Richardsonian Romanesque Burke Building (1890), comparable to his surviving Pioneer Building; the Rainier Tower and adjoining Rainier Square in the Metropolitan Tract required the demolition of the Beaux-Arts White Henry Stuart Buildings (1907-1911, Howells and Stokes), built on the same general design as the surviving Cobb Building (1910).[citation needed] While it is certainly true that Seattle's Central Business District has moved steadily north, the impression of this is exaggerated by the loss of many major late 19th and early 20th century buildings in what was once the northern part of the business district and is now the center, while Pioneer Square to the south remained relatively intact.[citation needed]
The trend toward tall office buildings has continued beyond the late 1970s. The 76-story, 287.4 m (943 ft) Columbia Center (originally Columbia Seafirst Center, 1982-1985, Chester Lindsey Architects) is currently the second tallest structure on the West Coast (after Los Angeles's 73-story, 1,018-foot U.S. Bank Tower).[citation needed] Its bulk prompted a reaction in terms of height limits, zoning that favored interesting profiles, and height and density bonuses for public amenities. These strongly influenced the city's second-tallest building, the 55-story, 235.31 m (772.0 ft) Deco Revival 1201 Third Avenue (originally Washington Mutual Tower, 1986-1988, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates and The McKinley Architects).[45]
Like most American cities, Seattle has long had its share of downtown retail, including department stores and a few older-style shopping arcades. The initial commercial center was the Pioneer Square neighborhood, but by 1910 there was "a distinct concentration of specialty and department stores … along Second Avenue from Marion Street to Pike Street"; a surviving architectural example as of 2016 is the J.A Baillargeon Building (1908) at the northeast corner of 2nd Avenue and Spring Street. At one time the strip also included the Rialto Building (1894, Skillings and Corner[46]), original site of Frederick & Nelson; The Bon Marché (1896, 1902, 1911, Saunders and Lawton[47]); the Arcade Building/Rhodes Store (1903); the subject Galland Building/Stone Fisher Lane Store (1906, extant but scheduled for demolition as of 2016); the Chapin Building/ McDougall and Southwick Co. (1907).[48] The department store district eventually shifted slightly north and east. Prominent among the historic department stores are the Bon Marché flagship store (1929, now Macy's, which absorbed The Bon), Nordstrom, and Frederick & Nelson (1918, now defunct; their former flagship store is now the Nordstrom flagship store) The Bon and Frederick's flagship stores are both now official Seattle Landmarks; the Bon is also on the National Register.[citation needed] Surviving arcades include much of Pike Place Market, the shops at the Olympic Hotel or in Ralph Anderson's 1971-1972 remodel of the Squire-Latimer Building/Grand Central Hotel, now Grand Central on the Park. The city was a relative latecomer to modern, in-city "galleria"-style malls.[citation needed] The first such was Westlake Center (1988), followed by the larger Pacific Place (1998).[citation needed]
The city has the usual complement of strip malls, as well as two major suburban-style malls. Northgate Mall, designed by John Graham, Jr., opened in 1950 as an open-air mall, one of the country's first post-war, suburban mall-type shopping centers.[49] University Village, built on former lakebed[50] northeast of the main campus of the University of Washington, was originally (1956) comparable to Westwood Village in West Seattle and Aurora Village north of city limits in Shoreline, Washington and like them was originally developed by Continental Inc. After a change in management, University Village was reworked to create stronger pedestrian spaces and bring in more upmarket tenants.[51] The Seattle area's other suburban-style malls (such as Westfield Southcenter) all sit outside city limits.
Seattle annexed several other towns and cities in the period 1905-1910, many of whose historic centers now constitute important commercial neighborhoods within the city.[52] The shopping districts of Ballard and Columbia City both center on federally- and city-recognized historic districts preserving buildings many of which date back to their period as an independent town (Ballard) or city (Columbia City).[citation needed]
The 21st Century has seen a major expansion of Seattle's commercial center into South Lake Union. Previously predominantly a district of small buildings with light industrial uses, since 2000 it has become mostly a district of mid-rise office buildings. Beginning in the mid-2010s, more high-rises and residential buildings are being added to the mix.[53] As of 2015, the district has a major presence from Amazon.com and a variety of biotech businesses. While no one architect has been strongly identified with the district, much of the construction has been driven by Vulcan, Inc., owned by Paul Allen, co-founder of Microsoft.[54][55][56]
-
The Pioneer Building, a Richardsonian Romanesque building designed by Elmer H. Fisher and completed in 1892. Fischer designed numerous Seattle buildings in the four years between the Great Seattle Fire (1889) and the Panic of 1893.
-
The Interurban Building, also completed 1892, made the name of British-born architect John B. Parkinson, later of Los Angeles.[57]
-
Toby Block in the Columbia City neighborhood (1907, third floor 1913)[58]
-
The Smith Tower, designed by Gaggin & Gaggin of Syracuse, New York; completed 1914, shown here under construction in 1913. At 38 stories, it was tallest office building west of the Mississippi River until the Kansas City Power & Light Building (1931), and the tallest building on the West Coast until the Space Needle (1962).[59]
-
Pike Place Market, shown here in 1972 shortly before renovation.
-
Pike Place Market in 2010.
-
The Seattle Tower, originally Northern Life Tower, an Art Deco building by architects Albertson, Wilson & Richardson, completed in 1928.
-
Downtown Seattle Macy's, the former Bon Marché flagship store, opened 1929.
-
Bon Marché store at Northgate Mall, photographed the year the mall opened in 1950. The mall was initially developed by Allied Stores (parent company of The Bon).[60]
-
The Norton Building, completed 1959, one of Seattle's first examples of the International Style.
-
Columbia Center, Seattle's tallest skyscraper, completed 1985. Designed by Chester L. Lindsey Architects.
-
A panoramic view of the interior of the Pacific Place shopping mall.
-
The Arizona Building, a typical example of recent construction in South Lake Union.
-
University of Washington Medicine Research building, South Lake Union (Perkins+Will, 2011-2013).[61]
Military architecture
-
Artist's rendering of the blockhouse in which settlers sheltered in January 1856 during the Battle of Seattle in the Yakima War.
-
The Washington National Guard Armory sat at the north end of Pike Place Market from 1909 until its demolition in 1968.
-
Built in 1918 by the U.S. Navy to serve as a hangar for the Aviation Training Corps, it was never used it for that purpose. Instead, it served the University of Washington as storage for racing shells until 1949, and canoes since. This was the first University of Washington structure to be placed on the National Register of Historic Places.[citation needed]
-
Naval Reserve Armory on Lake Union, circa 1950…
-
…and in 2015 as the Museum of History and Industry.
-
Administration Building, Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, Ballard, designed by Bebb and Gould, completed 1916
-
West Point Light, Fort Lawton (now Discovery Park)
-
Fort Lawton post exchange and gymnasium
-
Coast Guard Station
- Armory Building, Seattle Center
- Media related to Center House (Seattle Center) at Wikimedia Commons
- Various buildings, Discovery Park (former Fort Lawton)
- Media related to Fort Lawton at Wikimedia Commons
- Housing, headquarters building, aircraft hangars (former Sand Point Naval Air Station), Magnuson Park, converted to low-income housing in 1999
- Media related to Naval Air Station Seattle at Wikimedia Commons
- MOHAI (former Naval Reserve building), South Lake Union
- Media related to Naval Reserve Building, Seattle, Washington at Wikimedia Commons
- Various buildings, Chittenden Locks (United States Army Corps of Engineers)
- Media related to Hiram M. Chittenden Locks Administration Building at Wikimedia Commons
- Coast Guard District 13 headquarters, Pier 36/37
- Media related to USCG Base Seattle at Wikimedia Commons
Religious buildings
-
This early postcard of St. James Cathedral (Roman Catholic, built 1907) shows it with its original dome; the dome collapsed from snow in 1916 and was never rebuilt.[63]
-
The Langston Hughes Performing Arts Center in the Central District, originally the Bikur Cholim synagogue (B. Marcus Priteca, 1915)[64]
-
The onion domes of Saint Spiridon Orthodox Cathedral, built 1941 in Cascade evoke the churches of northern Russia
-
Seattle Buddhist Church (1940-1941), a Japanese Jodo Shinshu Buddhist temple, designed by Japanese American Kichio Allen Arai,[65] the architect of record was Pierce A. Horrocks, because Arai lacked an architectural license.[66]
-
St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, designed by Paul Thiry and completed in 1962, the same year as the World's Fair for which he was principal architect.[67][68]
-
Interior of the NBBJ-designed Plymouth Congregational Church (built 1967-1968) in the Metropolitan Tract. Principal architect Donald Arthur Winkelmann.[69]
-
Interior, Chapel of St. Ignatius, Seattle University, designed by Steven Holl and 1994-1997, "seven bottles of light in a stone box."[71][72]
Libraries and museums
-
Seattle's old Downtown Carnegie Library, photographed here in 1919.
-
Seattle Public Library (SPL) Green Lake branch, one of half a dozen surviving Carnegie libraries in Seattle.
-
Suzzallo Library (first phase completed 1926), University of Washington, designed by Charles H. Bebb and Carl F. Gould.[73]
-
The 1933 Seattle Art Museum in Volunteer Park, now Seattle Asian Art Museum. The Streamline Moderne building was designed by Carl F. Gould.
-
Seattle Public Library Central Library, designed by Rem Koolhaas and completed in 2004
-
SPL Northgate Branch Library.
Schools and other educational buildings
-
Denny Hall, built 1894-5, the oldest building on the University of Washington campus.
-
The old, wooden John Hay School (elementary) on Queen Anne Hill, designed by James Stephen, built 1905.[74]
-
An extremely similar design was used for a number of schools, the last of which was the Latona School (built 1906), now John Stanford International School, a bilingual orientation center.
-
Oriel window, Garfield High School, built 1923, one of many Seattle public schools designed by Floyd Naramore, later a founder of NBBJ.
-
The brutalist architecture of McMahon Hall (left, 1965) and Haggett Hall (right, 1963, designed by Paul Hayden Kirk), University of Washington dormitories.[75][76]
Hotels and other accommodation buildings
Hospitals and other medical buildings
Police, fire and other government buildings
-
The old King County Courthouse, built 1890 atop "Profanity Hill"; ceased to be a courthouse 1917, torn down in the 1930s
-
The present-day King County Courthouse, originally (1931) City-County Building
-
Former U.S. Immigrant Station and Assay Office, built 1932
-
William Kenzo Nakamura Federal Courthouse, built 1940
-
Henry M. Jackson Federal Building, built 1974
-
Seattle City Hall, built 2005.
-
Fire Station No. 2 in Belltown
-
Fire Station No. 14 in Sodo
Sports and entertainment venues
- Yesler Hall (first de facto entertainment venue & meeting place), Yesler Pavilion (first deliberately created entertainment venue & meeting place)
- Coliseum Theatre: Marcus Priteca, Alexander Pantages, arguably America's first "movie palace"
- Other notable theaters past and present: Moore, Orpheum, Music Hall, Fifth Avenue, maybe the Pantages, maybe a bit of a list of past downtown theaters.
- Probably mention the one whose interior burned & which was then turned into a parking garage on Cherry
- Fraternal lodges & reuse of some of their spaces (Eagles Auditorium, Masonic Lodge that became the Egyptian, Oddfellows Hall & Century Ballroom).
- Neighborhood theaters and in some cases their repurposing (e.g. the Russian Hall on 19th; rebuild of the Majestic Bay; survival of the Admiral)
- I believe there used to be a hockey arena in the middle of town
- Sick's Stadium
- Safeco & CenturyLink fields
-
Husky Stadium, University of Washington, seen across Union Bay. The original stands were built 1920 by the Puget Sound Bridge and Dredging Company; major modifications included the cantilevered covered south stands (1950), similar stands on the north side (1987), and the major reconstruction 2011-2013, in progress in this photo.
-
Hec Edmundson Pavilion (built 1927, major renovation 1999), University of Washington
-
Aerial view of the KeyArena (previously Coliseum), designed by Paul Thiry and built for the Century 21 Exposition (1962 World's Fair)
-
The once-iconic Kingdome, built 1976, demolished 2000.
-
The former Meridian Theatre in the Meridian neighborhood (Wallingford / Green Lake), one of many repurposed former neighborhood cinemas.
-
Benaroya Hall, home of the Seattle Symphony
Transportation architecture
- Bridges
- Union Stables
- Trolley barns, including a few that survive repurposed
- King Street Station, Union Station, recently demolished Greyhound station, METRO tunnel & stations...
- Mention airports, even though they are outside city limits, and also Boeing in that context.
- Possibly automobile-related goes here as well: past "Auto Rows" in Capitol Hill, South Lake Union, a few actually notable early parking garages & service stations; the Washington Talking Book & Braille Library is a former auto building as well.
-
Union Livery Stables.
-
A surviving cable car bridge at Leschi Park.
-
Interior of King Street Station.
-
Interior of Union Station.
-
Southbound portal, Westlake station, Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel
Parks buildings and community and cultural centers
-
Seward Park Inn, Seward Park.
-
Laurelhurst Community Center.
-
Rainier Valley Cultural Center, a former Christian Science church.
-
Former bathhouse, Alki Beach.
-
Former bathhouse, Golden Gardens.
Official landmarks
In the late 1960s, in reaction to proposed radical redevelopment of Pioneer Square and Pike Place Market, numerous individuals and organization agitated for a more preservationist approach. These two districts were designated as "historic" by the city in 1970 and 1971, respectively, and the city established what is now the Landmarks Preservation Board 1973, seven years after the federal government passed the National Historic Preservation Act.[77]
The City of Seattle grants landmark status independent of the NRHP, and As of 2015 has done so for over 450 buildings and structures, as well as eight historic districts.[78] As of 2015 there are over 175 Seattle buildings, structures, and districts on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). A given building may have either status, both or neither. Many buildings discussed and depicted in this article have NRHP or Seattle Landmark status.
Any person or organization can normally begin the designation process to establish a Seattle Landmark, although if a building is rejected for landmark status then for the next five years only its owner may restart the process. If the board chooses to designate a property, a process of hearings and (potentially) appeals crafts a specific ordinance of controls and incentives, which ultimately comes before the city council to be voted on as an ordinance.[78]
For some buildings, only the exterior is a designated landmark; for others, the interior is also included.[78] Buildings and structures that are either landmarked in their own right or that fall within city-designated historic districts require a Certificate of Approval for any exterior change, addition or modification of signs, change of paint color, changes to the public right-of-way (e.g. sidewalk displays, street lights), etc.; in some cases such a certificate is required for establishment of a different business on the premises.[78] In exchange, they may be exempted from various zoning and open space rules, and can transfer certain development rights more freely than other buildings. Also, when a landmark property is rehabilitated, the value of those improvements goes untaxed for up to a decade.[79]
In contrast, NRHP designation does not restrict use, treatment, transfer, or disposition of private property, nor does the NRHP list properties whose owner objects. NRHP listing is mostly a matter of prestige, although there are some federal tax benefits for NRHP-listed commercial buildings.[80]
-
Terracotta detail, Arctic Building. The walrus's current tusks are plastic, as an earthquake safety precaution.
-
Terracotta detail, Coliseum Theater.
-
Terracotta detail, Eagles Auditorium Building.
-
Terracotta detail, Union Stables.
-
Stonework detail, 7th Church of Christ Scientist, Queen Anne Hill
-
Ornamental grating, Seattle Times building, 1120 John Street (South Lake Union)
-
Elevator bank, Securities Building
-
Interior, First United Methodist Church (photographed 2007; now Daniels Recital Hall)
-
Stained glass of "Moses with the Tablets", a surviving piece of the old Temple De Hirsch, landmarked but nonetheless demolished.
-
Interior, Georgetown PowerPlant Museum
-
Entrance, Maryland Apartments (Capitol Hill)
-
The "P-I Globe," symbol of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, landmarked in its own right
Façadism
Façadism is the practice where a building is almost entirely replaced, with only its original or reconstructed façade preserved. Knute Berger wrote in 2015, "Façadism is not a new phenomenon, but it’s booming in Seattle these days."[81] He quotes Eugenia Woo, director of preservation for Historic Seattle: "Façadism is NOT preservation. … The result … is often a strange hybrid building that does not meld the new and the old in a coherent manner."[81] In some cases (such as the Auto Row buildings in the Pike-Pine corridor) new buildings have received height bonuses for preserving a façade.[81]
The Allen Institute for Brain Science Building in South Lake Union is an intermediate case between preservation and reconstruction of a façade. It incorporates elements of the Ford McKay Building (Warren H. Milner, 1922) and Pacific McKay Building (Harlan Thomas and Clyde Grainger, 1925). These buildings with Seattle Landmark status were completely torn down in 2009; 2,760 pieces of terracotta and other elements were saved for reuse in an otherwise completely new building on the same site, and were incorporated in a new structure, with modern structural walls and modern doors and windows designed to resemble the originals.[82] The new building also largely reproduces the interior of the auto showroom on the corner of Westlake and Mercer.
-
Preserving part of the façade of the former Phil Smart Mercedes in the Pike-Pine corridor on Capitol Hill.
-
The Allen Institute for Brain Science Building in South Lake Union incorporates elements of the Ford McKay Building and Pacific McKay Building.
Maritime and industrial architecture
- The two historic Rainier breweries
- Boeing
- Shipyards
- Piers
- Port of Seattle buildings, including Pier 66 & Fishermen's Terminal
-
The Hemrich Bros. brewery in South Lake Union, shown here in 1900, demolished in the 1920s.
-
The "Bayview" Rainier brewery in Sodo, active until 1999.
-
Although renovated and repurposed, the Central Waterfront piers and pier sheds, such as Pier 66 (shown here). have retained the same structure since the days of the Klondike Gold Rush.
-
Todd Shipyard on Harbor Island.
-
Boeing Building No. 105, "The Red Barn," now moved from its original location at the former Boeing Plant 1 on the left bank of the Duwamish to the Museum of Flight on the other side of the river.
-
Ash Grove Cement Company on the right bank of the Duwamish.
Power and water infrastructure
-
Post Station in the Pioneer Square neighborhood, steam plant built by Stone and Webster, now owned by Seattle Steam Company. The lower Old Post Station at right was built circa 1890; the tall portion, New Post Station, in 1902.[83][84]
-
The Georgetown Steam Plant, now Georgetown PowerPlant Museum, built by Stone and Webster in 1906. One of the first reinforced concrete structures on the U.S. West Coast, it provided electricity for rail and residential use.
Prominent architects
Among the first significant architects in the Pacific Northwest were Mother Joseph of the Sacred Heart (born Pariseau) and the barely-documented Donald McKay; neither has surviving work in Seattle, although works of both survive in Vancouver, Washington. In Seattle, the two collaborated on Providence Hospital (built 1882–1883; destroyed 1911) at Fifth and Madison, the current site of the William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse. McKay was also responsible in the years 1882–1884 for a major enlargement of the now-demolished Catholic Church of Our Lady of Good Help, as well as designing the Occidental Hotel (First and Yesler, later site of the Seattle Hotel and now the "Sinking Ship" parking garage) and Seattle Engine House No. 1 (both lost in the 1889 Fire) and the Holy Names Academy at Seventh and Jackson (lost in the Jackson Street regrade of 1906[citation needed]).[85][86]
Elmer H. Fisher, an exponent of the Richardsonian Romanesque style, came to prominence immediately after the 1889 fire; he designed many of the new "fireproof" buildings in what is now the Pioneer Square neighborhood.[87] His best-known surviving building is the Pioneer Building (built 1889–1891) directly on Pioneer Square at First and Yesler; his equally grand Burke Building, built at the same time, was demolished to make way for the Henry M. Jackson Federal Building; a few of its decorative elements survive on the plaza of that Federal Building. Two other surviving Fisher buildings are also right at First and Yesler: the Yesler Building on the southwest corner and the Mutual of New York Building on the northwest corner, both initially built 1890–1891 and later enlarged. His Austin A. Bell Building (1889–1890) remains an equally prominent feature of Belltown.[88]
Englishman Charles Herbert Bebb and German Louis Leonard Mendel made their separate ways to Seattle in the 1890s. Their partnership Bebb & Mendel (1901–1914) was the city's most prominent architectural firm during its period of activity.[89] Among their many surviving buildings in Seattle are the University Heights School (first portion built 1902), now a community center; the William Walker House (built 1906–1907, also known as "Hill-Crest") in the Washington Park neighborhood, now the official residence of the president of the University of Washington; the First Church of Christ, Scientist on Capitol Hill (built in two phases, 1908–1909, 1912–14), now converted into condominium apartments; the Frye Hotel (built 1906–1911); the Hoge Building (built 1909–1911) briefly the city's tallest building; and Fire Station No. 18 (built 1910–1911) in Ballard, now a bar and restaurant.[89]
Another Englishman who figured prominently in Seattle architecture was Liverpool-born John Graham, Sr. From 1905 to 1910 he was in partnership with David J. Myers; they designed houses, apartment buildings, and several Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition pavilions. A prominent surviving Myers-Graham building is the main ("Seaview") building of The Kenney, a retirement home in West Seattle. He established his own firm in 1910; his numerous downtown buildings in this period include the Joshua Green Building (1913); the the Frederick and Nelson department store (1916–1919), now Nordstrom's flagship store; and the Dexter Horton Building (1921–1924), an office building for First Seattle Dexter Horton National Bank, later Seafirst Bank. Other buildings from this period include the Ford Assembly Plant Building (1913) near the southeast corner of Lake Union—later home to the printer Craftsman Press and is now used as a self-storage building—and the Seattle Yacht Club (1919–1921) in Montlake. In the late 1920s he began working along Art Deco lines, with such buildings as the Roosevelt Hotel (1928–1929); the Bon Marché (1928–1929), now a Macy's; and the Exchange Building (1929–1931). Grant Hildebrand counts the Exchange Building as "perhaps Graham's finest work."[90] He collaborated with Bebb and Gould on the U.S. Marine Hospital complex at the north end of Beacon Hill (1931–1934), later for more than a decade headquarters of Amazon.com, now Pacific Tower. Graham lived until 1955, but he collaborated with William L. Painter in New York City 1936–1942, and it was mainly Graham's son John Graham, Jr. who eventually built back up a Seattle practice for the firm.[90]
Iowa-born Harlan Thomas started his career in Colorado and traveled widely before arriving in Seattle in his mid-30s in 1906. By the end of 1907, he had already made his mark with his own Mediterranean-style villa on the west slope of Queen Anne Hill, the eclectic Chelsea Family Hotel across from Kinnear Park, and the Italianate Sorrento Hotel on the First Hill edge of Downtown before adopting a more stripped-down style influenced by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen. In the following years he designed a number of schools around Washington state and partnered with various other architects on prominent Seattle buildings: with Clyde Grainger he designed the Corner Market building in Pike Place Market (1911–1912); with W. Marbury Somervell, three Carnegie libraries (1912–1915); with Schack, Young & Myers the Seattle Chamber of Commerce Building (1923–1925); and in the partnership Thomas, Grainger, and Thomas (the latter Thomas being his own son Donald), Seattle's Rhodes Department Store (1926–1927, later Arcade Plaza Building, now demolished), William O. McKay Ford Sales and Service Building (1925, now reconstructed as part of the Allen Institute for Brain Science), and Harborview Hospital (1929–1931). Other projects in and around Seattle included two fraternal buildings at the University of Washington (the former Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, 1914, now Tau Kappa Epsilon, and the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority, 1930), a 500-unit World- War II-era housing project in Bremerton, Washington, and speculative housing designed for developer Albert Balch in northeast Seattle. He also taught architecture at the University of Washington 1926–1940.[91]
Ellsworth Storey was from Chicago, first visited Seattle as a teenager, and settled there in 1903 after earning an architecture degree from the University of Illinois. Like Harlan Thomas, he debuted in Seattle as his own client, building a home for his parents and an adjacent one for himself and his wife. These Ellsworth Storey Residences in Denny-Blaine, completed in 1905, already show his characteristic style; as Grant Hildebrand describes it, "deep eaves, horizontal stretches of mullioned glazing, and above all the imaginative use of modest local materials,"[92] with influences from Swiss chalets, the Prairie School, and the English Arts and Crafts movement. (Bernard Maybeck in the San Francisco Bay Area seems to have arrived independently at a similar style.[92]) "Although… hardly known nationally, few architects have engendered greater local affection."[92] Not all of Storey's work is in this style: for example, his 1908 house for J.K. Gordon in the Mount Baker neighborhood is Georgian Revival, and many of his buildings fall broadly under the heading of Tudor Revival, such as Hoo-Hoo House (1909)—which was built for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition and subsequently served until 1959 as the University of Washington Faculty Club—and a 1915–1916 Unitarian church, now University Presbyterian Church Chapel. In the 1920s, he designed numerous Seattle residences, church buildings, etc. Meanwhile, back in 1910–1915, Storey had acquired land near Colman Park on the Lake Washington shore and, on speculation, built a set of cottages in his characteristic style. This last proved a lucky thing for him, because in the Great Depression when there was little work for architects, he was still able to earn rents as a landlord while working on government projects such as parks throughout Western Washington and, during World War II, at Sand Point Naval Station.[92]
After his partner Louis Mendel retired in 1914, Charles Bebb partnered with Carl F. Gould in the firm Bebb & Gould.[93] Bebb was more the businessman and engineer; Gould—who in this same period founded the Deparment of Architecture at the University of Washington (U.W.)—the designer and planner.[93] The firm's style evolved from Historicism toward Art Moderne.[93] Early on, the firm designed the Times Square Building (1913-1915) for the Seattle Times, the Administration Building (1914-1916) of the Ballard Locks, and developed a General Plan (1915) for the U.W. campus.[93] They contributed to the tradition of Collegiate Gothic with U.W.'s Suzzallo Library—T. William Booth and William H. Wilson characterize the second-story reading room as Gould's "most inspired" interior space—before taking a decidedly more modern/Deco turn with Seattle's U.S. Marine Hospital (1930-1932; later, successively, Public Health Hospital, Pacific Medical Center, and with an additional wing Amazon.com headquarters; now Pacific Tower), the Art Institute of Seattle (1931-1933, now Seattle Asian Art Museum), and shortly before Gould's death in 1939, U.W.'s Penthouse Theater (1938-1940).[93]
Glasgow-born B. Marcus Priteca, was already an Associate of the Royal College of Arts, Edinburgh (now Edinburgh College of Art) when he came to Seattle at the age of 20 for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909. By chance he met vaudeville entrepreneur Alexander Pantages; the two would have a long and fruitful partnership, with Priteca building theaters for Pantages in Seattle and elsewhere. He would eventually design "over 150 movie theaters including 60 of major import."[95] His Seattle Pantages (a.k.a. Palomar) Theater and office block (1913-1915, demolished) and Coliseum Theater (1914-1916, now converted to retail use) were terra cotta-covered neo-classical showpieces that set the mold for a generation of "movie palaces". He also designed Seattle's Orpheum Theater (1926-27, replaced by the south tower of The Westin Seattle), and co-designed Seattle's still-extant Paramount Theatre (1927-28). Notable theaters of his outside Seattle include the Pantages Theater (Tacoma, Washington) (1919-18) and the later Art Deco-style Pantages Theatre (Hollywood) (1929-30); his smaller Admiral Theater in West Seattle (1942) also show significant Deco influence. Besides theaters, his work included synagogues, the Longacres race track, public housing, private homes, and many other buildings, mostly in or near Seattle. His Bikur Cholim synagogue (1912-1915) in Seattle's Central District is now the Langston Hughes Performing Arts Center.[95]
Will also want to mention at least Frederick Anhalt (technically a master builder rather than an architect), Paul Thiry (crucial modernist, oversaw Century 21 Exposition architecture), John Graham, Jr., NBBJ (founded in Seattle, & Naramore designed many Seattle schools), Paul Hayden Kirk, Victor Steinbrueck (especially in the context of preservationism). Also Minoru Yamasaki (born in Seattle, several p\rominent buildings in Seattle – Pacific Science Center was his breakout – though not based there) & obviously mention Rem Koolhaas for the library, Frank Gehry for the EMP Museum. Doubtless others.
Prominent modern firms: NBBJ, Weber Thompson, Bassetti Architects, Callison. Also (although there is no article yet) Jones & Jones / Johnpaul Jones, see Marga Rose Hancock (November 3, 2010), "Jones, Johnpaul (b. 1941), Architect", HistoryLink, Seattle: History Ink.
Asian influences
-
Just north of S. King Street on 8th Avenue is one of several early-20th-century buildings in the Chinatown - International District grafting Chinese decoration onto Western architecture.
-
Asian influence can be seen in the roofline of this Craftsman bungalow at 627 13th E. on Capitol Hill
-
The Seattle Buddhist Church, a Jodo Shinshu Buddhist temple, built 1940-1941, designed by Japanese American Kichio Allen Arai,[65] although the architect of record was Pierce A. Horrocks, because Arai lacked an architectural license.[96]
-
The Historic Chinatown Gate, a modern Paifang archway built in 2007.
-
Kobe Bell on the grounds of Seattle Center, a designated city landmark
Despite a large historic Scandinavian presence in Seattle, especially in Ballard, there is a relative lack of obvious Scandinavian architectural influence in the city. Nearby Poulsbo is nicknamed "Little Norway" for the blatant Scandinavian influence in its downtown; Seattle has almost nothing of the sort.
The sandstone First Covenant Church on Pike and Bellevue in Downtown Seattle, formerly named the Swedish Tabernacle, is an example of Scandinavian-influenced churchbuilding.[97]
-
The former Norway Hall, 2015 Boren Avenue, designed by Sonke Englehart Sonnichsen and built in 1915, now Raisbeck Performance Hall, Cornish College.[98]
-
Swedish Club / Swedish Cultural Center, 1920 Dexter Avenue, designed by Einar V. Anderson, Arden Croco Steinhart, and Robert Dennis Theriault Sr., and built 1959-1961.[99] Prior to that they were located in a 1902 building on Eight Avenue by contractors Otto Roseleaf, August S. Peterson, and Otto Rudolf Roseleaf.[100]
-
First Covenant Church
The rise of "green buildings"
-
The Dexter Horton Building, built 1924, renovated in 2002 and 2013, received LEED Gold certification in 2015.[101]
-
Olive 8, a hotel/condo building designed by Gluckman Mayner Architects and completed in 2009, is a LEED Silver building with a green roof.
-
The Bullitt Center, designed by Miller Hull and completed 2013. Certified as a "Living Building".[102]
References
- ^ Emily Parkhurst (September 28, 2015). "Boom town: Amazon, Boeing drive massive growth; 25% of Seattle sales tax in 2015 from construction". Puget Sound Business Journal. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
- ^ John Talton (July 21, 2015). "Five takeaways from the downtown Seattle boom". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
…106 projects under construction, about to break ground or completed since January 2014…
- ^ David Kroman (June 15, 2015). "Development crush: City response not enough for Capitol Hill businesses". crosscut.com. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
- ^ Ethan Phelps-Goodman (September 9, 2015). "In South Lake Union, explosive growth is just getting started". crosscut.com. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
The transformation of South Lake Union over the last 15 years has been undeniably dramatic.
- ^ Overall citation for the boom: Allen N. Safer (June 30, 2015). "The Sustainability of the Seattle Apartment Building Boom". REBusinessOnline. Retrieved 2015-12-02. This article originally appeared in the June 2015 issue of Western Real Estate Business magazine.
- ^ "Old Man House Collections Come Home (press release)". Burke Museum. October 24, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
- ^ Allen N. Safer (July 12, 2014). "Press release for 45-KP-2: The Archaeology of Old Man House" (PDF). Suquamish Museum. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
- ^ Jones, Nard (1972). Seattle. New York: Doubleday. pp. 73–74. ISBN 0-385-01875-4.
- ^ Leonard Forsman (2008). "Old Man House Park At D'Suq'Wub, WA; Ancient Suquamish Winter Village Site". In Kennedy, Frances H. (ed.). American Indian Places: A Historical Guidebook. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 261. ISBN 9780395633366.
- ^ "Native American Cultural Center for Indians of All Tribes". United Indians of All Tribes. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
…modern architecture incorporating many elements of traditional Northwest Native architecture.
- ^ "Duwamish Longhouse and Cultural Center/The Duwamish Longhouse is open!". Duwamish Tribe. 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
The Duwamish Longhouse is a traditional cedar post and beam structure designed in the Puget Salish Longhouse style as collaboration between the Duwamish Tribe and project architect Byron Barnes, a member of the Montana based Blackfeet Tribe.
- ^ "The River Reclaimed". The Stranger (newspaper). Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ "Remembering Si'ahl / Remembering Chief Seattle". Duwamish Tribe. 2008. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ Deborah Bach (March 10, 2015). "As home for Native learning opens, a dream is realized". UW Today. University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
…modern, longhouse-style building…with the architectural elements of a traditional Northwest Coast longhouse, including cedar planks and posts.
- ^ "Ivar's Salmon House Restaurant, Seattle, WA (1968–1969)". Pacific Coast Architecture Database (PCAD). University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
Haglund… worked with several students of Bill Holm… to create the Salmon House's interior and exterior, loosely based on a Tlingit long house.
- ^ a b Jim Stacey (1986). Seattle Homes: Buying/Selling/Investing. Peanut Butter Publishing. ISBN 0897161602.
- ^ Sam DeBord (July 23, 2010). "Seattle Architectural Styles Through the Years – Real Estate Changes by Decade". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ Mike Rosenberg (2016-08-26). "A teardown a day: Bulldozing the way for bigger homes in Seattle, suburbs". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
- ^ Frank, Ann Wall (1999), Northwest Style: Interior Design and Architecture in the Pacific Northwest Hardcover (first ed.), Chronicle Books, ISBN 0811825361
- ^ Alice Evered (September 29, 2009). "History Day award winner -- Maynard, David Swinson (1808-1873): Father of Seattle". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 2015-12-03. Includes a picture of the house when it still had wings on both sides.
- ^ "Ward House". Historic Seattle. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Roanoke Park Historic District" (PDF). October 1990. Retrieved 2015-12-04. Pages 32-33 of the document, 38-39 of the PDF.
- ^ Kathy Mulady (January 30, 2007). "For sale: The only two historic landmark houses in West Seattle". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ John E. Tuhy (1983). Sam Hill: The Prince of Castle Nowhere. Timber Press. pp. 102–105. ISBN 0917304772.
- ^ Katheryn H. Krafft (2013). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Dose, Charles P. & Ida House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
- ^ F.K. Lentz; et al. (1982). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Kraus, Joseph House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
{{cite web}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ "Egan House". Historic Seattle. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ "Egan House (tour Sunday, August 16, 2015)". Historic Seattle. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ "Building Permits at 4142 20th Ave SW Seattle, WA 98106". buildzoom.com. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
- ^ a b c Reuben McKnight (December 2002). "Techniques and Technology: December 2002: Case Study: Victorian Row Apartments (1234 South King Street)". Preservation Seattle. Historic Seattle. Archived from the original on 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
- ^ a b Emily Parkhurst (2015-10-12). "Rocco's, Shorty's, Tula's demolition halted – for now – by Wayne Apartments historic landmark designation". Puget Sound Business Journals. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
- ^ a b c d e David Peterson (Nicholson Kovalchick Architects) (2015-07-20). "Seattle Landmark Nomination – The Wayne Apartments" (PDF). City of Seattle Landmarks Preservation Board. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
- ^ Emily Parkhurst (2015-09-01). "Shorty's, Rocco's, Tula's buildings slated for redevelopment, new Belltown apartments". Puget Sound Business Journals. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
- ^ Williams, Jacqueline B. (2001). The Hill With a Future: Seattle's Capitol Hill 1900-1946. Seattle: CPK Ink. pp. 34–36. ISBN 0-9644173-2-4.
- ^ "Walking Tour of Historic First Hill". St. James Cathedral. March 2005. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
- ^ "Summary for 1205 Spring ST / Parcel ID 1978200710 / Inv #". Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
- ^ "Watermark Tower". Stroupe Group/Watermark Tower. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
- ^ a b c d e Peter Blecha (August 12, 2010). "Seattle's Historic Houseboats". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
- ^ a b c Droker, Howard (1977). Seattle's Unsinkable Houseboats. Seattle, WA: Watermark Press. pp. 8–9, 72–73, 79–80, 130, 133–135. "'Sprung' roof quotation is from page 72, "styrofoam logs" from page 79, Dick Wagner quote from page 133-134.
- ^ a b Pioneer Square, Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Accessed online 2016-07-28.
- ^ a b Elenga, Maureen R. (2007). Seattle Architecture: A Walking Guide To Downtown. Seattle Architecture Foundation. pp. xxxiv, 4–9. ISBN 978-0-615-14129-9.
- ^ Elenga, Maureen R. (2007). Seattle Architecture: A Walking Guide To Downtown. Seattle Architecture Foundation. pp. 143–148. ISBN 978-0-615-14129-9. Quotation about "preserving the buildings in their original form" is on p. 147.
- ^ Woodridge, Sally B.; Roger Montgomery (1980). A Guide to Architecture in Washington State. University of Washington Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-295-95779-4.
- ^ a b "Northern Life Tower--Seattle, Washington: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
- ^ Egan, Timothy (May 11, 1986). "A 55-Story Tower Inaugurates A New Downtown Zoning Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (1998). "Additional Significant Seattle Architects". Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. p. 351. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (1998). "Charles W. Saunders". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 34–39. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ "Summary for 1215 2nd AVE / Parcel ID 1974700175". Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
- ^ Pocock, Emil. "Shopping Center History". American Studies at Eastern Connecticut State University. Archived from the original on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
- ^ Dorpat, Paul (2010-10-24). "Seattle Now & Then: the 45th Street Viaduct". pauldorpat.com. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
- ^ McNerthney, Casey (2011-01-05). "P-I archive: University Village through the years". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
- ^ Phelps, Myra L. (1978). "Annexation". Public works in Seattle: A narrative history [of] the Engineering Department, 1875-1975. Seattle: Seattle Engineering Department. pp. 216–224. ISBN 0-9601928-1-6.
- ^ Phelps-Goodman, Ethan (2015-09-15). "In South Lake Union, explosive growth is just getting started". Crosscut.com. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
- ^ "Business Ventures". Vulcan Real Estate. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
- ^ "South Lake Union Master Planning: Vulcan Owned Properties". CollinsWoerman. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
- ^ "Timeline of Paul Allen and Vulcan's interest in South Lake Union". 2012-08-30. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
- ^ "102 Occidental WAY / Parcel ID 5247800555". Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
- ^ "Columbia City Cybertour - Point 11: Toby Block, 4850 Rainier Avenue S". HistoryLink. Archived from the original on 2007-11-18. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
- ^ Woodridge, Sally B.; Roger Montgomery (1980). A Guide to Architecture in Washington State. University of Washington Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-295-95779-4.
- ^ David Wilma (2001-08-02), "Northgate Shopping Mall (Seattle) opens on April 21, 1950.", HistoryLink, Seattle: History Ink
- ^ Gray, Leila (2013-03-08). "Spring Move-in Slated for New UW Medicine South Lake Union Research Building". University of Washington. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
- ^ "Council Bill Number: 112722, Ordinance Number: 119512". City of Seattle. 1999. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
- ^ Walt Crowley (20 January 2011). "Snow Collapses Church Dome". Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. HistoryLink. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ "Langston Hughes / Parks and Green Spaces Levy / Project Information]". Seattle Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on 2010-06-04. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
- ^ a b MacIntosh, Heather M. (November 3, 1998). "Arai, Kichio Allen (1901-1986)". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
- ^ Rash, David A. (2014). "Kichio Allen Arai". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl; Suttles, Wayne P (eds.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. p. 242–243. ISBN 9780295993485. OCLC 856647647.
- ^ "Seattle Greek Festival at a glance". Seattle Greek Festival. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
- ^ "2717 Franklin AVE / Parcel ID 1437680000". Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=
(help) - ^ Program for Plymouth Congregational Church Tour, Docomomo WEWA/4Culture, May 11, 2016.
- ^ Priscilla Long (2001-09-15), "Sheihk Idriss Mosque founded in Seattle's Northgate neighborhood in 1981", HistoryLink, Seattle: History Ink.
- ^ "Chapel of St. Ignatius". Seattle University. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
Holl conceived of the chapel as "seven bottles of light in a stone box"
- ^ "Chapel of St. Ignatius". Steven Holl. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
Seven bottles of light in a stone box
- ^ Johnston, Norman; Dotson, Jay (2001), University of Washington, Princeton Architectural Press, p. 30, ISBN 1-56898-247-X
- ^ Thompson, Nile; Marr, Carolyn (2002). "Hay" (PDF). Building for learning - Seattle Public Schools Histories, 1862-2000. Seattle: Seattle Public Schools. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ Jennifer Ott (March 3, 2013). "Nuclear Reactor Building on the University of Washington campus is dedicated on June 1, 1961". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
…a number of buildings built in the Brutalism style on the university campus… McMahon Hall
- ^ "University of Washington North Campus Student Housing Project Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement" (PDF). University of Washington Capital Projects Office. September 2015. p. 3.2-9 (page 94 of PDF). Retrieved 2015-12-09.
Haggett Hall is a concrete frame structure… Consistent with the building's Brutalist style
- ^ Marueen R. Elenga (2007). Seattle Architecture. Seattle Architectural Foundation. ISBN 9780615141299.
- ^ a b c d "Landmarks". City of Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
- ^ "Preservation Incentives". City of Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
- ^ Julie Meredith; Lynn Peterson (2014-01-16). "SR 520 Program: Montlake Historic District Survey and Nomination for the National Register of Historic Places" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. p. 15. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
- ^ a b c Knute Berger (2015-04-01). "Seattle's facadism fetish makes fools of history & progress". crosscut.com. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
- ^ Sean Keeley (June 10, 2015). "New Allen Institute Building Unveils Historic Terra Cotta Facade". seattle.curbed.com. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
- ^ "633 Post AVE / Parcel ID 8591400100". Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
New Post Station… one of the last working remnants of the original industrial fabric of the Pioneer Square Skid Road National Historic District.
- ^ "619 Post AVE / Parcel ID 8591400100". Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
Old Post Station… a rare example of utilitarian architecture common to this area at the turn of the twentieth century.
- ^ Sjoblom, Cheryl (1998). "Mother Joseph of the Sacred Heart (Esther Pariseau)". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 6–9. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ Rash, David A. (1998). "Donald MacKay". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 10–15. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ "Pioneer Square-Skid Road Historic District". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2010-04-30. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
- ^ Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl; Andersen, Dennis A. (1998). "Elmer H. Fishser". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 22–27. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ a b Rash, David A.; Andersen, Dennis A. (1998). "Bebb & Mendel". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 72–77. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ a b Hildebrand, Grant (1998). "John Graham, Sr.". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 72–77. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ Johnston, Norman J. (1998). "Harlan Thomas". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 126–131. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ a b c d Hildebrand, Grant (1998). "Ellsworth Storey". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 102–107. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ a b c d e Booth, T. William; Wilson, William H. (1998). "Bebb & Gould". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 174–179. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ "Bethel Temple (Crystal Pool)". Puget Sound Theater Organ Society. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
- ^ a b Booth, Miriam; Sutermeister (1998). "B. Marcus Priteca". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 180–183. ISBN 0295973668.
- ^ Rash, David A. (2014). "Kichio Allen Arai". In Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl; Suttles, Wayne P (eds.). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 242–243. ISBN 9780295993485. OCLC 856647647.
- ^ Touring Swedish America: Where to Go and what to See. Minnesota Historical Society. 2006. p. 336. ISBN 9780873515597.
{{cite book}}
: Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=
(help) - ^ "Point 15: Norway Hall (Sonke Englehart Sonnichsen, 1915) 2015 Boren Avenue". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
- ^ Swedish Club #2, Seattle, WA (1959-1961), Pacific Coast Architecture Database, University of Washington. Accessed 2015-10-23.
- ^ Swedish Club #1, Seattle, WA (1959-1961), Pacific Coast Architecture Database, University of Washington. Accessed 2015-10-23.
- ^ "Seattle Building First for LEED Dynamic Plaque Re-Certification". GreenBuildingNEWS. 2015-08-05. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
- ^ Nelson, Bryn. "The Self-Sufficient Office Building" New York Times. October 4, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
External links
- John Caldbick, Housing through the years: From the Denny Party to the Great Depression in King and Snohomish Counties: A Slideshow, HistoryLink.org Essay 9833, September 10, 2011.