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[[File:Afwasmiddel.jpg|thumb|Dishwashing liquid in use]] |
[[File:Afwasmiddel.jpg|thumb|Dishwashing liquid in use]] |
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[[File:Afwasmiddel Una Aldi.JPG|thumb|Plastic bottles of dishwashing liquid]] |
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[[File:ORVILLE.jpg|thumb|Soap [[foam]] bubbles once water and dishwashing liquid are mixed and aerated]] |
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'''Dishwashing liquid''' ''([[British English|BrE]]: '''washing-up liquid''')'', known as '''dishwashing soap''' and '''dish soap''', is a [[detergent]] used to assist in [[dishwashing]]. It is usually a highly-[[foam]]ing mixture of [[surfactant]]s with low skin irritation, and is primarily used for hand washing of glasses, [[plate (dishware)|plate]]s, [[cutlery]], and [[kitchen utensil|cooking utensils]] in a sink or bowl. |
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'''Dishwashing liquid''' ([[British English|BrE]]: '''washing-up liquid'''), known as '''dishwashing soap''' and '''dish soap''', is a [[detergent]] used to assist in [[dishwashing]]. It is usually a highly-[[foam]]ing mixture of [[surfactant]]s with low skin irritation, and is primarily used for hand washing of glasses, [[plate (dishware)|plate]]s, [[cutlery]], and [[kitchen utensil|cooking utensils]] in a sink or bowl. In addition to its primary use, dishwashing liquid also has various informal applications, such as for creating bubbles, clothes washing and cleaning oil-affected birds. |
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The reduced [[surface tension]] of dishwashing water, and increasing solubility of modern surfactant mixtures, allows the water to run off the dishes in a dish rack very quickly. However, most people also rinse the dishes with pure water to make sure to get rid of any soap residue that could affect the taste of the food.<ref name="letters">{{ |
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cite web |
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==History== |
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| last=Petzall |
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{{main|Detergent}} |
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| first=Guy |
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{{expand section|date=January 2015}} |
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| url=http://blarthox.com/letters/pages%20and%20menus/industry.html#sainsburys |
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[[Sodium carbonate|Washing soda]] (sodium carbonate) is used for dishwashing,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sodium_carbonate#section=Toxicity-Summary|title=Sodium carbonate - CNa2O3|author=[[Pubchem]]|publisher=Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> and may be used in areas with [[hard water]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15hAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 | title=Housewifery: A Manual and Text Book of Practical Housekeeping | publisher=J.B. Lippincott | author=Balderston, Lydia Ray | year=1921 | pages=23}}</ref> It was used for dishwashing before detergents were invented in Germany during [[World War I]].<ref name="CI">{{cite web|url=http://www.cleaninginstitute.org/clean_living/soaps__detergent_history_3.aspx|title=Soaps & Detergent: History 3 - Clean Living - American Cleaning Institute|publisher=|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> |
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| title=Industry: Sainsbury's |
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Liquid detergent used for dishwashing was first manufactured in the middle of the 20th century. Dishwashing detergent started production in the United States in the 1930–1940s.<ref name="CI"/><ref name="Zoller2008"/> Teepol, the first such in Europe commenced production in 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shell.com/global/products-services/solutions-for-businesses/chemicals/about-shell-chemicals/our-history.html|title=Our history|publisher=Shell.com|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> |
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| work=A Collection of Letters |
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| accessdate=2006-04-06 |
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In 2005, dishwashing detergent retail sales totaled nearly USD $10 billion worldwide.<ref name="Zoller2008"/> |
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==Types== |
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Dishwashing detergents for dishwashers are manufactured and marketed variously as cartridges, gel, liquids, pacs, powder, and tablets.<ref name="Consumer Reports December 2014"/> Any dishwashing liquid may contain [[bleach]], [[enzyme]]s, or rinsing aids.<ref name="Consumer Reports December 2014"/> Some dishwashing detergents may be homemade, using ingredients such as [[borax]], [[essential oil]], [[eucalyptus oil]] and grated bar soap, among others.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw9qBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT139 | title=Essential Oils Guide | publisher=RAM Internet Media | author=Masters, Grace | year=2014}}</ref> |
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===Brands=== |
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{{globalize|section|date=January 2015}} |
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<!-- We need to name popular brands in Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, etc.--> |
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Notable brands of dishwashing liquid include [[Fairy (brand)|Fairy Liquid]], which was the best selling brand in the United Kingdom and Ireland,<ref>{{cite web|title=For hands that do dishes|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2027361/ALDI-budget-brand-Magnum-knocks-Fairy-spot-20-years.html|publisher=''[[Daily Mail]]''|accessdate=5 January 2015|date=18 August 2011}}</ref> [[Dawn (brand)|Dawn]], which was the leading brand as of 2009 in the United States,<ref name="Newman 2009"/> and [[Joy (dishwashing liquid)|Joy]]. ''The New York Times'' notes that Dawn's advertising has focused on its power while Palmolive's advertising has focused on its mildness.<ref name="Newman 2009">{{cite web | last=Newman | first=Andrew Adam | title=Tough on Crude Oil, Soft on Ducklings | website=The New York Times | date=24 September 2009 | year=2009 | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/25/business/media/25adco.html | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> A notable [[South Korean]] brand is Aekyung Trio,<ref name="Aekyung Trio">{{cite web | url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2007/10/602_12020.html | title=10 Consumer Hits 1950-2007 | publisher=The Korea Times | date=16 October 2007 | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> and a notable [[India|Indian]] brand is Vim.<ref name = "Hindustan Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/columnsbusiness/a-war-for-your-kitchen/article1-1088836.aspx | title=A war for your kitchen | publisher=''[[Hindustan Times]]'' | date=July 8, 2013 | accessdate=8 January 2015 | author=Gurtoo, Himani Chandna}}</ref> |
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==Primary uses== |
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Dishwashing liquid is used primarily for removing food from used dishes and tableware.<ref name="Consumer Reports December 2014">{{ cite web |url= http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/dishwasher-detergents/buying-guide.htm |title=Dishwasher detergent buying guide|author=Consumer Reports |authorlink=Consumer Reports |work=consumerreports.org |date=December 2014 |accessdate=5 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Zoller2008">{{cite book|author=Uri Zoller|title=Handbook of Detergents, Part E: Applications|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mCgcrvvRIucC&pg=PA40|date=29 October 2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-57444-757-6|pages=39–65}}</ref> Heavy soil (large food particles) is generally scraped from the dishes before using.<ref name="Consumer Reports December 2014"/> Detergent formula can vary based on use (hand or automatic).<ref name="Zoller2008"/> |
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===Hand dishwashing=== |
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[[File:Hand wash dishes.jpeg|thumbnail|Dishwashing liquid mixed with water on the left side of a [[sink]]]] |
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Hand dishwashing is generally performed in the absence of a dishwashing machine, when large "hard-to-clean" items are present, or through preference.<ref name="Zoller2008"/> Some dishwashing liquids can harm [[household silver]], fine glassware, anything with [[gold leaf]], disposable plastics, and any objects made of brass, bronze, [[cast iron]], [[pewter]], tin, or wood, especially when combined with hot water and the action of a [[dishwasher]].<ref name="Consumer Reports December 2014"/> When dishwashing liquid is used on such objects it is intended that they be washed by hand.<ref name="Consumer Reports December 2014"/> |
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Hand dishwashing detergents utilize surfactants to play the primary role in cleaning.<ref name="Zoller2008"/> The reduced [[surface tension]] of dishwashing water, and increasing solubility of modern surfactant mixtures, allows the water to run off the dishes in a dish rack very quickly. However, most people also rinse the dishes with pure water to make sure to get rid of any soap residue that could affect the taste of the food.<ref name="letters">{{ |
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cite web|last=Petzall|first=Guy|url=http://blarthox.com/letters/pages%20and%20menus/industry.html#sainsburys|title=Industry: Sainsbury's|work=A Collection of Letters|accessdate=6 April 2006 |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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Dishwashing liquid can be a skin irritant and cause hand eczema. Those with "sensitive skin" are advised amongst other things to persuade someone else to do the washing up.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient-guide/leaflets/files%5C110117handeczema.pdf | title=Protection for hand eczema | publisher=Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals | date=October 2009 | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> |
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Notable brands of dishwashing liquid include [[Fairy (brand)|Liquid]], which is the bestselling brand in the United Kingdom & Ireland{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}, [[Dawn (brand)|Dawn]], which is the leading brand in the United States{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}, and [[Joy (dishwashing liquid)|Joy]]. |
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===Automatic dishwashing=== |
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Some brands offer special features, such as Dawn Hand Renewal with [[Olay]] Beauty<ref name="handrenewal">[http://www.shespeaks.com/Dawn-Hand-Renewal-with-Olay-Beauty-Review SheSpeaks Reviews – Dawn Hand Renewal]</ref> or [[Ajax (cleanser)|Ajax]] Triple Action, which offers cleaning, [[antibacterial]] properties, and can be used as a [[hand soap]].<ref name="tripleaction">[http://www.viewpoints.com/Ajax-Triple-Action-Dish-Liquid-Orange-Scent-reviews Viewpoints Reviews – Ajax Triple Action]</ref> |
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Automatic dishwashing involves the use of a dishwashing machine or other apparatus.<ref name="Zoller2008"/> It is generally chosen through convenience, sanitation, or personal preference.<ref name="Zoller2008"/> The cleaning is less reliant on the detergent's surfactants but more reliant on machine's hot water as well as the detergent's builders, bleach, and enzymes.<ref name="Zoller2008"/> Automatic dishwashing detergents' surfactants generally have less foam to avoid disrupting the machine.<ref name="Zoller2008"/> |
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==Informal uses== |
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''[[Reader's Digest]]'' notes its use as an ant killer, weed killer, to help spread water-borne fertilizer, and to wash human hair.<ref name=RD>{{citation|title=Six extraordinary uses for dishwashing soap|date=c. 2012|journal=[[Reader's Digest]]|url=http://www.rd.com/slideshows/6-extraordinary-uses-for-dishwashing-soap/view-all/|accessdate=2015-01-09}}</ref> ''[[Good Housekeeping]]'' says it can be used mixed with vinegar to attract and drown [[Drosophila|fruit flies]].<ref>{{citation|title=Ten Genius New Uses for Dish Soap|author=Lauren Piro|date=September 2014|publisher=[[Good Housekeeping]]|url=http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home/cleaning-organizing/new-uses-for-dish-soap|accessdate=2015-01-09}}</ref> Dishwashing detergent has been used to clean mirrors as well as windows.<ref name="Ngyuen 2012">{{cite web | last=Ngyuen | first=Diana | title=Signs You're Cleaning Your Windows Wrong | website=The Huffington Post | date=23 February 2012 | year=2012 | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/23/cleaning-tips-wash-windows_n_1298133.html | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> |
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{{refimprove section|date=December 2010}} |
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A dilute combination of dishwashing liquid with water can be used to produce [[soap bubble]]s. Dishwashing liquid has also been administered orally as a substitute for [[soap]] as a form of [[corporal punishment]]. This is often colloquially referred to as [[washing out mouth with soap|washing the mouth out with soap]] or another similar phrase. However, this use carries health risks and has declined substantially in recent decades. Dishwashing liquid has also been used as a stain cleaner. |
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===Bubbles=== |
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Dishwashing liquid has also been used to treat [[bird]]s affected by [[oil spill]]s. After the [[Exxon Valdez oil spill]] in 1989, the International Bird Rescue Research Center received hundreds of cases of Dawn dishwashing liquid that were used to clean up birds and other animals contaminated with spilled oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibrrc.org/save_a_duck.html|title=IBRRC: Save-a-Duck campaign at Crissy Field|publisher=International Bird Rescue Research Center|accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref> It can also be used to mix mortar when there is no Plasticizer available on the building sites.<ref>http://www.cemex.co.uk/Userfiles/datasheets/mortar-admixtures.pdf</ref> |
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Dishwashing liquid can be mixed with water and additional ingredients such as glycerin and sugar to produce a [[soap bubble|bubble-blowing]] solution.<ref name="Science 2014">{{cite web | last=| first=| title=Blow the Biggest Bubbles | website=Scientific American | date=Sep 11, 2014 | year=2014 | url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blow-the-biggest-bubbles/ | accessdate=Jan 9, 2015}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Cleaning_agent#Common_cleaning_agents|List of cleaning agents]] |
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===Clothes washing=== |
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Dishwashing liquid may be used for cleaning delicate clothing fabrics such as hosiery and lingerie.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-gRK9HMQKoC&pg=PA79 | title=Laundry: The Home Comforts Book of Caring for Clothes and Linens | publisher=Simon and Schuster | author=Mendelson, Cheryl | year=2009 | pages=79 | isbn=1439188564}}</ref> |
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===Decal application=== |
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Dishwashing liquid is frequently recommended in a dilute solution to make [[decal]]s and vinyl graphics easier to position when applying.<ref>{{citation|publisher=Aerotech Consumer Aerospace|title=Decal instructions for model rocketry|url=http://www.aerotech-rocketry.com/customersite/resource_library/instructions/Misc_Instructions/decal_instructions.pdf |accessdate=2015-01-09 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=General Application FAQ|publisher=ORAFOL Graphic Products|url=http://www.orafol.com/gp/americas/en/faqs/articles/15712|accessdate=2015-01-09}}</ref> |
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===Leak detection=== |
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In industry, dishwashing liquid is also used to inspect pressurized equipment for leaks, such as [[propane]] [[Compression fitting|fitting]]s.<ref name="propane">{{cite journal |title=Propane Safety |journal=PopUp Times |date=2012-07-07 |accessdate=2015-01-07 }}</ref><ref name="Blakesley">{{cite web |url=http://homeguides.sfgate.com/leak-test-copper-supply-pipe-27797.html |title=How to Leak Test a Copper Supply Pipe |last=Blakesley |first=Kim |work=Demand Media |publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |accessdate=2015-01-07 }}</ref> It is used to inspect pneumatic [[tire]]s for [[Flat tire|flats]], as well as for [[quality assurance]] during the installation process, and as a mounting [[Tire bead|bead]] lubricant.<ref name="Zinn 2011-12-15">{{cite news |last=Zinn |first=Lennard |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/12/mtb/tech-faq-zinn-on-leaking-valve-stems-chain-length_252110 |title=Tech FAQ: Zinn on Leaking Valve Stems, Chain Length |work=VeloNews |publisher=[[Competitor Group, Inc.]] |date=2011-12-15 |accessdate=2015-01-07 }}</ref><ref name="Schwartz">{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Lance |url=http://www.fieldandstream.com/articles/gear/atvs/2012/08/how-mount-atv-tire |title=How to Mount an ATV Tire |work=[[Field & Stream]] |publisher=[[Bonnier Corporation]] |date=August 2012 |accessdate=2015-01-07 }}</ref><ref name="Lewis 1979">{{cite journal |title=Guide to high speed patrol car tires |journal=Law Enforcement Equipment Technology |year=1979 |last=Lewis |first=Alvin C. |last2=Lewis |first2=Ernest |last3=Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory |last4=National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice |volume=33 |issue=480 |page=15 |accessdate=2015-01-07 }}</ref> |
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===Mortar mix=== |
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It can be used to mix mortar when there is no [[plasticizer]] available on the building sites.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cemex.co.uk/Userfiles/datasheets/mortar-admixtures.pdf | title=Educational Guide to Admixtures, Additives and Water | publisher=Cemex Mortars | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> |
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===Pest deterrent=== |
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Dishwashing liquid has uses as an ingredient in making homemade garden pest deterrents. [[Oregon State University]]'s [[Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service|Cooperative Extension Service]] notes the use of dishwashing liquid to get rid of spidermites.<ref name="Oregon SU">{{citation|title=Get rid of garden pests with home remedies|date=September 3, 2009|location=Corvallis, Oregon|publisher=[[Oregon State University]] [[Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service|Cooperative Extension Service]]|URL=http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/node/1057}}</ref> Dish soap has also been used to deter aphids.<ref name="Oregon SU"/><ref name="The State Journal 2015">{{cite web | first=Wes|last=Henry|title=Cold weather gardening: Kale | website=The State Journal | date=3 January 2015 | year=2015 | url=http://state-journal.com/spectrum/2015/01/03/cold-weather-gardening-kale | location= Frankfort, KY, USA| accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> In some instances, the dish soap may be toxic to plant leaves and cause them to "burn".<ref name="Oregon SU"/> Use of soap or dish detergent to help spread pesticide on plants is noted by University of Georgia extension service, but not recommended.<ref>{{citation|title=Using Surfactants, Wetting Agents, and Adjuvants in the Greenhouse (B 1319) – So Why Not Just Use Common Kitchen Soaps and Detergents?|author1=Mark Czarnota|author2=Paul Thomas|publisher=University of Georgia Extension|url=http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=B1319|accessdate=2015-01-09}}</ref> |
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===Stain remover=== |
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A solution of dishwashing liquid and water may be used to remove coffee, tea, soda and fruit juice stains from fabrics.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EosH1NBLcy4C&pg=PA186 | title=Householder's Survival Manual | publisher=''[[Readers Digest]]'' | date=1999 | accessdate=10 January 2015 | author=Reader's Digest | pages=186|ISBN=0762101350}}</ref><ref name="UniversityIllinois">{{cite web | url=http://web.extension.illinois.edu/stain/staindetail.cfm?ID=43 | title=Stain Solutions: Fruit Juice (Apple, Grape, Orange) | publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Extension | accessdate=10 January 2015 | author=Taylor, Susan}}</ref> One dishwashing liquid brand has been used to remove stains from white or lightly-colored cloth napkins.<ref name="Dias 2014">{{cite web | last=Dias | first=Brie | title=The Grown-Up's Guide To Keeping Table Linens Nice And Clean | website=The Huffington Post | date=21 November 2014 | year=2014 | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/21/cleaning-table-linens_n_6186274.html | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> |
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===Treatment for oil-affected birds and other wildlife=== |
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[[File:Washing oiled Gannet–Close.jpg|thumbnail|An oiled [[Gannet]] being washed]] |
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Dishwashing liquid has been used to treat [[Oil spill#Environmental effects|birds affected]] by [[oil spill]]s.<ref name = "Bell 2010">{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/15/AR2010061501694.html | title=Dawn dishwashing detergent saves wildlife | publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]'' | date=June 17, 2010 | accessdate=10 January 2015 | author=Bell, Melissa}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 2013">{{cite web | title=Rescued oil birds set to be released | website=BBC News | date=2013-02-18 | year=2013 | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21497436 | accessdate=2015-01-11}}</ref> After the [[Exxon Valdez oil spill]] in 1989, the [[International Bird Rescue]] Research Center received hundreds of cases of dishwashing liquid that were used to clean up birds and other animals contaminated with spilled oil.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://w.bird-rescue.org/save_a_duck.html | title=DAWN comes to the rescue – again | publisher=International Bird Rescue Research Center | date=2011 | accessdate=10 January 2015 | author=Halcomb, Jay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibrrc.org/save_a_duck.html|title=IBRRC: Save-a-Duck campaign at Crissy Field|publisher=International Bird Rescue Research Center|accessdate=2008-07-16}} {{Dead link|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Newman 2009">{{cite web | last=Newman | first=Andrew Adam | title=Tough on Crude Oil, Soft on Ducklings | website=The New York Times | date=25 September 2009 | year=2009 | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/25/business/media/25adco.html | accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> More dishwashing liquid was donated during the [[Deepwater Horizon spill|Deepwater Horizon oil spill]] to the International Bird Rescue Research Center and the Marine Mammal Center.<ref name="Sewell 2010">{{cite web | last=Sewell | first=Dan | title=Procter & Gamble Ships Dawn Dishwasing Liquid To Clean Gulf Animals | website=The Huffington Post | date=3 May 2010 | year=2010 | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/03/gulf-animals-procter-gamb_n_561537.html | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Some dishwashing soap brands donated to support oiled birds during the Deepwater Horizon spill have received criticism for being petroleum-based.<ref name = "Bell 2010"/> |
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Dish soap has been tested as an oil-removing agent on [[polar bear]] fur in a study by the [[Alaska Zoo]] should a spill occur in the Arctic.<ref name="DeMarban 2012">{{cite web | last=DeMarban | first=Alex | title=Study: Dish soap may be liquid magic for oil-coated polar bears | website=Alaska Dispatch | date=28 October 2012 | year=2012 | url=http://www.adn.com/article/study-dish-soap-may-be-liquid-magic-oil-coated-polar-bears | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> |
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==Common ingredients== |
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The main ingredient is water, whilst the main active ingredients are detergents. There are other thickening and stabilizing agents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/HC/Products/Dishwashing/Ajax/Product-Ingredients/Antibacterial-Orange.cvsp|title=Dishwashing Detergent, Household Floor & Bleach Cleaner - Colgate-Palmolive, Murphy & Ajax Home Care Products|publisher=|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Other ingredients may include surfactants, hydrotrope, salts, preservatives, fragrances, and dyes.<ref name="Zoller2008"/> |
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Surfactants remove grease and stuck food particles.<ref name="Zoller2008"/> They may also provide foam.<ref name="Zoller2008"/> |
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Some dishwashing detergents may contain phosphorus, an ingredient which at least two states within the [[United States]] have limited use in dishwashing detergent.<ref name="Newspapers 2008">{{cite web | last=Dills | first=Isabelle | title=Washington State Begins Ban On Dishwashing Detergents | website=The Huffington Post | date=17 June 2008 | year=2008 | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/06/17/washington-state-begins-b_n_107688.html | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref><ref name = "Rein Washington Post">{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/22/AR2007032201980.html | title=Maryland Takes Step To Clean Up Detergent | publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]'' | date=March 23, 2007 | accessdate=10 January 2015 | author=Rein, Lisa}}</ref> According to the ''Washington Post'', phosphorus keeps "minerals from interfering with the cleaning process and prevent food particles from depositing again on dishes."<ref name = "Rein Washington Post"/> According to ''Time'' magazine, "One reason detergent makers have been using large amounts of phosphorus is that it binds with dirt and keeps it suspended in water, allowing the other cleaning agents to do their best work. Phosphorus is especially important in regions with hard water because the presence of lots of minerals can interfere with cleaning agents."<ref name="Walsh 2010"/> Phosphorus that runs into freshwater lakes and rivers can cause [[algal blooms]].<ref name = "Rein Washington Post"/><ref name="Walsh 2010">{{cite web | last=Walsh | first=Bryan | title=Greener Dishwashing: A Farewell to Phosphates | website=TIME.com | date=13 November 2010 | year=2010 | url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2030878,00.html | accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref> Phosphate-free detergent reduces the amount of [[phosphate]] wastewater treatment plants must clean up.<ref name = "Rein Washington Post"/> In the 21st century phosphates began to be reduced in percentage terms as an ingredient, leading to a ''New York Times'' report that said "low- or phosphate-free dishwasher detergents it tested, including those from environmentally friendly product lines that have been on the market for years, none matched the performance of products with phosphates".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/19/science/earth/19clean.html?_r=1& | title=Cleaner for the Environment, Not for the Dishes | publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' | date=September 18, 2010 | accessdate=10 January 2015 | author=Navarro, Mireya}}</ref> |
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In 2010, the United States FDA raised health concerns over [[triclosan]], an [[antibacterial]] substance used in some dish liquids.<ref name="Layton 2010">{{cite web | last=Layton | first=Lyndsey | title=FDA says studies on triclosan, used in sanitizers and soaps, raise concerns | website=Washington Post | date=8 April 2010 | year=2010 | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/07/AR2010040704621.html | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Elsewhere, triclosan has been found to create problems at wastewater treatment plants, whereby it can "sabotage some sludge-processing [[microbe]]s and promote drug resistance in others."<ref name="The Inquisitr News 2015">{{cite web | title=Another Reason To Avoid Triclosan And Anti-Bacterial Soaps – It’s Messing Up Sewage Treatment Systems | website=The Inquisitr News | date=2015-01-10 | year=2015 | url=http://www.inquisitr.com/1314977/another-reason-to-avoid-triclosan-and-anti-bacterial-soaps-its-messing-up-sewage-treatment-systems/ | accessdate=2015-01-10}}</ref> The United States FDA has found that triclosan provides no health benefits over soap and water.<ref name="Times 2014"/> As of 2014, at least one state within the United States has banned triclosan in dishwashing liquids.<ref name="Times 2014">{{cite web | last=Boone | first=Lisa | title=Minnesota bans triclosan, an ingredient in antibacterial soaps | website=latimes.com | date=21 May 2014 | year=2014 | url=http://www.latimes.com/home/la-lh-minnesota-becomes-first-state-to-ban-triclosan-20140521-story.html | accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> |
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Many dishwashing liquids contain perfume which can cause irritant or allergic contact dermatitis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patient.co.uk/health/contact-dermatitis|title=Contact Dermatitis|work=Patient.co.uk|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{Wikipedia books|Soap}} |
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* [[Cleaning agent]] |
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** [[Cleaning agent#Common cleaning agents|List of cleaning agents]] |
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* [[Soap]] |
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* [[Green cleaning]] |
* [[Green cleaning]] |
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* [[Washing]] |
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== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|3}} |
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==Further reading== |
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== External links == |
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* {{cite web | url=http://www.cooksillustrated.com/equipment_reviews/1507-liquid-dish-soap | title=Liquid Dish Soap | publisher=''[[Cook's Illustrated]]'' | date=April 1, 2014 | accessdate=10 January 2015}} |
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* {{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/columnsbusiness/a-war-for-your-kitchen/article1-1088836.aspx | title=A war for your kitchen | publisher=''[[Hindustan Times]]'' | date=July 8, 2013 | accessdate=8 January 2015 | author=Gurtoo, Himani Chandna}} |
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* {{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/22/AR2007032201980.html | title=Maryland Takes Step To Clean Up Detergent | publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]'' | date=March 23, 2007 | accessdate=10 January 2015 | author=Rein, Lisa}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category}} |
{{Commons category}} |
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{{Wiktionary|dishwashing liquid|washing-up liquid}} |
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*[http://www.florakim.com/files/Liquid-Dishwashing-Detergent-msds.pdf Dishwashing liquid (MSDS)] |
*[http://www.florakim.com/files/Liquid-Dishwashing-Detergent-msds.pdf Dishwashing liquid (MSDS)] |
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[[Category:Cleaning products]] |
[[Category:Cleaning products]] |
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{{Chem-stub}} |