Ericulture (talk | contribs) →1,800 years ago to 550 years ago: Adde content Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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Formation of [[Kenorland]], based upon [[Baltic shield]] core. |
Formation of [[Kenorland]], based upon [[Baltic shield]] core. |
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Breakup of the continents [[Vaalbara]] and Ur as the latter becomes part of the supercontinent Kenorland. |
Breakup of the continents [[Vaalbara]] and Ur as the latter becomes part of the supercontinent Kenorland. |
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Possible [[Cyanobacteria]] ([[photosynthesis]])<!--2.7 Ga-->.<ref name=Lane> |
Possible [[Cyanobacteria]] ([[photosynthesis]])<!--2.7 Ga-->.<ref name=Lane>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527461-100-first-breath-earths-billion-year-struggle-for-oxygen/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve; they use water as reducing agent, thereby making oxygen as waste. oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron at oceans, creating iron ore{{snd}}over time oxygen concentration at sky slowly rises, acting as a poison many bacteria. As Moon is still very close to Earth & causes tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}, Earth is continually wracked by hurricane force winds{{snd}}these extreme mixing influences are thought to stimulate evolutionary processes. Microbial mats now successful forming the 1st [[reef]] building communities on Earth at shallow warm tidal pool zones. |
Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve; they use water as reducing agent, thereby making oxygen as waste. oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron at oceans, creating iron ore{{snd}}over time oxygen concentration at sky slowly rises, acting as a poison many bacteria. As Moon is still very close to Earth & causes tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}, Earth is continually wracked by hurricane force winds{{snd}}these extreme mixing influences are thought to stimulate evolutionary processes. Microbial mats now successful forming the 1st [[reef]] building communities on Earth at shallow warm tidal pool zones. |
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Stabilization of [[craton]]s. |
Stabilization of [[craton]]s. |
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[[Sterane]] [[biomarker]]s possibly indicate first [[eukaryote]]s. |
[[Sterane]] [[biomarker]]s possibly indicate first [[eukaryote]]s. |
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Possible largest crater on earth near [[Maniitsoq]], [[Greenland]].<ref> |
Possible largest crater on earth near [[Maniitsoq]], [[Greenland]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Earth's oldest impact crater found in Greenland|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21996-earths-oldest-impact-crater-found-in-greenland/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref><!--3 Ga--> |
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| style="text-align: center" |2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga||[[Neoarchean]] era |
| style="text-align: center" |2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga||[[Neoarchean]] era |
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First known multicellular organisms collectively known as "Gabonionta" ([[Francevillian Group Fossil]]); [[Wopmay orogen]] along west border of the Canadian Shield. |
First known multicellular organisms collectively known as "Gabonionta" ([[Francevillian Group Fossil]]); [[Wopmay orogen]] along west border of the Canadian Shield. |
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[[Bolide]] over 10 km in size creates [[Vredefort impact structure]].<!--2023 Ma--> |
[[Bolide]] over 10 km in size creates [[Vredefort impact structure]].<!--2023 Ma--> |
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[[Milky Way]] perturbed by collision.<!--Ca 2 Ga ago--><ref> |
[[Milky Way]] perturbed by collision.<!--Ca 2 Ga ago--><ref>{{Cite web|title=Milky Way still reeling from ancient smash|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126966-200-milky-way-still-reeling-from-ancient-smash/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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lesser [[supercontinent]] [[Atlantica]] forms. [[Oklo]] [[natural nuclear reactor]] of [[Gabon]] made by uranium precipitant bacteria. |
lesser [[supercontinent]] [[Atlantica]] forms. [[Oklo]] [[natural nuclear reactor]] of [[Gabon]] made by uranium precipitant bacteria. |
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[[Olympus Mons]], largest volcano at Solar System, made. |
[[Olympus Mons]], largest volcano at Solar System, made. |
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[[Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy]] captured into orbit around Milky Way. |
[[Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy]] captured into orbit around Milky Way. |
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Possibly [[multicellular]] [[red algae]] ([[eukaryotic]]).<!--1.6 Ga--><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mattias Karlsson|title=Oldest plant-like fossils found in rock|journal=New Scientist|date=Mar 18, 2017|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23331172-900-oldest-plantlike-fossils-discovered-are-16-billion-years-old}}</ref> |
Possibly [[multicellular]] [[red algae]] ([[eukaryotic]]).<!--1.6 Ga--><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mattias Karlsson|title=Oldest plant-like fossils found in rock|journal=New Scientist|date=Mar 18, 2017|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23331172-900-oldest-plantlike-fossils-discovered-are-16-billion-years-old}}</ref> |
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Erosion of [[granite]] introduces [[copper]], [[zinc]], and [[molybdenum]] into surface waters.<ref> |
Erosion of [[granite]] introduces [[copper]], [[zinc]], and [[molybdenum]] into surface waters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Sex born from hard rock and heavy metal|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21947-sex-born-from-hard-rock-and-heavy-metal/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Supercontinent Columbia splits apart: linked to continental rifting along west margin of Laurentia, east India, south Baltica, southeast Siberia, northwest South Africa & North China Block, making of Ghats Province at India. First structurally complex [[eukaryote]]s (Horodyskia, colonial formamiferian). |
Supercontinent Columbia splits apart: linked to continental rifting along west margin of Laurentia, east India, south Baltica, southeast Siberia, northwest South Africa & North China Block, making of Ghats Province at India. First structurally complex [[eukaryote]]s (Horodyskia, colonial formamiferian). |
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Major increase in [[Stromatolite]] diversity as common bluegreen algae colonies & reefs dominating tidal zones of oceans & seas. |
Major increase in [[Stromatolite]] diversity as common bluegreen algae colonies & reefs dominating tidal zones of oceans & seas. |
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Eukaryotes found in lakes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Ancient lakes show when eukaryotic life left the sea|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20373-ancient-lakes-show-when-eukaryotic-life-left-the-sea/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Eukaryotes found in lakes.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20373-ancient-lakes-show-when-eukaryotic-life-left-the-sea.html "Ancient lakes show when eukaryotic life left the sea"] by Colin Barras, ''New Scientist'', April 16, 2011, p. 20. {{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature09943 | pmid=21490597 | volume=473 | issue=7348 | title=Earth's earliest non-marine eukaryotes | year=2011 | journal=Nature | pages=505–509 | last1 = Strother | first1 = Paul K. | last2 = Battison | first2 = Leila | last3 = Brasier | first3 = Martin D. | last4 = Wellman | first4 = Charles H.| bibcode=2011Natur.473..505S | s2cid=4418860 }}</ref> |
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Supercontinent of [[Rodinia]] done: consisting of North American, East European, Amazonian, West African, East Antarctica, Australia & China blocks, largest global system yet made{{snd}}surrounded by superocean Mirovia |
Supercontinent of [[Rodinia]] done: consisting of North American, East European, Amazonian, West African, East Antarctica, Australia & China blocks, largest global system yet made{{snd}}surrounded by superocean Mirovia |
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| style="text-align: center" | 900 Ma – 700 Ma ||Cryogenian period || |
| style="text-align: center" | 900 Ma – 700 Ma ||Cryogenian period || |
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Traces of sponge-like animals.<!--890 Ma--><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michael Marshall |title=Sponge fossils suggest animals already existed 890 million years ago |journal=New Scientist |date=Aug 7, 2021 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2285295-sponge-fossils-suggest-animals-already-existed-890-million-years-ago/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elizabeth Turner |title=Possible poriferan body fossils in early Neoproterozoic microbial reefs |journal=Nature |date=Jul 28, 2021 |volume=596 |issue=7870 |pages=87–91 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03773-z |pmid=34321662 |pmc=8338550 |bibcode=2021Natur.596...87T |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref> |
Traces of sponge-like animals.<!--890 Ma--><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michael Marshall |title=Sponge fossils suggest animals already existed 890 million years ago |journal=New Scientist |date=Aug 7, 2021 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2285295-sponge-fossils-suggest-animals-already-existed-890-million-years-ago/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elizabeth Turner |title=Possible poriferan body fossils in early Neoproterozoic microbial reefs |journal=Nature |date=Jul 28, 2021 |volume=596 |issue=7870 |pages=87–91 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03773-z |pmid=34321662 |pmc=8338550 |bibcode=2021Natur.596...87T |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Earliest animal traces solve time-gap mystery|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17105-earliest-animal-traces-solve-time-gap-mystery/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=and #author.fullName}|first=#author fullName}|title=Dawn of the animals: Solving Darwin's dilemma|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327161-200-dawn-of-the-animals-solving-darwins-dilemma/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Rift develops on [[Rodinia]] between continental masses of Australia, east Antarctica, Indian subcontinent, Congo & Kalahari on 1 side & Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia, West African & Rio de la Plata cratons on other{{snd}}formation of Adamastor Ocean. |
Rift develops on [[Rodinia]] between continental masses of Australia, east Antarctica, Indian subcontinent, Congo & Kalahari on 1 side & Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia, West African & Rio de la Plata cratons on other{{snd}}formation of Adamastor Ocean. |
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Terrestrial [[fungi]].<!--Between 715 & 810 Ma--><ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=etal |last1=Steeve Bonneville |title=Molecular identification of fungi microfossils in a Neoproterozoic shale rock |journal=[[Science Advances]] |date=Jan 22, 2020 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax7599 |volume=6 |issue=4 |page=eaax7599|pmid=32010783 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.7599B |doi-access=free |pmc=6976295 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jason Arunn Murugesu |title=The oldest fungi fossils have been identified in a Belgian museum |journal=New Scientist |date=Feb 1, 2020 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2231068-the-oldest-fungi-fossils-have-been-identified-in-a-belgian-museum/}}</ref> |
Terrestrial [[fungi]].<!--Between 715 & 810 Ma--><ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=etal |last1=Steeve Bonneville |title=Molecular identification of fungi microfossils in a Neoproterozoic shale rock |journal=[[Science Advances]] |date=Jan 22, 2020 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax7599 |volume=6 |issue=4 |page=eaax7599|pmid=32010783 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.7599B |doi-access=free |pmc=6976295 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jason Arunn Murugesu |title=The oldest fungi fossils have been identified in a Belgian museum |journal=New Scientist |date=Feb 1, 2020 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2231068-the-oldest-fungi-fossils-have-been-identified-in-a-belgian-museum/}}</ref> |
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[[Radiodont]]s, including earliest large predators known.<!--From 521 Ma ago--> |
[[Radiodont]]s, including earliest large predators known.<!--From 521 Ma ago--> |
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All modern mineralized phyla present.<ref name=Landing2010>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1130/G30870.1| title = Cambrian origin of all skeletalized metazoan phyla--Discovery of Earth's oldest bryozoans (Upper Cambrian, southern Mexico)| year = 2010| last1 = Landing | first1 = E.| last2 = English | first2 = A.| last3 = Keppie | first3 = J. D.| journal = Geology| volume = 38| issue = 6| pages = 547–550|bibcode = 2010Geo....38..547L }}</ref> |
All modern mineralized phyla present.<ref name=Landing2010>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1130/G30870.1| title = Cambrian origin of all skeletalized metazoan phyla--Discovery of Earth's oldest bryozoans (Upper Cambrian, southern Mexico)| year = 2010| last1 = Landing | first1 = E.| last2 = English | first2 = A.| last3 = Keppie | first3 = J. D.| journal = Geology| volume = 38| issue = 6| pages = 547–550|bibcode = 2010Geo....38..547L }}</ref> |
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[[Bivalve]]s.<!--520 Ma for Fordilla--> [[Arthropod]]s dominant until arrival of [[Nautilus|chambered nautili]].<!--500 Ma--><ref> |
[[Bivalve]]s.<!--520 Ma for Fordilla--> [[Arthropod]]s dominant until arrival of [[Nautilus|chambered nautili]].<!--500 Ma--><ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Nautilus: Chambers of secrets|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826501-700-nautilus-chambers-of-secrets/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Stifling hot "Dead Interval".<!--Last 50 Ma of Cambrian--><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Catherine Brahic|title=Volcanic mayhem drove major burst of evolution|journal=New Scientist|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129522.600-volcanic-mayhem-drove-major-burst-of-evolution.html|date=Jan 18, 2014|pages=6–7}}</ref> |
Stifling hot "Dead Interval".<!--Last 50 Ma of Cambrian--><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Catherine Brahic|title=Volcanic mayhem drove major burst of evolution|journal=New Scientist|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129522.600-volcanic-mayhem-drove-major-burst-of-evolution.html|date=Jan 18, 2014|pages=6–7}}</ref> |
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[[End-Botomian mass extinction]].<!--517 Ma--> |
[[End-Botomian mass extinction]].<!--517 Ma--> |
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[[Cynodont]]s (forerunners of mammals).<!--Ca 260 Ma--> |
[[Cynodont]]s (forerunners of mammals).<!--Ca 260 Ma--> |
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First [[warm-blooded]] animals.<!--Ca 255 Ma--><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kévin Rey |title=Oxygen isotopes suggest elevated thermometabolism within multiple Permo-Triassic therapsid clades |journal=eLife |volume=6 |date=Jul 2017 |doi=10.7554/eLife.28589|pmid=28716184 |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free |pmc=5515572}}</ref> |
First [[warm-blooded]] animals.<!--Ca 255 Ma--><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kévin Rey |title=Oxygen isotopes suggest elevated thermometabolism within multiple Permo-Triassic therapsid clades |journal=eLife |volume=6 |date=Jul 2017 |doi=10.7554/eLife.28589|pmid=28716184 |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free |pmc=5515572}}</ref> |
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[[Siberian Traps]] eruption and [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]]. [[Dinosaur tracks]].<ref> |
[[Siberian Traps]] eruption and [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]]. [[Dinosaur tracks]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the oldest dino ancestor yet|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827813-900-meet-the-oldest-dino-ancestor-yet/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.1746 | pmid=20926435 | volume=278 | issue=1708 | title=Footprints pull origin and diversification of dinosaur stem lineage deep into Early Triassic | year=2010 | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | pages=1107–1113 | last1 = Brusatte | first1 = S. L.| pmc=3049033 }}</ref> 40 °C sea temperatures during [[Early Triassic#Smithian-Spathian extinction|Smithian-Spathian extinction]]. [[Turtle]]s. [[Archosaur]]s: dominance of [[Suchian]]s (forerunners of [[crocodilian]]s). First [[pterosaur]]s, [[ichthyosaur]]s. |
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[[Cynodonts]] and [[rhynchosaurs]] diversify.<!--240 Ma--> |
[[Cynodonts]] and [[rhynchosaurs]] diversify.<!--240 Ma--> |
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First [[dinosaurs]] and [[teleosti]] evolve.<!--225 Ma--> |
First [[dinosaurs]] and [[teleosti]] evolve.<!--225 Ma--> |
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[[Brontotheres]] go extinct. [[Pigs]] evolve. [[South America]] splits from [[Antarctica]].<!--30 Ma--> |
[[Brontotheres]] go extinct. [[Pigs]] evolve. [[South America]] splits from [[Antarctica]].<!--30 Ma--> |
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[[Baleen whales]] appear.<!--39 to 29 Ma--> |
[[Baleen whales]] appear.<!--39 to 29 Ma--> |
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[[Gould Belt]] of stars created.<ref> |
[[Gould Belt]] of stars created.<ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Orion's dark secret: Violence shaped the night sky|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427350-900-orions-dark-secret-violence-shaped-the-night-sky/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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[[Alps]] begin to rise. 1st [[indricotherium|indricotheria]], "hornless rhinoceros" about 6 meters high. |
[[Alps]] begin to rise. 1st [[indricotherium|indricotheria]], "hornless rhinoceros" about 6 meters high. |
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[[Paraceratherium]] evolves. 1st [[pelicans]].<!--28 Ma--> |
[[Paraceratherium]] evolves. 1st [[pelicans]].<!--28 Ma--> |
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[[C4 carbon fixation|C4 grasses]] now common. |
[[C4 carbon fixation|C4 grasses]] now common. |
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[[Betelgeuse]] forms. |
[[Betelgeuse]] forms. |
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[[Crocodiles]] cross Atlantic to America.<!--7 Ma ago--><ref> |
[[Crocodiles]] cross Atlantic to America.<!--7 Ma ago--><ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Crocodiles swam the Atlantic to reach America|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20464-crocodiles-swam-the-atlantic-to-reach-america/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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| style="text-align: center" | 7 Ma – 5.5 Ma ||[[Miocene]], [[Messinian age]] || |
| style="text-align: center" | 7 Ma – 5.5 Ma ||[[Miocene]], [[Messinian age]] || |
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[[Denisovan]] art that's parallel lines.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=etal|last1=Li Zhanyang |title=Engraved bones from the archaic hominin site of Lingjing, Henan Province |journal=Antiquity |volume=93 |issue=370 |pages=886–900 |date=Jul 8, 2019 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2019.81|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alison George |title=Oldest Denisovan art discovered on 100,000-year-old bone fragments |journal=New Scientist |date=Jul 27, 2019 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2210461-oldest-denisovan-art-discovered-on-100000-year-old-bone-fragments/}}</ref> |
[[Denisovan]] art that's parallel lines.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=etal|last1=Li Zhanyang |title=Engraved bones from the archaic hominin site of Lingjing, Henan Province |journal=Antiquity |volume=93 |issue=370 |pages=886–900 |date=Jul 8, 2019 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2019.81|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alison George |title=Oldest Denisovan art discovered on 100,000-year-old bone fragments |journal=New Scientist |date=Jul 27, 2019 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2210461-oldest-denisovan-art-discovered-on-100000-year-old-bone-fragments/}}</ref> |
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Humans with modern teeth at China [[Fuyan Cave]], between 80 and 120 ka ago.<ref>{{cite journal|title=First humans to leave Africa went to China, not Europe|journal=New Scientist|date=Oct 17, 2015|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22830434-400}}</ref><ref name=Asiasrole/> |
Humans with modern teeth at China [[Fuyan Cave]], between 80 and 120 ka ago.<ref>{{cite journal|title=First humans to leave Africa went to China, not Europe|journal=New Scientist|date=Oct 17, 2015|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22830434-400}}</ref><ref name=Asiasrole/> |
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[[Paint]] made at [[Blombos Cave]].<ref> |
[[Paint]] made at [[Blombos Cave]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Oldest artist's workshop in the world discovered|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21046-oldest-artists-workshop-in-the-world-discovered/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref><!--100 ka--> |
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[[Khoisanid]] backmigration from Southern Africa to East Africa.<!--0.120 to 0.075 Ma--> |
[[Khoisanid]] backmigration from Southern Africa to East Africa.<!--0.120 to 0.075 Ma--> |
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1st structures at world, [[sandstone]] blocks set at semicircle with [[oval]] foundation, built at Egypt near [[Wadi Halfa]] near [[Egypt–Sudan border]].<!--0.100 Ma--> |
1st structures at world, [[sandstone]] blocks set at semicircle with [[oval]] foundation, built at Egypt near [[Wadi Halfa]] near [[Egypt–Sudan border]].<!--0.100 Ma--> |
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Humans at Northern Territory, Australia.<!--63 ka BC--><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chris Clarkson|display-authors=et al|title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago|journal=Nature|date=Jul 2017|doi=10.1038/nature22968|pmid=28726833|volume=547|issue=7663|pages=306–310|bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C|hdl=2440/107043|s2cid=205257212|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alice Klein|title=Earliest Australians are a prehistoric puzzle|journal=New Scientist|date=Jul 22, 2017|volume=235|issue=3135|pages=7|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31396-9|bibcode=2017NewSc.235....7K|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23531353-600-first-australians-may-have-arrived-much-earlier-than-we-thought}}</ref> |
Humans at Northern Territory, Australia.<!--63 ka BC--><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chris Clarkson|display-authors=et al|title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago|journal=Nature|date=Jul 2017|doi=10.1038/nature22968|pmid=28726833|volume=547|issue=7663|pages=306–310|bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C|hdl=2440/107043|s2cid=205257212|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/107043/2/hdl_107043.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alice Klein|title=Earliest Australians are a prehistoric puzzle|journal=New Scientist|date=Jul 22, 2017|volume=235|issue=3135|pages=7|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31396-9|bibcode=2017NewSc.235....7K|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23531353-600-first-australians-may-have-arrived-much-earlier-than-we-thought}}</ref> |
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[[Neanderthal admixture]] to Eurasians.<!--0.067 Ma to 0.040 Ma--> |
[[Neanderthal admixture]] to Eurasians.<!--0.067 Ma to 0.040 Ma--> |
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[[Homo luzonensis]] at [[Philippines]].<!--Before 65000 BC--><ref> |
[[Homo luzonensis]] at [[Philippines]].<!--Before 65000 BC--><ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Mystery seafaring ancestor found in the Philippines|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19003-mystery-seafaring-ancestor-found-in-the-philippines/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colin Barras |title=New species of human discovered in a cave in the Philippines |journal=New Scientist |date=Apr 10, 2019 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24232253-900-new-species-of-human-discovered-in-a-cave-in-the-philippines}}</ref> |
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[[Sewing needle]] like implement used at [[Sibudu Cave]], South Africa.<!--59 ka BC--><ref name="Backwell">{{cite journal | last1 = L. Backwell|last2 =F. d'Errico |last3 =Lyn Wadley | year = 2008 | title = Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 35 | issue = 6| pages = 1566–1580 | doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006 |author3-link =Lyn Wadley }}</ref> |
[[Sewing needle]] like implement used at [[Sibudu Cave]], South Africa.<!--59 ka BC--><ref name="Backwell">{{cite journal | last1 = L. Backwell|last2 =F. d'Errico |last3 =Lyn Wadley | year = 2008 | title = Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 35 | issue = 6| pages = 1566–1580 | doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006 |author3-link =Lyn Wadley }}</ref> |
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Painted [[ostrich]] eggs at [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]].<!--ca 60 ka ago--> |
Painted [[ostrich]] eggs at [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]].<!--ca 60 ka ago--> |
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[[Neanderthal]] [[Divje Babe]] [[flute]] part of [[prehistoric music]].<!--ca 41,100 BC--> |
[[Neanderthal]] [[Divje Babe]] [[flute]] part of [[prehistoric music]].<!--ca 41,100 BC--> |
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[[Mining]] of [[hematite]] at Lion Cave at [[Swaziland]].<!--ca 41,000 BC--> |
[[Mining]] of [[hematite]] at Lion Cave at [[Swaziland]].<!--ca 41,000 BC--> |
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Deep sea fishing of [[tuna]].<!--40 ka BC--><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sue O'Connor|display-authors=et al|title=Pelagic Fishing at 42,000 Years Before the Present and the Maritime Skills of Modern Humans|journal=Science|date=Nov 25, 2011|doi=10.1126/science.1207703|volume=334|issue=6059|pages=1117–1121|pmid=22116883|bibcode=2011Sci...334.1117O|s2cid=20791703|author1-link=Sue O'Connor|hdl=1885/35424|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref> |
Deep sea fishing of [[tuna]].<!--40 ka BC--><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sue O'Connor|display-authors=et al|title=Pelagic Fishing at 42,000 Years Before the Present and the Maritime Skills of Modern Humans|journal=Science|date=Nov 25, 2011|doi=10.1126/science.1207703|volume=334|issue=6059|pages=1117–1121|pmid=22116883|bibcode=2011Sci...334.1117O|s2cid=20791703|author1-link=Sue O'Connor|hdl=1885/35424|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Deep sea fishing for tuna began 42,000 years ago|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21213-deep-sea-fishing-for-tuna-began-42000-years-ago/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Brief [[geomagnetic]] [[Laschamp Excursion]].<!--41000 BP (unclear whether calibrated or not)--> |
Brief [[geomagnetic]] [[Laschamp Excursion]].<!--41000 BP (unclear whether calibrated or not)--> |
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50 meter diameter asteroid makes 1.2 km [[Meteor Crater]] at Arizona.<!--ca 40 ka ago--> |
50 meter diameter asteroid makes 1.2 km [[Meteor Crater]] at Arizona.<!--ca 40 ka ago--> |
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Line 806: | Line 806: | ||
Successful surgical [[amputation]] ([[Borneo]]).<!--29,000 BC--><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=etal|last1=Tim Ryan Maloney |title=Surgical amputation of a limb 31,000 years ago in Borneo |journal=Nature |date=Sep 7, 2022 |volume=609 |issue=7927 |pages=547–551 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05160-8 |pmid=36071168 |s2cid=252120161 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05160-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clare Wilson |title=Child's foot was removed 31,000 years ago in earliest known amputation |journal=New Scientist |date=Sep 17, 2022 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2336768-childs-foot-was-removed-31000-years-ago-in-earliest-known-amputation/#}}</ref> |
Successful surgical [[amputation]] ([[Borneo]]).<!--29,000 BC--><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=etal|last1=Tim Ryan Maloney |title=Surgical amputation of a limb 31,000 years ago in Borneo |journal=Nature |date=Sep 7, 2022 |volume=609 |issue=7927 |pages=547–551 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05160-8 |pmid=36071168 |s2cid=252120161 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05160-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clare Wilson |title=Child's foot was removed 31,000 years ago in earliest known amputation |journal=New Scientist |date=Sep 17, 2022 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2336768-childs-foot-was-removed-31000-years-ago-in-earliest-known-amputation/#}}</ref> |
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[[Last Glacial Maximum]] (peak at 24490 BC).<!--28990 BC to 13990 BC--> |
[[Last Glacial Maximum]] (peak at 24490 BC).<!--28990 BC to 13990 BC--> |
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Stone [[mortar and pestle]] used to grind [[fern]] & [[cattail]] tubers.<ref> |
Stone [[mortar and pestle]] used to grind [[fern]] & [[cattail]] tubers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Stone Age humans liked their burgers in a bun|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19597-stone-age-humans-liked-their-burgers-in-a-bun/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Revedin|first=Anna|last2=Aranguren|first2=Biancamaria|last3=Becattini|first3=Roberto|last4=Longo|first4=Laura|last5=Marconi|first5=Emanuele|last6=Lippi|first6=Marta Mariotti|last7=Skakun|first7=Natalia|last8=Sinitsyn|first8=Andrey|last9=Spiridonova|first9=Elena|last10=Svoboda|first10=Jiří|date=2010-11-02|title=Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing|url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1006993107|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=107|issue=44|pages=18815–18819|doi=10.1073/pnas.1006993107|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC2973873|pmid=20956317}}</ref> |
||
[[Boomerang]] made from mammoth [[tusk]] at Poland.<!--28,000 BC--><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pawel Valde-Nowak|display-authors=et al|title=Upper Palaeolithic boomerang made of a mammoth tusk in south Poland|journal=Nature|date=Oct 1, 1987|doi=10.1038/329436a0|volume=329|issue=6138|pages=436–438|bibcode=1987Natur.329..436V|s2cid=4361636}}</ref> |
[[Boomerang]] made from mammoth [[tusk]] at Poland.<!--28,000 BC--><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pawel Valde-Nowak|display-authors=et al|title=Upper Palaeolithic boomerang made of a mammoth tusk in south Poland|journal=Nature|date=Oct 1, 1987|doi=10.1038/329436a0|volume=329|issue=6138|pages=436–438|bibcode=1987Natur.329..436V|s2cid=4361636}}</ref> |
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Avian [[figurine]] in [[ivory]]<!--28,000 BC--> and stone [[phallus]]<!--26,000 BC--> of [[Hohler Fels]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4713323.stm | work=BBC News | first=Jonathan | last=Amos | title=Ancient phallus unearthed in cave | date=25 July 2005}}</ref> |
Avian [[figurine]] in [[ivory]]<!--28,000 BC--> and stone [[phallus]]<!--26,000 BC--> of [[Hohler Fels]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4713323.stm | work=BBC News | first=Jonathan | last=Amos | title=Ancient phallus unearthed in cave | date=25 July 2005}}</ref> |
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Line 860: | Line 860: | ||
Vanishing of Solutrean.<!--15000 BC--> |
Vanishing of Solutrean.<!--15000 BC--> |
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Start of [[Magdalenian]] culture. |
Start of [[Magdalenian]] culture. |
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Clay [[Figurine|figurines]] of animals.<ref> |
Clay [[Figurine|figurines]] of animals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Kalahari trackers who read ice-age life in footprints|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22029481-300-kalahari-trackers-who-read-ice-age-life-in-footprints/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Lascaux cave paintings and 7mm diameter [[rope]]<!--ca. 14000 BC-->. |
Lascaux cave paintings and 7mm diameter [[rope]]<!--ca. 14000 BC-->. |
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[[Wisent]] (European bison) sculpted in clay inside the [[Le Tuc d'Audoubert]] cave on the [[French Pyrenees]] near [[France–Spain border]].<!--13990 BC--> |
[[Wisent]] (European bison) sculpted in clay inside the [[Le Tuc d'Audoubert]] cave on the [[French Pyrenees]] near [[France–Spain border]].<!--13990 BC--> |
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Line 886: | Line 886: | ||
[[Quaternary extinction event]] of large animals. Many ice age [[megafauna]] go extinct, i.e. [[megatherium]], [[woolly rhinoceros]], [[Irish elk]], [[cave bear]], [[Panthera leo spelaea|cave lion]], and the last of [[sabre-toothed cats]]. [[mammoth]] goes extinct in Eurasia and North America, but is preserved in small island populations until ~1650 BC.<!--9990 BC--> |
[[Quaternary extinction event]] of large animals. Many ice age [[megafauna]] go extinct, i.e. [[megatherium]], [[woolly rhinoceros]], [[Irish elk]], [[cave bear]], [[Panthera leo spelaea|cave lion]], and the last of [[sabre-toothed cats]]. [[mammoth]] goes extinct in Eurasia and North America, but is preserved in small island populations until ~1650 BC.<!--9990 BC--> |
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[[Natufian]] [[Shaman]] burial<!--10000 BC--><ref> |
[[Natufian]] [[Shaman]] burial<!--10000 BC--><ref> |
||
[https://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg20026814.900-ancient-remains-are-of-earliest-known-shaman.html "Ancient remains are of earliest known shaman"] ''New Scientist'', 8 Nov. 2008, p. 16.</ref> and earliest known [[banquet]].<ref> |
[https://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg20026814.900-ancient-remains-are-of-earliest-known-shaman.html "Ancient remains are of earliest known shaman"] ''New Scientist'', 8 Nov. 2008, p. 16.</ref> and earliest known [[banquet]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=#author.fullName}|title=Tortoise banquet: Remains of the oldest feast found|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19376-tortoise-banquet-remains-of-the-oldest-feast-found/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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[[Vela Supernova Remnant]] only 800 [[light-years]] away.<!--ca 10000 BC--> |
[[Vela Supernova Remnant]] only 800 [[light-years]] away.<!--ca 10000 BC--> |
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[[Spartel]] flooded.<!--ca 10000 BC--> |
[[Spartel]] flooded.<!--ca 10000 BC--> |
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Line 1,187: | Line 1,187: | ||
[[Plimpton 322]] tablet linking to [[Pythagorean triples]].<!--1800 BC--> |
[[Plimpton 322]] tablet linking to [[Pythagorean triples]].<!--1800 BC--> |
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Calculation of [[square root of 2]] in Babylon.<ref> |
Calculation of [[square root of 2]] in Babylon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-12-02|title=Babylon and the Square Root of 2|url=https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2011/12/02/babylon-and-the-square-root-of-2/|access-date=2023-02-20|website=Azimuth|language=en}}</ref><!--ca. 1700 BC--> |
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[[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus]], implying approximation of [[pi]] (as <math>3\tfrac{13}{81}</math>).<!--ca. 1650 BC--> |
[[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus]], implying approximation of [[pi]] (as <math>3\tfrac{13}{81}</math>).<!--ca. 1650 BC--> |
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Last [[mammoths]].<!--1650 BC--> |
Last [[mammoths]].<!--1650 BC--> |
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Line 2,104: | Line 2,104: | ||
[[Perseverance (rover)|''Perseverance'']] lands on Mars.<!--Feb. 18--> |
[[Perseverance (rover)|''Perseverance'']] lands on Mars.<!--Feb. 18--> |
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[[2021 Bata explosions]] in [[Equatorial Guinea]].<!--March 7--> |
[[2021 Bata explosions]] in [[Equatorial Guinea]].<!--March 7--> |
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Number of displaced persons from [[Islamist insurgency in Mozambique]] exceeds half a million.<ref> |
Number of displaced persons from [[Islamist insurgency in Mozambique]] exceeds half a million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC World Service - Newshour, Mozambique: Thousands trapped by Islamist militants|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172x2z7gy3mltt|access-date=2023-02-20|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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[[2021 Suez Canal blockage]].<!--March 23-29--> |
[[2021 Suez Canal blockage]].<!--March 23-29--> |
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[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|''Ingenuity'']] is deployed from ''Perseverance''.<!--April 3--> |
[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|''Ingenuity'']] is deployed from ''Perseverance''.<!--April 3--> |
Revision as of 18:01, 20 February 2023
This timeline shows the whole history of the universe, the Earth, and mankind in one table. Each row is defined in years ago, that is, years before the present date, with the earliest times at the top of the chart. In each table cell on the right, references to events or notable people are given, more or less in chronological order within the cell.
Each row corresponds to a change in log (time before present, that is, the logarithm of the time before the present) of about 0.1 (using base 10 logarithm). The dividing points are taken from the R′′20 Renard numbers. Thus each row represent about 21% of the time from its beginning until the present.
The table is divided into sections with subtitles. Note that each such section contains about 68% of all the time from the beginning of the section until now.
Past
Visual timelines including ages
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The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent era is expanded in the third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most recent epoch is expanded in the fifth timeline. Horizontal scale is Millions of years (above timelines) / Thousands of years (below timeline) |
13,800 million years ago to 5500 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
13.8 Ga – 11 Ga |
Big Bang occurs when ordinary space and time develop from a primeval state (possibly a virtual particle or false vacuum) described by a quantum theory of gravity or "theory of everything". Infant universe cools as it begins growing outward. The universe is almost completely smooth, as quantum variations begin to cause slight variations in density. The universe's expansion decelerates at a faster rate. Recombination; electrons merge with nuclei to form atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium. Hydrogen and helium distributions at this time remain constant as electron baryon plasma thins. Ordinary matter particles decouple from radiation. Formation of galaxies. Formation of HD 140283, the "Methuselah star", seemingly more than 14 Ga ago. Earliest quasars, habitable epoch.[1][2] Galaxy HCM-6A, the most distant normal galaxy observed, forms. Visual limit of Hubble Deep Field. Since universe still small in size, galaxy interactions become common as larger & larger galaxies form out of galaxy merger process. Celestial body PSR B1620-26 b forms. It is gas giant aka "Genesis Planet" or "Methuselah." As it's oldest observed exoplanet at Universe, it orbits pulsar & white dwarf. First stars. Due to many being Population III stars (some Population II stars at this time); they are much bigger and hotter, and their lifespans are fairly short. Unlike later generations of stars, these stars are metal-free. Terzan 5 forms as small dwarf galaxy on collision course against Milky Way. Dwarf galaxy carrying Methusaleh Star consumed by Milky Way as Methusaleh Star which is oldest known star at universe now 1 of many population II stars of Milky Way. Reionization begins, with certain wavelengths of light absorption by neutral hydrogen making Gunn–Peterson troughs. The resulting ionized gas (mainly free electrons) in the intergalactic medium causes some light scattering, but with much lower opacity than before recombination due to cosmic expansion and gas clumping into galaxies. SN 1000+0216, oldest observed supernova occurs. Formation of the star SMSS J031300.36−670839.3 and the star clusters NGC 6522 and Omega Centauri. | |
11 Ga – 9 Ga |
Formation of the Gliese 581 planetary system, BX442 (oldest grand design spiral galaxy observed), globular cluster NGC 2808, red giant star Mu Cephei, and the Andromeda Galaxy. Barnard's Star (nearby red dwarf star) may have formed. | |
9 Ga – 7 Ga |
Formation of the earliest Population I stars and planetary nebulae, followed by rocky terrestrial planets, moons, asteroids and icy comets. Formation of the exoplanets 55 Cancri B, Kepler 11 c and 51 Pegasi b. A galaxy collides with the Milky Way, giving rise to the so-called Gaia Sausage population of stars. Formation of Gliese 876 and its planets.[3] | |
7 Ga – 5.5 Ga |
Formation of the exoplanets Kepler 452b and GJ 1214 b and the stars Alpha Centauri and Tau Ceti. |
5500 million years ago to 1800 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga | Precambrian Supereon
Hadean eon Pre-Tolstojan period (Mercury) Pre-Nectarian period (Moon) |
The dark-energy dominated era starts after the matter-dominated era. Formation of the open star cluster Messier 67. A primal supernova possibly triggers the formation of the Solar System. Formation of the Sun, Earth and Moon. Due to accretion, many smaller planets form orbits around the proto-Sun, some with conflicting orbits, causing the Early Heavy Bombardment to begin. A large planetoid strikes Mercury, removing its original crust and mantle outer envelope, leaving the planet's core exposed, which may explain why Mercury's iron content is notably high. Many Galilean moons may have been made at this time, including Europa and Titan, which may presently be hospitable to some life forms. The Earth-Moon system is formed after a giant impact by the hypothetical planetoid Theia. The Moon's gravitational pull helps calm Earth's changing axis of rotation. A major collision with a Pluto-sized planetoid causes Martian dichotomy, forming Mars' North Polar Basin. Sun enters main sequence: solar wind sweeps Earth Moon system clear of debris (mainly dust & gas). |
4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga |
Hadean eon beginning of Archaean eon Eoarchean era Basin Groups era. Nectarian era Imbrian period |
Formation of Kepler 438 b. Huge meteorite impact makes South Pole Aitken Basin on Moon, then huge mountain chain on lunar south limb forms. After moon formed, 1st lunar crust, formed of lunar anorthosite, differentiates from lower magmas. earliest Earth crust probably made similarly out of similar material. Earth's crust cools enough to let oceans form. 1st known mineral, found at Jack Hills, Australia. Detrital zircons show presence of solid crust & liquid water. Resonance at Jupiter and Saturn's orbits moves Neptune into the Kuiper belt, causing disruption among asteroids and comets there, so the Late Heavy Bombardment batters the inner Solar System (possibly). Origin of life. Earliest known life forms: unusually high amounts of light isotopes of carbon, a common sign of life, found in mineral deposits aged 4.25 Ga located in the Jack Hills of Western Australia.[4][5] Herschel Crater is formed on Mimas. A meteorite impact on Mars makes Hellas Planitia, the largest unambiguous structure on planet. Acasta Gneiss of Northwest Territories, Canada, 1st known oldest rock. Anseris Mons, lonely massif in Mars southern highlands, at northeast edge of Hellas Planitia uplifted in the wake of a meteorite impact. Nectaris Basin forms from a large impact event causing ejecta from Nectaris to form the upper part of a densely cratered Lunar Highlands. Tolstoj (crater) forms on Mercury. Caloris Basin forms on Mercury, leading to the formation of "Weird Terraine" when seismic activity triggers volcanic activity across Mercury. Rembrandt (crater) forms on Mercury. Evidence for hydrothermal vent microbes.[6][7] Biogenic graphite in metasedimentary rocks aged 3.7 Ga discovered in Western Greenland.[8] Weathering of land affects ocean chemistry.[9][10] Alba Mons forms on Mars, largest volcano by area. Possible making of Vaalbara supercontinent; oldest cratons on Earth (like Canadian Shield, East European Craton & Kaapval) begin growing due to crustal disturbances along continents coalescing into Vaalbara – Pilbara Craton stabilizes. Makhonjwa Mountains uplifts on east edge of Kaapval craton, as these are 1st mountains at Africa – area aka "genesis of life" for exceptional preservation of fossils. Narryer Gneiss Terrane stabilizes: gneisses now "bedrock" for formation of Yilgarn Craton at Australia – noted for survival of Jack Hills where oldest mineral, a zircon was found. Lifetime of Last universal ancestor Bacteria & Archaea split. Varieties of Eubacteria begin to radiate out globally. |
3.5 Ga – 2.8 Ga | Archaean eon
Paleoarchean era Mesoarchean era Amazonian period Eratosthenian period |
Microbial mat fossils[11][12] and signs of life on land.[13] in Western Australia. Stromatolites. Martian climate thins to its present density when groundwater at its upper crust (megaregolith) begins to freeze, forming a thick cryosphere above a deeper liquid water zone. Impact cratering becomes the main geological force on the Moon. Onverwacht series form, containing some of the oldest microfossils which are mostly spheroidal and carbonaceous algae-like. Formation of the continent Ur, covering between 12 and 16% of current continental crust. Formation of the Limpopo Belt. Gneiss and greenstone belts at Baltic Shield laid down at Kola Peninsula, Karelia, and northeast Finland. Formation of Kenorland, based upon Baltic shield core. Breakup of the continents Vaalbara and Ur as the latter becomes part of the supercontinent Kenorland. Possible Cyanobacteria (photosynthesis).[14] Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve; they use water as reducing agent, thereby making oxygen as waste. oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron at oceans, creating iron ore – over time oxygen concentration at sky slowly rises, acting as a poison many bacteria. As Moon is still very close to Earth & causes tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high[citation needed], Earth is continually wracked by hurricane force winds – these extreme mixing influences are thought to stimulate evolutionary processes. Microbial mats now successful forming the 1st reef building communities on Earth at shallow warm tidal pool zones. Stabilization of cratons. Sterane biomarkers possibly indicate first eukaryotes. Possible largest crater on earth near Maniitsoq, Greenland.[15] |
2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga | Neoarchean era
End of Archaean eon Beginning of Proterozoic eon Paleoproterozoic era Siderian period Rhyacian period |
Saturation of oxygen at ocean sediments reached as oxygen now begins to dramatically appear in Earth's atmosphere. Without oxygen sink, Earth's sky becomes highly oxygenic. Great Oxygenation Event led by cyanobacteria's oxygenic photosynthesis – various forms of Archaea & anoxic bacteria now extinct at 1st major extinction event on Earth. Beginning of Huronian glaciation. Grypania fossils. Bushveld Igneous Complex. Transvaal Basin begins to form. Continents form.[16][17] Last great tectonic period at Martian geologic history: Valles Marineris, largest canyon complex at Solar System, forms but through several suggestions of thermokarst activity or water erosion, it's suggested Valles Marineris is rift fault. |
2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga | Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirian period |
End of Huronian glaciation. First unambiguous Cyanobacteria fossils, in Belcher Islands.[14] First known eukaryotic acritarchs (probably).[18] Earliest known eukaryote fossils. First known multicellular organisms collectively known as "Gabonionta" (Francevillian Group Fossil); Wopmay orogen along west border of the Canadian Shield. Bolide over 10 km in size creates Vredefort impact structure. Milky Way perturbed by collision.[19] lesser supercontinent Atlantica forms. Oklo natural nuclear reactor of Gabon made by uranium precipitant bacteria. Olympus Mons, largest volcano at Solar System, made. Oxygen levels briefly plummet (possibly).[14] 10-km diameter bolide creates Sudbury Basin. bacteriophage emerge c. divergence of prokaryotic & eukaryotic lineages. Columbia supercontinent. Possible traces of 24-isopropylcholestane from sponges.[20] |
1800 million years ago to 550 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga | Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period |
Supercontinent Columbia forms, 1 of whose fragments being Nena. Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy captured into orbit around Milky Way. Possibly multicellular red algae (eukaryotic).[21] Erosion of granite introduces copper, zinc, and molybdenum into surface waters.[22] Supercontinent Columbia splits apart: linked to continental rifting along west margin of Laurentia, east India, south Baltica, southeast Siberia, northwest South Africa & North China Block, making of Ghats Province at India. First structurally complex eukaryotes (Horodyskia, colonial formamiferian). |
1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga | Mesoproterozoic era |
Major increase in Stromatolite diversity as common bluegreen algae colonies & reefs dominating tidal zones of oceans & seas. Eukaryotes found in lakes.[23] Supercontinent of Rodinia done: consisting of North American, East European, Amazonian, West African, East Antarctica, Australia & China blocks, largest global system yet made – surrounded by superocean Mirovia |
1.1 Ga – 900 Ma | End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic
beginning of Neoproterozoic era. Tonian period Copernican period. |
1st dinoflagellate evolve; photosynthetic, several develop mixotrophic ways of ingesting prey. Thus, they now 1st predators, forcing acritarchs to defensive strategies. making of Gamburtsev mountain range & Vostok Subglacial Highlands. Keweenawan Rift buckles at south central part of North American plate – leaves behind big layers of rock that are exposed at Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa & Nebraska & makes rift valley where Lake Superior develops. On moon, emergence of impact craters possessing bright optically immature ray systems. Coming together of Rodinia supercontinent. Mercury changes into & is still desolate cold planet influenced by space erosion & solar wind extremes. Titan begins evolving recognizable surface features including rivers, lakes & deltas. Fossils of organisms with two kinds of cells (cellular differentiation).[24][25] 1st radiation of dinoflagellates & acritarchs – increase in defensive systems indicate acritarchs are responding to carnivorous habits of dinoflagellates – decline in stromatolite reef populations begins. Rodinia starts to split. 1st vaucherian algae. Trace fossils of colonial Horodyskia (to c. 900 Ma). |
900 Ma – 700 Ma | Cryogenian period |
Traces of sponge-like animals.[26][27][28][29] Rift develops on Rodinia between continental masses of Australia, east Antarctica, Indian subcontinent, Congo & Kalahari on 1 side & Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia, West African & Rio de la Plata cratons on other – formation of Adamastor Ocean. Terrestrial fungi.[30][31] 1st Protozoa appears: as creatures like Paramecium, Amoeba & Melanocyrillium evolve, 1st animal like cells now distinctive from plants – rise of herbivores at food chain. 1st Sponge like animal: similar to early colonial foraminiferan Horodyskia, earliest ancestors of Sponges were colonial cells circulating food using flagella to their gullet to be eaten. Kaigas formation occurs & was nonglacial. Breakup of Rodinia, Sturtian glaciation begins, Snowball Earth happens at least 3 times; Sturtian glaciation continues process begun during Kaigas – great ice sheets cover most of planet stunting evolution of animal and plant life – survival based on small pockets of heat under ice, volcanism on Venus practically stops |
700 Ma – 550 Ma | End of Cryogenian, beginning of Ediacaran period |
Complex metazoans amoeba introduce new complex body plan structure allowing for making complex internal & external structures. Worm trail impressions at China: since putative "burrows" under stromatolite mounds are of uneven width & tapering makes biological origin difficult to defend – structures imply simple eating behaviours. Rifting of Rodinia is done: making of new superocean Panthalassa as previous Mirovia ocean bed closes. 1st Demosponges appear: form 1st skeletons of spicules made from spongin & silica – brightly coloured these colonial creatures filter feed since they lack nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Pannotia supercontinent forms, * bordered by Iapetus and Panthalassa oceans, then breaks up into Laurentia, Gondwana, Angaraland & Baltica. Accumulation of sky oxygen allows for formation of ozone layer: prior to this, land based life would have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation enough to allow colonization of land. Marinoan glaciation. First non-microscopic life (Ediacaran biota). Rangeomorphs. HD 189733 b forms around parent HD 189733 and its first planet, revealing climate, organic parts, and even the colour (blue) of its atmosphere. End of Marinoan Glaciation: last major "snowball Earth" event as future ice ages will feature less overall ice coverage of planet. 1st Ediacaran type fossils. – Charnia, frond like organism, 1st evolves. worm burrows & bilaterally symmetrical animals exist. Earliest arthropods & fungi. – Dickinsonia, slow moving disc like creature, 1st appears – finding of fat molecules in tissues make that animal 1st confirmed true metazoan animal. mollusk Kimberella appears. Shuram excursion of δ13C, possibly connected to rise of first Cambrian-like animals such as arthropod-like Yilingia.[32] 1st possible comb jellies, sponges, corals, and anemones. Ayers Rock begins forming. |
550 million years ago to 180 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
550 Ma – 450 Ma |
End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma) |
Small shelly fauna appear. Cambrian explosion. Fish-like Myllokunmingia, Haikouichthys, and Pikaia. First conodonts. First graptolites. Trilobites. Radiodonts, including earliest large predators known. All modern mineralized phyla present.[33] Bivalves. Arthropods dominant until arrival of chambered nautili.[34] Stifling hot "Dead Interval".[35] End-Botomian mass extinction. Paradoxides trilobites appear, largest members of Cambrian Trilobites. Earliest crustaceans. First great apex predator Anomalocaris dominates. Mountain building at the northern parts of Ireland and Britain, Scandinavian Mountains, Svalbard, east Greenland and north central Europe. Earliest brittle stars. First jawless fish – radiation of Thelodont fish into Silurian. Appalachian Mountains form. First fossils of plants on land.[36] Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. First eurypterids or "sea scorpions". Collision of asteroids gives rise to L chondrite group of meteoroids and several craters ca. 470 Ma ago (Ordovician meteor event).[37] First crinoids evolve. Andean-Saharan glaciation. First starfish, jawed fish or Gnathostomata, horseshoe crabs sea urchins, placoderms, cartilaginous fish (such as sharks) and bony fish. Plants and arthropods colonize land. |
450 Ma – 350 Ma |
Ordovician-Silurian extinction events. Great Glen Fault begins shaping Scottish Highlands. Earliest appearance of Cooksonia, the oldest known plant to have stems with vascular tissue and is thus the transitional form between primitive nonvascular bryophytes and vascular plants. First creature took a breath of air. First ray-finned fish and land scorpions. Prototaxites, tree-like organism, probably a fungus or lichen. First clear evidence of land animals (millipedes or scorpions).[36] First wood.[38][39] Cephalaspis, an iconic member of Osteostraci, appears, the most advanced of jawless fish. Its boney armor serves as a shield against Placoderms and as away to live at calcium-poor fresh water. First toothed fish and nautiloids. First of many modern groups, including tetrapods. Jaekelopterus, giant "sea scorpion". First amphibians, the Labyrinthodontia, the group that now includes reptiles and mammals. Archaeopteris (fern-like trees), Tiktaalik (lungfish) walks on land. Ichthyostega. Cladoselache, an early shark, first appears. First seeds., coelacanths. Kellwasser event. Vascular plants begin to make earliest stable soils on land. First crabs and ferns. large predatory lobe finned fish Hyneria evolves. Hangenberg event with atmospheric oxygen falling to 13%. Few arthropods left on land.[36] Beginning of Karoo Ice Age. Romer's gap in the tetrapod record. | |
350 Ma – 280 Ma |
Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma) |
First large sharks, ratfish and hagfish. Karoo Ice Age. Formation of Pangaea supercontinent. Oxygen levels rise and animals colonize the land a second time.[36] Agaricocrinus americanus a representative of Crinoids appears as part of successful radiation of echinoderms. First amniotes evolve.<--330 Ma--> Millipedes up to 2.6 metres in length. First winged insects and reptiliomorphs such as Solenodonsaurus and Eogyrinus. Synapsids and then pelycosaurs (forerunners of mammals). First beetles. Reptiles. Hylonomus makes its first appearance as one of the oldest reptiles. Diplocaulus evolves at swamp regions having unusual boomerang like skull. First diapsids evolve; Meganeura giant dragonfly dominates skies. Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse. Last great period of mountain building sequences at Europe and North America because of the final suturing of Pangaea – Ural mountains are uplifted. Oldest known octopus. Dimetrodon evolves. Prionosuchus, a large carnivorous amphibian. Sirius, brightest star at Earth's sky, forms. |
280 Ma – 220 Ma | Permian period, end of Paleozoic era |
Cycads, seed ferns. First therapsids evolve. Oxygen in atmosphere peaks, around 30%.[36] Gorgonopsians and other therapsids (forerunners of mammals) displace pelycosaurs as dominant land animals. First gorgonopsia, apex predators of the Late Permian, evolve. End-Capitanian extinction event.[40] Cynodonts (forerunners of mammals). First warm-blooded animals.[41] Siberian Traps eruption and Permian-Triassic extinction event. Dinosaur tracks.[42][43] 40 °C sea temperatures during Smithian-Spathian extinction. Turtles. Archosaurs: dominance of Suchians (forerunners of crocodilians). First pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs. Cynodonts and rhynchosaurs diversify. First dinosaurs and teleosti evolve. First crocodilians and flies.. Gymnosperms dominant. Dicroidium flora common on land. Manicouagan impact structure formed. First lizards. |
220 Ma – 180 Ma |
Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma) |
First redwoods. Long necked sauropods and Coelophysis, one of the earliest theropods, evolve. Plateosaurus, evolves at Central and North Europe, Greenland and North America. Earliest elasmosauridae. Central Atlantic eruption and Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. Oxygen in atmosphere hits low of about 12%.[36] First squamata evolve. Pliosaurs evolve, along with many groups of sea invertebrates. Breakup of Pangaea into Gondwana at south and Laurasia at north. Mammals. Gymnosperms (especially conifers, Bennettitales, and cycads) and ferns common. Sauropods, carnosaurs, stegosaurs. Toarcian turnover (extinction). Gondwana breaks up. |
180 million years ago to 55 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
180 Ma – 140 Ma | Jurassic |
1st stegosaurs. 1st salamanders & newts evolve. Cynodonts go extinct. 1st rays & Glycymerididae bivalves. 1st gliding mammal, volaticotherium, appears. 1st ceratopsians. Possible true polar wander moves east Asia south, leading to aridification.[44] Indian subcontinent splits from East Gondwana. 1st triconodonts. Stegosaurs & theropods diversify. 1st Pine trees. Juramaia sinensis, 1st known eutherian mammal. 1st birds (Archaeopteryx). Dinosaurs are dominant terrestrial animal. Small Magellanic Cloud passes through Large Magellanic Cloud.[45][46] 1st mantises. 1st orb weaver spiders evolve. |
140 Ma – 110 Ma | Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian & Albian ages |
Laurasia & Gondwana begin to split as Atlantic Ocean forms. 1st anglerfish. Flowering plants. 1st Enantiornithes or "backward birds". Sinodelphys szalayi, 1st known marsupial, evolves at China. 1st ankylosauridae. Ontong Java eruption. 1st known snakes. Early-Aptian anoxic event. Seas cool by 5 °C during 2 million years.[47] 1st known monotremes. Eomaia, similar to placental mammals. 1st hesperornithes. |
110 Ma – 90 Ma | Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages |
Spinosaurus evolves. Supervolcano at east Australia sends particles to west coast.[48][49] Bees. Mammals diversify into many forms.[50] 1st modern species of palm trees appear. Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (oceans anoxic for half a million years),[51] extinction of ichthyosaurs. ticks evolve. |
90 Ma – 70 Ma | Campanian & Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous |
1st hadrosauridae. Dominance of angiosperm rosids. Australia splits from Antarctica. 1st ants. Rocky Mountains begin forming. 1st velociraptors. Multituberculates diversify. Mosasaurus evolves. Zealandia breaks away from Australia. Mosasaurs are dominant marine predator. Polaris forms. |
70 Ma – 55 Ma | End of Mesozoic era
start of Cenozoic era & Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma) |
Evidence for grasses in dinosaur dung (coprolites). Tyrannosaurus rex evolves. 1st species of Triceratops. Quetzalcoatlus, 1 of largest flying animals ever, 1st appears. Crocodiles. Madagascar breaks away from India. Bolide makes Chicxulub Crater. Deccan Traps. Possible Shiva crater. Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event, (non-avian) dinosaurs die out. 1st creodonts. 1st penguins. Evolution of 1st primates & miacids. Flightless birds diversify. Mammals dominate. Titanoboa, largest known snake. Eritherium, 1st known proboscid. Lemurs. Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Gastornis evolves. Indian subcontinent crashes to Asia, thrusting up Himalayas & Tibetan Plateau. Many modern bird groups appear. 1st whale ancestors. 1st rodents, lagomorphs, armadillos, sirenians, proboscideans, perissodactyls, artiodactyls & mako sharks. Angiosperms diversify. |
55 million years ago to 18 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
55 Ma – 45 Ma | Early Eocene |
1st creodonts. 1st equid, Eohippus or Hyracotherium. 1st perching birds. 1st bats. Andes begin to rise. Africa crashes to Eurasia, closing Tethys Sea. Divergence of cats & dogs ancestors. Primates diversify. Brontotheres, tapirs & rhinos evolve. Azolla event shrinks carbon dioxide at sky. India crashes Asia, giving rise to Himalayas. 1st cetaceans, (whales) & simians. Whales return to water. Camels evolve at North America. |
45 Ma – 35 Ma | Eocene |
Age of Catarrhini parvorder; 1st canines evolve. Lepidoptera insects now recognizable. Gastornis goes extinct. Basilosaurus evolves. Primatess cross Atlantic to South America & now New World monkeys. 1st Nimravids. 1st elephant like animal, Moeritherium. Grasses common. 100 km Popigai impact structure at Siberia. Grasslands 1st appear. Glyptodonts, ground sloths, peccaries, dogs, eagles & hawks evolve. 2-mile (3.2 km) diameter bolide creates 90 km Chesapeake Bay impact crater. |
35 Ma – 28 Ma | Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma) |
Tasmanian Seaway & Drake Passage open, allowing making of Antarctic Circumpolar Current. 1st thylacinid marsupials evolve. Brontotheres go extinct. Pigs evolve. South America splits from Antarctica. Baleen whales appear. Gould Belt of stars created.[52] Alps begin to rise. 1st indricotheria, "hornless rhinoceros" about 6 meters high. Paraceratherium evolves. 1st pelicans. Eruption of La Garita Caldera at Colorado, one of largest at Earth's history. |
28 Ma – 22 Ma | Oligocene, Chattian age |
1st deer. Proailurus cats evolve. Pelagornis sandersi, largest known flying bird with wingspan of 6 or 7 meters. 1st hyenas. Puijila darwini, early pinniped. Daeodon shoshonensis ("terminator pig"). Nimravids, "false sabretoothed cats", die out at America. |
22 Ma – 18 Ma | Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age |
Dawn bear which is ancestor of bears. Giraffes & giant anteaters evolve. Sharp decrease at water exchange between Indian Ocean & Mediterranean Sea due to partial closure of Mesopotamian Seaway.[53] Cooling & drying of climate at North America.[53] Pseudaelurus felid comes to America. age of Hominidae/Hylobatidae (great apes vs. gibbons) split. |
18 million years ago to 5.5 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
18 Ma – 14 Ma | Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age |
hippopotamus evolves. 1st mastodons, bovids & kangaroos. Australian megafauna diversify. Antarctica now mostly ice covered. Africa & Arabia crashes to Eurasia, end of Tethys Sea. Columbia River basalts. 1st deinotheres, similar to elephant but tusks on lower jaw. Nördlinger Ries impact crater. Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, Middle Miocene disruption. Hominidae split from gibbons. |
14 Ma – 11 Ma | Miocene, Serravallian age |
Last of Adapiformes. Final closure of Mesopotamian Seaway.[53] Anoiapithecus, 1 of 1st hominids, at Spain. date for origin of Yangtze. |
11 Ma – 9 Ma | Miocene, Tortonian age |
Olympic Mountains reach present height. Insects diversify. 1st large horses. Camels cross from North America to Asia. Rudapithecus, which was great ape probably bipedal.[54][55] |
9 Ma – 7 Ma | Miocene, Tortonian age |
1st Gigantopithecus, ape almost 10 feet (3.0 m) tall. C4 grasses now common. Betelgeuse forms. Crocodiles cross Atlantic to America.[56] |
7 Ma – 5.5 Ma | Miocene, Messinian age |
Red pandas diversify. Greek ape, possibly ancestor of hominins. "Toumaï", of species Sahelanthropus tchadensis, shows several human traits. 1st Thylacosmilus, sabre toothed marsupial of South America. Australopithecines diversify. Orrorin tugenensis, possible hominin. Apparent hominin footprints near Trachilos, on Crete.[57][58] Mediterranean Sea dries up (Messinian Event). age of Homo/Pan (genus) (human vs. chimp) split. Appearance of genus Ardipithecus. |
5.5 million years ago to 1.8 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma | Pliocene, Zanclean |
Zanclean Deluge. Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis. Colorado Plateau reaches present height, & course of Colorado River now close to present one. Divergence of polar bears & brown bears.[59] Possible date of 52 km Karakul crater at Tajikistan. mammoths appear. |
4.5 Ma – 3.5 Ma | Pliocene, Zanclean |
1st Australopithecus afarensis, bipedal great ape. 1st zebras. Hominin fossil footprints at Laetoli, Tanzania. |
3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma | Pliocene, Piacenzian |
Evidence of use of stone tools by A. afarensis.[60][61] Carbon dioxide levels like today for long period, giving Mid-Pliocene Warm Period temperatures 2° to 3°C higher than today, & sea level 20 meters higher.[62] Human line loses fur.[63] Isthmus of Panama connects South & Central America. Great American Interchange. Cats, condors, raccoons & camelids move south; armadillos, hummingbirds, & opossums move north. Lucy. 1st Megatherium americanum, giant sloth. |
2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma | Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic |
Homo habilis appears. Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary extinction of marine megafauna, including megalodon,[64] possibly caused by supernova or supernovas of Scorpius–Centaurus association, which put 60Fe on Earth.[65][66] Paranthropus evolves. Oldowan tools used near Gona, Ethiopia. Possible tool use at Sivalik Hills, India.[67][68][69] Start of ice age, aka Quaternary glaciation, impact of Eltanin asteroid (1 to 4 km in diameter) at Pacific. Stone artifacts at Longgupo (Dragon Bone Slope) at China.[70] (see also Wushan Man) Amazon River takes present shape. |
2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma | Gelasian |
Island Park Caldera at Wyoming and Idaho. basin of Congo River acquires present shape. Homo erectus appears. Dmanisi Man (Homo erectus georgicus) at Dmanisi, Georgia & at Xiaochangliang, China. Human like Australopithecus sediba. Homo ergaster at Africa. 1st signs of Acheulian culture, at Kenya. Last known terror birds. |
1.8 million years ago to 550,000 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
1.8 Ma – 1.4 Ma | Beginning of Calabrian age |
Australopithecines go extinct. Out of Africa I travel by Homo erectus. 1st true hand axes. Homo erectus found at Europe. |
1.4 Ma – 1.1 Ma | Calabrian age |
Henry's Fork Caldera at Idaho erupts. Homo antecessor evolves. Paranthropus dies out. |
1.1 Ma – 900 ka | Calabrian age |
Stone artifacts on Flores, Indonesia, made by hominins.[71] This required crossing seas at least 19 km wide.[72] Possible evidence of cooking by fire.[73][74] 14 km Zhamanshin Crater made at Kazakhstan. Hominin footprints & tools at England. |
900 ka – 700 ka | End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene) |
Species of early humans found at Yun County, Hubei, sharing features of Homo erectus & Homo sapiens.[75][76] Australasian strewnfield. Evidence of use of fire[77] & olives, acornss, & other plant based foods,[78][79] at Daughters of Jacob Bridge, Palestine. Brunhes–Matuyama reversal. Hominins present at Luzon, Philippines, possible ancestors of Flores man.[80][81] oldest archaic hominins splitting from modern human lineage found to have inserted into SubSaharan population genome Homo floresiensis like humans on Flores, Indonesia.[82][83] |
700 ka – 550 ka | Günz glaciation |
Yellowstone Caldera supervolcano spreads ash over North America. Homo antecessor at Spain. Homo heidelbergensis evolves. Cut marks on human bones indicate cannibalism.[84] |
550,000 years ago to 180,000 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
550 ka – 450 ka | Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation |
Stone points possibly for spears used by Homo heidelbergensis at South Africa. 1st brown bears. Etching on shell at Trinil at East Java, done by Homo erectus.[85] Homo heidelbergensis at Germany, France, & Greece. Oldest known spear, at Clacton-on-Sea.[86] |
450 ka – 350 ka | Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial |
Venus of Tan-Tan (300 to 500 ka ago) & Venus of Berekhat Ram (231 to 800 ka BC). 1st appearance of proto Neanderthal traits. Sima de los Huesos hominins at Spain, related to Neanderthals.[87] 1st known homicide victim was dropped into a cave.[88] Weald–Artois Anticline burst by big glacial lake outburst flood, making valley under Strait of Dover.[89] Hominin footprints at Italy (Ciampate del Diavolo). |
350 ka – 280 ka | Middle Paleolithic start. |
1st known Middle Stone Age tools. Long distance movement of obsidian.[90][91][92] Several at Olorgesailie at south Kenya undergo tech improvements at tool making & engage at long distance trade. date of appearance of Homo sapiens at Jebel Irhoud, Morocco. Schöningen Spears[93] in an area soon covered by ice.[92] Evidence for use of fire to pre treat stone for making blades, at Qesem cave at Palestine.[94][95] 1st known Homo sapiens at Adrar Ighud in Morocco. Stone tools at Ḥaʼil Province of Arabia.[96]>[97] Geminga supernova. |
280 ka – 220 ka |
Jinniushan woman near Korea, her traits between Homo erectus & Homo sapiens. Dali Man at China, with several features of Homo sapiens.[98][99] Homo naledi skeletons at Rising Star cave system, South Africa, & evidence of deliberate entombing of dead.[100][101] time of Y-chromosomal Adam.[102][103] 1st appearance of Homo neanderthalensis based on evidence of Saccopastore skulls. Homo sapiens Omo remains at Ethiopia. Primitive Beds made of ash & grass.[104] Strait of Dover made. Great Britain (possibly) now island for 1st time.[89] Apparent date of stone tools at Hueyatlaco site at Mexico. | |
220 ka – 180 ka | Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation) |
Homo sapiens at Greece.[105][106] Homo sapiens at Misliya cave at Palestine.[107][108] |
180,000 years ago to 55,000 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
180 ka – 140 ka | Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation) |
Underground circular piles of stalagmites built by Neanderthals.[109][110] humans are wearing clothes by this date. Use of ochre, fine lithic blades & seafood at Pinnacle Point, SA.[111] Clear evidence of roasting of plant-based food (rhizomes of Hypoxis).[112][113] humans diet grows to include marine resources Homo sapiens idaltu. Denisovans at Tibet.[114][115] Start of Mousterian culture. Peopling of Africa: Khoisan split, age of mtDNA haplogroup L0. time of Mitochondrial Eve. |
140 ka – 110 ka | Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial |
1st evidence of seafaring, based on human artifacts at Crete. Appearance of fullblown Neanderthal traits. Stone tools at Crete (40 km from nearest neighboring land).[116] Signs of early humans at California.[117][118] Sangoan culture. Neanderthals make ornaments from eagle claws.[119][120] usually hotter during Eemian interglacial than Holocene. Sea levels 5 to 10 meters above current level.[121] Evidence of humans at southwest Victoria, Australia.[122] 1st evidence of Symbolic culture etched onto bone. Late Eemian Aridity Pulse.[123] Tools, including bone point probably made from sperm whale tooth, used at Morocco for changing leather & fur.[124][125] Tools used at Talepu site at Sulawesi.[126][127] Shell jewelry at Spain, apparently made by Neanderthals.[128][129] Jawbone with modern human chin at Guangxi Province.[99] |
110 ka – 90 ka |
Last evidence of Homo erectus.[130] Shells with holes, probably used as beads, at Es Skhul cave on Mount Carmel. Abbassia Pluvial. Denisovan art that's parallel lines.[131][132] Humans with modern teeth at China Fuyan Cave, between 80 and 120 ka ago.[133][99] Paint made at Blombos Cave.[134] Khoisanid backmigration from Southern Africa to East Africa. 1st structures at world, sandstone blocks set at semicircle with oval foundation, built at Egypt near Wadi Halfa near Egypt–Sudan border. Meter high Flores Man on island of Flores, Indonesia. Human burial at Jebel al-Qafzeh in Israel. | |
90 ka – 70 ka | Beginning of Würm glaciation |
Homo sapiens by lake at Nafūd desert of Arabia.[135][136][97] Shell beads at Taforalt Caves, Morocco. Recent African origin: Southern Dispersal of SubSaharan Africans & nonAfricans. Use of insecticide Cape laurel at beds at Sibudu Cave at South Africa.[137] Tools made at Kota Tampan, Malaysia, probably by Homo sapiens. Abstract designs put on ochre & pressure flaking, at Blombos Cave at South Africa. Use of glue at Sibudu Cave. Arrowhead like projectile points[138] & possibly poisoned arrows.[139][140] |
70 ka – 55 ka | Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE |
Supervolcano Toba eruption at Indonesia, covering south Asia with ash & starting c. 1,000 year ice age. Evidence of Aboriginal Australians Culture. Cave art at Spain, by either Neanderthals or Homo sapiens.[105][128][141] Humans at Northern Territory, Australia.[142][143] Neanderthal admixture to Eurasians. Homo luzonensis at Philippines.[144][145] Sewing needle like implement used at Sibudu Cave, South Africa.[138] Painted ostrich eggs at Diepkloof Rock Shelter. Circular structure of posts near Poitiers, built by Neanderthals.[146] Neanderthals reenter Britain.[89] |
55,000 years ago to 18,000 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
55 ka – 45 ka | Ca. 53,000 – ca. 43,000 BCE |
Skeleton of Neanderthal at Iraq who lived 10 to 15 years after losing forearm.[92] Remains of string in France.[147][148] 1st sewing needle found. Made & used by Denisovans. Mousterian Pluvial at N. Africa. Sahara desert is wet & fertile. Late Stone Age start at Africa. Australia starts to become largely desert, maybe due to man.[149] 1st known depiction of animals (warty pigs, on Sulawesi).[150][151] Early European modern humans. Châtelperronian cultures at France. |
45 ka – 35 ka | Ca. 43,000 – ca. 33,000 BCE Upper Paleolithic |
Mungo Man at Australia. Homo sapiens at Bacho Kiro cave at Bulgaria.[152][153] 1st painted story, at Sulawesi.[154][155] Needles & sewing. Cro-Magnons at France, Britain, & Italy. Neanderthal Divje Babe flute part of prehistoric music. Mining of hematite at Lion Cave at Swaziland. Deep sea fishing of tuna.[156][157] Brief geomagnetic Laschamp Excursion. 50 meter diameter asteroid makes 1.2 km Meteor Crater at Arizona. Humans at Tianyuan Cave, China.[158][159] Denisova hominin lives at Altai Mountains. Aterian tool making Tools made from animal bone, hematite, & other stones Foot bones seem to indicate wearing of shoes. Ash from big Campanian Ignimbrite eruption splits Middle Paleolithic from Upper Paleolithic cultures. Neanderthals disappear. Start of Aurignacian culture. Paleolithic flutes and Venus of Hohler Fels, Dyed flax fibers at Georgia. |
35 ka – 28 ka | Ca. 33,000 – ca. 26,000 BCE |
Exchange of ostrich eggshell beads over hundreds of kilometers.[160][92] Oldest known skull of dog (Siberia), having wolf like teeth.[161] 1st evidence of humanoids at Ireland. Oats made into flour.[162][163] Human presence at Japan. Löwenmensch figurine ivory sculpture. Chauvet Cave paintings. Successful surgical amputation (Borneo).[164][165] Last Glacial Maximum (peak at 24490 BC). Stone mortar and pestle used to grind fern & cattail tubers.[166][167] Boomerang made from mammoth tusk at Poland.[168] Avian figurine in ivory and stone phallus of Hohler Fels.[169] 1st settlements made by Aboriginal Australians at Sydney, Perth & Melbourne. 1st known ritual cremation, Mungo Lady, at Lake Mungo, Australia. rock paintings tradition start at Bhimbetka rock shelters at India, which presently as collection is densest known concentration of rock art. In area c. 10 km2, c. 800 rock shelters where c. 500 have paintings. Venus of Dolní Věstonice (1st known ceramic). 1st ovens. New Guinea is populated by colonists from Asia or Australia. Impression of rope on fired clay.[170] End of Aurignacian culture, beginning of Gravettian. |
28 ka – 22 ka | Ca. 26,000 – ca. 20,000 BCE |
1st known twisted rope. Harpoons & saws made. Imprint of woven cloth at clay (Czech Republic). Venus of Lespugue (ivory sculpture). 1st known spear thrower or atlatl. Humans present at Mexico.[171][172][173] Oruanui eruption at New Zealand. people use natural fiber to make baby carriers, clothes, bags, baskets, & nets. Venus of Brassempouy (carving of face). hamlet having huts built of rocks & mammoth bones made at Dolní Věstonice at Moravia. Dolní Věstonice (archaeological site) is 1st human permanent settlement that has been found by archaeologists. Lapedo child having mixture of Neanderthal & sapiens features at Abrigo do Lagar Velho Portugal. cave bear is maybe now extinct. Evidence suggests humans living at Alaska & Yukon, North America. |
22 ka – 18 ka | Ca. 20,000 – ca. 16,000 BCE |
End of Gravettian culture, start of Solutrean. artifacts suggest early humans did live at Canberra. Ishango Bone, thought by several to be tally stick which intentionally or unintentionally may give prime number sequence. 1.9 km Tenoumer crater at Mauritania. Human footprints at New Mexico (White Sands National Park).[174] Apparent stone tools used at Brazil (Toca da Tira Peia).[175][176] 1st clear evidence of building (homes),[177] Kebaran culture at Levant: start of Epipalaeolithic in the Levant. theorized 1st date of making of traditional Inuit clothing. Khoisanid travel to Central Africa. remains of mud huts at Ohalo, by Sea of Galilee. Pottery sherds at Xianren Cave. date of artifacts found on Cactus Hill at Virginia.[178] |
18,000 years ago to 5,500 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
18 ka – 14 ka | Ca. 16,000 – ca. 12,000 BCE |
Though guesses vary widely, believed by scholars Afro-Asiatic was spoken as single language c. period. Vanishing of Solutrean. Start of Magdalenian culture. Clay figurines of animals.[179] Lascaux cave paintings and 7mm diameter rope. Wisent (European bison) sculpted in clay inside the Le Tuc d'Audoubert cave on the French Pyrenees near France–Spain border. Minatogawa Man at Okinawa. Stone tools at Buttermilk Creek Complex in Texas. Earliest supposed date for domestication of pig. Earliest known burial of dog alongside humans.[180][181] Evidence of massacre at Cemetery 117. Older Dryas cold spell. Most recent glaciation slowly ends. Sea level rises 30 meters in few hundred years (Meltwater pulse 1A). Start of African humid period. Start of Natufian culture in the Levant. Flatbread (at Jordan).[182][183] |
14 ka – 11 ka | Ca. 12,000 – ca. 9,000 BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene. |
Earliest evidence for prehistoric warfare (Jebel Sahaba, Natufian culture). Clovis culture in the Americas. Tooth drilling and dental filling in Italy.[184][185] Earliest date given for domestication of sheep. Outburst of water from Lake Agassiz or Younger Dryas impact event causes Younger Dryas cold spell. Grain harvesting along Nile, grain grinding culture makes first ever stone sickle Australian aborigine type people in Brazil (Serra da Capivara National Park).[186] Meltwater pulse 1B causes 7.5 meter rise in sea level. Quaternary extinction event of large animals. Many ice age megafauna go extinct, i.e. megatherium, woolly rhinoceros, Irish elk, cave bear, cave lion, and the last of sabre-toothed cats. mammoth goes extinct in Eurasia and North America, but is preserved in small island populations until ~1650 BC. Natufian Shaman burial[187] and earliest known banquet.[188] Vela Supernova Remnant only 800 light-years away. Spartel flooded. Arrow shaft straighteners used by Natufian culture in the Levant. Eruptions at Virunga Mountains blocked Lake Kivu outflow into Lake Edward and the Nile, diverting water to Lake Tanganyika, Nile; total length is shortened and Lake Tanganyika's surface is grown. Earliest date given for domestication of goat. Göbekli Tepe (temple like site of megalithic monuments and art). Lime. Earliest known mummy, Spirit Cave mummy in Nevada. Neolithic Revolution (agriculture start, domestication of animals). First layers of Jericho; first known monument building (stone tower 8 meters high). First naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human in Upper Mesopotamia. Domestication allows humans to live in one place, civilization. |
11 ka – 9 ka | Transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE |
Copper pendant in Iraq. Toothpicks and birch bark chewing gum. Giant short faced bears and giant ground sloths go extinct. Equidae goes extinct in North America. native Americans in the Southwestern United States, begin their Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era. Leading to art styles for pottery and basketmaking still used in the region. And early structures in the Pueblo architecture style, i.e. several of those at Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Byblos appears to be settled during PPNB. Neolithic remains of several buildings at the site. Sea rises about 20 m in the 9th millennium BCE. Start of inex series of solar eclipses every 29 years, unbroken till present. Cannabis on Oki Islands.[189][190] Bas relief of dancing at Nevalı Çori.[191] Possible lunar time reckoner at Warren Field at Aberdeenshire.[192] Migration of people to Nile, making more centralized society and civilized farm economy. Earliest supposed date for domestication of cattle. In north Mesopotamia, barley and wheat farming begin; they are first used for beer, gruel, and soup, and eventually for bread. In agriculture at that time, the planting stick is used, but is replaced by the plow in later centuries. By around that time, a round stone tower, now preserved at approximately 8.5 metres (28 ft) high and 8.5 metres (28 ft) in diameter is built in Jericho. post-glacial sea level rise decelerates, slowing submersion of landmasses taking place over previous 10,000 years. Identical ancestors point: then lived latest subgroup of human population having those that were all common ancestors of all present day humans, rest having no present day descendants. Dog sleds used in the Arctic.[193][194] Earliest given date for domestication of the cat. First human settlement at Amman; ʿAin Ghazal Neolithic settlement was built as it's over 15 hectares (37 acres). Oldest cloth found (Çayönü). Dentistry. Alcoholic beverage (at China).[195] Mead. Small stone circle in Atlit Yam, Palestine. Farming of animals and cereal in the eastern Sahara. At Nabta Playa, deep year round water wells are dug and big organized settlements are made at planned arrangements. |
9 ka – 7 ka | End of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE |
Emergence of the Jiahu culture. First large scale fish fermentation in south Sweden. Human settlement of Mehrgarh, one of the oldest sites with evidence of farming in South Asia. On April 2006, researchers found the earliest evidence for drilling of human teeth in vivo at Mehrgarh. 8.2-kiloyear event: sudden fall of global temperatures, maybe caused by final downing of Laurentide Ice Sheet, causing drier conditions in East Africa and Mesopotamia. Trepanation. Lake Agassiz largely empties into Hudson Bay. Tell Ramad suburb of Damascus maybe occupied. Finse event, 300 year cold spell. Storegga tsunami. Doggerland flooded, cutting off Great Britain. Meltwater pulse 1C causes 6.5 meter rise at sea level. Mount Etna causes tsunami, maybe ending Atlit Yam settlement (Palestine). Possible evidence of beer brewing at Göbekli Tepe.[191] Lead smelting, pottery and finger rings at Çatalhöyük. Rock painting of collecting honey (Spain). Opium. Wine[196] and beer. Rudimentary ships (rowed, single sailed) painted at Egyptian rock art Cheesemaking (Poland). Sea rises 15 to 20 m in the 6th millennium BCE. Holocene thermal maximum brings temperatures slightly warmer than in the recent past. Older Peron "transgression" (high sea level). Sahara region not desert (Neolithic Subpluvial). Domestication of the horse. Pottery changed by potter's wheel. Evidence of homes in Aleppo. Vinča culture. Għar Dalam phase on Malta; first farm settlements on the island. First known smelting of copper (Serbia). Stone roofed subterranean chambers and other subterranean complexes at Nabta Playa having buried sacrificed cattle. First ritual landscapes, mustatils in Arabia. Alleged Archaeoastronomy stone megalith at Nabta Playa. |
7 ka – 5.5 ka | Chalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE |
First wrought gold known, at Varna necropolis. First bronze. Megaliths spread through Europe. Last mastodons. Arsenical bronze. Copper Age. Continuation of Holocene thermal maximum. Akahoya eruption makes Kikai Caldera and ends the first homogeneous Jomon culture. When the Jomon culture recovers, they shows regional differences. Towns having thousands of houses in the region of the Tripolye culture (Moldova and Ukraine). 5.9 kiloyear event. Żebbuġ, Malta. Susa is a center of pottery making. Beaker (archaeology) from Susa is made. First neolithic settlers in (Santorini). Funnelbeaker culture. Vietnam Bronze Age culture. Đồng Đậu Culture, made many wealthy bronze objects. "People and animals", detail of rock shelter paintings at El Cogul, Lleida, Spain are painted. Civilizations develop in Mesopotamia. First given dates for domestication of the horse and domestication of the chicken, invention of potter's wheel. Creation according to John Lightfoot based on the Old Testament and often linked with Ussher chronology. Post Track and Sweet Track roadways. Mġarr phase transitional period in Malta. labelled by pottery having mainly curved lines. Since Middle Ages (12th century), Hebrew calendar has been based on rabbinic calculations of year of creation from Hebrew Masoretic text of bible. calendar is used within Jewish communities. calendar's epoch, corresponding to calculated date of world's creation, is equivalent to sunset on October 6, 3761 BC. The Maykop culture of Caucasus is a candidate for the origin of bronze production and thus the Bronze Age. Mass graves at Tell Brak in Syria. Silver mining. Neolithic Chinese settlements. They made silk and pottery (chiefly Yangshao culture and Longshan culture), wore hemp clothing and domesticated pigs and dogs. Gerzean tomb making, i.e. underground rooms andburial of furniture and amulets. Invention of wheel. In Colombia, first rupestrian art at Chiribiquete Caquetá Department. Evidence of maize domestication appear at the Valley of Tehuacán. Making of the first temple within the Mnajdra solar temple complex, having furniture such as stone benches and tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions. Making of Ta' Ħaġrat Temples and Kordin III temples. Ġgantija in Malta. Labelled by change in the way people of Malta lived. Large city of Hamoukar, destroyed in war, maybe by Uruk. Figures of a man and a woman from Cernavodă, Romania are made. |
5,500 years ago to 1,800 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
5.5 ka – 4.5 ka | End of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age. |
Mound building starts in North America. Senet, world's first confirmed board game. Uruk period. frst evidence of mummification in Egypt. First known depiction of wheeled vehicle (Bronocice pot). Predynastic Egypt pharaohs Tiu (pharaoh), Thesh, Hsekiu, Wazner, Ro (pharaoh), King Scorpion, Narmer. First conjectured date for still undeciphered Indus script. Jar having boat designs, from Hierakonpolis is made. Afanasevo culture: Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan in the late Copper Age and early Bronze Age. Wheeled carts and White Temple ziggurat. Waun Mawn is built in west Wales. Donkey domestication and (meteoric) iron works in Egypt. Ötzi the Iceman. Bronze Age starts in the Near East. Newgrange is built in Ireland. Ness of Brodgar is built in Orkney, Scotland. Hakra Phase of Indus Valley civilisation start. 1st to 4th dynasty of Kish (Sumer). Sumerian temple of Janna in Eridu made. Temple at Al Ubaidi and tomb of Meskalamdug built near Ur. Dams, canals and stone sculptures made using inclined plane and lever in Sumer. Urkesh in north Syria probably founded by the Hurrians. Courtyard is introduced to Mesopotamia. Garth tsunami at the Northern Isles. Ochre Coloured Pottery culture. Enoch (ancestor of Noah) lived at this time, if he was real. Double reed instruments and lyres. (see Music of Egypt) Harappan script is made at Indus Valley. Pictographs in Uruk. Red Temple, first phase of Monte d'Accoddi sanctuary in Northwest Sardinia, is built. Face of a woman, from Uruk made. now at the Iraq Museum, Baghdad. Evidence of proto-Thracians or proto-Dacians during this period. Proto-Dacian or Proto-Thracian people came from a mix of indigenous peoples and Indo-Europeans from the time of Proto-Indo-European expansion. Krishna was born in Mathura. Liangzhu culture. Norte Chico civilization, first known civilization in the Americas. Cycladic culture on the Aegean islands of Greece. Piora Oscillation causing redesertification of Sahara. Helladic period on mainland Greece. Saflieni phase on Malta. Making of three megalithic temples at Tarxien. Ozieri culture. Making of the Ħaġar Qim megalithic temple complex, having both solar and lunar alignments. Yamna culture, made by Proto-Indo-Europeans. Reign of Double Falcon of Lower Egypt. There is a strong chance that he appears on the Palermo stone, but half of his name is chipped away. At Upper Egypt, Thinis annexes Naqada. Iry-Hor reigns from Abydos, Egypt over most of Egypt. The lesser Tollmann's hypothetical bolide event may have occurred. Reign of the pharaoh Ka. Ljubljana Marshes Wheel; a wooden wheel found at Ljubljana Marsh in Slovenia. A version of the Mayan calendar aka. the Mesoamerican Long Count, uses the epoch of August 11 or 13, 3114 BC. The Mayan Long Count calendar is first used c. 236 BC. start of reign of Narmer, first pharaoh to unify Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty of Egypt. According to calculations of Aryabhata, Hinduism Kali Yuga began at midnight on February 18, 3102 BC. First chairs.[197] (Egypt) Narmer Palette. Sails used on the Nile. Mastabas, the predecessors of Egyptian pyramids. Harps and flutes played in Egypt. Early Dynastic Period (Egypt) Neolithic homes at Skara Brae on Orkney Islands, Scotland, inhabited. Horus was the main god worshiped in Upper Egypt, Neith was the main god worshiped in Lower Egypt. Polo was first played in Manipur. Anu Ziggurat and White Temple are built in Uruk. Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Menes as he rules new country from Memphis. Oldest currently living nonclonal organism germinates at the Grove of Ancients. Old Dilmun period. Image of deity (detail from Cong (jade)) from Tomb 12 in Fanshan, Cangnan County made during Neolithic period by Liangzhu culture. First remains from Aniba (Nubia). Intense phase of burial at Duma na nGiall on Hill of Tara, the ancient seat of High King of Ireland. Jawa, Jordan is founded along with the world's first known dam. Phonetic writing starts in Sumer (Cuneiform), Egypt (Egyptian hieroglyphs), and Elam, triggering start of recorded history. Invention of the toilet and sewerage (Indus civilization and Skara Brae). Copper used both as tools and weapons. First pottery in Colombia at the Puerto Hormiga archaeological site, Magdalena Department, thought to be some of the first pottery in the New World. First settlement at Puerto Badel, Bolívar Department). Sydney rock engravings. Knowledge of Near East grains appears in China. Tin used in Mesopotamia. Watercraft from Denmark are made. Growth of advanced, urbanized civilizations, new bronze metallurgy increasing output of farms work and highly developed ways of communication through writing, as all three trends both intellectually and physically, now a source of contention on the political stage. Along came the first monuments, imperialism, organized absolutism and internal revolutions. Reign of First Dynasty of Egypt pharaoh, Semerkhet, whose name marks the first definitive use of a Nebty name. Troy is founded on date (assuming interpretation of Manfred Korfmann is followed). First Mariote Kingdom created. Wire. Votive statues from Square Temple of Eshnunna Tell Ashmar, Iraq were made. One of them is now at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Excavated 1932 through 1933. Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia). Mesopotamia Wars of Early Dynastic period. 2nd Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Hotepsekhemwy. Akkadian language names are recorded around this time period. Estimated germination of Prometheus (tree), previously thought to be world's oldest living organism until cut down. Rise of Văn Lang Kingdom and Hồng Bàng dynasty in north Vietnam. 365-day calendar year was made in Egypt, with fixed lunar months of 30 days and 5 epagomenal days. Egyptian 2nd Dynasty Prince Raneb lifetime. Saqqara Tomb A making started. Start of Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Balearic cave goat now extinct. Possible asteroid/comet impact occurring between Africa and Antarctica around a solar eclipse, based on an analysis of flood stories, possibly causing the Burckle crater and Fenambosy Chevron. Soap-like thing made in Babylon.[198] Creation of Mari, Syria. A harp player from Keros, Cyclades was made. Bell Beaker culture in Europe. 2nd Dynasty wars in Egypt. Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in Romania, Moldova and southwest Ukraine. city of Tyre is created according to Herodotus. Old Elamite. Supposed start of mythical reign of legendary Yellow Emperor. Pyramids of Egypt. Indus civilization, Ur. 3rd Dynasty of Egypt, consisting of reigns of Djoser,Sekhemkhet, Sanakht (Nebka), Khaba and Huni. Start of Old Kingdom of Egypt. Reign of pharaoh Sneferu and his vizier Nefermaat. Sneferu leads campaign in Nubia and returns with approximately 7,000 prisoners, who he would employ as servants at royal estates. Sneferu then goes to Libya which brings approximately 11,000 prisoners and approximately 13,100 heads of cattle. Sneferu sends 40 ships to Byblos for retrieval of cedar wood for making of ships. Under Sneferu's reign and his son Khufu's, copper mines and turquoise quarries were made at the Sinai Peninsula. tomb of Hetepheres I, wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu, shows cabinetry and jewelry are well developed. depiction of plowing painted at the tomb of Itet and Nefermaat at Meidum is the first Evidence of technique in Africa. Reservoirs, script, metals and pottery used at the city of Dholavira in Indus Valley. 4th Dynasty of Egypt. Founding of Chalcolithic Iberian societies of Los Millares and Vila Nova de São Pedro. Unified Indus Valley civilisation. Reign of Akalamdug, king of Ur. Instructions of Shuruppak, first known literary books, are created in Adab, Shuruppak and Abu Salabikh. Dominion of first Dynasty of Ur. Royal Cemetery at Ur is made. Statues of known persons. Reigns of Uhub, king of Kish (Sumer), and En-hegal, king of Lagash. Reign of Mesannepada, king of Ur. city, which had only 4,000 citizens at the time, would become large capital during 40 years of Mesannepada's reign. opulence was brought about by commercial activity: Ur's south river port directed Mesopotamian trade along Persian Gulf shores. Reign of Khufu. height of Old Kingdom happens under reigns of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure. Khufu has Great Pyramid of Giza built. During reign, solar religion of Ra prevails, as evidenced by Khufu ship. His successor, Djedefre, is the first pharaoh to call himself by the epithet "Son of Ra". pharaoh's divine filiation self asserts at the 4th Dynasty: royal title is definitively fixed containing 5th royal name preceded by title "Son of Ra". Reign of Mesilim, king of Kish. He was apparent suzerain over Lagash king Luga-shag-engur and Adab king Nin-kisalsi. Conflict between Lagash and neighboring Umma begins over fields claimed by each party. An initial crisis is settled by Mesilim having bias to Lagash. Mesannepada, who already the dominated city of Nippur, takes advantage of trouble in Kish (caused by incursion by Elamites of Awan) to seize the city. He becomes the ruler of all of Lower Mesopotamia as he is the king of Kish and his name appear on pearl[clarification needed] in Mari. Reign of A'annepada, king of Ur. Reign of Khafre. Pyramid of Khafre and Great Sphinx of Giza, monument of either Khafre or Khufu with lion's body are built. Stonehenge. Camel domesticated at Bactria and Arabia. Austronesian peoples from Formosa colonize Luzon in north Philippines. Assyria is founded. Cylinder seal from Sumer and impression are made. Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, subterranean temples later used as necropolis. The sculpture Khafre Enthroned is made. People in Peru rely on fish and mussels for food. Ebla tablets are sorted at the city of Ebla, Syria. Discovered by Italian archaeologist Paolo Matthiae and his team, Ebla tablets are thought to be first, inactive library. Incised panel frying pan (NAMA 4974) from Syros, Cyclades is made. Two figures of women from Cyclades are made. |
4.5 ka – 3.5 ka | End of 3rd millennium BCE, beginning of 2nd millennium BCE |
World's last existing mammoth population on Wrangel Island goes extinct. 5th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Userkaf. "Sculptors at work", relief from Saqqara, 5th Dynasty. The Seated Scribe, a sculpture at Saqqara, 5th Dynasty of Egypt is made. Armenian patriarch Hayk defeats Babylonian king Bel (legendary tale). Traditional date for legendary creation of Armenia by Hayk. Golden age of Ur. Kish (Sumer) is lost to Hamazi tribesmen of Kurdistan mts; Elam under Awan dynasty occupies parts of Sumer. Kings in Sumer cease to be immediately high priests of the city deity. Infiltration and conquest of Mesopotamia by Semitic-speaking peoples begin. Large painted jar with birds at the border made at the Indus River Valley civilization. 6th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Teti. Sargon of Akkad conquers Sumer, Mari, Syria, and Ebla. Courier services in Egypt. Akkadian Empire. Maize farms in Mexico. dromedary camel domesticated. Akkad sacked by Gutians. Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim culture emerges from Catacomb culture, likely locus of Proto-Indo-Iranian. First Intermediate Period of Egypt 7th and 8th Dynasty of Egypt. 9th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Akhtoy Meryibtowe. 10th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Meryhathor. 4.2 kiloyear event, a drought that probably caused the fall of the Old Kingdom of Egypt and the Akkadian Empire. Fall of Akkad (city). Gilgamesh 11th Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Mentuhotep I code of Ur-Nammu. Possible time of the Great Flood (China) and Yu the Great. Xia dynasty. chariot emerges on the Eurasian steppe which is important since warrior tribes at or near the steppe would use chariots to defeat civilizations like those in the Indus Valley. Argaric culture in Spain. Farming starts in Kentucky, Eastern Agricultural Complex [199] Currently undeciphered Minoan script Linear A and Cypro-Minoan script grown on Crete and Cyprus. Bahr Yussef canal. Minoan Crete. Hammurabi. Avellino eruption of Vesuvius. Plimpton 322 tablet linking to Pythagorean triples. Calculation of square root of 2 in Babylon.[200] Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, implying approximation of pi (as ). Last mammoths. Minoan eruption. Hollow glassware.[201] Surgical and medical papyri in Egypt. Cannabis found at the Turkmens shrine.[202] Kassite dynasty. |
3.5 ka – 2.8 ka | ca. 1500 BCE – ca. 800 BCE. Beginning of Iron Age. |
Akhenaten. Thebas capital of Egypt. Rigveda and Bhagavad Gita composed. Tutankhamun. Shang dynasty. Olmec civilization. Ugarit gold age. Hittites. Mycenaean Greece, has first deciphered writing in Europe. Babylonian-Assyrian War of 1235 BC. Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty. Oracle bone script made, which has the first written records in Old Chinese. Ramesses II. Phrygia greek polis formed. Trojan war, Late Bronze Age collapse. Hekla 3 eruption. Pyongyang founded. Alphabet writing aka Phoenician alphabet spreads around Mediterranean. Start of the Zhou Dynasty. David and Solomon. Shalmaneser III. Apiculture. Tamil-Brahmi script invented. |
2.8 ka – 2.2 ka | ca. 800 BCE – ca. 200 BCE |
Neo-Assyrian Empire. Zarathustra (Zoroaster), Homer, Carthage founded, First recorded solar eclipse. Spring and Autumn period. Hesiod. Rome founded. King Uzziah makes weapon like ballista or trebuchet. Fall of Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) and Kingdom of Judah. Battle of Nineveh (612 BC). First coins. Greek and Demotic scripts invented. Library of Ashurbanipal Solon's reforms. Printing paper in China, Temple of Zeus, Siege of Tyre (586-573 BC). Cyrus the Great, Kǒng Fūzǐ (Confucius). High THC cannabis used in Xinjiang.[203] Gautama Buddha, Theory of the 4 humors. Pythagoras. Rudimentary Athenian democracy. Greco-Persian Wars, Twelve tables of roman law. Mo Tzu (Micius). First Olympiad. Peloponnesian War. Kao Gong Ji, first known technical encyclopedia. Etruscan civilization, Iberian civilization, Socrates, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle. Helike sinks beneath waves. Alexander the Great, Euclid. Greco-Bactrian kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom. Gallic invasion of the Balkans. Library of Alexandria. Ashoka the Great. Archimedes screw. Maya script only known full writing system grown in the Americas emerges. Punic Wars end with razing of Carthage. First deciphered written records in South Asia (Middle Indo-Aryan). Qin Dynasty. |
2.2 ka – 1.8 ka | ca. 200 BCE – ca. 200 CE |
Roman Warm Period. Han Dynasty. Shunga Empire in Pataliputra. Mithridates the Great massacres approximately 100,000 Romans, sparking Mithridatic Wars. Paper money in China. Lucius cornellius Sulla. Cicero. Pompey. Julius Caesar. First and Second triumvirate. Tigranes. Gaul conquest. Egypt is absorbed by the Roman empire. Roman Empire, Yeshua (Jesus). Paul of Tarsus. Zero is invented in Mesoamerican calculus. Steam engine invented by Egyptians. Boudican revolt. Nerva-Antonine dynasty rules roma. First Jewish–Roman War and destruction of Jerusalem. Pompeii volcanic eruption. Trajan's Dacian Wars. Spread of Buddhism. Lions now extinct in west Europe. Seismometer invented. 115 Antioch earthquake. Second Jewish–Roman War. Hadrian's Wall. Kanishka the Great and Kushan Empire. Antonine Plague. Christianity. Gnosticism. Mithraism. Yellow Turban Rebellion. |
1,800 years ago to 550 years ago
550 years ago to 180 years ago
180 years ago to 55 years ago
56 years ago to 19 years ago
19 years ago to present
Future
A logarithmic timeline can also be devised for events which should occur in the future, barring unforeseen circumstances and assuming that we can extrapolate into the future based on our science.
Time interval | Event |
---|---|
1 – 10 years (2023–2033) |
2023 Nigerian general election. Planned maiden voyage of the Dream Chaser. The Vera C. Rubin Observatory sees first light. Planned launches of the Aditya-L1, Boeing Starliner-1 and Nova-C. Planned launch of Türksat 6A. Scheduled launch of JUICE. 2023 Turkish general election. 2023 Guatemalan general election. Planned launch of Chandrayaan-3. 2023 Sudanese general election. Planned launch of Luna 25. Planned launch of Biomass. Planned launches of Janus and Psyche. Next Pakistani general election, if not sooner. 2023 Polish parliamentary election, if not sooner. Next Spanish general election, if not sooner. Next Bangladeshi general election, if not sooner. Expected establishment of the East African Confederation. Planned launches of Euclid, SLIM, and XRISM. #dearMoon project proposal. Bulgaria expected to adopt the euro. 2024 Finnish presidential election. 2024 Indonesian general election. 2024 Russian presidential election. Planned launch of EarthCARE. Next Indian general election, if not sooner. Planned launch of NASA's Artemis 2. Proposed launch of the CNSA's Interstellar Express. Planned launch of NASA's SPHEREx probe. 2024 Mexican presidential election. 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris. Planned launch of the MMX space probe. Planned launch of the Europa Clipper. 2024 Uruguayan general election. 2024 United States presidential election. Planned launch of the SMILE spacecraft. Planned launch of Luna 26. Proposed launch of FIRE. Planned launch of the IMAP. Planned launches of the Solar Cruiser, SWFO-L1, and the Lunar Trailblazer. Expo 2025 in Osaka, Japan. 2025 Polish presidential election. Planned launch of Luna 27. Planned launch of Spektr-UV. Proposed launch of the Trident spacecraft, assuming no delays. Next Israeli legislative election, if not sooner. Planned launches of Artemis 3, ALTIUS, Chang'e 6, FLEX, LUPEX, and Tianwen-2. Proposed launches of ISOCHRON and the Moon Diver. ITER expected to be completed. Kazakhstan gradually transitions to the Latin alphabet. 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. 2026 FIFA World Cup in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. 250th anniversary of the United States Declaration of Independence. Proposed launch of the MUSE mission, assuming no delays. Planned launches of Chang'e 7, FORUM, NEO Surveyor, and PLATO. Proposed launches of Icebreaker Life and Laplace-P. Scheduled launch of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, if not sooner. Planned launch of NASA's Dragonfly. Asteroid (137108) 1999 AN10 passes within 388,960 km (0.0026 AU) of Earth. Planned launches of NASA's Artemis 4 and Artemis 5 and Roscosmos' Luna 28. Anticipated release of the autopsy report for Elvis Presley and the FBI archived records of Martin Luther King Jr. USS Enterprise (CVN-80) to be commissioned. Expected first light of the Thirty Meter Telescope and the Extremely Large Telescope. Independence of Bougainville. Planned launch of Artemis 4. 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Asteroid (35396) 1997 XF11 passes 930,000 km (0.0062 AU) from the Earth. Romania expected to adopt the euro. Scheduled establishment of the African Monetary Union. Planned launches of Artemis 5, LiteBIRD, Rosalind Franklin. Proposed launch of the Io Volcano Observer. Planned launch of NASA's DAVINCI. Proposed launch of Tianwen-4. Planned launch of Venera-D. The digital time capsule "A Message from Earth" reaches Gliese 581 c. Planned launches of ARIEL and the Comet Interceptor. Expected first light of the Giant Magellan Telescope. Expected completion of Masdar City. Planned launch of Spektr-M. Suggested launch of OCEANUS. Planned deorbit of the International Space Station. Planned launch of VERITAS. 2032 Summer Olympics in Brisbane, Australia. Proposed launch of the THESEUS space telescope. |
10 – 100 years (2033–2123) |
Proposed launch of Neptune Odyssey. Proposed launch of the ODINUS mission. Near-Earth object 2002 AY1 makes a close approach to Earth. ITER expected to achieve full fusion. Planned launch of the Athena telescope. Expected completion of the International Lunar Research Station. Proposed launch of Interstellar Probe, assuming no delays. Planned launch of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Year 2038 problem. Proposed launch of Zephyr. The Antarctic treaty is scheduled to come under review. A Nickelodeon time capsule, sealed in April 1992, is expected to be opened. The "one country, two systems" agreements for Hong Kong and Macau expire. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is scheduled to come up for review. Scheduled completion of the Belt and Road Initiative. The Three-North Shelter Forest Program is expected to be completed. The B-52 Bomber is set to be retired from service. Cosmic Call 1 reaches 15 Sagittae. The Teen Age Message reaches HD 76151, 37 Geminorum, HD 126053, and HD 193664. Halley's comet is expected to be visible for the first time since the perihelion was last reached in 1986. The Singapore-Malaysia Water Agreement expires. Venus occults Jupiter. Mercury occults Neptune. One of four time capsules at the Helium Centennial Time Columns Monument is scheduled to be opened. On January 1, 2073, assuming no further extensions to the term of copyrights, all media published before 1978 is set to fall into the public domain in the United States; works published after 1977 will generally fall into the public domain after 70 years post mortem auctoris. For computer software using unsigned 16-bit binary day counts and an epoch of 1 January 1900, the counts will overflow after 65,536 (216) days. Insect Magicicada broods X (17-year) and XIX (13-year) will emerge simultaneously for the first time since 1868. The 9/11 Victims Compensation Fund is set to expire. Mercury transits Jupiter. The difference between the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar reaches 14 days. The jacket Jackie Kennedy wore on the day John F. Kennedy was assassinated cannot be displayed in public until 2103. Year 2106 problem. Scheduled release of 100 Years. The first book from the Future Library project is planned to be published. |
100 – 1,000 years (2123–3023) |
All Bitcoins are expected to be mined. The asteroid 101955 Bennu has a 1-in-2,700 chance of impacting Earth. Pluto will be closer to the Sun than Neptune. Year 6000 on the Hebrew calendar. Return of the Great Comet of 1861. The 639-year-long performance of As Slow as Possible (begun in 2001) is scheduled to finish. 1950 DA has a 1 in 8,300 (0.012%) chance of colliding with the Earth. The last time capsule out of four at the Helium Centennial Time Columns Monument is scheduled to be opened. The Longplayer composition is set to finish. Consumption of fossil fuels much lower than at present. |
1,000 – 10 ka (3023–12,023) |
Completion of the Time Pyramid in Wemding, Germany. Gamma Cephei replaces Polaris as the North Star. The Westinghouse Time Capsules from the years 1939 and 1964 are scheduled to be opened. The last Expo '70 Time Capsule from the year 1970, buried under a monument near Osaka Castle, Japan is scheduled to be opened. Opening of the Crypt of Civilization. |
10 – 100 ka (12,023–102,023) |
Antares likely goes supernova. Vega becomes the northern pole star. North celestial pole moves far from present North Star, causing summer and winter to occur on opposite sides of Earth's orbit and summer and winter constellations to switch. The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone returns to normal levels of radiation. The Arecibo message reaches its destination. Ross 248 passes within 3.024 light-years of Earth, becoming the closest star to the Sun. Expected descent of the KEO time capsule, assuming it is launched. The length of the day increases by one SI second. Presently used Computus will give Paschal Full Moon at new moon. Alpha Centauri passes the sun and continues toward Lynx. Present constellations become unrecognizable. The Hebrew calendar is out of sync with the seasons. |
100 ka – 1 Ma |
The Gregorian Calendar is out of sync with the seasons. Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi) becomes a new volcanic island. WR 104 likely explodes, if not sooner. Badlands National Park erodes completely. Several supervolcanoes erupt. The Strait of Gibraltar closes. The Mediterranean Sea dries up. |
1 – 10 Ma |
Technetium-99 produced today ceases to be a danger. Betelgeuse goes supernova, if not sooner. Meteor Crater wears away. Gliese 710 passes through the Oort Cloud. A day on Earth is one minute longer than it is today. Without maintenance, Mount Rushmore erodes into unrecognizability. The LAGEOS satellites' orbits decay. Several kilometre-size asteroids or comets are on a collision course with Earth. The Afar Depression and the East African Rift become a new sea, splitting Africa. |
10 – 100 Ma |
Phobos collides with Mars, if not sooner. The Mediterranean Basin closes. The island of Hawaii submerges. Iodine-129 and Neptunium-237 in nuclear waste decay away. |
100 Ma – 1 gigaannus |
A day on Earth is one hour longer than it is today. Different continents from today due to splitting and coalescence. Possible new supercontinent.[209] The Sun completes several orbits around the Milky Way. |
1 – 10 Ga |
The atmosphere becomes a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans, causing plate tectonics to stop completely, if not already stopped sooner. Eukaryotic life dies out on Earth due to carbon dioxide starvation. The Moon is moved too far away from Earth to stabilize its axial tilt. The Earth's oceans evaporate. All unicellular life goes extinct. Triton falls through Neptune's Roche limit. Andromeda–Milky Way collision. The Sun exhausts its hydrogen supply and becomes a red giant. The Sun achieves its maximum radius 256 times its present-day value. |
10 – 100 Ga |
The Sun becomes a white dwarf. Presently existing uranium and rhenium-187 decay away. |
100 Ga – 1 teraannus |
The white dwarf Sun fades away. The Local Group coalesces. Presently existing thorium decays away. |
1 – 10 Ta |
Galaxies outside Local Supercluster no longer visible (if dark energy prevails). Proxima Centauri ceases to be a main-sequence star. |
10 – 100 Ta |
Star formation ends. The Degenerate Era starts. |
100 Ta – 1 petaannus |
Nuclear fusion ceases (if not sooner). The Sun becomes a black dwarf. |
1 – 10 Pa | Planets fall or are flung away from their stars. |
10 – 100 Pa | |
100 Pa – 1 exaannus |
Vanadium-50 decays. |
1 – 10 Ea |
Tungsten-180, Europium-151, Molybdenum-100, Neodymium-150, and Tellurium-130 decay. |
10 – 100 Ea |
Zirconium-96, Bismuth (209), Calcium-48, and Cadmium-116 decay. |
100 Ea – 1 zettaannus |
Selenium-82 decays. |
1 – 10 Za |
Barium-130, Germanium-78, Xenon-136, and Krypton-78 decay. |
10 – 100 Za |
Xenon-124 decays. |
100 Za – 1 yottaannus | |
1 – 10 Ya |
Tellurium-128 decays. |
10 – 100 Ya | |
100 Ya – 1 ronnaannus | |
1 – 10 Ra | |
10 – 100 Ra | |
100 Ra – 1 quettaannus | |
1 – 10 Qa |
Only solitary objects remain in the universe by this point. |
10 – 100 Qa |
See also
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