Al-Andalusi (talk | contribs) Source is very clear: "after once more joining Quraysh against the Muslims, this time at the Battle of Uhud" |
Al-Andalusi (talk | contribs) Non-mainstream view repeated 3-4 times in the article, keep the view under "Building of the Mosque" under another historian backs the claim |
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The demolition or burning of '''Masjid al-Dirar''' ({{lang-ar|مسجد الضرار}}), also referred to as the '''Mosque of Opposition''' or the '''Mosque of Dissent''' is mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. Masjid al-Dirar was a [[Medinian]] mosque that was erected close to the [[Quba' Mosque]] and which the [[Islamic Prophet]] [[Muhammad]] initially approved of but subsequently had destroyed while he was returning from the [[Battle of Tabuk]] (which occurred in October 630 AD<ref>{{cite book|last=Hawarey|first=[http://mosab.hawarey.org/ Dr. Mosab]|title=[http://www.islamic-book.net/ar/Rihlat-Alnobowwah.htm The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic)]|publisher=Islamic Book Trust |year=2010}}Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available [http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm here], and archive of page [http://www.webcitation.org/5zLhjeYyz here]</ref>). According to [[Ibn Kathir]], the mosque was built by twelve disaffected men from the [[Ansar]] on the commands of Abu 'Amir al-Rahib; a Christian monk who refused Muhammad's invitation to Islam and instead fought along with the Meccan non-Muslims against [[Islam]] in the [[Battle of Uhud]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Osman|first=Ghada|title=Pre-Islamic Arab Converts to Christianity in Mecca and Medina: An Investigation into the Arabic Sources|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brownj9/LifeoftheProphet/Arab%20Converts%20to%20Islam%20in%20Pre-Islamic%20Mecca%20-%20Osman.pdf|accessdate=3 July 2011|quote=Abu ‘Amir eventually left Medina in A.H. 3, after once more joining Quraysh against the Muslims, this time at the Battle of Uhud}}</ref> Abu 'Amir reportedly urged his men to establish a stronghold and prepare whatever they can of power and weapons as he promised and insinuated to them that he will lead an army, backed by [[Heraclius]], to fight Muhammad and his [[Sahabah|companions]], and defeat his message by expelling him from [[Medina]].<ref name="IbnKathir" / |
The demolition or burning of '''Masjid al-Dirar''' ({{lang-ar|مسجد الضرار}}), also referred to as the '''Mosque of Opposition''' or the '''Mosque of Dissent''' is mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. Masjid al-Dirar was a [[Medinian]] mosque that was erected close to the [[Quba' Mosque]] and which the [[Islamic Prophet]] [[Muhammad]] initially approved of but subsequently had destroyed while he was returning from the [[Battle of Tabuk]] (which occurred in October 630 AD<ref>{{cite book|last=Hawarey|first=[http://mosab.hawarey.org/ Dr. Mosab]|title=[http://www.islamic-book.net/ar/Rihlat-Alnobowwah.htm The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic)]|publisher=Islamic Book Trust |year=2010}}Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available [http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm here], and archive of page [http://www.webcitation.org/5zLhjeYyz here]</ref>). According to [[Ibn Kathir]], the mosque was built by twelve disaffected men from the [[Ansar]] on the commands of Abu 'Amir al-Rahib; a Christian monk who refused Muhammad's invitation to Islam and instead fought along with the Meccan non-Muslims against [[Islam]] in the [[Battle of Uhud]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Osman|first=Ghada|title=Pre-Islamic Arab Converts to Christianity in Mecca and Medina: An Investigation into the Arabic Sources|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brownj9/LifeoftheProphet/Arab%20Converts%20to%20Islam%20in%20Pre-Islamic%20Mecca%20-%20Osman.pdf|accessdate=3 July 2011|quote=Abu ‘Amir eventually left Medina in A.H. 3, after once more joining Quraysh against the Muslims, this time at the Battle of Uhud}}</ref> Abu 'Amir reportedly urged his men to establish a stronghold and prepare whatever they can of power and weapons as he promised and insinuated to them that he will lead an army, backed by [[Heraclius]], to fight Muhammad and his [[Sahabah|companions]], and defeat his message by expelling him from [[Medina]].<ref name="IbnKathir" /> |
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Muhammad and his companions believed they were Hypocrites (''[[munafiqs]]'') and had ulterior motives for building the Al-Dirar mosque. Thus he ordered his men to burn it down.<ref name="IbnKathir">{{cite web|last=Kathir|first=Ibn|title=Masjid Ad-Dirar and Masjid At-Taqwa|url=http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=22010|work=Tafsir Ibn Kathir|accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn)|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA60| first=Al|last=Tabari|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press |
Muhammad and his companions believed they were Hypocrites (''[[munafiqs]]'') and had ulterior motives for building the Al-Dirar mosque. Thus he ordered his men to burn it down.<ref name="IbnKathir">{{cite web|last=Kathir|first=Ibn|title=Masjid Ad-Dirar and Masjid At-Taqwa|url=http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=22010|work=Tafsir Ibn Kathir|accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn)|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA60| first=Al|last=Tabari|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press |
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|title=Tafsir ibn Kathir(abridged)|page=515}} see also [http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=22010 Tafsir ibn Kathir, 9:107, Online Text version]</ref><ref name="Muir 462">{{cite book|last=Muir|first=William|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA462|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|page=462}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA273| first=Saifur|last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=273}}</ref>) in consequence of which the mosque was destroyed by fire. Hencerforth, it was known as the Mosque of Opposition. |
|title=Tafsir ibn Kathir(abridged)|page=515}} see also [http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=22010 Tafsir ibn Kathir, 9:107, Online Text version]</ref><ref name="Muir 462">{{cite book|last=Muir|first=William|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA462|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|page=462}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA273| first=Saifur|last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=273}}</ref>) in consequence of which the mosque was destroyed by fire. Hencerforth, it was known as the Mosque of Opposition. |
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==Building of Masjid al-Dirar== |
==Building of Masjid al-Dirar== |
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[[File:Masjid al-Quba.jpg|thumb]] |
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[[File:Masjid al-Quba.jpg|thumb|According to [[Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri]], the Mosque was built by some men who refused to pray in [[Quba Mosque|Masjid al-Quba]] (pictured) because it was built in a place where a donkey was tied up.<ref>{{cite book|last=al-Baladhuri|first=Ahmad ibn Yahya|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&pg=PA16|title=The Origins of the Islamic State|date=30 March 2011|publisher=Cosimo Classics|isbn=978-1616405342|page=16-17}}</ref>]] |
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===Abu Amir ar-Rahib=== |
===Abu Amir ar-Rahib=== |
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Abu Amir ar- Rahib was a [[Hanif]]<ref name="Studies">{{cite book|last=Karaemer|first=Joel L.|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0h9JiLDEncYC&pg=PA43|title=Israel oriental studies, Volume 12|publisher=BRILL|date=1992|isbn=978-9004095847|page=42}}</ref>. Hanif's stood closer to Christianity than Judaism.<ref>Baynes, The Encyclopaedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature, p. 457</ref>. He disliked Muhammad, and reportedly fought in the [[Battle of Badr]]. He wanted to uphold the Medinaian status quo, which allowed him to practice his religion freely. He also joined the Quraysh against the Muslim in the [[Battle of Uhud]]. Muhammad's companion [[Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy]] was his nephew. The majority of scholars say that after Uhud, he went to the Byzantine empire for support against Muhammad, it is not clear whether he was given any support. He promised some [[Ansar]] that he would return with an army to fight Muhammad, and that they should build Masjid al-Dirar. Abu Amir died in 9AH or 10AH of the Islamic calender in the court yard of [[Heraclius]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Osman|first=Ghada|title=Pre-Islamic Arab Converts to Christianity in Mecca and Medina: An Investigation into the Arabic Sources|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brownj9/LifeoftheProphet/Arab%20Converts%20to%20Islam%20in%20Pre-Islamic%20Mecca%20-%20Osman.pdf|accessdate=3 July 2011|page=72-73}} An archive of the page is available [http://www.webcitation.org/5zty3NDhK here]</ref> |
Abu Amir ar- Rahib was a [[Hanif]]<ref name="Studies">{{cite book|last=Karaemer|first=Joel L.|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0h9JiLDEncYC&pg=PA43|title=Israel oriental studies, Volume 12|publisher=BRILL|date=1992|isbn=978-9004095847|page=42}}</ref>. Hanif's stood closer to Christianity than Judaism.<ref>Baynes, The Encyclopaedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature, p. 457</ref>. He disliked Muhammad, and reportedly fought in the [[Battle of Badr]]. He wanted to uphold the Medinaian status quo, which allowed him to practice his religion freely. He also joined the Quraysh against the Muslim in the [[Battle of Uhud]]. Muhammad's companion [[Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy]] was his nephew. The majority of scholars say that after Uhud, he went to the Byzantine empire for support against Muhammad, it is not clear whether he was given any support. He promised some [[Ansar]] that he would return with an army to fight Muhammad, and that they should build Masjid al-Dirar. Abu Amir died in 9AH or 10AH of the Islamic calender in the court yard of [[Heraclius]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Osman|first=Ghada|title=Pre-Islamic Arab Converts to Christianity in Mecca and Medina: An Investigation into the Arabic Sources|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brownj9/LifeoftheProphet/Arab%20Converts%20to%20Islam%20in%20Pre-Islamic%20Mecca%20-%20Osman.pdf|accessdate=3 July 2011|page=72-73}} An archive of the page is available [http://www.webcitation.org/5zty3NDhK here]</ref> |
Revision as of 16:31, 3 July 2011
The demolition or burning of Masjid al-Dirar (Arabic: مسجد الضرار), also referred to as the Mosque of Opposition or the Mosque of Dissent is mentioned in the Qur'an. Masjid al-Dirar was a Medinian mosque that was erected close to the Quba' Mosque and which the Islamic Prophet Muhammad initially approved of but subsequently had destroyed while he was returning from the Battle of Tabuk (which occurred in October 630 AD[1]). According to Ibn Kathir, the mosque was built by twelve disaffected men from the Ansar on the commands of Abu 'Amir al-Rahib; a Christian monk who refused Muhammad's invitation to Islam and instead fought along with the Meccan non-Muslims against Islam in the Battle of Uhud.[2] Abu 'Amir reportedly urged his men to establish a stronghold and prepare whatever they can of power and weapons as he promised and insinuated to them that he will lead an army, backed by Heraclius, to fight Muhammad and his companions, and defeat his message by expelling him from Medina.[3]
Muhammad and his companions believed they were Hypocrites (munafiqs) and had ulterior motives for building the Al-Dirar mosque. Thus he ordered his men to burn it down.[3][4]
According to the Islamic tradition, Muhammad was asked to lead prayer there but received a revelation (mentioned in the Qur'anic verses 9:107 and 9:110[5][6][7]) in consequence of which the mosque was destroyed by fire. Hencerforth, it was known as the Mosque of Opposition.
Building of Masjid al-Dirar
Abu Amir ar-Rahib
Abu Amir ar- Rahib was a Hanif[8]. Hanif's stood closer to Christianity than Judaism.[9]. He disliked Muhammad, and reportedly fought in the Battle of Badr. He wanted to uphold the Medinaian status quo, which allowed him to practice his religion freely. He also joined the Quraysh against the Muslim in the Battle of Uhud. Muhammad's companion Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy was his nephew. The majority of scholars say that after Uhud, he went to the Byzantine empire for support against Muhammad, it is not clear whether he was given any support. He promised some Ansar that he would return with an army to fight Muhammad, and that they should build Masjid al-Dirar. Abu Amir died in 9AH or 10AH of the Islamic calender in the court yard of Heraclius.[10]
Building of the Mosque
According to Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, the Mosque was built by some men who refused to pray in Masjid al-Quba because it was built in a place where a donkey was tied up. Rather they said they will build another mosque until Abu Amir could lead the service in it. But Abu Amir did not convert to Islam, rather he left Medina and converted to Christianity. So the Mosque was built by the Banu Amir, but there brother tribe, the Banu Ghan ibn Auf were jealous and also wanted Muhammad to pray in the Mosque, they also said that: "Abu Amir may pass here on his way from Syria, and lead us in prayer"[11]
Burning of Masjid al-Dirar
Burning
According to Ar-Rahīq al-Makhtum (the Sealed Nectar), a modern Islamic hagiography of Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author Saif ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, a mosque called Masjid-e-Darar (the mosque of harm) was created by the Munafiq (hypocrites). When the mosque was completely built, the creators approached Muhammad and asked him to pray in it. But Muhammad put the request on hold till his return from the Battle of Tabuk. Mubarakpuri claims that through a "Divine Revelation", Muhammad was told that the Mosque was promoting anti-Islamic elements. Thus, on Muhammad's return from Tabuk, he sent a party of Muslim fighters to demolish the mosque.[7]
William Muir mentions that Muhammad believed the Mosque was built to create disunity among Muslims by drawing people away from another Mosque in Quba[6] i.e Masjid al-Quba, which was the first Mosque to be built by Muslims.[12]
Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya in his book Zad al-Ma'ad also mentions that the mosque was burnt down, and he also used this event to justify his belief that burning down places of sin is permissible in Islam.[13]
When Muhammad was returning from Tabuk, the Muslims halted at Dhu Awan. Some Muslims constructed the mosque claiming it was for the sick and needy, but because of Muhammad's belief that it was an opposition mosque, he sent Muslim fighters to burn it down with people still inside it.[14]
Speculation
Richard A. Gabriel (Author of Muhammad, Islams first general) speculated that people may have been burnt inside, since the sources which mention this event also mention the name of the 12 people who constructed it.[14]
Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator of Tabari, Volume 9, Last years of the prophet) speculated by saying in footnote 426, that the people were "probably" linked to those who wanted to kill Muhammad in the Battle of Tabuk, but Tabari himself did not make that claim.[15]
Mentioning in Quran verses 9:107 and 9:110
According to Muslim scholars such as Ibn Kathir, the Quran verse 9:107 was "revealed" about this event and Ibn Kathir mentions in his Tafsir that Abu `Amir Ar-Rahib (a Christian monk) told some disaffected Muslim Ansar (people who helped Muhammad during his early years of claimed prophethood) to build the mosque. Abu Amir is reported to have said to some people that he will go to the emperor (Caesar) of the Byzantine Empire and return with Roman soldiers, to expel Muhammad.[5] Ibn Kathir mentions that verse 9:110 also refers to the incident, and in his commentary he mentions that Jabir ibn Abd-Allah saw smoke rising from the Masjid (mosque) that was built to cause harm (Masjid al-Dirar).[16]
Islamic sources
Primary sources
The event is mentioned in the Quran verse 9:107, the verse states:
And there are those who put up a mosque by way of mischief and infidelity - to disunite the Believers - and in preparation for one who warred against Allah and His Messenger aforetime. They will indeed swear that their intention is nothing but good; But Allah doth declare that they are certainly liars. [Quran 9:107]
The Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir's commentary on this verse is as follows:
(If we come back from our travel, Allah willing.) When the Messenger of Allah came back from Tabuk and was approximately one or two days away from Al-Madinah, Jibril came down to him with the news about Masjid Ad-Dirar and the disbelief and division between the believers, who were in Masjid Quba' (which was built on piety from the first day), that Masjid Ad-Dirar was meant to achieve. Therefore, the Messenger of Allah sent some people to Masjid Ad-Dirar to bring it down before he reached Al-Madinah. `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said about this Ayah (9:107), "They are some people of the Ansar to whom Abu `Amir said, `Build a Masjid and prepare whatever you can of power and weapons, for I am headed towards Caesar, emperor of Rome, to bring Roman soldiers with whom I will expel Muhammad and his companions.' When they built their Masjid, they went to the Prophet and said to him, "We finished building our Masjid and we would like you pray in it and invoke Allah for us for His blessings [Tafsir ibn Kahir on 9:107].[5]
The event is mentioned by the Muslim jurist Tabari as follows:
"The Messenger of God proceeded until he halted in Dhu Awan, a town an hour’s daytime journey from Medina. The people who had built the Mosque of Dissent (masjid al-dirar) had come to him while he was preparing for Tabuk saying, ‘O Messenger of God, we have built a mosque for the sick and needy and for rainy and cold nights, and we would like you to visit us and pray for us in it.’ [The Prophet] said that he was on the verge of traveling, and he was preoccupied, or words to that effect, and that when he returned, God willing, he would come to them and pray for them in it. When he stopped in Dhu Awan, news of the mosque came to him, and he summoned Malik b. al-Dukhshum, a brother of the Banu Salim b. ‘Awf, and Ma’n b. ‘Adi, or his brother ‘Asim b. ‘Adi, brothers of the Banu al-‘Ajlan, and said, "Go to this mosque whose owners are unjust people and destroy and burn it". They went out briskly until they came to the Banu Salim b. ‘Awf who were Malik b. al-Dukhshum’s clan. Malik said to Ma’n, "Wait for me until I bring fire from my people."
He went to his kinsfolk and took a palm branch and lighted it. Then both of them ran until they entered the mosque, its people inside, set fire to it and destroyed it and the people dispersed. Concerning this, it was revealed in the Quran...
[Tabari, Volume 9, The last Years of the Prophet, pg 60-61][17]
See also
References
- ^ Hawarey, Dr. Mosab (2010). The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic). Islamic Book Trust.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help)Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here, and archive of page here|first=
and|title=
- ^ Osman, Ghada. "Pre-Islamic Arab Converts to Christianity in Mecca and Medina: An Investigation into the Arabic Sources" (PDF). Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Abu 'Amir eventually left Medina in A.H. 3, after once more joining Quraysh against the Muslims, this time at the Battle of Uhud
- ^ a b Kathir, Ibn. "Masjid Ad-Dirar and Masjid At-Taqwa". Tafsir Ibn Kathir. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
- ^ Tabari, Al (25 September 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 60, ISBN 978-0887066917 See footnote 425
- ^ a b c Rahman al Mubarakpuri, Saifur. Tafsir ibn Kathir(abridged). p. 515. see also Tafsir ibn Kathir, 9:107, Online Text version
- ^ a b Muir, William (10 August 2003). Life of Mahomet. Kessinger Publishing Co. p. 462. ISBN 978-0766177413.
- ^ a b Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 273
- ^ Karaemer, Joel L. (1992). Israel oriental studies, Volume 12. BRILL. p. 42. ISBN 978-9004095847.
- ^ Baynes, The Encyclopaedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature, p. 457
- ^ Osman, Ghada. "Pre-Islamic Arab Converts to Christianity in Mecca and Medina: An Investigation into the Arabic Sources" (PDF). p. 72-73. Retrieved 3 July 2011. An archive of the page is available here
- ^ al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya (30 March 2011). The Origins of the Islamic State. Cosimo Classics. p. 16-17. ISBN 978-1616405342.
- ^ Masjid Quba is the first mosque in Islam's history
- ^ Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Imam (2003). Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād. Darussalam publishers Ltd. p. 429. ISBN 978-9960897189.
- ^ a b Gabriel, Richard A. (2008), Muhammad, Islams first general, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 198, ISBN 9780806138602
- ^ Tabari, Al (25 September 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 60, ISBN 978-0887066917
- ^ Saed Abdul Rahman, Muhammad. Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 11 (Part 11): At-Tauba 93 To Hud 5. MSA Publication Ltd. p. 55.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help) see also Tafsir ibn Kathir, 9:110, Online Text version - ^ Tabari, Al (25 September 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 60, ISBN 978-0887066917