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Democracy in Venezuela refers to the system of governance that has prevailed in Venezuela since direct election at the presidential level and later in the 1990s at the regional level. Democracy as a system of government in the country has had a history interrupted by coups d'état, some in the name of democracy itself. By 1977, Venezuela was the only one of three democracies in Latin America, along with Colombia and Costa Rica. |
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#REDIRECT [[Elections in Venezuela]] |
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== Background == |
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[[José Antonio Páez]] was the first to win, elected by the National Congress in [[Indirect election|indirect elections]] in 1831.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vargas, José María |url=https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/dhv/entradas/v/vargas-jose-maria/ |website=[[Fundación Empresas Polar]] |publisher=Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela}}</ref> [[José María Vargas]] was the first civilian elected in 1835, also under indirect elections. Said [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] system was interrupted several times by several revolutions until the presidential elections of 1860, where, in the context of the [[Federal War]], Venezuelan men [[Direct election|directly elected]] a president for the first time in history, the writer [[Manuel Felipe de Tovar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simón Castrillo Buitrago |title=Tovar, Manuel Felipe de, gobierno de |url=https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/dhv/entradas/t/tovar-manuel-felipe-de-gobierno-de/ |website=[[Fundación Empresas Polar]] |publisher=Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela}}</ref> |
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== History == |
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=== 20th century === |
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[[File:Rómulo_Gallegos_1940s.jpg|thumb|[[Rómulo Gallegos]] was the first president elected by direct vote in the history of Venezuela since 1860.]] |
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After the death of [[Juan Vicente Gómez]] and the end of his military dictatorship, a process of transition to democracy began with the political opening of [[Eleazar López Contreras]] and [[Isaías Medina Angarita]]. Isaías Medina legalised political parties in 1941, with [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]] being the first to be founded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medina Angarita, Isaías, gobierno de |url=https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/dhv/entradas/m/medina-angarita-isaias-gobierno-de/ |website=[[Fundación Empresas Polar]] |publisher=Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela}}</ref> Reluctance to install direct voting for presidential elections ended in the [[1945 Venezuelan coup d'état|1945 coup d'état]] led by [[Carlos Delgado Chalbaud]] and [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]] and supported by Democratic Action. |
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The transitional government of [[Rómulo Betancourt]] made the necessary reforms for the first free and direct elections in history, the [[1947 Venezuelan general election|1947 general election]], which resulted in the election of the writer [[Rómulo Gallegos]] as president. The period was known as the [[El Trienio Adeco|Trienio Adeco]] (Adeco Triennium) and was only partially democratic, as some parties were disqualified. The period was finally interrupted by the [[1948 Venezuelan coup d'état|1948 coup d'état]]. |
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[[File:1959._Febrero,_13._Toma_de_posesión_de_Rómulo_Betancourt_en_el_Palacio_Federal_Legislativo.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Rómulo Betancourt]] was the first directly elected president to complete his term in office in 1964.]] |
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The [[second presidency of Rómulo Betancourt]] was the beginning of the democratic history with political parties banned since 1962, including the [[Communist Party of Venezuela]] (PCV).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=Partido Comunista de Venezuela (PCV) enfrenta su "ilegalización" |url=https://efe.com/mundo/2023-08-27/el-partido-comunista-de-venezuela-se-enfrenta-a-su-ilegalizacion-con-la-moral-en-alto/ |website=EFE Noticias |language=es-ES}}</ref> |
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[[First presidency of Rafael Caldera|Rafael Caldera's first presidency]] saw the implementation of a policy of incorporating participants in the country's subversive movements that emerged during the 1960s to lay down their arms, a trend begun by the [[Presidency of Raúl Leoni|government of Raúl Leoni]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diego Bautista Urbaneja |title=Caldera, Rafael, gobierno de |url=https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/dhv/entradas/c/caldera-rafael-gobierno-de/ |website=Fundación Empresas Polar |publisher=Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela}}</ref> |
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By 1977, Venezuela was, along with Colombia and Costa Rica, one of only three democracies in Latin America..<ref>{{Cite web |last=John Polga-Hecimovich |title=The Roots of Venezuela's Failing State |url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/roots-venezuelas-failing-state}}</ref> |
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Democracy was put to the test when socio-economic deterioration and political discontent in some quarters were reflected in two coup attempts in the 1990s. |
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Two leaders were tried and imprisoned in democracy during the rest of the 20th century: [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]] in 1963 (more than four years) and [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]] in 1993 (more than two years).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jiménez |first=Marcos Pérez |url=https://books.google.co.ve/books/about/Juicio_y_sentencia_al_ex_dictador_P%C3%A9rez.html?id=6sUQAAAAYAAJ&utm_source=gb-gplus-shareJuicio |title=Juicio y sentencia al ex-dictador Pérez Jiménez |date=1982 |publisher=Ediciones Centauro |language=es}}</ref><ref name="condena">{{Cite web |date=19 de mayo de 1994 |title=Carlos Andres Pérez, encarcelado por corrupción |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1994/05/19/internacional/769298409_850215.html |website=[[El País]]}}</ref> |
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=== 21st century === |
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In 2002 the military forces demanded [[Hugo Chávez]]'s resignation, arresting him and taking him to [[Fort Tiuna]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vinogradoff |first=Ludmila |date=2002-04-13 |title=Chávez está arrestado en un centro militar de Caracas por la muerte de 15 civiles |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2002/04/13/internacional/1018648803_850215.html |issn=1134-6582 |agency=[[El País]]}}</ref> during year's [[2002 Venezuelan coup attempt|coup d'état]], until the [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] returned the presidency to him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-04-14 |title=Hugo Chávez regresa al poder en Venezuela |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2002/04/14/actualidad/1018735202_850215.html |language=es |issn=1134-6582 |agency=[[El País]]}}</ref> |
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En 2002 las fuerzas militares le pidieron la renuncia a Hugo Chávez, arrestándolo y llevándolo al [[Fort Tiuna|Fuerte Tiuna]] en el contexto del [[2002 Venezuelan coup attempt|golpe de Estado de ese año]], hasta que la [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|Asamblea Nacional]] le devolvió la presidencia. |
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In 2008, Venezuela was ranked the least democratic nation in South America in [[The Economist Democracy Index]]. The same year, Freedom House removed Venezuela from its list of countries with representative democracy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-16 |title=Venezuela {{!}} Freedom House |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2009/venezuela |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216104051/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2009/venezuela |archive-date=16 de diciembre de 2014 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=web.archive.org |dead-url=}}</ref> |
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During the government of [[Nicolás Maduro]], 1441 people were disqualified from holding political office in Venezuela,<ref name="inhabilitaciones">{{Cite web |date=4 de julio de 2023 |title=Venezuela: inhabilitaciones como garrote contra la oposición |url=https://www.dw.com/es/venezuela-inhabilitaciones-pol%C3%ADticas-como-garrote-contra-la-oposici%C3%B3n/a-66115228 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> including three of the opposition leaders: former governor and presidential candidate [[Henrique Capriles]], former mayor [[Leopoldo López]] and former deputy [[María Corina Machado]].<ref name="inhabilitaciones" /> |
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By 2022, according to The Economist Democracy Index, Venezuela ranked 147th out of 167 countries, with a rating of an authoritarian regime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Índice de Democracia: Venezuela se mantiene en lista de regímenes autoritarios |url=https://talcualdigital.com/indice-de-democracia-venezuela-se-mantiene-en-lista-de-regimenes-autoritarios/ |website=[[Tal Cual (Venezuela)|Tal Cual]]}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Chilean transition to democracy]] |
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* [[Spanish transition to democracy]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* [https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/utopia/article/view/2575/2575 ''La democracia venezolana desde el discurso político''] by Ana Irene Méndez and Elda Morales of the [[University of Zulia]]. |
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[[Category:Democracy by location]] |
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[[Category:Politics of Venezuela]] |
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[[Category:Political history of Venezuela]] |
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[[Category:Democratization]] |
Revision as of 06:43, 25 February 2024
Democracy in Venezuela refers to the system of governance that has prevailed in Venezuela since direct election at the presidential level and later in the 1990s at the regional level. Democracy as a system of government in the country has had a history interrupted by coups d'état, some in the name of democracy itself. By 1977, Venezuela was the only one of three democracies in Latin America, along with Colombia and Costa Rica.
Background
José Antonio Páez was the first to win, elected by the National Congress in indirect elections in 1831.[1] José María Vargas was the first civilian elected in 1835, also under indirect elections. Said representative democratic system was interrupted several times by several revolutions until the presidential elections of 1860, where, in the context of the Federal War, Venezuelan men directly elected a president for the first time in history, the writer Manuel Felipe de Tovar.[2]
History
20th century
After the death of Juan Vicente Gómez and the end of his military dictatorship, a process of transition to democracy began with the political opening of Eleazar López Contreras and Isaías Medina Angarita. Isaías Medina legalised political parties in 1941, with Democratic Action being the first to be founded.[3] Reluctance to install direct voting for presidential elections ended in the 1945 coup d'état led by Carlos Delgado Chalbaud and Marcos Pérez Jiménez and supported by Democratic Action.
The transitional government of Rómulo Betancourt made the necessary reforms for the first free and direct elections in history, the 1947 general election, which resulted in the election of the writer Rómulo Gallegos as president. The period was known as the Trienio Adeco (Adeco Triennium) and was only partially democratic, as some parties were disqualified. The period was finally interrupted by the 1948 coup d'état.
The second presidency of Rómulo Betancourt was the beginning of the democratic history with political parties banned since 1962, including the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV).[4]
Rafael Caldera's first presidency saw the implementation of a policy of incorporating participants in the country's subversive movements that emerged during the 1960s to lay down their arms, a trend begun by the government of Raúl Leoni.[5]
By 1977, Venezuela was, along with Colombia and Costa Rica, one of only three democracies in Latin America..[6]
Democracy was put to the test when socio-economic deterioration and political discontent in some quarters were reflected in two coup attempts in the 1990s.
Two leaders were tried and imprisoned in democracy during the rest of the 20th century: Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1963 (more than four years) and Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1993 (more than two years).[7][8]
21st century
In 2002 the military forces demanded Hugo Chávez's resignation, arresting him and taking him to Fort Tiuna[9] during year's coup d'état, until the National Assembly returned the presidency to him.[10]
En 2002 las fuerzas militares le pidieron la renuncia a Hugo Chávez, arrestándolo y llevándolo al Fuerte Tiuna en el contexto del golpe de Estado de ese año, hasta que la Asamblea Nacional le devolvió la presidencia.
In 2008, Venezuela was ranked the least democratic nation in South America in The Economist Democracy Index. The same year, Freedom House removed Venezuela from its list of countries with representative democracy.[11]
During the government of Nicolás Maduro, 1441 people were disqualified from holding political office in Venezuela,[12] including three of the opposition leaders: former governor and presidential candidate Henrique Capriles, former mayor Leopoldo López and former deputy María Corina Machado.[12]
By 2022, according to The Economist Democracy Index, Venezuela ranked 147th out of 167 countries, with a rating of an authoritarian regime.[13]
See also
References
- ^ "Vargas, José María". Fundación Empresas Polar. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela.
- ^ Simón Castrillo Buitrago. "Tovar, Manuel Felipe de, gobierno de". Fundación Empresas Polar. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela.
- ^ "Medina Angarita, Isaías, gobierno de". Fundación Empresas Polar. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela.
- ^ "Partido Comunista de Venezuela (PCV) enfrenta su "ilegalización"". EFE Noticias (in European Spanish). 2023-08-27.
- ^ Diego Bautista Urbaneja. "Caldera, Rafael, gobierno de". Fundación Empresas Polar. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela.
- ^ John Polga-Hecimovich. "The Roots of Venezuela's Failing State".
- ^ Jiménez, Marcos Pérez (1982). Juicio y sentencia al ex-dictador Pérez Jiménez (in Spanish). Ediciones Centauro.
- ^ "Carlos Andres Pérez, encarcelado por corrupción". El País. 19 de mayo de 1994.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Vinogradoff, Ludmila (2002-04-13). "Chávez está arrestado en un centro militar de Caracas por la muerte de 15 civiles". El País. ISSN 1134-6582.
- ^ "Hugo Chávez regresa al poder en Venezuela" (in Spanish). El País. 2002-04-14. ISSN 1134-6582.
- ^ "Venezuela | Freedom House". web.archive.org. 2014-12-16. Archived from the original on 16 de diciembre de 2014. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|archive-date=
(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=
(help) - ^ a b "Venezuela: inhabilitaciones como garrote contra la oposición". Deutsche Welle. 4 de julio de 2023.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Índice de Democracia: Venezuela se mantiene en lista de regímenes autoritarios". Tal Cual.
Further reading
- La democracia venezolana desde el discurso político by Ana Irene Méndez and Elda Morales of the University of Zulia.