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Revision as of 15:30, 31 May 2014
Deepak Chopra | |
---|---|
Born | [1] | October 22, 1947
Nationality | American |
Occupation(s) | New Age and alternative-medicine advocate, physician, public speaker, writer |
Spouse | Rita Chopra |
Children | Mallika Chopra and Gotham Chopra |
Parent(s) | Krishan Chopra, Pushpa Chopra |
Website | www |
Deepak Chopra (/ˈdiːpɑːk ˈtʃoʊprə/) (born October 22, 1947) is an Indian-American author, public speaker, and licensed physician who is a prominent alternative-medicine advocate and New-Age guru.[2] The author of several dozen books and videos, he has become one of the best-known and wealthiest figures in the holistic-health movement.[3]
Chopra obtained his medical degree in India before emigrating in 1970 to the United States, where he specialized in endocrinology and became Chief of Staff at the New England Memorial Hospital (NEMH) in Stoneham, Massachusetts. In the 1980s he began practicing transcendental meditation (TM) and in 1985 resigned his position at NEHM after being invited by the leader of the TM movement, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, to establish the Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center in Lancaster, Massachusetts. Chopra left the TM movement in 1994 and, together with neurologist David Simon, founded the Chopra Center for Wellbeing, now located in Carlsbad, California.[4]
Combining principles from Ayurveda (Hindu traditional medicine) and conventional medicine, Chopra's approach to health incorporates ideas about the mind-body relationship, teleology in nature and the primacy of consciousness over matter – that "consciousness creates reality."[5] He has written that his practices can extend the human lifespan and treat chronic disease, a position criticized by scientists, who say his treatments rely on the placebo effect, that he misuses terms and ideas from quantum physics (quantum mysticism), and that he provides people with false hope that may deny them effective medical treatment.[6]
Biography
Early life and education
Chopra was born in New Delhi, India, to Krishan Lal Chopra (1919–2001) and Pushpa Chopra; his mother tongue is Punjabi (his first name, Deepak, means light).[7]
His paternal grandfather was a sergeant in the British Army. His father was a prominent cardiologist, head of the department of medicine and cardiology at New Delhi's Mool Chand Khairati Ram Hospital for over 25 years; he was also a lieutenant in the British army, serving as an army doctor at the front at Burma and acting as a medical adviser to Lord Mountbatten, viceroy of India.[8] As of 2014 Chopra's younger brother, Sanjiv, is a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and on staff at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.[9]
Chopra completed his primary education at St. Columba's School in New Delhi and graduated from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in 1969.[4] He spent his first months as a doctor working in rural India, including, he writes, six months in a village where the lights went out whenever it rained.[10] It was during his early career that he was drawn to study endocrinology, particularly neuroendocrinology, to find a biological basis for the influence of thoughts and emotions.[11]
He married in India in 1970 before emigrating with his wife that year to the United States; the couple have two children and three grandchildren as of 2014.[12] The Indian government had banned its doctors from sitting the American Medical Association exam needed to practice in America, so Chopra had to travel to Sri Lanka to sit it; after passing he arrived, penniless, in the United States to take up a clinical internship at Muhlenberg Hospital in Plainfield, New Jersey, where doctors from overseas were being recruited to replace those serving in Vietnam.[13]
Between 1971 and 1977 he completed residencies in internal medicine at the Lahey Clinic in Burlington, Massachusetts, the VA Medical Center, St Elizabeth's Medical Center and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.[14] He earned his license to practice medicine in the state of Massachusetts in 1973, becoming board-certified in internal medicine, specializing in endocrinology.[15]
East Coast years
Chopra taught at the medical schools of Tufts University, Boston University and Harvard University, and became Chief of Staff at the New England Memorial Hospital (later known as the Boston Regional Medical Center) in Stoneham, Massachusetts, before establishing a private practice in Boston in endocrinology.[4]
While visiting New Delhi in 1981, he met the physician Brihaspati Dev Triguna, head of the Indian Council for Ayurvedic Medicine, whose advice prompted him to begin investigating Ayurvedic practices.[16] Chopra was smoking heavily at the time and making himself ill: "[M]y days were blurring into nights. I was drinking black coffee by the hour and smoking at least a pack of cigarettes a day. I had acquired a taste for whisky in the evening. My schedule kept my stomach upset all the time."[17] He decided to take up transcendental meditation to help him stop; as of 2006 he continued to meditate for two hours every morning and half an hour in the evening.[18]
Chopra's involvement with TM led to a meeting, in 1984, with the leader of the TM movement, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, who asked him to establish an Ayurvedic health center.[19] He decided to leave his position at the NEMH. Chopra said that one of the reasons he left was his disenchantment at having to prescribe too many drugs: "[W]hen all you do is prescribe medication, you start to feel like a legalized drug pusher. That doesn't mean that all prescriptions are useless, but it is true that 80 percent of all drugs prescribed today are of optional or marginal benefit."[20]
He became the founding president of the American Association of Ayurvedic Medicine, one of the founders of Maharishi Ayur-Veda Products International, and medical director of the Maharishi Ayur-veda Health Center in Lancaster, Massachusetts. The center charged between $2,850 and $3,950 a week, offering Ayurvedic cleansing rituals such as massage, enemas and oil baths, with an extra charge of $1,000 for lessons in transcendental meditation. Celebrity patients included Elizabeth Taylor.[21] Chopra also became one of the TM movement's spokespersons. In 1989 the Maharishi awarded him the title "Dhanvantari of Heaven and Earth" (Dhanvantari is the Hindu physician to the gods).[22] That year Chopra's Quantum Healing: Exploring the Frontiers of Mind/Body Medicine was published, followed by Perfect Health: The Complete Mind/Body Guide (1990).[23]
In May 1991 the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published an article by Chopra and two others on Ayurvedic medicine and TM.[24] JAMA subsequently published an erratum stating that the lead author, Hari M. Sharma, had undisclosed financial interests, followed by a six-page article by JAMA associate editor Andrew A. Skolnick.[25] According to Science, several experts on meditation and traditional Indian medicine criticized JAMA for accepting the "shoddy science" of the original article.[26] Chopra and two TM groups sued Skolnick and JAMA for defamation, asking for $194 million in damages, but the case was dismissed in March 1993.[27]
West Coast years
By 1992 Chopra was serving on the National Institute of Health's ad hoc panel on alternative medicine.[28] In June 1993 he moved to California as executive director of Sharp HealthCare's Institute for Human Potential and Mind/Body Medicine, and head of their Center for Mind/Body Medicine, a clinic in an exclusive resort in Del Mar that charged $4,000 a week and included Michael Jackson's family among its clients.[29] Chopra and Jackson first met in 1988 and remained friends for 20 years; when Jackson died in 2009 after being administered prescription drugs, Chopra said he hoped it would be a call to action against the "cult of drug-pushing doctors, with their co-dependent relationships with addicted celebrities."[30]
Chopra left the Transcendental Meditation movement around the time he moved to California.[31] By his own account, the Maharishi had accused him of competing for the position of guru.[32] Cynthia Ann Humes writes that the Maharishi was concerned, and not only with regard to Chopra, that rival systems were being taught at lower prices.[33] Chopra, for his part, was worried that his close association with the TM movement might prevent Ayurvedic medicine from being accepted as legitimate, particularly after the problems with the JAMA article.[34]
Chopra's Ageless Body, Timeless Mind: The Quantum Alternative to Growing Old was published in 1993. (Robert Sapolsky sued because the book used a chart of his without proper attribution; the issue was settled out of court.)[35] The book and his friendship with Michael Jackson gained him an interview on July 12 that year on Oprah, which made him a household name. Paul Offit writes that within 24 hours Chopra had sold 137,000 copies of his book and 400,000 by the end of the week.[36] Four days after the interview, the Maharishi National Council of the Age of Enlightenment wrote to TM centers in the United States, instructing them not to promote Chopra, and his name and books were removed from the movement's literature and health centers.[37] Neuroscientist Tony Nader became the movement's new "Dhanvantari of Heaven and Earth."[38]
Sharp HealthCare changed ownership in 1996 and Chopra left to set up the Chopra Center for Wellbeing with neurologist David Simon, now located at the Omni La Costa Resort and Spa in Carlsbad, California.[39] In 2004 he received his California medical licence, and as of 2014 is affiliated with Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla.[40] Chopra is the owner and supervisor of the Mind-Body Medical Group within the Chopra center, which in addition to standard medical treatment offers personalized advice about nutrition, sleep-wake cycles and stress management, based on conventional medical principles and Ayurveda.[41] He is a fellow of the American College of Physicians and member of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.[42]
Teaching and other roles
As of 2014 Chopra serves as an adjunct professor at Columbia Business School and at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.[43] He participates annually as a lecturer at the Update in Internal Medicine event sponsored by Harvard Medical School and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.[44]
In 2005 Chopra was appointed as a senior scientist at Gallup, analysing the results of health and well-being surveys.[45] In 2009 he founded the Chopra Foundation to promote and research holistic medicine; the Foundation sponsors annual Sages and Scientists conferences.[46] He sits on the board of advisors of the National Ayurvedic Medical Association and the tech startup State.com.[47] Since 2005 he has been a board member of Men's Wearhouse, a men's clothing distributor, and in 2006 launched Virgin Comics with his son, Gotham Chopra, and entrepreneur Richard Branson.[48]
Ideas and reception
Consciousness
The basic quest always is "Who am I?" How do you define "I"? The real "I" was never born and never died. It has no definition in space, no boundaries in time, it's eternal, it is unborn and it does not die.
— Deepak Chopra[49]
Chopra speaks and writes regularly about metaphysics, the study of consciousness and Vedanta philosophy. He is a philosophical idealist, arguing for the primacy of consciousness over matter and for purpose and intelligence in nature – that mind, or "dynamically active consciousness," is a fundamental feature of the universe.[50]
In this view, consciousness is both subject and object.[51] It is consciousness, he writes, that creates reality; we are not "physical machines that have somehow learned to think ... [but] thoughts that have learned to create a physical machine."[52] He argues that the evolution of species is the evolution of consciousness seeking to express itself as multiple observers; the universe experiences itself through our brains: "We are the eyes of the universe looking at itself."[53] He opposes reductionist thinking in science and medicine, arguing that we can trace the physical structure of the body down to the molecular level and still have no explanation for beliefs, desires, memory and creativity.[54]
Approach to healing
Chopra argues that everything that happens in the mind and brain is physically represented elsewhere in the body, with mental states (thoughts, feelings, perceptions and memories) directly influencing physiology by means of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, oxytocin and serotonin: "Your mind, your body and your consciousness – which is your spirit – and your social interactions, your personal relationships, your environment, how you deal with the environment, and your biology are all inextricably woven into a single process ... By influencing one, you influence everything."[55]
Physicians at the Chopra Center offer integrative medicine, combining conventional and complementary practices, including Ayurvedic principles.[56] Medical anthropologist Hans A. Baer writes that Ayurveda is based on the view that the body consists of five elements (space, air, fire, water and earth) and that the combination of these gives rise to three doshas (humors) – vata, pitta and kapha – and ten body types. Chopra recommended in his early work that patients' body type be identified to tailor their treatment.[57] According to Ayurveda, illness is caused by an imbalance in these humors – a failure of what Chopra calls the body's web of intelligence – and is treated with diet, exercise and meditative practices. These include what Chopra calls the bliss technique, which is when a patient learns how to experience herself as "pure awareness," and primordial sound or vibration, known as Shruti, which involves repeating a mantra.[58]
In discussing healthcare Chopra has used the term "quantum healing," which he defined in 1989 as the "ability of one mode of consciousness (the mind) to spontaneously correct the mistakes in another mode of consciousness (the body)."[59] He has equated spontaneous remission in cancer to a jump to this new level of consciousness.[60] He similarly argues that the aging process is to some extent reversible – that it can be accelerated by the accumulation of toxins in the body, including from toxic emotions, and slowed down by physical exercise, good nutrition, meditation and love.[61]
He wrote in 2000 that his AIDS patients were combining conventional treatment with Ayurvedic remedies, including herbs, meditation and yoga.[62] Chopra acknowledges that AIDS is caused by the HIV virus; from the point of view of Ayurvedic medicine, he writes, "'[h]earing' the virus in its vicinity, the DNA mistakes it for a friendly or compatible sound ... This is a believable explanation once one realizes that DNA, which the virus is exploiting, is itself a bundle of vibrations." Ayurveda uses vibration (primordial sound or mantra meditation) to correct the distortion.[63] Medical professor Lawrence Schneiderman writes that Chopra's treatment has "to put it mildly ... no supporting empirical data."[64]
In August 2001 ABC News aired a show segment on distance healing and prayer, in which Chopra attempted to relax a reporter in another room; the reporter's vital signs were recorded in charts said to show a correspondence between Chopra's periods of concentration and the subject's periods of relaxation. Health and science journalist Christopher Wanjek, calling it "an instructive example of how bad medicine is presented as exciting news," argued that more detailed examination of the charts showed the correlations were not as close as claimed.[65] After the show, a poll of its viewers found that 90 per cent believed in distance healing.[66]
Position on skepticism
Chopra distinguishes between skepticism as an attitude that is part of the scientific method, and militant skepticism as an agenda; he has been critical of the latter, seeing it as a product of the blogosphere.[67] He argues that militant skeptics are conformists, relying entirely on "right thought," which is materialist, statistical and data-driven, and attacking anything imaginative, provisional, or that rejects fixed beliefs.[68] This gives rise, he writes, to a view of science that is "yoked to the tools of rhetoric and demagoguery," at the cost of honesty and objectivity.[69]
In 2013 he argued that militant skeptics were editing Wikipedia to prevent what he believes would be a fair representation of the views of such figures as Rupert Sheldrake. The result, he wrote, was that the encyclopedia's readers were denied the opportunity to read of attempts to "expand science beyond its conventional boundaries".[69] Biologist Jerry Coyne responded that it was Chopra himself who was losing out, as his views were "exposed as a lot of scientifically-sounding psychobabble".[70]
Reception
In 1999 Time magazine included Chopra in its list of the 20th century's heroes and icons. The following year President Bill Clinton called him a "pioneer of alternative medicine," and Mikhail Gorbachev referred to him as "one of the most lucid and inspired philosophers of our time." Cosmo Landesman wrote in 2005 that Chopra was "hardly a man now, more a lucrative new age brand – the David Beckham of personal/spiritual growth."[71]
As of 2014 Chopra has written 75 books, 21 of them New York Times bestsellers, which have been translated into 35 languages.[72] According to Paul Offit, writing in 2013, Chopra's business grosses around $20 million annually, built on the sale of courses, books, videos, herbal supplements and massage oils; a year's worth of anti-aging products can cost up to $10,000.[73] Chopra himself is estimated to be worth over $80 million as of 2014.[74] As of 2005, according to Srinivas Aravamudan, he was able to charge $25,000–30,000 per lecture, five or six times a month.[75]
Baer argues that Chopra has not explored the potential benefits of a truly holistic approach to health, ignoring factors such as air and water pollution, racism and inequality, and failing to encourage people to become part of reform movements. Instead he offers an alternative form of medical hegemony, focusing on the individual, often wealthy, worried well.[76] Robert Carroll writes of Chopra charging $25,000 per lecture, "giving spiritual advice while warning against the ill effects of materialism."[77]
English professor George O'Har argues that Chopra exemplifies the need of human beings for meaning and spirit in their lives, and places what he calls Chopra's "sophistries" alongside the emotivism of Oprah Winfrey.[78] Paul Kurtz writes that Chopra's "regnant spirituality" is reinforced by postmodern criticism of the notion of objectivity in science, while Wendy Kaminer equates Chopra's views with irrational belief systems such as New Thought, Christian Science and Scientology.[79]
Several scientists have criticized Chopra's mix of spirituality and science. According to Ptolemy Tompkins, the medical and scientific communities' opinion of him ranges from dismissive to damning; criticism includes claims that his approach could lure sick people away from effective treatments.[80] Physicists have objected to his use of terms from quantum physics; he was awarded the satirical Ig Nobel Prize in physics in 1998 for "his unique interpretation of quantum physics as it applies to life, liberty, and the pursuit of economic happiness."[81] When Chopra and Jean Houston debated Sam Harris and Michael Shermer in 2010 on the question "Does God Have a Future?", Harris argued that Chopra's use of "spooky physics" merged two language games in a "completely unprincipled way."[82] Interviewed in 2007 by Richard Dawkins, Chopra said that he used the term quantum as a metaphor when discussing healing and that it had little to do with quantum theory in physics.[83]
Select bibliography
- Books
- (2103) with Sanjiv Chopra, Brotherhood: Dharma, Destiny, and the American Dream, New Harvest.
- (2013) What Are You Hungry For?. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-770-43721-4.
- (2012) with Rudolph E. Tanzi, Super Brain. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-307-95682-2.
- (2012) God: A Story of Revelation. HarperOne.
- (2011) with Leonard Mlodinow, War of the Worldviews. Harmony.
- (2008) The Third Jesus. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-307-33831-2.
- (2008) The Soul of Leadership. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-307-40806-X.
- (2004) The Book of Secrets. New York: Harmony. ISBN 0-517-70624-5.
- (1995) The Way of the Wizard. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-517-70434-X.
- (1995) The Return of Merlin. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-59849-3.
- (1995) Ageless Body Timeless Mind. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-59257-6.
- (1994) The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success. San Rafael: Amber Allen Publishing and New World Library. ISBN 1-878424-11-4.
- (1991) Return of the Rishi: A Doctor's Story of Spiritual Transformation and Ayurvedic Healing. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- (1991) Perfect Health. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-81367-6.
- (1989) Quantum Healing. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-05368-X.
- (1987) Creating Health. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-395429-53-6.
- Articles
- (2014) "Reality and consciousness: A view from the East: Comment on 'Consciousness in the universe: A review of the "Orch OR" theory' by Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose", Physics of Life Reviews, 11(1), March, pp. 81–82.
- (2013) with Attila Grandpierre, P. Murali Doraiswamy, Rudolph Tanzi, Menas C. Kafatos, "A Multidisciplinary Approach to Mind and Consciousness", NeuroQuantology, 11(4), December, pp. 607–617.
- (2011) with Menas Kafatos, Rudolph E. Tanzi, "How Consciousness Becomes the Physical Universe", Journal of Cosmology, 14.
- (2011) with Stuart Hameroff, "The 'Quantum Soul': A Scientific Hypothesis," in Alexander Moreira-Almeida, Franklin Santana Santos (eds.), Exploring Frontiers of the Mind-Brain Relationship, Springer, pp. 79–93.
- (2011) "Medicine's Great Divide – The View from the Alternative Side", Virtual Mentor, American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, 13(6), June, pp. 394–398.
- (2000) Foreword in Amit Goswami, The Visionary Window: A Quantum Physicist's Guide to Enlightenment. Quest Books.
- (1997) Foreword in Candace Pert, The Molecules of Emotion: The Science Behind Mind-Body Medicine. Scribner.
See also
- List of people in alternative medicine
- Andrew Weil
- Hard problem of consciousness
- Panpsychism
- Spiritual naturalism
References
- ^ Deepak Chopra and Sanjiv Chopra, Brotherhood: Dharma, Destiny, and the American Dream, New Harvest, 2013, p. 5.
- ^ "Deepak Chopra", The Huffington Post, retrieved May 15, 2014; "Deepak Chopra MD", American Medical Association.
- ^ John Gamel, "Hokum on the Rise: The 70-Percent Solution", The Antioch Review, 66(1), 2008, p. 130.
- ^ a b c Hans A. Baer (2003). "The Work of Andrew Weil and Deepak Chopra—Two Holistic Health/New Age Gurus: A Critique of the Holistic Health/New Age Movements". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 17 (2): p. 237. doi:10.1525/maq.2003.17.2.233. PMID 12846118.; Hans A. Baer, Toward an Integrative Medicine: Merging Alternative Therapies with Biomedicine, AltaMira Press, 2004, pp. 121–122.
- ^ Deepak Chopra, Quantum Healing: Exploring the Frontiers of Mind Body Medicine, Random House, 2009 [1989], preface; Brian Goldman, "Ayurvedism: Eastern Medicine Moves West", Canadian Medical Association Journal, 144(2), January 15, 1991, pp. 218–221.
- ^ For Chopra and the placebo effect, Gamel (Antioch Review) 2008; Deepak Chopra, "I Will Not Be Pleased - Your Health and the Nocebo Effect", San Francisco Chronicle, October 17, 2012.
- For "false hope," Ptolemy Tompkins, "New Age Supersage", Time, November 14, 2008.
- For criticism of quantum-physics terminology and denying people the prospects of a cure, Robert L. Park, "Voodoo medicine in a scientific world," in Keith Ashman and Phillip Barringer (eds.), After the Science Wars: Science and the Study of Science, Taylor & Francis, 2000, p. 137; Robert L. Park, Voodoo Science, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 192ff.
- ^ Deepak Chopra; Sanjiv Chopra (2013). Brotherhood: Dharma, Destiny, and the American Dream. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 5, 161.
- ^ Chopra 2013, pp. 5–6, 11–13; Michael Schulder (May 24, 2013). "The Chopra Brothers". CNN..
- ^ "Chopra, Sanjiv, MD", Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, retrieved May 15, 2014.
- ^ Deepak Chopra, Return of the Rishi, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1991, p. 1.
- ^ Carl Lindgren (March 31, 2010). "International Dreamer – Deepak Chopra". Map Magazine's Street Editors.
- ^ Chopra 1991, pp. 54–57; Joanne Kaufman, "Deepak Chopra – An 'Inner Stillness,' Even on the Subway," The New York Times, October 17, 2013.
- ^ Chopra 1991, p. 57; Deepak Chopra, "Special Keynote with Dr. Deepak Chopra", November 2013, from 2:50 mins; Richard Knox, "Foreign doctors: a US dilemma", The Boston Globe, June 30, 1974.
- ^ "Dr. Deepak K Chopra", U.S. News and World Report.
- ^ "Deepak K. Chopra, M.D.", Commonwealth of Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine; "Verify a Physician's Certification", American Board of Internal Medicine.
- ^ Chopra 1991, p. 105ff.
- ^ Chopra 1991, p. 125.
- ^ Rosamund Burton (June 4, 2006). "Peace Seeker". Nova Magazine.
- ^ Chopra 1991, p. 139ff; Baer 2003, p. 237.
- ^ Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, "The Crisis of Perception", Media Monitors Network, February 29, 2008.
- ^ Elise Pettus, "The Mind–Body Problems," New York Magazine, August 14, 1995, (pp. 28–31, 95), p. 30. Also see Deepak Chopra, "Letters: Deepak responds," New York Magazine, September 25, 1995, p. 16.
- ^ Cynthia Ann Humes, "Schisms within Hindu guru groups: the Transcendental Meditation movement in North America," in James R. Lewis, Sarah M. Lewis (eds.), Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 297. Also see Cynthia Ann Humes, "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Beyond the TM Technique," in Thomas A. Forsthoefel, Cynthia Ann Humes (eds.), Gurus in America, State University of New York Press, 2005, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Tony Perry (September 7, 1997). "So Rich, So Restless". Los Angeles Times. p. 2.
- ^ Hari M. Sharma; B. D. Triguna; Deepak Chopra (May 22, 1991). "Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Modern insights into ancient medicine". Journal of the American Medical Association. 265 (20): 2633–4, 2637. doi:10.1001/jama.265.20.2633. PMID 1817464.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Financial Disclosure". JAMA. 266 (6): 798. August 14, 1991. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470060060025.; Andrew A. Skolnick (October 2, 1991). "Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Guru's marketing scheme promises the world eternal 'perfect health'". JAMA. 266 (13): 1741–1750. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470130017003. PMID 1817475..
- Also see Andrew A. Skolnick (Fall 1991). "The Maharhish Caper: Or How to Hoodwink Top Medical Journals". ScienceWriters.
- ^ Robert Barnett; Cathy Sears (October 11, 1991). "JAMA gets into an Indian herbal jam". Science. 254 (5029): 189. doi:10.1126/science.1925571. PMID 1925571.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Pettus (New York Magazine) 1995, p. 31; "Deepak's Days in Court". The New York Times. August 18, 1996.
- ^ "Deepak Chopra, M.D.", Gallup. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
- ^ Pettus (New York Magazine) 1995, p. 31.
- ^ Deepak Chopra, "A Tribute to My Friend, Michael Jackson", The Huffington Post, June 26, 2009; Gerald Posner, "Deepak Chopra: How Michael Jackson Could Have Been Saved", The Daily Beast, July 2, 2009, p. 4.
- ^ Pettus (New York Magazine) 1995, p. 31; Baer 2004, p. 129.
- ^ Deepak Chopra, "The Maharishi Years – The Untold Story: Recollections of a Former Disciple", The Huffington Post, February 13, 2008.
- ^ Humes 2005, p. 69; Humes 2009, pp. 299, 302.
- ^ Cynthia Ann Humes, "Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Perfect Health through Enlightened Marketing in America," in Frederick M. Smith, Dagmar Wujastyk (eds.), Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms, State University of New York Press, 2008, p. 324.
- ^ Don Kazak (March 5, 1997). "Book Talk". Palo Alto Weekly.; TNN (April 15, 2001). "The mind-body". The Times of India.
- ^ Paul A. Offit, Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine, HarperCollins, 2013, p. 39; "Full Transcript: Your Call with Dr Deepak Chopra", NDTV, January 23, 2012; also see Craig Bromberg, "Doc of Ages," People, November 15, 1993.
- ^ For the National Council's letter, Humes 2005, p. 68; Humes 2009, p. 297; for the rest, Pettus (New York Magazine) 1995, p. 31.
- ^ Humes 2008, p. 326.
- ^ David Ogul (February 9, 2012). "David Simon, 61, mind-body medicine pioneer, opened Chopra Center for Wellbeing". U-T San Diego. p. 1.
- ^ "Chopra, Deepak", California Department of Consumer Affairs; "Dr. Deepak K Chopra", U.S. News & World Report; "Endocrinologists, Scripps La Jolla Hospitals and Clinics", U.S. News & World Report.
- ^ "Mind–Body Medical Group", Chopra Center; Deepak Chopra, "The Mind–Body Medical Group at the Chopra Center", The Chopra Well, May 26, 2014.
- ^ "Deepak Chopra, M.D.", The Chopra Center.
- ^ "Just Capitalism & Cause Driven Marketing". Columbia University. Spring 2014.; "The Soul of Leadership". Kellogg School of Management, Executive Education. Retrieved May 14, 2014..
- ^ "Faculty", Update in Internal Medicine.
- ^ "Deepak Chopra, M.D.", Gallup; Deepak Chopra, "Special Keynote with Dr. Deepak Chopra", November 2013, 38:45 mins.
- ^ Chopra Foundation; "Sages and Scientists", Chopra Foundation.
- ^ "NAMA's Board of Advisors", American Association for Ayurvedic Medicine; "Advisors". State. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
- ^ "Men's Wearhouse Inc". Business Week. July 10, 2013.; David Segal, "Deepak Chopra And a New Age Of Comic Books", The Washington Post, March 3, 2007.
- ^ Gotham Deepak, Decoding Deepak, courtesy of TheLip TV, YouTube, 5:20 mins.
- ^ Deepak Chopra, "What Is Consciousness & Where Is It?", discussion with Rudolph Tanzi, Menas Kafatos and Lothar Schäfer, Science and Nonduality Conference, 2013, 08:12 mins.
- Attila Grandpierre, Deepak Chopra, P. Murali Doraiswamy, Rudolph Tanzi, Menas C. Kafatos, "A Multidisciplinary Approach to Mind and Consciousness", NeuroQuantology, 11(4), December 2013 (pp. 607–617), p. 609.
- ^ Deepak Chopra, Stuart Hameroff, "The 'Quantum Soul': A Scientific Hypothesis," in Alexander Moreira-Almeida, Franklin Santana Santos (eds.), Exploring Frontiers of the Mind-Brain Relationship, Springer, 2011 (pp. 79–93), p. 85.
- ^ Chopra 2009 [1989], preface, pp. 71–72, 74.
- ^ Deepak Chopra, "Dangerous Ideas: Deepak Chopra & Richard Dawkins", University of Puebla, November 9, 2013, 26:23 mins.
- Also see Deepak Chopra, Menas Kafatos, Rudolph E. Tanzi, "From Quanta to Qualia: The Mystery of Reality (Part 1)", "(Part 2)", "(Part 3)", "(Part 4)", The Huffington Post, October 8, 15, 29 and November 12, 2012.
- ^ Deepak Chopra and Leonard Mlodinow, War of the Worldviews, Random House, 2011, p. 123.
- ^ Deepak Chopra, "Deepak Chopra Meditation", courtesy of YouTube, December 10, 2012.
- ^ Baer 2004, p. 129; David Simon and Deepak Chopra, The Chopra Center Herbal Handbook, Random House, 2013.
- "Mind–Body Medical Group", Chopra Center; Deepak Chopra, "The Mind–Body Medical Group at the Chopra Center", The Chopra Well, May 26, 2014.
- ^ Baer 2004, p. 128.
- ^ For imbalance, see Baer 2004, p. 128; for the rest, Chopra 2009 [1989], pp. 222–224, 234ff.
- ^ Chopra 2009 [1989], pp. 15, 241; Deepak Chopra, "Healing wisdom", The Chopra Center, June 12, 2013.
- That he uses the term "quantum healing" as a metaphor, see Richard Dawkins, "Interview with Chopra", The Enemies of Reason, Channel 4 (UK), 2007, 01:16 mins.
- ^ Chopra 2009 [1989], p. 15: "[The patient] knows that he will be healed, and he feels that the force responsible is inside himself but not limited to him – it extends beyond his personal boundaries, throughout all of nature. ... At that moment, such patients apparently jump to a new level of consciousness that prohibits the existence of cancer."
- ^ Deepak Chopra, Ageless Body, Timeless Mind: The Quantum Alternative to Growing Old, Three Rivers Press, 1994, p. viii; Chopra 2009 [1989], p. 22ff.
- ^ Dann Dulin, "The Medicine Man", interview with Deepak Chopra, A&U magazine, 2000.
- ^ Chopra 2009 [1989], pp. 37, 237, 239–241.
- ^ Lawrence J. Schneiderman (2003). "The (Alternative) Medicalization of Life". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 31 (2): 192. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2003.tb00080.x. PMID 12964263.
- ^ Christopher Wanjek (2003). Bad Medicine. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 224, 228ff. ISBN 978-0-471-46315-3.
- ^ Gary P. Posner (November–December 2001). "Hardly a Prayer on ABC's 20/20 Downtown". Skeptical Inquirer.
- ^ Deepak Chopra and Jordan Flesher, "The Rise and Fall of Militant Skepticism (Part 2)", The Huffington Post, November 18, 2014; for blogosphere, see "(Part 4)", November 30, 2014.
- ^ Deepak Chopra, "The Perils Of Skepticism", San Francisco Chronicle, November 30, 2009.
- ^ a b Deepak Chopra, "The Rise and Fall of Militant Skepticism", The Huffington Post, November 4, 2013.
- For the series, see Deepak Chopra and Jordan Flesher, "The Rise and Fall of Militant Skepticism (Part 2)", "(Part 3)", "(Part 4)", November 13, 18, 26, 2013; Deepak Chopra, "Wikipedia, A New Perspective on an Old Problem", The Huffington Post, May 15, 2014.
- ^ Jerry A. Coyne (8 November 2013). "Pseudoscientist Rupert Sheldrake Is Not Being Persecuted, And Is Not Like Galileo". The New Republic.
- ^ For Time, Peter Rowe, "Truly, madly, deeply Deepak Chopra," U-T San Diego, May 3, 2014, p. 1; for Clinton, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, 2000-2001, January 1 to June 26, 2000, Government Printing Office, 2001, p. 508; for Gorbachev and the quote, Cosmo Landesman, "There's an easy way to save the world," The Sunday Times, May 8, 2005.
- ^ "An Afternoon Meditation on the Lawn with Deepak Chopra and Arianna Huffington", University of Virginia and the Contemplative Sciences Center.
- ^ Offit 2013, pp. 245–246.
- ^ Rowe 2014, p. 1.
- ^ Srinivas Aravamudan, Guru English: South Asian Religion in a Cosmopolitan Language, Princeton University Press, 2005, p. 257.
- ^ Baer 2003, pp. 240–241.
- ^ Robert Todd Carroll (2011). "Auyrvedic medicine". The Skeptic's Dictionary. John Wiley & Sons. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-118-04563-3.
- ^ George M. O'Har (2000). "Magic in the Machine Age". Technology and Culture. 41 (4): 864. doi:10.1353/tech.2000.0174.
- ^ Paul Kurtz, Skepticism and Humanism: The New Paradigm, Transaction Publishers, 2001, p. 110; Wendy Kaminer (2008). "The Corrosion of the American Mind". The Wilson Quarterly. 32 (2): 92. JSTOR 40262377.
- ^ Ptolemy Tompkins (November 14, 2008). "New Age Supersage". Time.; Park 2000, p. 137.
- ^ Park 2000, p. 137; Victor J. Stenger (2007). "Quantum Quackery". Skeptical Inquirer. 27 (1): 37.; "Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize". Improbable Research. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
- Brian Cox says that "for some scientists, the unfortunate distortion and misappropriation of scientific ideas that often accompanies their integration into popular culture is an unacceptable price to pay." See Brian Cox (February 20, 2012). "Why Quantum Theory Is So Misunderstood". The Wall Street Journal.
- The main criticism revolves around the fact that macroscopic objects are too large to exhibit inherently quantum properties like interference and wave function collapse. Most literature on quantum healing is almost entirely theosophical, omitting the rigorous mathematics that makes quantum electrodynamics possible. See Doug Bramwell. "'Magic' of Quantum Physics". Association for Skeptical Enquiry. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
- ^ "Nightline Face-Off: Does God Have a Future", ABC News, courtesy of YouTube, 17:22 mins; also see Dan Harris and Ely Brown (March 23, 2010). "Nightline Face-Off: Does God Have a Future". ABC News.
- ^ Richard Dawkins, "Interview with Chopra", The Enemies of Reason, Channel 4 (UK), 2007; Deepak Chopra, "Richard Dawkins Plays God: The Video (Updated)", The Huffington Post, June 19, 2013.
Further reading
- Butler, J. Thomas. "Ayurveda," in Consumer Health: Making Informed Decisions, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2011, pp. 117–118.
- Butler, Kurt and Barrett, Stephen (1992). A Consumer's Guide to "Alternative Medicine": A Close Look at Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Faith-healing, and Other Unconventional Treatments. Prometheus Books, pp. 110–116. ISBN 978-0-87975-733-5.
- Kaeser, Eduard [in German] (July 2013). "Science kitsch and pop science: A reconnaissance". Public Understanding of Science. 22 (5): 559–69. doi:10.1177/0963662513489390. PMID 23833170.
- Kafatos, Menas, Nadeau, Robert. The Conscious Universe: Parts and Wholes in Physical Reality, Springer, 2013.
- Nacson, Leon (1998). Deepak Chopra: How to Live in a World of Infinite Possibilities. Random House. ISBN 0-09-183673-5.
- Scherer, Jochen. "The 'scientific' presentation and legitimation of the teaching of synchronicity in New Age literature," in James R. Lewis, Olav Hammer (eds.), Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, Brill Academic Publishers, 2010.
- Zamara, John W. "Quantum Healing: Exploring the frontiers of mind/body medicine", New England Journal of Medicine, 321, December 14, 1989.