OrionNimrod (talk | contribs) I restored and modified the previous content as requested. Date (April-August), present day location change. Hungarian POV and Romanian POV together. Tag: Visual edit |
Super Dromaeosaurus (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
This was the first time in [[Transylvania]] that discriminatory law enforcement along ethnic cleansing was legally codified.<ref name="Pop"/>{{dubious|reason=It did not contain discrimination. It stated that an oath taken by a Vlach knez who had been settled on royal domains was equal to an oath taken by a nobleman. Saxons and Székelys had already enjoyed privileges.|date=May 2023}} |
This was the first time in [[Transylvania]] that discriminatory law enforcement along ethnic cleansing was legally codified.<ref name="Pop"/>{{dubious|reason=It did not contain discrimination. It stated that an oath taken by a Vlach knez who had been settled on royal domains was equal to an oath taken by a nobleman. Saxons and Székelys had already enjoyed privileges.|date=May 2023}} |
||
Historians have not reached a consensual view of the exact circumstances of the issuing of the decree and its main purpose.{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=461}} István Petrovics writes that the mobile way of life of the increasing Romanian population caused their conflicts with the sedentary Hungarians.{{sfn|Petrovics|2009|p=461}} According to Ioan-Aurel Pop, the Decree comes after the breakaway of [[Moldavia]] from Hungarian influence which raised concern with the [[Louis I of Hungary|king]] and nobles alike that other [[Romanians|Romanian]] nobles might follow [[Bogdan I of Moldavia|Bogdan]]'s example. He also states that the decree shows the Romanians' "muted resistance" against the monarch and the noblemen who had attempted to deprive them of their property, especially their inherited estates.{{sfn|Pop|2013|pp=469-470}} |
Historians have not reached a consensual view of the exact circumstances of the issuing of the decree and its main purpose.{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=461}} István Petrovics writes that the mobile way of life of the increasing Romanian population caused their conflicts with the sedentary Hungarians.{{sfn|Petrovics|2009|p=461}} According to Ioan-Aurel Pop, the Decree comes after the breakaway of [[Moldavia]] from Hungarian influence which raised concern with the [[Louis I of Hungary|king]] and nobles alike that other [[Romanians|Romanian]] nobles might follow [[Bogdan I of Moldavia|Bogdan]]'s example.{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=49}} He also states that the decree shows the Romanians' "muted resistance" against the monarch and the noblemen who had attempted to deprive them of their property, especially their inherited estates.{{sfn|Pop|2013|pp=469-470}} |
||
{{Cite book|last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |trans-title=Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century. The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State |title=Românii şi maghiarii în secolele IX-XIV. Geneza statului medieval în Transilvania] |publisher=Center for Transylvanian Studies |year=1996 |page=49 }}</ref> |
|||
According to Benedek Jancsó, documents from the 14th-15th centuries attest several social problems, the relationship between the semi-nomadic shepherding Romanian settlers and the permanently settled and farming Transylvanian Hungarians and Saxons was the same as between the farming Hungarians in the Great Hungarian Plains and the wandering Cumans with their flocks. This explains the strict measures taken by [[Louis I of Hungary|King Louis the Great]] in 1366 that the "proliferating malefactors must be exterminated".<ref name=":0" /> |
According to Benedek Jancsó, documents from the 14th-15th centuries attest several social problems, the relationship between the semi-nomadic shepherding Romanian settlers and the permanently settled and farming Transylvanian Hungarians and Saxons was the same as between the farming Hungarians in the Great Hungarian Plains and the wandering Cumans with their flocks. This explains the strict measures taken by [[Louis I of Hungary|King Louis the Great]] in 1366 that the "proliferating malefactors must be exterminated".<ref name=":0" /> |
Revision as of 14:04, 7 May 2023
Decree of Torda | |
---|---|
Created | 28 June 1366 |
Location | Torda (Present-day Turda, Romania) |
Author(s) | King Louis I of Hungary |
Purpose | Determination of procedural rules |
The Decree of Torda was a 14th century decree by King Louis I of Hungary that granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen.
Background
In the 14th century, the Kingdom of Hungary had a political and economic consolidation, thus Transylvania prospered as never before. The campaign against the Golden Horde in 1345 led by Andrew Lackfi, Count of the Székelys had finally expelled the Tatars and ended the devastations of the Mongols.[1]
In the Hungarian historiography, the main source of problems was the relationship between nobles and villains, which was not resolved and was further complicated by legal and social aspects of the settlement of Romanians in the Hungarian counties. King Louis I of Hungary visited Transylvania in 1366 to deal with the disorder.[1]
The Decree of Torda
King Louis I of Hungary stayed in Transylvania from April to August in 1366.[2] On 28 June 1366, while residing in Torda (present-day Turda), the monarch issued a decree at the request of the Transylvanian noblemen.[3] The latter had informed the King that they "have been suffering, day by day, many troubles because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, ...because of their way of being and their disorderly behaviour".[4][5] The royal decree granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen "in order to exterminate or remove, from this country, malefactors belonging to any nation. For this purpose, the decree determines the rules of the legal procedure.[6] On 28 June 1366, while residing in the Transylvanian town of Torda (present-day Turda), Louis enacted a decree to reinforce law and order, regulating some areas of social and public life, administration, criminal law and judicial practice.
The conditions imposed by the decree for maintaining or acceding nobility (in particular, affiliation to the Roman Catholic Church and possession of a royal certificate of donation for the owned land)[dubious ] were to select and limit the noble class over a period of centuries, which in turn accelerated the decline of the Estate of Romanians (Universitas Valachorum).[7]
The decree takes an explicitly negative action against Romanians: propter presumptuosam astuciam diversorum malefactorum, specialiter Olachorum[1] in ipsa terra nostra existencium (…) ad exterminandum seu delendum in ipsa terra malefactores quarumlibet nacionum, signanter Olachorum [8] - because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, who live in that our country (…) to expel or to exterminate in this country malefactors belonging to any nation, especially Romanians.
This was the first time in Transylvania that discriminatory law enforcement along ethnic cleansing was legally codified.[7][dubious ]
Historians have not reached a consensual view of the exact circumstances of the issuing of the decree and its main purpose.[9] István Petrovics writes that the mobile way of life of the increasing Romanian population caused their conflicts with the sedentary Hungarians.[10] According to Ioan-Aurel Pop, the Decree comes after the breakaway of Moldavia from Hungarian influence which raised concern with the king and nobles alike that other Romanian nobles might follow Bogdan's example.[11] He also states that the decree shows the Romanians' "muted resistance" against the monarch and the noblemen who had attempted to deprive them of their property, especially their inherited estates.[12]
According to Benedek Jancsó, documents from the 14th-15th centuries attest several social problems, the relationship between the semi-nomadic shepherding Romanian settlers and the permanently settled and farming Transylvanian Hungarians and Saxons was the same as between the farming Hungarians in the Great Hungarian Plains and the wandering Cumans with their flocks. This explains the strict measures taken by King Louis the Great in 1366 that the "proliferating malefactors must be exterminated".[2]
Notes
- ^ a b Makkai, László (2001). "The Three Feudal 'Nations' and the Ottoman Threat". History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 3. From the Mongol Invasion to the Battle of Mohács. Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). ISBN 0-88033-479-7.
- ^ a b Dr. Jancsó, Benedek. "Erdély története az Anjou-ház uralkodása alatt" [History of Transylvania during the reign of the House of Anjou]. Erdély története [History of Transylvania] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Cluj-Kolozsvár: Minerva. p. 63.
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 458.
- ^ Pop 2013, pp. 458–459.
- ^ Pop 2003, p. 122.
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 459.
- ^ a b Pop I.-A., Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th - 16th Century) Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine In Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective, edited by Csaba Lévai et al., Edizioni PLUS, Università di Pisa, 2003, p. 111 – 125
- ^ I. Dani, K. Gündish et al. (eds.) Documenta Romaniae Historica, vol. XIII, Transilvania (1366-1370), Editura Academiei Române, Bucharest 1994, p. 161-162
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 461.
- ^ Petrovics 2009, p. 461.
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 49.
- ^ Pop 2013, pp. 469–470.
Sources
- Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
- Petrovics, István (2009). "Foreign Ethnic Groups in the Towns of Southern Hungary in the Middle Ages". In Keene, Derek; Nagy, Balázs; Szende, Katalin (eds.). Segregation-Integration-Assimilation: Religious and Ethnic Groups in the Medieval Towns of Central and Eastern Europe. Ashgate. pp. 67–88. ISBN 978-0-7546-6477-2.
- Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2003). "Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th-14th Century)". In Lévai, Csaba; Vese, Vasile (eds.). Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective. Plus. pp. 111–123. ISBN 88-8492-139-2.
- Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013). "De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Peter Lang Edition. ISBN 978-3-631-64866-7.