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{{Short description|Ethnic group in Europe}} |
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{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} |
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{{infobox ethnic group| |
{{infobox ethnic group| |
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|group= Dalmatian Italians<br/>Dalmati italiani<br/>''Talijani u Dalmaciji'' |
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|image=Zadar.jpg |
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|caption=Overview of Zara (now [[Zadar]] in Croatian Dalmatia), where Dalmatian Italians are about 0.13% of the population.<ref name="census2011"/> In 1921, before the [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]], the Dalmatian Italians were 70% of the city's population.<ref>Ministero dell'economia nazionale, Direzione generale della statistica, Ufficio del censimento, [https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/censpop1921/VolumeII_Regioni/NAP0106619_III_VeneziaGiulia+OCR_ottimizzato.pdf ''Censimento della popolazione del Regno d'Italia al 1º dicembre 1921'', vol. III ''Venezia Giulia''], Provveditorato generale dello Stato, Rome, 1926, pp. 192-208 (In Italian)</ref> |
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|group= Dalmatian Italians |
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|native_name={{native name|it|Dalmati italiani}}<br/>{{native name|hr|Dalmatinski Talijani}} |
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|poptime= |
|poptime= |
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| popplace = [[Dalmatia]], former [[Albania |
| popplace = [[Dalmatia]], former [[Venetian Albania]], [[Italy]] |
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|rels=[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] |
|rels=[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] |
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|langs=Primarily [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]] |
|langs=Primarily [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Venetian language|Venetian]], formerly [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]] |
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|related-c=[[Istrian Italians]], [[Croats]], [[Italians]] |
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|related-c= |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Dalmatian Italians''' are |
'''Dalmatian Italians''' ({{lang-it|dalmati italiani}}; {{lang-hr|Dalmatinski Talijani}}) are the historical [[Italian people|Italian]] [[national minority]] living in the region of [[Dalmatia]], now part of [[Croatia]] and [[Montenegro]]. |
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In 1803, the Italian community accounted for 33% of the entire Dalmatian population,<ref name="Bartoli"/><ref name="Seton-Watson"/> a number that dropped to 20% in 1840, to 12.5% in 1865, to 5.8% in 1880 and to 2.7% in 1910,<ref name="Peričić"/> suffering from a constant trend of decreasing presence<ref>For example in the Austrian Census of 1857 the Dalmatian Italians were only 45,000 -or nearly 15% of the Dalmatia without the Quarner islands (read [https://archive.org/details/statistischesha01statgoog/page/n92 <!-- quote=Österreichisches Küstenland. -->]</ref> and now, as a result of the [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]] (1943–1960), numbers only around 500–2,000 people (0.05%–0.2%).<ref name="census2011"/><ref name="monstat"/><ref name="coordinamentoadriatico"/><ref name="comunitaitaliana"/> Throughout history Dalmatian Italians exerted a vast and significant influence on Dalmatia, especially cultural and architectural. |
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==Characteristics== |
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[[Image:Cattedrale di Zara.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The Romanesque [[Zadar Cathedral|Cathedral of Zara]] (Zadar), the spiritual center of the Dalmatian Italians, in an old postcard]] |
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Since the half of the 19th century this ethnic group, counting according to some sources nearly 20% of all Dalmatian population in 1840, suffered from a constant trend of decreasing presence and now numbers only around 1,000-4,000 people. Throughout history this group, though small in numbers in the last two centuries, exerted a vast and significant influence on the region. |
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They are currently represented in Croatia and Montenegro by the |
They are currently represented in Croatia and Montenegro by the Italian National Community ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Comunità Nazionale Italiana'') (CNI). The Italo-Croatian minorities treaty recognizes the Italian Union (''Unione Italiana'') as the political party officially representing the CNI in Croatia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unione-italiana.hr|title=Comunità Nazionale Italiana, Unione Italiana|website=Unione-italiana.hr|access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> |
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Following the positive trend observed during the last decade (i.e. after the dissolution of Yugoslavia), the number of Dalmatian Italians in Croatia adhering to the CNI has risen to around one thousand. In Dalmatia the main operating centers of the CNI are in [[Split, Croatia|Split]] |
The Italian Union represents the 30,000 ethnic Italians of former Yugoslavia, living mainly in [[Istria]] and in the city of [[Rijeka]] (Fiume). Following the positive trend observed during the last decade (i.e., after the dissolution of Yugoslavia), the number of Dalmatian Italians in Croatia adhering to the CNI has risen to around one thousand. In Dalmatia the main operating centers of the CNI are in [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Zadar]], and [[Kotor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unione-italiana.hr/le_comunita_degli_italiani.htm |title=Le Comunità degli Italiani |access-date=November 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504200728/http://www.unione-italiana.hr/le_comunita_degli_italiani.htm |archive-date=May 4, 2010 }}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{main|History of Dalmatia}} |
{{main|History of Dalmatia}} |
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=== |
===Roman Dalmatia and the Middle Ages=== |
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[[File:Serenissima.png|thumb|center|1000px|Map of [[Dalmatia]] and [[Istria]] with the ancient domains of the [[Republic of Venice]] (indicated in fuchsia. Dashed diagonally, the territories that belonged occasionally)]] |
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Roman Dalmatia was fully Latinized by 476 AD when the [[Western Roman Empire]] disappeared, according to scholar [[Theodor Mommsen]] in his book "The Provinces of the Roman Empire". |
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Roman Dalmatia was fully Latinized by 476 AD when the [[Western Roman Empire]] disappeared.<ref>[[Theodor Mommsen]] in his book "The Provinces of the Roman Empire"</ref> In the [[Early Middle Ages]], the territory of the Byzantine province of Dalmatia reached in the North up to the river [[Sava]], and was part of the [[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum]]. In the middle of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century began the [[Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe|Slavic migration]], which caused the Romance-speaking population, descendants of Romans and Illyrians (speaking [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]), to flee to the coast and islands.{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=64, 73}} The hinterland, semi-depopulated by the [[Barbarian Invasions]], [[Slavic tribes]] settled. The Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and [[Latin language|language]] in cities such as [[Zadar]], [[Split, Croatia|Split]] and [[Dubrovnik]]. Their own [[Vulgar Latin]], developed into [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]], a now extinct [[Romance languages|Romance language]]. These coastal cities (politically part of the [[Byzantine Empire]]) maintained political, cultural and economic links with Italy, through the [[Adriatic Sea]]. On the other side communications with the mainland were difficult because of the [[Dinaric Alps]]. Due to the sharp [[orography]] of Dalmatia, even communications between the different Dalmatian cities, occurred mainly through the sea. This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the mostly Slavicized mainland. |
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During the [[Barbarian Invasions]] [[Eurasian Avars|Avar]]s allied with certain [[Slavic peoples#Slavs in the historical period|Slavic tribes]], invaded and plundered [[Byzantine]] [[Illyria]]. This eventually led to the settlement of different [[Slavs|Slavic]] tribes in the [[Balkans]].<ref>Curta Florin. ''Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250''. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0 ([http://books.google.com/?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&pg=RA2-PA100&lpg=RA2-PA100&dq=qytet+fort+city#v=onepage&q=qytet%20fort%20city&f=false])</ref> |
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[[File:Republik Venedig.png|thumb|right|250px|Map of the Venetian Republic, c. 1000. The Republic is in dark red, borders in light red.]] |
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In 997 AD the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] [[Pietro Orseolo II]], following repeated complaints by the [[Dalmatian city-states]], commanded the Venetian fleet that attacked the [[Narentine]] pirates. On the [[Ascension Day]] in 998, Pietro Orseolo assumed the title of "''Dux Dalmatianorum''" (Duke of the Dalmatians), associating it with his son [[Giovanni Orseolo]]. This was the beginning of the Venetian influence in Dalmatia, however, while Venetian influence could always be felt, actual political rule over the province often changed hands between Venice and other regional powers, namely the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Medieval)|Kingdom of Croatia]], and the [[Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of Hungary]]. The Venetians could afford to concede relatively generous terms because their own principal aims was not the control of the territory sought by Hungary, but the economic suppression of any potential commercial competitors on the eastern Adriatic. This aim brought on the necessity of enforced economic stagnation for the Dalmatian city-states, while the Hungarian feudal system promised greater political and commercial autonomy.<ref name="BritIlly">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Illyria |volume=14 |pages=325–327}}</ref><ref name="BritDalmatia">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Dalmatia |volume=7 |pages=772–776 |first=Kingsley Garland |last=Jayne}}</ref> |
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In the Dalmatian city states, there were almost invariably two opposed political factions, each ready to oppose any measure advocated by its antagonist.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> The origin of this division seems here to have been economic.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> The farmers and the merchants who traded in the interior naturally favoured [[Hungary]], their most powerful neighbour on land; while the seafaring community looked to Venice as mistress of the Adriatic.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> In return for protection, the cities often furnished a contingent to the army or navy of their suzerain, and sometimes paid tribute either in money or in kind.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> The citizens clung to their municipal privileges, which were reaffirmed after the conquest of Dalmatia in 1102–1105 by [[Coloman]] of Hungary.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> Subject to the royal assent they might elect their own chief magistrate, bishop and judges. Their [[Roman law]] remained valid.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> They were even permitted to conclude separate alliances. No alien, not even a Hungarian, could reside in a city where he was unwelcome; and the man who disliked Hungarian dominion could emigrate with all his household and property.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> In lieu of tribute, the revenue from customs was in some cases shared equally by the king, chief magistrate, bishop and municipality.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> These rights and the analogous privileges granted by Venice were, however, too frequently infringed, Hungarian garrisons being quartered on unwilling towns, while Venice interfered with trade, with the appointment of bishops, or with the tenure of communal domains. Consequently, the Dalmatians remained loyal only while it suited their interests, and insurrections frequently occurred.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> Zadar was no exception, and four outbreaks are recorded between 1180 and 1345, although Zadar was treated with special consideration by its Venetian masters, who regarded its possession as essential to their maritime ascendancy.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> |
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The original Roman population endured within the coastal cities and in the inhospitable [[Dinaric Alps]] (the latter were later known as "[[Morlachs]]" or Vlachs). |
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The doubtful allegiance of the Dalmatians tended to protract the struggle between Venice and Hungary, which was further complicated by internal discord due largely to the spread of the [[Bogomilism|Bogomil heresy]]; and by many outside influences, such as the vague suzerainty still enjoyed by the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern emperors]] during the 12th century; the assistance rendered to Venice by the armies of the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1202; and the [[Tatars|Tatar]] invasion of Dalmatia forty years later (see [[Trogir]]).<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> |
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The Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and [[Latin language|language]] in cities such as [[Zadar|Jadera]] (Zadar, Zara), [[Split, Croatia|Spalatum]] (Split, Spalato) and [[Dubrovnik|Ragusa]] (Dubrovnik). Their own [[vulgar Latin]], developed in the [[Dalmatian language]], a now extinct [[Romance languages|Romance language]]. |
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===Republic of Venice (1420–1796)=== |
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These coastal cities (politically part of the [[Byzantine Empire]]) maintained political, cultural and economic links with Italy, through the [[Adriatic sea]]. On the other side communications with the mainland were difficult because of the [[Dinaric Alps]]. Due to the sharp [[orography]] of Dalmatia, even communications between the different Dalmatian cities, occurred mainly trough the sea. |
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{{main|Venetian Dalmatia}} |
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This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the mostly Slavicized mainland. |
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[[File:Kingdom of Croatia 1469.png|thumb|Dalmatia divided between Venetian Dalmatia and Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom in 1469.]] |
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[[File:Bosanski pašaluk 1600. godine.png|thumb|right|Dalmatia divided between Venetian Dalmatia and Ottoman [[Bosnia Eyalet]] in 1600]] |
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In 1409, during the 20-year Hungarian civil war between [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|King Sigismund]] and the Neapolitan [[Duchy of Anjou|house of Anjou]], the losing contender, [[Ladislaus of Naples]], sold his "rights" on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for a meager sum of 100,000 [[ducats]]. The more centralized merchant republic took control of the cities by the year 1420 (with the exception of the [[Republic of Ragusa]]), they were to remain under Venetian rule for a period of 377 years (1420–1797).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/croat13011526.html |title=WHKMLA : History of Croatia, 1301–1526 |website=Zum.de |access-date=2016-04-21}}</ref> The southernmost area of Dalmatia (now part of coastal [[Montenegro]]) was called [[Venetian Albania]] during that time. |
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In 997 A.D. the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] [[Pietro Orseolo II]], following repeated complaints by the Dalmatian city-states, commanded the Venetian fleet that attacked the [[Narentine]] pirates. On the [[Ascension Day]] in 998, Pietro Orseolo assumed the title of "''Dux Dalmatianorum''" (Duke of the Dalmatians), associating it with his son [[Giovanni Orseolo]]. |
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In these centuries a process of gradual assimilation took place among the native population. The Romance Dalmatians of the cities were the most susceptible because of their similar culture and were completely assimilated. [[Venetian language|Venetian]], which was already the [[lingua franca]] of the Adriatic area, was adopted by the Latin Dalmatians of the cities (speakers of the [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]), as their own [[vernacular language]]. This process was aided by the constant migration between the Adriatic cities and involved even the independent Dubrovnik (Ragusa) and the port of [[Rijeka]] (Fiume). |
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It was the beginning of the Venetian influence in Dalmatia. However, while Venetian influence could always be felt, actual political rule over the province often changed hands between the Republic and other regional powers, namely the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Medieval)|Kingdom of Croatia]], and the [[Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of Hungary]]. |
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The Slavic population (mainly Croats) was only partially assimilated, because of the linguistic unsimilarity and because the Slavs were mostly situated in the hinterland and the islands. |
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[[Image:Republik Venedig.png|thumb|left|200px|Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000. The Republic is in dark red, borders in light red.]] |
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Dalmatian, however, had already influenced the Dalmatian dialect of [[Croatian language|Croatian]], the [[Chakavian dialect]], with the Venetian dialect influencing [[Albanian language|Albanian]].<ref>Bartoli, Matteo. ''Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia''</ref> Starting from the 15th century, Italian replaced Latin as the language of culture in the Venetian Dalmatia and in the Republic of Ragusa. On the other hand, more and more Slavs (Catholic and Orthodox) were pushed into Venetian Dalmatia, to escape the Ottomans. This resulted in an increase of the Slavic presence in the cities. |
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===Napoleonic era (1797–1815)=== |
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The Venetians could afford to concede relatively generous terms because their own principal aims was not the territorial aggrandizement sought by [[Hungary]], but economic suppression of any potential commercial competitors on the eastern Adriatic. This aim brought on the necessity of enforced economic stagnation for the Dalmatian city states, while the Hungarian feudal system promised greater political and commercial autonomy.<ref name="BritIlly">[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Illyria Encyclopædia Britannica 1911; Illyria]</ref><ref name="BritDalmatia">[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dalmatia Encyclopædia Britannica 1911; Dalmatia]</ref> |
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[[Image:1807KingdomItaly.jpg|thumb|250px|1807: Dalmatia inside the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy]]]] |
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In 1797, during the [[Napoleonic wars]], the [[Republic of Venice]] was dissolved. The former Venetian Dalmatia was included in the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy]] from 1805 to 1809 (for some years also the [[Republic of Ragusa]] was included, since 1808), and successively in the [[Illyrian Provinces]] from 1809. |
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From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Dalmatia had lived peacefully side by side because they did not know the national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as "Dalmatians", of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/articoligiornali/artadriatico.htm| title = "L'Adriatico orientale e la sterile ricerca delle nazionalità delle persone" di Kristijan Knez; La Voce del Popolo (quotidiano di Fiume) del 2/10/2002 | access-date=25 April 2024|language=it}}</ref> |
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Hungary therefore also had its partisans; for in the Dalmatian city states, there were almost invariably two jealous political factions, each ready to oppose any measure advocated by its antagonist.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> The origin of this division seems here to have been economic.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> The farmers and the merchants who traded in the interior naturally favoured [[Hungary]], their most powerful neighbour on land; while the seafaring community looked to [[Venice]] as mistress of the [[Adriatic]].<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> In return for protection, the cities often furnished a contingent to the army or navy of their suzerain, and sometimes paid tribute either in money or in kind.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> |
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The census of 1808 found that Venetians (Italian speaking) made up about 33% of Dalmatians, and resided mostly in urban areas. After the final defeat of [[Napoleon]], the entire territory was granted to the [[Austrian Empire]] by the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815. |
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The citizens clung to their municipal privileges, which were reaffirmed after the conquest of Dalmatia in 1102-1105 by [[Coloman]] of Hungary.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> Subject to the royal assent they might elect their own chief magistrate, bishop and judges. Their [[Roman law]] remained valid.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> They were even permitted to conclude separate alliances. No alien, not even a Hungarian, could reside in a city where he was unwelcome; and the man who disliked Hungarian dominion could emigrate with all his household and property.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> In lieu of tribute, the revenue from customs was in some cases shared equally by the king, chief magistrate, bishop and municipality.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> These rights and the analogous privileges granted by Venice were, however, too frequently infringed, Hungarian garrisons being quartered on unwilling towns, while Venice interfered with trade, with the appointment of bishops, or with the tenure of communal domains. Consequently the Dalmatians remained loyal only while it suited their interests, and insurrections frequently occurred.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> |
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This marked the beginning of 100 years (1815–1918) of Austrian rule in Dalmatia and the beginning of the disappearance of the Dalmatian Italians (who were reduced from over 30% in 1803 to just 3% at the end of [[WW1]], due to persecutions, assimilation policies and emigration). |
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Zara made no exception, and four outbreaks are recorded between 1180 and 1345, although Zara was treated with special consideration by its Venetian masters, who regarded its possession as essential to their maritime ascendancy.<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> |
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===Austrian Empire (1815–1918)=== |
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The doubtful allegiance of the Dalmatians tended to protract the struggle between Venice and Hungary, which was further complicated by internal discord due largely to the spread of the [[Bogomilism|Bogomil heresy]]; and by many outside influences, such as the vague suzerainty still enjoyed by the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern emperors]] during the 12th century; the assistance rendered to Venice by the armies of the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1202; and the [[Tartar]] invasion of Dalmatia forty years later (see [[Trogir]]).<ref name="BritDalmatia"/> |
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During the period of the [[Austrian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]] was a separate administrative unit. After the [[revolutions of 1848]] and after the 1860s, as a result of the [[romantic nationalism]], two factions appeared. The [[Autonomist Party]], whose political goals of which varied from autonomy within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to a political union with [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]. |
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[[File:Austria hungary 1911.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''"Distribution of Races in Austria–Hungary"'' from the ''Historical Atlas'' by William R. Shepherd, 1911.]] |
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The Croatian faction (later called ''Unionist faction'' or "Puntari"), led by the [[People's Party (Kingdom of Croatia)|People's Party]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[Party of Rights]], both of which advocated the union of Dalmatia with the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] which was under Hungarian administration. The political alliances in Dalmatia shifted over time. At the beginning, the ''Unionists'' and ''Autonomists'' were allied together, against the [[centralism]] of Vienna. After a while, when the national question came to prominence, they split. |
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===Republic of Venice (1420 - 1796)=== |
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[[Image:Dalmazia1560.png|thumb|right|250px|Dalmatian possessions of the ''[[Republic of Venice|Venetian Republic]]'' and the ''[[Republic of Ragusa]]'' in 1560.]] |
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Many Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the [[Risorgimento]] movement that fought for the unification of Italy. However, after 1866, when the [[Veneto]] and [[Friuli]] regions were ceded by the [[Austrian Empire|Austrians]] to the newly formed [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]], Dalmatia remained part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. |
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In 1409, during the 20-year Hungarian civil war between [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|King Sigismund]] and the Neapolitan [[Anjou|house of Anjou]], the losing contender, [[Ladislaus of Naples]], sold his "rights" on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for a meager sum of 100,000 [[ducats]]. The more centralized merchant republic took control of the cities by the year 1420 (with the exception of the [[Republic of Ragusa]]), they were to remain under Venetian rule for a period of 377 years (1420 - 1797).<ref>http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/croat13011526.html History: 1301 to 1526 AD</ref> The southernmost area of Dalmatia (now part of coastal [[Montenegro]]) was called [[Venetian Albania]] during that time. |
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This triggered the gradual rise of [[Italian irredentism]] among many Italians in Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of the [[Austrian Littoral]], Fiume and [[Dalmatia]] with Italy. The Italians in Dalmatia supported the Italian [[Italian unification|Risorgimento]]: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Dalmatia.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971</ref> During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the [[Germanization]] or [[Slavization|Slavicization]] of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:<ref>''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, ''Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra'', Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)</ref> |
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In these centuries a process of gradual "Venecization" took place among the native population. The Romance Dalmatians of the cities were the most susceptible because of their similar culture and were completely assimilated. The [[Venetian dialect]], which was already the [[lingua franca]] of the Adriatic area, was adopted by the Latin Dalmatians of the cities (speakers of the [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]), as their own [[vernacular language]]. This process was aided by the constant migration between the Adriatic cities and involved even the independent Ragusa and the port of [[Fiume]]. |
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{{blockquote|text=His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|South Tyrol]], [[Dalmatia]] and [[Austrian Littoral|Littoral]] for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.|author=|source=Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866<ref name="ReferenceA">''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop| title=Homo scribens : Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung | year= 1993 |isbn= 3484311347|page=279| publisher=Walter de Gruyter |language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3tCTXoeAysC&pg=279}}</ref>}} |
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The larger Slavic population proved more resistant, partly because of its size and the linguistic unsimilarity, and partly because the Slavs (Croats and Serbs) were mostly situated outside the cities (in the hinterland and the islands). |
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[[File:Dalmatia.png|thumb|250px|Proportion of Dalmatian Italians in districts of Dalmatia in 1910, per the Austro-Hungarian census]] |
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In 1867, the Empire was [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|reorganized]] as the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. [[Fiume]] (Rijeka) and the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] were assigned to the Hungarian part of the Empire, while Dalmatia and [[Istria]] remained in the Austrian part. The ''Unionist faction'' won the elections in Dalmatia in 1870, but they were prevented from following through with the merge with [[Croatia]] and [[Slavonia]] due to the intervention of the Austrian imperial government. The Austrian century was a time of decline for the Dalmatian Italians. Starting from the 1840s, large numbers of the Italian minority were passively [[croatisation|croatized]], or had emigrated as a consequence of the unfavorable economic situation. |
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The Dalmatian language, however, had already influenced the Dalmatian dialect of the [[Croatian language]], the [[Chakavian dialect]], with the Venetian dialect influencing the [[Albanian language]].<ref>Bartoli, Matteo. ''Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia''</ref> |
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Starting from the 15th century, Italian replaced Latin as the language of culture in the Venetian Dalmatia and in the Republic of Ragusa. This resulted in a process of partial assimilation of the Slavic population, which was already present in the coastal cities and islands for several centuries (particularly in Spalatum and Ragusa). |
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The Italian linguist [[Matteo Bartoli]] calculated that [[Italian language|Italian]] was the primary spoken language by 33% of the Dalmatian population in 1803.<ref name="Bartoli">{{cite book| last= Bartoli | first= Matteo | author-link=Matteo Bartoli| title= Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia | publisher= Tipografia italo-orientale | page=16 | year= 1919|language=it}}{{No ISBN}}</ref><ref name="Seton-Watson">{{cite book| last= Seton-Watson| first= Christopher| title= Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925 | publisher= Methuen | page=107| year= 1967|isbn=9780416189407}}</ref> Bartoli's evaluation was followed by other claims that [[Auguste de Marmont]], the French Governor General of the Napoleonic [[Illyrian Provinces]] commissioned a census in 1814–1815 which found that Dalmatian Italians comprised 29 percent of the total population of Dalmatia. According to Austrian censuses, the Dalmatian Italians formed 12.5% of the population in 1865,<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Peričić|first=Šime|date=2003-09-19|title=O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/12136|journal=Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru|language=hr|issue=45|pages=342|issn=1330-0474}}</ref> but this was reduced to 2.7% in 1910.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omm1910.hu/?/de/datenbank|title=Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529164005/http://www.omm1910.hu/?%2Fde%2Fdatenbank|archive-date=2013-05-29|language=de}}</ref> In Dalmatia there was a constant decline in the Italian population, in a context of repression that also took on violent connotations.<ref>{{cite book |author=Raimondo Deranez|url=http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/bombardieritesti/particolari_dalmazia.htm|title=Particolari del martirio della Dalmazia|publisher=Stabilimento Tipografico dell'Ordine|location=Ancona|year=1919|language=it}}</ref> During this period, Austrians carried out an aggressive [[Anti-Italianism|anti-Italian]] policy through a forced Slavization of Dalmatia.<ref>{{cite book|title= La campagna del 1866 nei documenti militari austriaci: operazioni terrestri|publisher= [[University of Padova]] |author= Angelo Filipuzzi|page=396|year=1966|language=it}}{{No ISBN}}</ref> |
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On the other hand, more and more Slavs (Catholic and Orthodox) were pushed into Venetian Dalmatia, to escape the Ottomans. This resulted in an increase of the Slavic presence in the cities. |
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The Italian population in Dalmatia was concentrated in the major coastal cities. In the city of [[Split, Croatia|Split]] in 1890 there were {{formatnum:1969}} Dalmatian Italians (12.5% of the population), in [[Zadar]] {{formatnum:7423}} (64.6%), in [[Šibenik]] {{formatnum:1018}} (14.5%), in [[Kotor]] {{formatnum:623}} (18.7%) and in [[Dubrovnik]] {{formatnum:331}} (4.6%).<ref>Guerrino Perselli, ''I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936'', Centro di Ricerche Storiche - Rovigno, Unione Italiana - Fiume, Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno, 1993</ref> In other Dalmatian localities, according to Austrian censuses, Dalmatian Italians experienced a sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910, in [[Rab (island)|Rab]] they went from 225 to 151, in [[Vis (island)|Vis]] from 352 to 92, in [[Pag (island)|Pag]] from 787 to 23, completely disappearing in almost all the inland locations. |
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===Napoleonic era (1797 - 1815) === |
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In 1797, during the [[Napoleonic wars]], the [[Republic of Venice]] was dissolved. The former Venetian Dalmatia was included in the Napoleonic [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] from 1805 to 1809 (the [[Republic of Ragusa]] was included in 1808), and in [[Illyrian Provinces]] from 1809.In the census of 1808 declared to be Italians about 29% of the dalmatians, mostly in urban areas. After the final defeat of [[Napoleon]], the entire territory was granted to the [[Austrian Empire]] by the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815. This marked the beginning of 100 years (1815–1918) of Austrian rule in Dalmatia. |
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In 1909, [[Italian language|Italian]] lost its [[Status (law)|status]] as the official language of Dalmatia in favor of Croatian only (previously both languages were recognized): thus Italian could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere.<ref>{{Citation|year=1970|title=Dalmazia|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano|volume=III|page=730|publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it}}</ref> |
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=== Austrian Empire (1815 - 1918) === |
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[[Image:Austria hungary 1911.jpg|thumb|right|280px|''"Distribution of Races in Austria–Hungary"'' from the ''Historical Atlas'' by William R. Shepherd, 1911.]] |
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===The interwar period (1918–1941)=== |
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During the period of the [[Austrian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]] was a separate administrative unit. |
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Following the conclusion of [[World War I]] and the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain|disintegration of Austria-Hungary]], the vast majority of Dalmatia became part of the newly formed [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later renamed the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]). |
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[[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] entered the war on the side of the [[Allies of World War I|Entente]] in 1915, after the secret [[London Pact]], which granted to Italy a large portion of Dalmatia. The pact was nullified in the [[Treaty of Versailles]] due to the objections of American president [[Woodrow Wilson]] and the South Slavic delegations. However, in 1920 the Kingdom of Italy managed to get after the [[Treaty of Rapallo, 1920|Treaty of Rapallo]], most of the [[Austrian Littoral]], part of [[Inner Carniola]], some border areas of [[Carinthia (duchy)|Carinthia]], the city of Zadar along with the island and [[Lastovo]]. A large number of Italians (allegedly nearly 20,000) moved from the areas of Dalmatia assigned to Yugoslavia and resettled in Italy (mainly in Zara). |
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After the [[revolutions of 1848]] and after the 1860s, as a result of the [[romantic nationalism]], two factions appeared. |
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Relations with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were severely affected and constantly remained tense, because of the dispute over Dalmatia and because of the lengthy dispute over the city-port of [[Rijeka]] (Fiume), which according to the Treaty of Rapallo had to become a free state according to the [[League of Nations]], but was annexed to Italy on 16 March according to the [[Treaty of Rome, 1924|Treaty of Rome]]. |
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The Italian or ''Autonomist faction'' (or the "[[Italia irredenta|Irredentist]] faction"), whose political goals of which varied from autonomy within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to a political union with [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]. |
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In 1922 [[Fascism]] came to power in Italy. The fascist policies included strong nationalistic policies. Minority rights were severely reduced. This included the shutting down of educational facilities in Slavic languages, forced Italianization of citizen's names, and the brutal persecution of dissenters. |
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The Croatian faction (later called ''Unionist faction'' or "Puntari"), led by the ''People's Party'' and, to a lesser extent, the ''Party of Rights'', both of which advocated the union of Dalmatia with Croatia-Slavonia which were under Hungarian administration. |
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The political alliances in Dalmatia shifted over time. At the beginning, the ''Unionists'' and ''Autonomists'' were allied together, against the [[centralism]] of Vienna. After a while, when the national question came to prominence, they split. |
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In Zara most Croats left, due to these oppressive policies of the fascist government. The same happened with the Italian minority in Yugoslavia. Although, the matter was not entirely reciprocal: the Italian minority in Yugoslavia had some degree of protection, according to the Rapallo Treaty (such as Italian citizenship and primary instruction). |
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In 1867, the Empire was [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|reorganized]] as the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. [[Rijeka]] and the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] were assigned to the Hungarian part of the Empire, while Dalmatia and [[Istria]] remained in the Austrian part. |
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All this increased the intense resentment between the two ethnic groups. Where in the 19th century there was conflict only on the upper classes, there was now an increasing mutual hatred present in varying degrees among the entire population. |
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The ''Unionist faction'' won the elections in Dalmatia in 1870, but they were prevented from following through with the merge with [[Croatia]] and [[Slavonia]] due to the intervention of the Austrian imperial government. |
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===World War II and post-war=== |
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The Austrian century was a time of decline for the Dalmatian Italians. Starting from the 1840s, large numbers of the Italian minority were passively [[croatisation|croatized]], or had emigrated as a consequence of the unfavorable economic situation. |
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[[File:GovernateOfDalmatia1941 43.png|thumb|right|250px|Map of Italian [[Governatorate of Dalmatia]] (1941–1943) showing the [[province of Zara]], the [[province of Spalato]] and the [[province of Cattaro]]]] |
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[[File:Flag of SFR Yugoslav Italian Minority.svg|thumb|right|250px|Flag of the Italian minority in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]]] |
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The [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] was [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded by the Wehrmacht in 1941]] and parts of Dalmatia were annexed to Italy as the [[Governatorate of Dalmatia]] with Zadar as its capital. The local population was subject to violent forced [[italianization]] by the fascist government. Several concentration camps were established by Italian authorities to house these "enemies of the state", including the infamous [[Gonars concentration camp|Gonars]] and [[Rab concentration camp]]s. The Italian authorities were not able to maintain full control over the hinterland and the interior of the islands, however, and they were partially controlled by the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] after 1943. |
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Following the [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces|Italian capitulation of 1943]], the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] took over the occupation after a short period of Partisan control (officially, the Governorship of Dalmatia was handed to the control of the puppet [[Independent State of Croatia]]). During this period a large proportion of the coastal city population volunteered to join the Partisans (most notably that of Split, where a third of the total population left the city), while many Italian garrisons deserted to fight as Partisan units and still others were forced to surrender their weapons and equipment. As Soviet troops advanced in the Balkans in 1944, a small-scale evacuation took place in Zadar, while Marshall [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s Partisans (since 1942 recognized as Allied troops) simultaneously moved to liberate the remainder of Axis-occupied Dalmatia. [[Split, Croatia|Split]] was henceforth the provisional capital of Allied-liberated Croatia. |
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According to the linguist [[Matteo Bartoli]], by the end of the Venetian rule, 33% of the Dalmatian population was Italian-speaking.<ref>Seton-Watson, "Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925". pag. 107</ref> |
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In 1943–44 the city of Zadar suffered 54 air raids by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and it was severely damaged, with heavy civilian casualties. Many civilians had already escaped to Italy when the Partisans controlled the city. |
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According to two Austro-Hungarian censi,<ref>Perselli, Guerrino. ''I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste, e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 ed il 1936''</ref> the Dalmatian Italians formed 12.5% of the population in 1865, and 3.1% in 1890 due to the antitalian politic of the Austro-hungarian government. |
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After World War II Italy ceded all remaining Italian areas in Dalmatia to the new [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. This was followed by a further emigration, referred to as the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]], of nearly all the remaining Italians in Dalmatia. Italian-language schools in Zadar were closed in 1953, due to a dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia over Trieste. |
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=== The interwar period (1918 - 1941) === |
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[[Image:MORLACCHI.QUARNARO.jpg|thumb|250px|Ethnic distribution in Istria and in the northern Dalmatian islands in 1910: {{legend|#ddc758|[[Croats]]}} {{legend|#d69c17|[[Italians]]}} {{legend|#b59b13|[[Slovenes]]}}]] |
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In 2010 a kindergarten for the small Italian community of Zadar was going to be opened, promoted by the local Italian association, but the local Croatian authorities refused to open the school because the number of attending children was too small. Indeed, the issue was of administrative nature because the administration claimed that the Italian ethnicity had to be proved by the ownership of an Italian passport. Due to the restrictions imposed to the double nationality of the Italian minority in Yugoslavia after 1945, this requirement could only be met by a limited number of children. This administrative difficulty has been solved in 2012 and the opening of the kindergarten took place in 2013. |
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Following the conclusion of [[World War I]] and the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain|disintegration of Austria-Hungary]], the vast majority of Dalmatia became part of the newly formed [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later renamed the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]). |
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==Population decline== |
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[[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] entered the war on the side of the [[Allies of World War I|Entente]] in 1915, after the secret [[London Pact]], which granted to Italy a large portion of Dalmatia. However, the pact was nullified in the [[Treaty of Versailles]] due to the objections of American president [[Woodrow Wilson]] and the South Slavic delegations. Apart from Istria (and later Rijeka), Italy nevertheless received the city of Zara, along with the islands of [[Cres|Cherso]], [[Lošinj|Lussino]], and [[Lastovo|Lagosta]]. A large number of Italians (allegedly nearly 20,000) moved from the areas of Dalmatia assigned to Yugoslavia and resettled in Italy (mainly in Zara). |
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=== Overview === |
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[[File:VenetianDalmatia1797.jpg|thumb|400px|Austrian linguistic map from 1896. In green the areas where [[Slavs]] were the majority of the population, in orange the areas where [[Istrian Italians]] and Dalmatian Italians were the majority of the population. The boundaries of [[Venetian Dalmatia]] in 1797 are delimited with blue dots.]] |
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[[Italian language|Italian]] in Dalmatia was spoken as [[mother tongue]] in the following percentages:<ref name="Peričić">Š.Peričić, ''O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća'', in ''Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru'', n. 45/2003, p. 342</ref> |
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Relations with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were severely affected and constantly remained tense, because of the dispute over Dalmatia and because of the lengthy dispute over the city-port of [[Rijeka|Fiume]], which had to become a free state according to the [[League of Nations]], but was occupied by Italian rebels led by the writer [[Gabriele d'Annunzio]]. In 1924 the [[Treaty of Rapallo]] divided the city between Italy and Yugoslavia (). |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! Year|| Number of native Italian speakers|| Percentage || Population (total) |
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|- |
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| 1803 || {{formatnum:92500}} || 33.0% || {{formatnum:280300}} |
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|- |
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| 1809 || {{formatnum:75100}} || 29.0% || {{formatnum:251100}} |
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|- |
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| 1845 || {{formatnum:60770}} || 19.7% || {{formatnum:310000}} |
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|- |
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| 1865 || {{formatnum:55020}} || 12.5% || {{formatnum:440160}} |
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|- |
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| 1869 || {{formatnum:44880}} || 10.8% || {{formatnum:415550}} |
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|- |
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| 1880 || {{formatnum:27305}} || 5.8% || {{formatnum:470800}} |
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|- |
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| 1890 || {{formatnum:16000}} || 3.1% || {{formatnum:516130}} |
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|- |
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| 1900 || {{formatnum:15279}} || 2.6% || {{formatnum:587600}} |
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|- |
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| 1910 || {{formatnum:18028}} || 2.7% || {{formatnum:677700}} |
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|} |
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===Reasons=== |
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In 1922 [[Fascism]] came to power in Italy. The fascist policies included strong nationalistic policies. Minority rights were severely reduced. This included the shutting down of educational facilities in Slavic languages, forced Italianization of citizen's names, and the brutal persecution of dissenters. |
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There are several reasons for the decrease of the Dalmatian Italian population following the rise of [[Nationalism in Europe|European nationalism]] in the 19th century:<ref>Seton-Watson, ''Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925''. pp. 47–48</ref> |
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* The conflict with the Austrian rulers caused by the Italian "''[[Risorgimento]]''". |
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* The emergence of [[Croatian nationalism]] and [[Italian irredentism]] (see ''[[Risorgimento]]''), and the subsequent conflict of the two. |
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* The [[emigration]] of many Dalmatians toward the growing industrial regions of northern Italy before [[World War I]] and North and South America. |
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* Multi generational [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of anyone who married out of their social class and/or nationality – as perpetuated by similarities in education, religion, dual linguistic distribution, mainstream culture and economical output. |
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===Stages=== |
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In Zara some Croats left, due to these oppressive policies of the fascist government. Same happened with the Italian minority in Jugoslavia. In fact Italian minorities living in Yugoslavia had some degree of protection, according to the Rapallo Treaty (such as Italian citizenship and primary instruction). |
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The process of the decline had various stages:<ref>Colella, Amedeo. ''L'esodo dalle terre adriatiche. Rilevazioni statistiche''. p. 54</ref> |
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* Under the Austrian starting from the 1840s, as a result of the [[Romantic Nationalism|age of Nationalism]], the birth of Italian [[irredentism]], and the resulting conflict with the Croatian majority and the Austrian rulers. |
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* After [[World War I]], as a result of the creation of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] (where all Dalmatia was included, save Zadar and some northern Dalmatian islands), there was an emigration of a large number of Dalmatian Italians, mainly toward Zadar. |
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* During World War II, Italy occupied large chunks of the Yugoslav coast and created the Governorship of Dalmatia (1941–1943), with three Italian provinces, Zadar, Split and Kotor. Zadar was [[bombing of Zadar in World War II|bombed by the Allies]] and heavily damaged in 1943–44, with numerous civilian casualties. Most of the population moved to Italy. |
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* After World War II Italy ceded all remaining Italian areas in Dalmatia to the new [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. This was followed by a massive emigration of nearly all the remaining Dalmatian Italians participating in the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]] from former territories of the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. Some have become world-renowned, such as the fashion designer [[Ottavio Missoni]], the writer [[Enzo Bettiza]] and the industrial tycoon Giorgio Luxardo, founder of the [[Maraschino]] liquor distillery. |
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===Decline of Dalmatian Italians since the 19th century=== |
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All this increased the intense resentment between the two ethnic groups. Where in 19th century there was conflict only on the upper classes, there was now an increasing mutual hatred present in varying degrees among the entire population. |
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[[File:Antonio.bajamonti.jpg|thumb|[[Antonio Bajamonti]]]] |
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To evaluate the variation in the number of Italian Dalmatians some local data relating to the language used in specific Dalmatian municipalities are indicative:<ref name="Perselli">Guerrino Perselli, ''I censimenti della popolazione dell'[[Istria]], con [[Fiume (Croazia)|Fiume]] e [[Trieste]] e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936'', Centro di Ricerche Storiche - Rovigno, Unione Italiana - Fiume, Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno, 1993</ref> |
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=== World War II and post-war === |
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* [[Krk (town)|Krk]] |
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The [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] was [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded by the Wehrmacht in 1941]] and parts of Dalmatia were annexed to Italy as the ''[[Governatorate of Dalmatia]]'' (Governatorato di Dalmazia) with Zara as its capital. The local population was subject to violent forced [[italianization]] by the fascist government. Several concentration camps were established by Italian authorities to house these "enemies of the state", including the infamous [[Gonars concentration camp|Gonars]] and [[Rab concentration camp]]s. The Italian authorities were not able to maintain full control over the hinterland and the interior of the islands, however, and they were partially controlled by the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] after 1943. |
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** 1890: Italian 1,449 (71.1%), Serbo-Croatian 508 (24.9%), German 19, Slovene 16, other 5, total 2,037 |
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** 1900: Italian 1,435 (69.2%), Serbo-Croatian 558 (26.9%), German 28, Slovenian 22, total 2,074 |
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** 1910: Italian 1,494 (68%), Serbo-Croatian 630 (28.7%), German 19, Slovene 14, other 2, foreign 37, total 2,196 |
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* [[Zadar]] |
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** 1890: Italian 7,423 (64.6%), Serbo-Croatian 2,652 (23%), German 561, other 164, total 11,496 |
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** 1900: Italian 9,018 (69.3%), Serbo-Croatian 2,551 (19.6%), German 581, other 150, total 13,016 |
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** 1910: Italian 9,318 (66.3%), Serbo-Croatian 3,532 (25.1%), German 397, other 191, foreign 618, total 14,056 |
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* [[Šibenik]] |
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** 1890: Italian 1,018 (14.5%), Serbo-Croatian 5,881 (83.8%), German 17, other 5, total 7,014 |
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** 1900: Italian 858 (8.5%), Serbo-Croatian 9,031 (89.6%), German 17, other 28, total 10,072 |
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** 1910: Italian 810 (6.4%), Serbo-Croatian 10,819 (85.9%), German 249 (2%), other 129, foreign 581, total 12,588 |
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* [[Split, Croatia|Split]] |
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** 1890: Italian 1,969 (12.5%), Serbo-Croatian 12,961 (82.5%), German 193 (1.2%), other 63, total 15,697 |
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** 1900: Italian 1,049 (5.6%), Serbo-Croatian 16,622 (89.6%), German 131 (0.7%), other 107, total 18,547 |
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** 1910: Italian 2,082 (9.7%), Serbo-Croatian 18,235 (85.2%), German 92 (0.4%), other 127, foreign 871, total 21,407 |
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* [[Dubrovnik]] |
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** 1890: Italian 331 (4.6%), Serbo-Croatian 5,198 (72.8%), German 249 (3.5%), other 73, total 7,143 |
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** 1900: Italian 548 (6.5%), Serbo-Croatian 6,100 (72.3%), German 254 (3%), other 247, total 8,437 |
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** 1910: Italian 409 (4.6%), Serbo-Croatian 6,466 (72.2%), German 322 (3.6%), other 175, foreign 1,586, total 8,958 |
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* [[Kotor]] |
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** 1890: Italian 623 (18.7%), Serbo-Croatian 1,349 (40.5%), German 320 (9.6%), other 598, total 3,329 |
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** 1900: Italian 338 (11.2%), Serbo-Croatian 1,498 (49.6%), German 193 (6.4%), other 95, total 3,021 |
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** 1910: Italian 257 (8%), Serbo-Croatian 1,489 (46.8%), German 152 (4.8%), other 73, foreign 1 207, total 3,178 |
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In other Dalmatian localities, according to the Austrian censuses, the Italians experienced an even more sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910 alone, in the municipality of [[Rab (town)|Rab]] they went from 225 to 151, in [[Vis (island)|Vis]] from 352 to 92, in [[Pag (island)|Pag]] from 787 to 23, in [[Risan]] from 70 to 26, disappearing completely in almost all inland locations.<ref name="Perselli"/> |
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Following the [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces|Italian capitulation of 1943]], the German Army (''[[Wehrmacht Heer]]'') took over the occupation after a short period of Partisan control (officially, the [[Governorship of Dalmatia]] was handed to the control of the puppet [[Independent State of Croatia]]). During this period a large proportion of the coastal city population volunteered to join the Partisans (most notably that of Split, where a third of the total population left the city), while many Italian garrisons deserted to fight as Partisan units and still others were forced to surrender their weapons and equipment. As Soviet troops advanced in the Balkans in 1944, a small-scale evacuation took place in Zadar, while [[Josip Broz Tito|Marshall Tito]]'s Partisans (since 1942 recognized as Allied troops) simultaneously moved to liberate the remainder of Axis-occupied Dalmatia. [[Split, Croatia|Split]] was henceforth the provisional capital of Allied-liberated Croatia. |
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==Modern-day presence in Dalmatia== |
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In 1943-44 the city of Zadar suffered [[bombing of Zara in World War II|54 air raids]] by the [[Allies]] and it was severely damaged, with heavy civilian casualties. Many civilians had already escaped to Italy when the Partisans liberated the city. |
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===Demographics=== |
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[[File:Kathedrale St. Anastasia.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Zadar Cathedral]]]] |
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[[File:Split (01).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Split, Croatia|Split]]]] |
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The Dalmatian Italians were a fundamental presence in Dalmatia, when the process of political unification of the Italians, Croats and Serbs started at the beginning of the 19th century. The 1816 Austro-Hungarian census registered 66,000 Italian speaking people between the 301,000 inhabitants of Dalmatia, or 22% of the total Dalmatian population.<ref>Montani, Carlo. ''Venezia Giulia, Dalmazia – Sommario Storico – An Historical Outline''</ref> |
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After World War II Italy ceded all remaining Italian areas in Dalmatia to the new [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. This was followed by a further emigration, referred to as the [[Istrian exodus]], of nearly all the remaining Italians in Dalmatia. Italian language schools in Zadar were closed in 1953, due to a dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia over Trieste. Currently there are around 300 Italians in Croatian Dalmatia, and around 500 in coastal Montenegro. In 2010 a kindergarten for the small Italian community of Zara was going to be opened, promoted by the local Italian association of Rina Villani, but was suddenly closed by Croatian authorities.{{clarify|reason=This says it was not yet open when it was closed by the authorities. How's that?|date=September 2011}} |
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The main communities are located in the following coastal cities: |
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==Population decline== |
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* in Croatia: [[Zadar]], [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Trogir]], and [[Šibenik]]; |
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===Reasons=== |
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* in Montenegro: [[Kotor]], [[Perast]], and [[Budva]]. |
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There are several reasons for the decrease of the Dalmatian Italian population following the rise of European nationalism in the 19th century:<ref>Seton-Watson, ''Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925''. pag. 47-48</ref> |
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* The conflict with the Austrian rulers caused by the Italian "''[[Risorgimento]]''". |
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* The emergence of [[Croatian nationalism]] and [[Italian irredentism]] (see ''[[Risorgimento]]''), and the subsequent conflict of the two. |
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* The [[emigration]] of many Dalmatians toward the growing industrial regions of northern Italy before [[World War I]]. |
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Following the Italian emigration from Dalmatia and the events following World War II,<ref>Petacco, Arrigo. ''L'esodo, la tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia''</ref> the Dalmatian Italian communities were drastically reduced in their numbers. The Italian community in Dalmatia, according to the official 2011 censuses, is made up of 349 residents in Croatia,<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web|url = http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/e01_01_04/E01_01_04_zup15.html|title= Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref> and 135 residents in Montenegro.<ref name="monstat">{{Cite web|url=http://monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf|title=STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NACIONALNOJ, ODNOSNO ETNIČKOJ PRIPADNOSTI PO OPŠTINAMA |access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="coordinamentoadriatico">[http://www.coordinamentoadriatico.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=451&Itemid=40 Situazione attuale dei dalmati italiani in Croazia]</ref> This number rises to about 1,500 for Croatia, considering the data provided by the local ''Comunità degli Italiani'', and to about 450 on the coast of Montenegro.<ref name="comunitaitaliana">[http://www.comunitaitaliana.me/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=62&lang=it Membri, Comunità degli Italiani di Montenegro]</ref> However, it is estimated that in Croatian Dalmatia the actual number is higher, as there is still a widespread fear of declaring oneself Italian.<ref>Petacco, Arrigo. ''L'esodo. La tragedia negata''. p. 109</ref> |
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===Stages=== |
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The process of the decline had various stages<ref>Colella, Amedeo. ''L'esodo dalle terre adriatiche. Rilevazioni statistiche''. pag 54</ref>: |
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* Under the Austrian starting from the 1840s, as a result of the [[Romantic Nationalism|age of Nationalism]], the birth of Italian [[irredentism]], and the resulting conflict with the Croatian majority and the Austrian rulers. |
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* After [[World War I]], as a result of the creation of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] (where all Dalmatia was included (save Zadar and some northern Dalmatian islands), there was an emigration of a large number of Dalmatian Italians, mainly toward Zadar. |
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* During World War II, Italy occupied large chunks of the Yugoslav coast and created the Governorship of Dalmatia (''Governatorato di Dalmazia'') (1941–1943), with three Italian provinces, Zadar, Split and Kotor. Zadar was [[bombing of Zara in World War II|bombed by the Allies]] and heavily damaged in 1943-44, with numerous civilian casualties. The most of the population moved to Italy. |
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* After World War II Italy ceded all remaining Italian areas in Dalmatia to the new [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. This was followed by a massive emigration of nearly all the remaining Dalmatian Italians. Currently there are only 800 of them in all Dalmatia. |
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Following the collapse of the communist regime and the dissolution of Yugoslavia, there was a timid awakening of the identity of the last Dalmatian Italians who set up Italian communities in Zadar, Split, [[Hvar (town)|Hvar]], those of the [[Kvarner]] area in [[Cres (town)|Cres]], [[Mali Lošinj]], [[Krk (town)|Krk]] and the one in Montenegro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unione-italiana.hr/le_comunita_degli_italiani.htm|title=Il sito della Comunità Nazionale Italiana in Slovenia e in Croazia, con l'elenco delle Comunità degli Italiani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504200728/http://www.unione-italiana.hr/le_comunita_degli_italiani.htm |archive-date=4 May 2010 }}</ref> In particular, according to the official Croatian census of 2011, there are 83 Dalmatian Italians in [[Split, Croatia|Split]] (equal to 0.05% of the total population), 16 in [[Šibenik]] (0.03%) and 27 in [[Dubrovnik]] (0.06%).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/e01_01_04/E01_01_04_zup17.html|title = Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> According to the official Croatian census of 2021, there are 63 Dalmatian Italians in [[Zadar]] (equal to 0.09% of the total population).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/e01_01_04/E01_01_04_zup13.html|title = Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> According to the official Montenegrin census of 2011, there are 31 Dalmatian Italians in [[Kotor]] (equal to 0.14% of the total population).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf|title=STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NACIONALNOJ, ODNOSNO ETNIČKOJ PRIPADNOSTI PO OPŠTINAMA |access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref> |
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==Modern-day presence in Dalmatia== |
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Following the Italian emigration from Dalmatia<ref>Petacco, Arrigo. ''L'esodo, la tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia''</ref> following World War II, the Dalmatian Italians were reduced to 300 in Croatian Dalmatia and 500 in Montenegro. |
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===Education and Italian language=== |
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They are to be found in coastal cities: |
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In Zadar the local ''Comunità degli Italiani'' requested the creation of an Italian asylum since 2009. After considerable government opposition,<ref>[https://groups.google.com/group/free.it.discussioni.istria.fiume.dalmazia/msg/d51366dd1c197047 Reazioni scandalizzate per il rifiuto governativo croato ad autorizzare un asilo italiano a Zara]</ref><ref>[http://www.anvgd.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4451&Itemid=111 Zara: ok all'apertura dell'asilo italiano]</ref> with the imposition of a national filter that imposed the obligation to possess Italian citizenship for registration, and by 2013 it was opened hosting the first 25 children.<ref>[http://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/trieste/cronaca/2013/10/13/news/aperto-pinocchio-primo-asilo-italiano-nella-citta-di-zara-1.7911897 Aperto “Pinocchio”, primo asilo italiano nella città di Zara]</ref> This kindergarten is the first Italian educational institution opened in Dalmatia after the closure of the last Italian school, which operated there until 1953. |
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* in Croatia: [[Zadar|Zara]], [[Split, Croatia|Spalato]], [[Trogir|Trau]], and [[Šibenik|Sebenico]]. |
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* in Montenegro: [[Kotor]] (Venetian cattaro), [[Perast]]o, and [[Budva|Budua]]. |
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===Croatian Venetists=== |
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The Dalmatian Italians were a fundamental presence in Dalmatia, when the process of political unification of the Italians, Croats and Serbs started at the beginning of the 19th century. The 1816 Austro-Hungarian census registered 66,000 Italian speaking people between the 301,000 inhabitants of Dalmatia, or 22% of the total dalmatian population.<ref>Montani, Carlo. ''Venezia Giulia, Dalmazia - Sommario Storico - An Historical Outline''</ref> |
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A contemporary reaction to both the [[Italian irredentist]] movement and the inadequate legal representation of [[Italians of Croatia]] by the [[Republic of Croatia]] (and hence the [[European Union]]), appears to have spawned a number of self identifying markers among the descendants of (both titled & untitled) former merchant classes of mixed Croatian (mostly [[Istrian]] and/or [[Dalmatia]]n) and North Italian (mostly [[Veneto|Venetian]], and/or [[Friuli]]an) extractions. The two most popular self identifications of this kind remain; Croatian [[Venetian nationalism|Venetists]], and Venetian Lombards (most of which explicitly self identify as Croatian, and implicitly as mentioned above). |
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How they perceive [[Italy]] and the general [[Italians|Italian]] ethnicity remains unclear. However, while its historical context, in part by the colonial elements of the [[Republic of Venice]], [[Italian unification]] & the legacy of two world wars, remains a controversial issue at best, it does suggest a much larger presence of people of [[Italians|Italian]] and [[Veneto|Venetian]] descent in Croatia than previously thought. |
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After those years their presence constantly decreased, until their nearly disappearance after WWII. That means that in nearly two centuries the Dalmatian Italians' presence went down from nearly a quarter of the total population of Dalmatia, to a mere 300 in Croatia and 500 in Montenegro. |
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Since Croatia's much talked about adoption of Italian as one of the national languages of Croatia (particularly in Istria), curtailing language rights for [[Venetian language|Venetian]] speakers however, may have triggered conflicting identity issues of cultural affiliations between [[Italians]] of various regions of [[Italy]], and [[Croatia]]. Particular note of reference point towards the [[2014 Venetian independence referendum]], and [[Venetian autonomy referendum, 2017]] in Italy, which may have weakened the Italian in the northern Adriatic Basin since. |
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===Main Dalmatian Italian associations=== |
===Main Dalmatian Italian associations=== |
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[[File:Mali Losinj 01.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mali Lošinj]] port]] |
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[[File:Kotor Montenegro panorama 2016.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Kotor]]]] |
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In contemporary Dalmatia there are several associations of Dalmatian Italians, mainly located in important coastal cities: |
In contemporary Dalmatia there are several associations of Dalmatian Italians, mainly located in important coastal cities: |
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* The Italian Community of Zadar (''Comunità Italiana di Zara''). Founded in 1991 in [[Zadar]], with an Assembly of around 500 members. The current president is Rina Villani (who has been recently elected <ref name="www.dalmaziaeu.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.dalmaziaeu.it/IlDalmata.aspx|title=Fondazione scientifico culturale Eugenio e Maria Rustia Traine|website=Dalmaziaeu.it|access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> in the Zadar county, or Županija). The former president of the CI, Dr. Libero Grubišić, started the first Italian courses in the city after the close of all the Italian school in Zadar in 1953. The actual vice president, Silvio Duiella, has promoted the creation of an ''Italian Choral of Zadar'' under the direction of Adriana Grubelić. In the new offices, the CI has a library and organizes several courses of Italian and conferences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unione-italiana.hr/comunitad.asp?cat%3D12%26id_com%3D50 |title=Unione Italiana - Talijanska unija - Italijanska Unija |access-date=February 24, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611052216/http://www.unione-italiana.hr/comunitad.asp?cat=12&id_com=50 |archive-date=June 11, 2008 }}</ref> The office of the community was the target of a criminal fire in 2004. |
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* The Italian Community of Split (''Comunità Italiana di Spalato''). Was created in 1993 in [[Split, Croatia|Split]], with an office near the city's trademark ''Riva'' seashore. The president is Eugenio Dalmas and the legal director is Mladen Dalbello. In the office, the CI organises Italian language courses and conferences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unione-italiana.hr/comunitad.asp?cat%3D12%26id_com%3D40 |title=Unione Italiana - Talijanska unija - Italijanska Unija |access-date=February 24, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401160101/http://www.unione-italiana.hr/comunitad.asp?cat=12&id_com=40 |archive-date=April 1, 2008 }}</ref> This CI has 97 members. |
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* The Italian Community of [[Mali Lošinj]] (''Comunità Italiana di Lussinpiccolo''). Created in 1990 in the northern Dalmatian island of [[Lošinj]]. This CI was founded thanks to Stelio Cappelli (first president) in this little island, that was part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1918 to 1947. It has 461 members under the actual leadership of Anna Maria Saganici, Livia Andrijčić and Andrino Maglievaz. The activities are run in a place offered by the local authorities. The library has been donated by the local Rotary Club.<ref>[http://www.unione-italiana.hr/comunitad.asp?cat=12&id_com=22]{{dead link|date=April 2016}}</ref> |
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* The Italian Community of Kotor (''Comunità Italiana di Cattaro''), in [[Kotor]] is being registered officially (with the "Unione Italiana") as the Italian Community of Montenegro (Comunità degli Italiani del Montenegro). In connection with this registration, the "Center for Dalmatian Cultural Research" (Centro di Ricerche Culturali Dalmate) has opened in 2007 the ''Venetian house'' in Kotor to celebrate the Venetian heritage in coastal Montenegro. |
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* The [[Dante Alighieri Society]] is an Italian government organization promotes [[culture of Italy|Italian culture]] and [[Italian language|language]] in the world with the help of the Italian speaking communities outside Italy. In Dalmatia is actually present in: |
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** Zadar <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=273|title=LE NOSTRE SEDI|website=Ladante.it|access-date=2016-04-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124215/http://ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=273|archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> |
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** Split <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=271|title=LE NOSTRE SEDI|website=Ladante.it|access-date=2016-04-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021518/http://ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=271|archive-date=2016-03-06}}</ref> |
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** Dubrovnik <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=267|title=LE NOSTRE SEDI|website=Ladante.it|access-date=2016-04-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316123205/http://ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=267|archive-date=2016-03-16}}</ref> |
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** Kotor <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=14|title=LE NOSTRE SEDI|website=Ladante.it|access-date=2016-04-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315084208/http://ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=14|archive-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> |
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==Culture== |
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* The Italian Community of Zadar (''Comunità Italiana di Zara''). Founded in 1991 in [[Zadar]], with an Assembly of 236 members. The current president is Rina Villani (who has been recently elected <ref name="www.dalmaziaeu.it">[http://www.dalmaziaeu.it/IlDalmata.aspx www.dalmaziaeu.it]</ref> in the Zadar county, or Županija). The former president of the CI, Dr. Libero Grubišić, started the first Italian courses in the city after the close of all the Italian school in Zadar in 1953. The actual vice president, Silvio Duiella, has promoted the creation of an ''Italian Choral of Zadar'' under the direction of Adriana Grubelić. In the new offices, the CI has a library and organizes several courses of Italian and conferences.<ref>[http://www.unione-italiana.hr/comunitad.asp?cat=12&id_com=50 www.unione-italiana.hr]</ref> |
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{{see also|Venetian Dalmatia|Italian cuisine|Italian folk dance}} |
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[[File:Zadar PortaTerraferma.jpg|thumb|right|The city gates to [[Zadar]] features the [[Lion of Saint Mark]] of the [[Republic of Venice]].]] |
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[[File:City of Trogir and the Tower of the Kamerlengo Castle (5975489212).jpg|thumb|right|[[Kamerlengo Castle]] in [[Trogir]].]] |
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The legacy from Venice in Dalmatia is huge and very important, mainly in the cultural and artistic area. Venice was one of the centers of Italian [[Renaissance]], when the Republic of Venice dominated Dalmatia, and the Venetian Dalmatia enjoyed the benefits of this fact. From [[Giorgio Orsini]] to the influence on the early contemporary Croatian literature, Venice made its Dalmatia the most western-oriented civilized area of the Balkans, mostly in the cities. |
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* The Italian Community of Split (''Comunità Italiana di Spalato''). Was created in 1993 in [[Split, Croatia|Split]], with an office near the city's trademark ''Riva'' seashore. The president is Eugenio Dalmas and the legal director is Mladen Dalbello. In the office, the CI organises Italian language courses and conferences.<ref>[http://www.unione-italiana.hr/comunitad.asp?cat=12&id_com=40 www.unione-italiana.hr]</ref> This CI has 97 members. |
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Some architectural works from that period of Dalmatia are of European importance, and would contribute to further development of the Renaissance: the Cathedral of St James in [[Šibenik]] and the Chapel of Blessed John in [[Trogir]]. |
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* The Italian Community of [[Mali Lošinj]] (''Comunità Italiana di Lussinpiccolo''). Created in 1990 in the northern Dalmatian island of [[Lošinj]]. This CI was founded thanks to Stelio Cappelli (first president) in this little island, that was part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1918 to 1947. It has 461 members under the actual leadership of Anna Maria Saganici, Livia Andrijčić and Andrino Maglievaz. The activities are run in a place offered by the local authorities. The library has been donated by the local Rotary Club.<ref>[http://www.unione-italiana.hr/comunitad.asp?cat=12&id_com=22 www.unione-italiana.hr]</ref> |
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Indeed, the Croatian renaissance, strongly influenced by Venetian and [[Italian literature]], was thoroughly developed on the coastal parts of [[Croatia]]. The beginning of the [[Culture of Croatia|Croatian]] 16th-century literal activity was marked by a [[Dalmatia]]n [[Humanism|humanist]] [[Marko Marulić|Marco Marulo]] and his [[Epic poetry|epic]] book ''[[Judita]]'', which has been written by incorporating peculiar motives and events from the classical Bible, and adapting them to the contemporary literature in Europe.<ref>Dunja Fališevac, Krešimir Nemec, Darko Novaković (2000). Leksikon hrvatskih pisaca. Zagreb: Školska knjiga d.d. {{ISBN|953-0-61107-2}}.</ref> |
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* The Italian Community of Kotor (''Comunità Italiana di Cattaro''), in [[Kotor]] is being registered officially (with the "Unione Italiana") as the Italian Community of Montenegro (Comunità degli Italiani del Montenegro). In connection with this registration, the "Center for Dalmatian Cultural Research" (Centro di Ricerche Culturali Dalmate) has opened in 2007 the ''Venetian house'' in Kotor to celebrate the Venetian heritage in coastal Montenegro. |
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In 1997 the historical city-island of [[Trogir]] (called "Tragurium" in Latin when was one of the [[Dalmatian City-States]] and "Traù" in venetian) was inscribed in the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]]. "The orthogonal street plan of this island...was embellished by successive rulers with many fine public and domestic buildings and fortifications. Its beautiful [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] churches are complemented by the outstanding [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] buildings from the Venetian period", says the UNESCO report. Trogir is the best-preserved Romanesque-[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] complex not only in the Adriatic, but in all of [[Central Europe]]. Trogir's [[medieval]] core, surrounded by walls, comprises a venetian well-preserved castle and tower ([[Kamerlengo Castle]]) and a series of dwellings and palaces from the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque periods. Trogir's grandest building is the church of [[St. Lawrence]], whose main west portal is a masterpiece by [[Radovan (master)|Radovan]], and the most significant work of the Romanesque-Gothic style in Croatia. |
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* The ''"Dante Alighieri" Association''. The "Dante Alighieri" is an Italian government organization that promotes Italian language in the world, with the help of the Italian speaking communities outside Italy. In Dalmatia is actually present in: |
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:- Zadar <ref>[http://www.ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=273 www.ladante.it]</ref> |
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:- Split <ref>[http://www.ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=271 www.ladante.it]</ref> |
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:- Dubrovnik <ref>[http://www.ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=267 www.ladante.it]</ref> |
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:- Kotor <ref>[http://www.ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=14 www.ladante.it]</ref> |
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The [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition]]<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Dalmatia |volume= 07 | pages = 772–776 |last1= Jayne |first1= Kingsley Garland }}</ref> states, in the "Antiquities" entry, of page 774, that: |
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In the city of [[Rijeka]] (Fiume), that geographer Vialli considers partially Dalmatian, 7,000 Italians have a local ''Italian Community'',<ref>[http://www.unione-italiana.hr/comunitad.asp?cat=12&id_com=14 Unione Italiana - Talijanska unija - Italijanska Unija<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> the ''Dante Alighieri'' <ref>[http://www.ladante.it/lenostresedi/scheda_ck.asp?id=268 www.ladante.it]</ref> and the ''Italian Drama'' (Dramma Italiano) (a theatre organization in Italian language, based in the Croat National Theatre Ivan Zajc). |
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{{bquote|... from Italy (and Venice) came the Romanesque. The belfry of S. Maria, at Zara, erected in 1105, is first in a long list of Romanesque buildings. At Arbe there is a beautiful Romanesque campanile which also belongs to the 12th century; but the finest example in this style is the cathedral of Trau. The 14th century Dominican and Franciscan convents in Ragusa are also noteworthy. Romanesque lingered on in Dalmatia until it was displaced by Venetian Gothic in the early years of the 15th century. The influence of Venice was then at its height. Even in the relatively hostile Republic of Ragusa the Romanesque of the custom-house and Rectors' palace is combined with Venetian Gothic, while the graceful balconies and ogee windows of the Prijeki closely follow their Venetian models. In 1441 Giorgio Orsini of Zara, summoned from Venice to design the cathedral of Sebenico, brought with him the influence of the Italian Renaissance. The new forms which he introduced were eagerly imitated and developed by other architects, until the period of decadence - which virtually concludes the history of Dalmatian art - set in during the latter half of the 17th century. Special mention must be made of the carved woodwork, embroideries and plate preserved in many churches. The silver statuette and the reliquary of St. Biagio at Ragusa, and the silver ark of St. Simeon at Zara, are fine specimens of Italian jewelers' work, ranging in date from the 11th or 12th to the 17th century ...}} |
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In the 19th century the cultural influence from [[Italy]] originated the editing in Zadar of the first Dalmatian newspaper, in Italian and [[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''[[Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin]]'', founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806. The ''Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin'' was stamped in the typography of the Dalmatian Italian Antonio Luigi Battara and was the first done in [[Croatian language|Croatian]]. |
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== Dalmatian-Italian diaspora == |
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A large number of Dalmatian Italians participated in the [[Istrian Exodus]] from territories of the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] obtained by [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]] after World War 2. Many thousands moved to Italy, with many continuing to live in a suburb of [[Rome]] often referred to as the ''Quartiere Giuliano-Dalmata''. Some have become world renowned, such as the fashion designer [[Ottavio Missoni]], the writer [[Enzo Bettiza]], and the industrial tycoon Giorgio Luxardo, founder of the [[Maraschino]] liquor distillery. |
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The Dalmatian Italians contributed to the cultural development of theater and opera in Dalmatia. The Verdi Theater in Zadar was their main symbol until 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.italianidizara.eu/2007/teaverdi.pdf/verdi.pdf |title=Comunita degli Italiani di Zara Zajednica Talijana Zadar |website=Italianidizara.eu |access-date=2016-04-21 |archive-date=13 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713225451/http://www.italianidizara.eu/2007/teaverdi.pdf/verdi.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Others were part of the general [[Italian diaspora]], some relocating as [[displaced person]]s to other countries, especially to [[Australia]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Argentina]]. |
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The [[Croatian cuisine]] of Dalmatia was influenced by [[Italian cuisine]], given the historical presence of Dalmatian Italians, influence that has eased after the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guide-europe.info/cucina-croata/|title=Cucina Croata. I piatti della cucina della Croazia|date=19 June 2016 |access-date=26 November 2021|language=it}}</ref><ref name="istriana">{{cite web|url=https://www.lacucinaitaliana.it/news/in-primo-piano/cucina-triestina-istriana-e-dalmata/|title=I sopravvissuti: i 10 gioielli della cucina istriana|date=23 March 2016 |access-date=26 November 2021|language=it}}</ref> For example, the influence of Italian cuisine on Croatian dishes can be seen in the {{lang|hr|pršut}} (similar to Italian ''[[prosciutto]]'') and on the preparation of homemade pasta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanetitalia.it/articoli/cucina-del-mondo/assaporate-il-cibo-dell-istria-il-paradiso-gastronomico-della-croazia|title=Assaporate il cibo dell'Istria: il paradiso gastronomico della Croazia|date=21 May 2019 |access-date=2 December 2021|language=it}}</ref> |
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==Culture== |
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[[Image:Zadar PortaTerraferma.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Old Zadar city gates.]] |
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The [[Moresca]] as a weapon dance and pageant portraying a battle between Christians and [[Saracen]]s was known in Italy at least as early as the 15th century but seems to have died out by the middle of the 19th century. It still exists on the Dalmatian coast in Croatia as [[Moreška]] but the battle here is between the [[Moors]] and the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]. The dance is known from [[Split (city)|Split]] (in Italian ''Spalato''), [[Korčula]] (''Curzola'') and [[Lastovo]] (''Lagosta''). There are differing accounts of the origin of the Dalmatian dance, some tracing to Italian and others to Slavic roots.<ref name="galantispada">{{cite book|title=La danza della spada in Italia|last=Galanti|first=Bianca Maria|location=Rome|publisher=Edizione Italiane|year=1942}}</ref> Andrea Alibranti has proposed that the first appearance of the dance in Korčula came after the defeat of the corsair Uluz Ali by the local inhabitants in 1571.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gjivoje|first=Marinko|year=1951|title=Prilog datiranju postanka korčulanske moreške|journal=Historijski zbornik (Zagreb)|volume=4|pages=151–156}}</ref> |
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==Dalmatian Italians== |
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Across the centuries Dalmatian Italians made with their life and their works a large influence on Dalmatia. However, it would somehow arbitrary to attribute a nationality to the Dalmatians living before the Napoleonic time. Indeed, only at the beginning of the 19th century the concept of national identity started to build up. For this reason, hereafter are reported some notable Dalmatian Italians who are considered Croat too, in chronological order of birth. |
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===Scientists=== |
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[[File:Ottavio Missoni (foto di Giuseppe Pino, 1990).png|thumb|[[Ottavio Missoni]]]] |
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[[Image:Niccolo Tommaseo.png|thumb|[[Niccolò Tommaseo]]]] |
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[[File:Arturo Colautti.jpg|thumb|[[Arturo Colautti]]]] |
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[[Image:Enzo Betizza.jpg|thumb|[[Enzo Bettiza]]]] |
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[[File:Ida Quaiatti sometimes Cajatti.jpg|thumb|[[Ida Quaiatti]]]] |
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[[Image:Xenia Valderi.jpg|thumb|[[Xenia Valderi]]]] |
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* [[Giorgio Baglivi]] ([[Dubrovnik]]) – physician |
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* [[Roger Joseph Boscovich]] ([[Dubrovnik]]) – astronomer, physicist, philosopher who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat |
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* [[Silvio Ballarin]] ([[Zadar]]) – mathematician |
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* [[Francesco Carrara (archaeologist)|Francesco Carrara]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - archaeologist |
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* [[Roberto de Visiani]] ([[Šibenik]]) – botanist |
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* [[Spiridon Brusina]] ([[Zadar]]) – malacologist |
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* [[Simone Stratigo]] ([[Zadar]]) – mathematician |
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* [[Carlo Viola]] ([[Zadar]]) – geologist |
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* [[Angelo Antonio Frari]] ([[Šibenik]]) – physician |
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* [[Luigi Frari]] ([[Šibenik]]) – medical doctor |
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===Artists=== |
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[[The British Encyclopedia]] states that: |
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* [[Giorgio da Sebenico]] or [[Giorgio Orsini]] or [[Juraj Dalmatinac]] ([[Zadar]]) - sculptor who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat |
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<blockquote> |
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* [[Luciano Laurana]] ([[Vrana (town)|Vrana]]) - architect |
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"....The monuments left in Dalmatia by the Romans are numerous and precious. They are chiefly confined to the cities; for the civilization of the country was always urban, just as its history is a record of isolated city-states rather than of a united nation. Beyond the walls of its larger towns, little was spared by the barbarian Goths, Avars and Slavs; and the battered fragments of Roman work which mark the sites of Salona, near, and of many other ancient cities, are of slight antiquarian interest and slighter artistic value. Among the monuments of the Roman period, by far the most noteworthy in Dalmatia, and, indeed, in the whole Balkan Peninsula, is the Palace of Diocletian at Spalato. Dalmatian architecture was influenced by Constantinople in its general character from the 6th century until the close of the tenth. The oldest memorials of this period are the vestiges of three basilicas, excavated in Salona, and dating from the first half of the 7th century at latest. Then from Italy came the Romanesque. The belfry of S. Maria, at Zara, erected in 1105, is first in a long list of Romanesque buildings. At Arbe there is a beautiful Romanesque campanile which also belongs to the 12th century; but the finest example in this style is the cathedral of Trail. The 14th century Dominican and Franciscan convents in Ragusa are also noteworthy. Romanesque lingered on in Dalmatia until it was displaced by Venetian Gothic in the early years of the 15th century. The influence of Venice was then at its height. Even in the relatively hostile Republic of Ragusa the Romanesque of the custom-house and Rectors' palace is combined with Venetian Gothic, while the graceful balconies and ogee windows of the Prijeki closely follow their Venetian models. In 1441 Giorgio Orsini of Zara, summoned from Venice to design the cathedral of Sebenico, brought with him the influence of the Italian Renaissance. The new forms which he introduced were eagerly imitated and developed by other architects, until the period of decadence - which virtually concludes the history of Dalmatian art - set in during the latter half of the 17th century. Special mention must be made of the carved woodwork, embroideries and plate preserved in many churches. The silver statuette and the reliquary of St. Biagio at Ragusa, and the silver ark of St. Simeon at Zara, are fine specimens of Italian jewelers' work, ranging in date from the 11th or 12th to the 17th century...". |
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* [[Francesco Laurana]] or [[Frane Vranjanin]] ([[Vrana (town)|Vrana]]) - sculptor who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat |
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</blockquote> |
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* [[Giovanni Dalmata]] or [[Ivan Duknovic]] ([[Vinišće]]) - sculptor who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat |
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* [[Andrea Schiavone]] or [[Andrea Meldolla]] or [[Andrija Medulić]] ([[Zadar]]) - painter |
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* [[Tullio Crali]] ([[Igalo]]) – painter |
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* [[Roberto Ferruzzi]] ([[Šibenik]]) – painter |
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* [[Tino Pattiera]] ([[Cavtat]]) – tenor |
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* [[Mila Schön]] ([[Trogir]]) – stilist |
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* [[Antonio Pini-Corsi]] ([[Zadar]]) – operatic baritone |
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* [[Ida Quaiatti]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - lyric soprano |
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===Writers=== |
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In the XIX century the cultural influence from [[Italy]] originated the editing in Zadar of the first dalmatian newspaper, in Italian and [[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''Il Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin'', founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806. |
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* [[Anselmo Banduri]] ([[Dubrovnik]]) – archaeologist |
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* [[Serafino Cerva]] ([[Dubrovnik]]) – historian |
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* [[Sebastiano Dolci]] or [[Sebastijan Slade]] ([[Dubrovnik]]) – linguist and historian who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat |
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* [[Bernardo Zamagna]] ([[Dubrovnik]]) – writer |
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* [[Pier Alessandro Paravia]] ([[Zadar]]) – writer |
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* [[Niccolò Tommaseo]] ([[Šibenik]]) – linguist, journalist and essayist |
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* [[Aldo Duro (linguist)|Aldo Duro]] ([[Zadar]]) – linguist and lexicographer |
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* [[Adolf Mussafia]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - philologist |
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* [[Nino Nutrizio]] ([[Trogir]]) - journalist |
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* [[Arturo Colautti]] ([[Zadar]]) – journalist, writer and opera composer |
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* [[Alessandro Dudan]] ([[Vrlika]]) – historian |
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* [[Giorgio Politeo]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - philosopher |
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* [[Enzo Bettiza]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) – journalist and international writer |
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* [[Renzo de' Vidovich]] ([[Zadar]]) – writer, journalist and director of "Il Dalmata" |
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* [[Carlo Tivaroni]] ([[Zadar]]) – historian |
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* [[Riccardo Forster]] ([[Zadar]]) – poet |
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* [[Arnolfo Bacotich]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - historian and journalist |
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* [[Ivo Lapenna]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - law professor |
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===Politicians=== |
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The Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin was stamped in the tipography of Antonio Luigi Battara and was the first done in [[croat language]]. |
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* [[Vincenzo Duplancich]] ([[Zadar]]) - deputy in the [[Diet of Dalmatia]] |
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* [[Antonio Bajamonti]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) – Italian mayor of Split |
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* [[Federico Seismit-Doda]] ([[Dubrovnik]]) – [[Minister (government)|minister]] in [[Kingdom of Italy]] |
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* [[Lovro Monti]] ([[Knin]]) - last Italian mayor of Knin and deputy in the [[Diet of Dalmatia]] |
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* [[Enrico Tivaroni]] ([[Zadar]]) – [[magistrate]] and senator in [[Senate of the Kingdom of Italy]] |
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* [[Luigi Ziliotto]] ([[Zadar]]) – Italian irredentist [[podestà]] of Zadar and senator of Italian Kingdom |
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* [[Roberto Ghiglianovich]] ([[Zadar]]) – senator of Italian Kingdom |
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* [[Francesco Salata]] ([[Osor, Croatia|Osor]]) – senator of Italian Kingdom and [[ambassador]] |
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* [[Antonio Cippico]] ([[Zadar]]) – senator of Italian Kingdom |
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* [[Antonio Tacconi]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) – [[National Fascist Party|fascist]] senator and last Italian mayor or [[podestà]] of Split |
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* [[Antonio De Berti]] ([[Pag (island)|Pag]]) - Italian irredentist and deputy in [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)]] |
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* [[Lucio Toth]] ([[Zadar]]) – senator in [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)]] |
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===Cinema=== |
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The Dalmatian Italians contributed to the cultural development of theater and opera in Dalmatia. The Zara "Teatro Verdi" was their main symbol until 1945.<ref>[http://www.italianidizara.eu/2007/teaverdi.pdf/verdi.pdf Teatro Verdi]</ref> |
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* [[Gianni Garko]] ([[Zadar]]) – actor |
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* [[Tullio Carminati]] ([[Zadar]]) – actor |
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* [[Gastone Medin]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - art director |
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* [[Xenia Valderi]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - actress |
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===Sport=== |
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==Contemporary notable Dalmatian Italians== |
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* [[Gabre Gabric]] ([[Imotski]]) – Athlete |
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[[Image:Ottavio Missoni.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ottavio Missoni]] |
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* [[Armando Marenzi]] ([[Šibenik]]) – football manager |
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Small list of notable "Dalmatian Italians" |
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* [[Giovanni Rosso]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) – Former footballer for the Croatia national team |
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* [[Latino Galasso]] ([[Zadar]]) – rower |
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* [[Bernarda Pera]] ([[Zadar]]) – tennis player |
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* [[Ivan Santini]] ([[Zadar]]) – footballer |
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* [[Carlo Toniatti]] ([[Zadar]]) – rower |
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* [[Sergio Vatta]] ([[Zadar]]) – footballer |
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* [[Antonio Calebotta]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - basketball player |
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* [[Vinko Cuzzi]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - footballer |
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* [[Deni Fiorentini]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - water polo player |
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* [[Goran Fiorentini]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - water polo player |
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* [[Ante Nardelli]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - water polo player |
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* [[Ante Palaversa]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - footballer |
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* [[Romeo Romanutti]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - basketball player |
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* [[Enzo Sovitti]] ([[Zadar]]) - basketball coach |
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===Military members=== |
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a) in Italy: |
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* [[Bandiera brothers|Attilio Bandiera]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - Italian patriot |
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*''[[Enzo Bettiza]]'', journalist and international writer from Split |
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* [[Francesco Rismondo]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) - awarded military volunteer |
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*''[[Ottavio Missoni]]'', international fashion designer from Dubrovnik |
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* [[Furio Lauri]] ([[Zadar]]) – naval officer |
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*''[[Renzo de' Vidovich]]'', writer and director of "Il Dalmata" [[:it:Renzo de'Vidovich]] |
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* [[Luigi Missoni]] ([[Gruž]]) - awarded military |
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*''[[Franco Luxardo]]'', mayor of the "Free [[Commune (intentional community)|commune]] of Zadar in exile" (Libero Comune di Zara in esilio) |
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* [[Antonio Varisco]] ([[Zadar]]) – carabinier |
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*''[[Giorgio Luxardo]]'', owner of the most famous "[[Maraschino]]" liquor distillery |
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*''[[Simone Filippo Stratico]]'', writer and university professor |
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*''[[Tullio Crali]]'', futurist painter <ref>[http://www.archimagazine.com/bcrali.htm www.archimagazine.com/]</ref> |
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*''[[Secondo Raggi]]'', Zadar painter <ref>[http://www.jointex.it/argam/primaverileR2004/c_lombardi.htm http://www.jointex.it]</ref> |
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*''[[Franco Ziliotto]]'', Zadar painter <ref>[http://www.leganazionale.it/esodo/programmabancarella.pdf www.leganazionale.it]</ref> |
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*''[[Waldes Coen]]'', Split sculptor <ref>[http://www.leganazionale.it/esodo/programmabancarella.pdf http://www.google.it]</ref> |
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*''[[Giuseppe Lallich]]'', Split painter <ref>[http://www.exibart.com/profilo/eventiV2.asp/idelemento/37429 www.exibart.com]</ref> |
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* ''[[Secondo Raggi Karuz]]'' artist from Zadar.<ref>[http://www.jointex.it/argam/primaverileR2004/c_lombardi.htm www.jointex.it/argam]</ref> |
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===Business=== |
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b) in Croatia: |
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* [[Girolamo Manfrin]] ([[Zadar]]) – [[entrepreneur]] |
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*''[[Rina Villani]]'', president of the Italian community in Zadar (''Comunità degli Italiani di Zara'') |
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* [[Ottavio Missoni]] ([[Dubrovnik]]) – the founder of Italian luxury fashion house [[Missoni]] |
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*''[[Eugenio Dalmas]]'', president of the Italian community in Split (''Comunità degli Italiani di Spalato'') |
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* [[Franco Luxardo]] ([[Zadar]]) – [[manager]] in [[Girolamo Luxardo|Girolamo Luxardo SpA]] |
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*''[[Adriana Grubelić]]'', director of the Italian Choral Society of Zadar <ref>[http://www.viverelamiastenia.it/web.php?categoria=Tour%20Viverelamiastenia&lang=it&action=paginatour] "''...ha visto poi la presidente della comunità italiana di Zara, Rina Villani e Adriana Grubelić, componente della stessa comunità.''"</ref> |
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* [[Ana Grepo]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) – model and entrepreneur |
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* [[Pascual Baburizza]] ([[Koločep]]) – entrepreneur based in [[Chile]] |
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==Organizations and periodicals== |
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Many Dalmatian Italians are organized in associations such as: |
Many Dalmatian Italians are organized in associations such as: |
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* ''Associazione nazionale Venezia Giulia e Dalmazia''<ref> |
* ''Associazione nazionale Venezia Giulia e Dalmazia''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anvgd.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=63&lang=en|title=Home|website=Anvgd.it|access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> |
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* ''Comunità di Lussinpiccolo''.<ref> |
* ''Comunità di Lussinpiccolo''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lussinpiccolo-italia.net/|title=Lussinpiccolo : Home|website=Lussinpiccolo-italia.net|access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> |
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* ''Comunità chersina nel mondo'' <ref> |
* ''Comunità chersina nel mondo'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comunitachersina.com/ |title=Comunitachersina.com |access-date=February 8, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224153/http://www.comunitachersina.com/ |archive-date=March 3, 2016 }}</ref> |
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* ''Libero Comune di Zara in esilio'' (''Free Commune of Zadar in exile'') |
* ''Libero Comune di Zara in esilio'' (''Free Commune of Zadar in exile'') |
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* ''Società Dalmata di Storia Patria''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sddsp.it/chi.htm |title=SOCIETA' DALMATA di STORIA PATRIA chi siamo |access-date=November 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310035402/http://www.sddsp.it/chi.htm |archive-date=March 10, 2009 }}</ref> |
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* ''Libero Comune di Fiume in esilio''(Free Commune of Fiume/Rijeka in exile'') |
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* ''Società Dalmata di Storia Patria''<ref>[http://www.sddsp.it/chi.htm www.sddsp.it/chi.htm]</ref> |
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The most popular periodical for Dalmatian Italians is ''Il Dalmata'', published in [[Trieste]] by Renzo de' Vidovich.<ref name="www.dalmaziaeu.it"/> |
The most popular periodical for Dalmatian Italians is ''Il Dalmata'', published in [[Trieste]] by Renzo de' Vidovich.<ref name="www.dalmaziaeu.it"/> |
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== |
==See also== |
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* [[ |
* [[Dalmatia]] |
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* [[History of Dalmatia]] |
* [[History of Dalmatia]] |
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* [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]] |
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* [[Dalmatia#Venetian Dalmatia, Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), and Ottoman conquests|Venetian Dalmatia and Republic of Ragusa]] |
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* [[Zadar]] |
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* [[Albania Veneta]] |
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* [[Italia irredenta]] |
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* [[Istrian Italians]] |
* [[Istrian Italians]] |
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* [[Istrian exodus]] |
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* [[Italian language in Croatia]] |
* [[Italian language in Croatia]] |
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* [[Italianization]] |
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* [[Italian Governatorate of Dalmatia]] |
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== Notes and references == |
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==References== |
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=== Notes === |
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<references/> |
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{{Notelist}} |
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=== References === |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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* Bartoli, Matteo. ''Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia''. Tipografia italo-orientale. Grottaferrata 1919. |
* Bartoli, Matteo. ''Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia''. Tipografia italo-orientale. Grottaferrata 1919. |
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*Colella, Amedeo. ''L'esodo dalle terre adriatiche. Rilevazioni statistiche''. Edizioni Opera per Profughi. Roma, 1958 |
* Colella, Amedeo. ''L'esodo dalle terre adriatiche. Rilevazioni statistiche''. Edizioni Opera per Profughi. Roma, 1958 |
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* Čermelj, Lavo. ''Sloveni e Croati in Italia tra le due guerre.'' Editoriale Stampa Triestina, Trieste, 1974. |
* Čermelj, Lavo. ''Sloveni e Croati in Italia tra le due guerre.'' Editoriale Stampa Triestina, Trieste, 1974. |
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* {{cite book |last1=Ivetic |first1=Egidio |title=Povijest Jadrana: More i njegove civilizacije |trans-title=History of the Adriatic: A Sea and Its Civilization |date=2022 |publisher=Srednja Europa, Polity Press |isbn=9789538281747 |language=hr, en}} |
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* Montani, Carlo. ''Venezia Giulia, Dalmazia - Sommario Storico - An Historical Outline''. terza edizione ampliata e riveduta. Edizioni Ades. Trieste, 2002 |
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* Montani, Carlo. ''Venezia Giulia, Dalmazia – Sommario Storico – An Historical Outline''. terza edizione ampliata e riveduta. Edizioni Ades. Trieste, 2002 |
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* Monzali, Luciano. ''The Italians of Dalmatia: from Italian Unification to World War I'', University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2009. |
* Monzali, Luciano. ''The Italians of Dalmatia: from Italian Unification to World War I'', University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2009. |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Monzali|first=Luciano|title=A Difficult and Silent Return: Italian Exiles from Dalmatia and Yugoslav Zadar/Zara after the Second World War|journal=Balcanica|year=2016|issue=47|pages=317–328|doi=10.2298/BALC1647317M|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531647317M|doi-access=free|hdl=11586/186368|hdl-access=free}} |
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* Perselli, Guerrino. ''I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste, e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936''. Centro di ricerche storiche - Rovigno, Trieste - Rovigno 1993. |
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* Perselli, Guerrino. ''I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste, e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936''. Centro di ricerche storiche – Rovigno, Trieste – Rovigno 1993. |
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* Petacco, Arrigo. ''L'esodo, la tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia'', Mondadori, Milano, 1999. |
* Petacco, Arrigo. ''L'esodo, la tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia'', Mondadori, Milano, 1999. |
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* Pupo, Raoul; Spazzali, Roberto. ''Foibe''. Bruno Mondadori, Milano 2003. |
* Pupo, Raoul; Spazzali, Roberto. ''Foibe''. Bruno Mondadori, Milano 2003. |
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* Rocchi, Flaminio. ''L'esodo dei 350.000 giuliani, fiumani e dalmati''. Difesa Adriatica editore. Roma, 1970 |
* Rocchi, Flaminio. ''L'esodo dei 350.000 giuliani, fiumani e dalmati''. Difesa Adriatica editore. Roma, 1970 |
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* Seton-Watson, "Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, |
* Seton-Watson, "Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925", John Murray Publishers, Londra 1967. |
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* Tomaz, Luigi, ''Il confine d'Italia in Istria e Dalmazia'', Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2007. |
* Tomaz, Luigi, ''Il confine d'Italia in Istria e Dalmazia'', Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2007. |
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* Tomaz Luigi, ''In Adriatico nel secondo millennio'', Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2010. |
* Tomaz Luigi, ''In Adriatico nel secondo millennio'', Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2010. |
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* Ezio e Luciano Giuricin (2015) [https://crsrv.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/N.3-Mezzo-secolo-di-collaborazione.pdf Mezzo secolo di collaborazione (1964-2014) Lineamenti per la storia delle relazioni tra la Comunità italiana in Istria, Fiume e Dalmazia e la Nazione madre] |
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==External links |
==External links== |
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*[http:// |
* [http://dalmatiitaliani.forumotion.me Italians of Dalmatia] |
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*[http://www.unione-italiana.hr ''Comunità Nazionale Italiana'': official site] |
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*[http://www.dalmatia.it/dalmazia/scompa/indexen.htm Disappearing of Italians in Dalmatia] |
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*[http://www.dalmatia.it/dalmazia/history.htm History of Dalmatia] |
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*[http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/tesiscaglioni/indexscaglioni.htm La presenza italiana in Dalmazia] |
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*[http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/tesirazza/indexrazza.htm Gli italofoni in Istria a Fiume e in Dalmazia] |
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*[http://www.sddsp.it Società dalmata di storia patria] |
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*[http://www.dalmaziaeu.it/ Fondazione scientifico culturale Eugenio Dario e Maria Rustia Traine] |
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*[http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/testisala/monografia1.PDF La toponomastica e la lingua della Dalmazia e dell'Istria dal principio ’800 al 1920] |
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*[http://utenti.lycos.it/istria2/gloss.html Un glossario slavo/italiano delle località di Istria, Quarnero e Dalmazia] |
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*[http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/bombardieritesti/particolari_dalmazia.htm Alcuni particolari sul martirio della Dalmazia (1919)] |
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*[http://www.lelettere.it/site/e_Product.asp?IdCategoria=&TS02_ID=1076 Luciano Monzali '''"Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra"''.] |
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*[http://www.lelettere.it/site/e_Product.asp?IdCategoria=&TS02_ID=1268 Luciano Monzali '''" Italiani di Dalmazia. 1914 - 1924"''.] |
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{{Italian language in the world}} |
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{{Italian diaspora}} |
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{{Ethnic groups in Croatia}} |
{{Ethnic groups in Croatia}} |
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[[Category:Dalmatian Italians| ]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatia]] |
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatia]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Montenegro]] |
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Montenegro]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Italy|Dalmatia]] |
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[[Category:History of Dalmatia]] |
[[Category:History of Dalmatia]] |
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[[Category:Italy–Yugoslavia relations]] |
[[Category:Italy–Yugoslavia relations]] |
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[[Category:Italians of Croatia]] |
[[Category:Italians of Croatia]] |
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[[Category:Croatia–Italy relations]] |
[[Category:Croatia–Italy relations]] |
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[[cs:Dalmatští Italové]] |
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[[es:Dálmatas italianos]] |
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[[it:Dalmati italiani]] |
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[[ja:ダルマチア・イタリア人]] |
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[[simple:Dalmatian Italians]] |
Latest revision as of 22:26, 1 May 2024
Regions with significant populations | |
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Dalmatia, former Venetian Albania, Italy | |
Languages | |
Primarily Italian and Croatian, Venetian, formerly Dalmatian | |
Religion | |
Roman Catholic | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Istrian Italians, Croats, Italians |
Dalmatian Italians (Italian: dalmati italiani; Croatian: Dalmatinski Talijani) are the historical Italian national minority living in the region of Dalmatia, now part of Croatia and Montenegro.
In 1803, the Italian community accounted for 33% of the entire Dalmatian population,[3][4] a number that dropped to 20% in 1840, to 12.5% in 1865, to 5.8% in 1880 and to 2.7% in 1910,[5] suffering from a constant trend of decreasing presence[6] and now, as a result of the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus (1943–1960), numbers only around 500–2,000 people (0.05%–0.2%).[1][7][8][9] Throughout history Dalmatian Italians exerted a vast and significant influence on Dalmatia, especially cultural and architectural.
They are currently represented in Croatia and Montenegro by the Italian National Community (Italian: Comunità Nazionale Italiana) (CNI). The Italo-Croatian minorities treaty recognizes the Italian Union (Unione Italiana) as the political party officially representing the CNI in Croatia.[10]
The Italian Union represents the 30,000 ethnic Italians of former Yugoslavia, living mainly in Istria and in the city of Rijeka (Fiume). Following the positive trend observed during the last decade (i.e., after the dissolution of Yugoslavia), the number of Dalmatian Italians in Croatia adhering to the CNI has risen to around one thousand. In Dalmatia the main operating centers of the CNI are in Split, Zadar, and Kotor.[11]
History
Roman Dalmatia and the Middle Ages
Roman Dalmatia was fully Latinized by 476 AD when the Western Roman Empire disappeared.[12] In the Early Middle Ages, the territory of the Byzantine province of Dalmatia reached in the North up to the river Sava, and was part of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum. In the middle of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century began the Slavic migration, which caused the Romance-speaking population, descendants of Romans and Illyrians (speaking Dalmatian), to flee to the coast and islands.[13] The hinterland, semi-depopulated by the Barbarian Invasions, Slavic tribes settled. The Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and language in cities such as Zadar, Split and Dubrovnik. Their own Vulgar Latin, developed into Dalmatian, a now extinct Romance language. These coastal cities (politically part of the Byzantine Empire) maintained political, cultural and economic links with Italy, through the Adriatic Sea. On the other side communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps. Due to the sharp orography of Dalmatia, even communications between the different Dalmatian cities, occurred mainly through the sea. This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the mostly Slavicized mainland.
In 997 AD the Venetian Doge Pietro Orseolo II, following repeated complaints by the Dalmatian city-states, commanded the Venetian fleet that attacked the Narentine pirates. On the Ascension Day in 998, Pietro Orseolo assumed the title of "Dux Dalmatianorum" (Duke of the Dalmatians), associating it with his son Giovanni Orseolo. This was the beginning of the Venetian influence in Dalmatia, however, while Venetian influence could always be felt, actual political rule over the province often changed hands between Venice and other regional powers, namely the Byzantine Empire, the Kingdom of Croatia, and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Venetians could afford to concede relatively generous terms because their own principal aims was not the control of the territory sought by Hungary, but the economic suppression of any potential commercial competitors on the eastern Adriatic. This aim brought on the necessity of enforced economic stagnation for the Dalmatian city-states, while the Hungarian feudal system promised greater political and commercial autonomy.[14][15]
In the Dalmatian city states, there were almost invariably two opposed political factions, each ready to oppose any measure advocated by its antagonist.[15] The origin of this division seems here to have been economic.[15] The farmers and the merchants who traded in the interior naturally favoured Hungary, their most powerful neighbour on land; while the seafaring community looked to Venice as mistress of the Adriatic.[15] In return for protection, the cities often furnished a contingent to the army or navy of their suzerain, and sometimes paid tribute either in money or in kind.[15] The citizens clung to their municipal privileges, which were reaffirmed after the conquest of Dalmatia in 1102–1105 by Coloman of Hungary.[15] Subject to the royal assent they might elect their own chief magistrate, bishop and judges. Their Roman law remained valid.[15] They were even permitted to conclude separate alliances. No alien, not even a Hungarian, could reside in a city where he was unwelcome; and the man who disliked Hungarian dominion could emigrate with all his household and property.[15] In lieu of tribute, the revenue from customs was in some cases shared equally by the king, chief magistrate, bishop and municipality.[15] These rights and the analogous privileges granted by Venice were, however, too frequently infringed, Hungarian garrisons being quartered on unwilling towns, while Venice interfered with trade, with the appointment of bishops, or with the tenure of communal domains. Consequently, the Dalmatians remained loyal only while it suited their interests, and insurrections frequently occurred.[15] Zadar was no exception, and four outbreaks are recorded between 1180 and 1345, although Zadar was treated with special consideration by its Venetian masters, who regarded its possession as essential to their maritime ascendancy.[15]
The doubtful allegiance of the Dalmatians tended to protract the struggle between Venice and Hungary, which was further complicated by internal discord due largely to the spread of the Bogomil heresy; and by many outside influences, such as the vague suzerainty still enjoyed by the Eastern emperors during the 12th century; the assistance rendered to Venice by the armies of the Fourth Crusade in 1202; and the Tatar invasion of Dalmatia forty years later (see Trogir).[15]
Republic of Venice (1420–1796)
In 1409, during the 20-year Hungarian civil war between King Sigismund and the Neapolitan house of Anjou, the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples, sold his "rights" on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for a meager sum of 100,000 ducats. The more centralized merchant republic took control of the cities by the year 1420 (with the exception of the Republic of Ragusa), they were to remain under Venetian rule for a period of 377 years (1420–1797).[16] The southernmost area of Dalmatia (now part of coastal Montenegro) was called Venetian Albania during that time.
In these centuries a process of gradual assimilation took place among the native population. The Romance Dalmatians of the cities were the most susceptible because of their similar culture and were completely assimilated. Venetian, which was already the lingua franca of the Adriatic area, was adopted by the Latin Dalmatians of the cities (speakers of the Dalmatian), as their own vernacular language. This process was aided by the constant migration between the Adriatic cities and involved even the independent Dubrovnik (Ragusa) and the port of Rijeka (Fiume).
The Slavic population (mainly Croats) was only partially assimilated, because of the linguistic unsimilarity and because the Slavs were mostly situated in the hinterland and the islands. Dalmatian, however, had already influenced the Dalmatian dialect of Croatian, the Chakavian dialect, with the Venetian dialect influencing Albanian.[17] Starting from the 15th century, Italian replaced Latin as the language of culture in the Venetian Dalmatia and in the Republic of Ragusa. On the other hand, more and more Slavs (Catholic and Orthodox) were pushed into Venetian Dalmatia, to escape the Ottomans. This resulted in an increase of the Slavic presence in the cities.
Napoleonic era (1797–1815)
In 1797, during the Napoleonic wars, the Republic of Venice was dissolved. The former Venetian Dalmatia was included in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy from 1805 to 1809 (for some years also the Republic of Ragusa was included, since 1808), and successively in the Illyrian Provinces from 1809.
From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Dalmatia had lived peacefully side by side because they did not know the national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as "Dalmatians", of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture.[18]
The census of 1808 found that Venetians (Italian speaking) made up about 33% of Dalmatians, and resided mostly in urban areas. After the final defeat of Napoleon, the entire territory was granted to the Austrian Empire by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
This marked the beginning of 100 years (1815–1918) of Austrian rule in Dalmatia and the beginning of the disappearance of the Dalmatian Italians (who were reduced from over 30% in 1803 to just 3% at the end of WW1, due to persecutions, assimilation policies and emigration).
Austrian Empire (1815–1918)
During the period of the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Dalmatia was a separate administrative unit. After the revolutions of 1848 and after the 1860s, as a result of the romantic nationalism, two factions appeared. The Autonomist Party, whose political goals of which varied from autonomy within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to a political union with Italy.
The Croatian faction (later called Unionist faction or "Puntari"), led by the People's Party and, to a lesser extent, the Party of Rights, both of which advocated the union of Dalmatia with the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which was under Hungarian administration. The political alliances in Dalmatia shifted over time. At the beginning, the Unionists and Autonomists were allied together, against the centralism of Vienna. After a while, when the national question came to prominence, they split.
Many Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy. However, after 1866, when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy, Dalmatia remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic.
This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of the Austrian Littoral, Fiume and Dalmatia with Italy. The Italians in Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Dalmatia.[19] During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavicization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:[20]
His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in South Tyrol, Dalmatia and Littoral for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.
In 1867, the Empire was reorganized as the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Fiume (Rijeka) and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia were assigned to the Hungarian part of the Empire, while Dalmatia and Istria remained in the Austrian part. The Unionist faction won the elections in Dalmatia in 1870, but they were prevented from following through with the merge with Croatia and Slavonia due to the intervention of the Austrian imperial government. The Austrian century was a time of decline for the Dalmatian Italians. Starting from the 1840s, large numbers of the Italian minority were passively croatized, or had emigrated as a consequence of the unfavorable economic situation.
The Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli calculated that Italian was the primary spoken language by 33% of the Dalmatian population in 1803.[3][4] Bartoli's evaluation was followed by other claims that Auguste de Marmont, the French Governor General of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces commissioned a census in 1814–1815 which found that Dalmatian Italians comprised 29 percent of the total population of Dalmatia. According to Austrian censuses, the Dalmatian Italians formed 12.5% of the population in 1865,[22] but this was reduced to 2.7% in 1910.[23] In Dalmatia there was a constant decline in the Italian population, in a context of repression that also took on violent connotations.[24] During this period, Austrians carried out an aggressive anti-Italian policy through a forced Slavization of Dalmatia.[25]
The Italian population in Dalmatia was concentrated in the major coastal cities. In the city of Split in 1890 there were 1,969 Dalmatian Italians (12.5% of the population), in Zadar 7,423 (64.6%), in Šibenik 1,018 (14.5%), in Kotor 623 (18.7%) and in Dubrovnik 331 (4.6%).[26] In other Dalmatian localities, according to Austrian censuses, Dalmatian Italians experienced a sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910, in Rab they went from 225 to 151, in Vis from 352 to 92, in Pag from 787 to 23, completely disappearing in almost all the inland locations.
In 1909, Italian lost its status as the official language of Dalmatia in favor of Croatian only (previously both languages were recognized): thus Italian could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere.[27]
The interwar period (1918–1941)
Following the conclusion of World War I and the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, the vast majority of Dalmatia became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia).
Italy entered the war on the side of the Entente in 1915, after the secret London Pact, which granted to Italy a large portion of Dalmatia. The pact was nullified in the Treaty of Versailles due to the objections of American president Woodrow Wilson and the South Slavic delegations. However, in 1920 the Kingdom of Italy managed to get after the Treaty of Rapallo, most of the Austrian Littoral, part of Inner Carniola, some border areas of Carinthia, the city of Zadar along with the island and Lastovo. A large number of Italians (allegedly nearly 20,000) moved from the areas of Dalmatia assigned to Yugoslavia and resettled in Italy (mainly in Zara).
Relations with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were severely affected and constantly remained tense, because of the dispute over Dalmatia and because of the lengthy dispute over the city-port of Rijeka (Fiume), which according to the Treaty of Rapallo had to become a free state according to the League of Nations, but was annexed to Italy on 16 March according to the Treaty of Rome.
In 1922 Fascism came to power in Italy. The fascist policies included strong nationalistic policies. Minority rights were severely reduced. This included the shutting down of educational facilities in Slavic languages, forced Italianization of citizen's names, and the brutal persecution of dissenters.
In Zara most Croats left, due to these oppressive policies of the fascist government. The same happened with the Italian minority in Yugoslavia. Although, the matter was not entirely reciprocal: the Italian minority in Yugoslavia had some degree of protection, according to the Rapallo Treaty (such as Italian citizenship and primary instruction).
All this increased the intense resentment between the two ethnic groups. Where in the 19th century there was conflict only on the upper classes, there was now an increasing mutual hatred present in varying degrees among the entire population.
World War II and post-war
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded by the Wehrmacht in 1941 and parts of Dalmatia were annexed to Italy as the Governatorate of Dalmatia with Zadar as its capital. The local population was subject to violent forced italianization by the fascist government. Several concentration camps were established by Italian authorities to house these "enemies of the state", including the infamous Gonars and Rab concentration camps. The Italian authorities were not able to maintain full control over the hinterland and the interior of the islands, however, and they were partially controlled by the Yugoslav Partisans after 1943.
Following the Italian capitulation of 1943, the German Army took over the occupation after a short period of Partisan control (officially, the Governorship of Dalmatia was handed to the control of the puppet Independent State of Croatia). During this period a large proportion of the coastal city population volunteered to join the Partisans (most notably that of Split, where a third of the total population left the city), while many Italian garrisons deserted to fight as Partisan units and still others were forced to surrender their weapons and equipment. As Soviet troops advanced in the Balkans in 1944, a small-scale evacuation took place in Zadar, while Marshall Josip Broz Tito's Partisans (since 1942 recognized as Allied troops) simultaneously moved to liberate the remainder of Axis-occupied Dalmatia. Split was henceforth the provisional capital of Allied-liberated Croatia.
In 1943–44 the city of Zadar suffered 54 air raids by the Allies and it was severely damaged, with heavy civilian casualties. Many civilians had already escaped to Italy when the Partisans controlled the city.
After World War II Italy ceded all remaining Italian areas in Dalmatia to the new SFR Yugoslavia. This was followed by a further emigration, referred to as the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus, of nearly all the remaining Italians in Dalmatia. Italian-language schools in Zadar were closed in 1953, due to a dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia over Trieste.
In 2010 a kindergarten for the small Italian community of Zadar was going to be opened, promoted by the local Italian association, but the local Croatian authorities refused to open the school because the number of attending children was too small. Indeed, the issue was of administrative nature because the administration claimed that the Italian ethnicity had to be proved by the ownership of an Italian passport. Due to the restrictions imposed to the double nationality of the Italian minority in Yugoslavia after 1945, this requirement could only be met by a limited number of children. This administrative difficulty has been solved in 2012 and the opening of the kindergarten took place in 2013.
Population decline
Overview
Italian in Dalmatia was spoken as mother tongue in the following percentages:[5]
Year | Number of native Italian speakers | Percentage | Population (total) |
---|---|---|---|
1803 | 92,500 | 33.0% | 280,300 |
1809 | 75,100 | 29.0% | 251,100 |
1845 | 60,770 | 19.7% | 310,000 |
1865 | 55,020 | 12.5% | 440,160 |
1869 | 44,880 | 10.8% | 415,550 |
1880 | 27,305 | 5.8% | 470,800 |
1890 | 16,000 | 3.1% | 516,130 |
1900 | 15,279 | 2.6% | 587,600 |
1910 | 18,028 | 2.7% | 677,700 |
Reasons
There are several reasons for the decrease of the Dalmatian Italian population following the rise of European nationalism in the 19th century:[28]
- The conflict with the Austrian rulers caused by the Italian "Risorgimento".
- The emergence of Croatian nationalism and Italian irredentism (see Risorgimento), and the subsequent conflict of the two.
- The emigration of many Dalmatians toward the growing industrial regions of northern Italy before World War I and North and South America.
- Multi generational assimilation of anyone who married out of their social class and/or nationality – as perpetuated by similarities in education, religion, dual linguistic distribution, mainstream culture and economical output.
Stages
The process of the decline had various stages:[29]
- Under the Austrian starting from the 1840s, as a result of the age of Nationalism, the birth of Italian irredentism, and the resulting conflict with the Croatian majority and the Austrian rulers.
- After World War I, as a result of the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (where all Dalmatia was included, save Zadar and some northern Dalmatian islands), there was an emigration of a large number of Dalmatian Italians, mainly toward Zadar.
- During World War II, Italy occupied large chunks of the Yugoslav coast and created the Governorship of Dalmatia (1941–1943), with three Italian provinces, Zadar, Split and Kotor. Zadar was bombed by the Allies and heavily damaged in 1943–44, with numerous civilian casualties. Most of the population moved to Italy.
- After World War II Italy ceded all remaining Italian areas in Dalmatia to the new SFR Yugoslavia. This was followed by a massive emigration of nearly all the remaining Dalmatian Italians participating in the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus from former territories of the Kingdom of Italy. Some have become world-renowned, such as the fashion designer Ottavio Missoni, the writer Enzo Bettiza and the industrial tycoon Giorgio Luxardo, founder of the Maraschino liquor distillery.
Decline of Dalmatian Italians since the 19th century
To evaluate the variation in the number of Italian Dalmatians some local data relating to the language used in specific Dalmatian municipalities are indicative:[30]
- Krk
- 1890: Italian 1,449 (71.1%), Serbo-Croatian 508 (24.9%), German 19, Slovene 16, other 5, total 2,037
- 1900: Italian 1,435 (69.2%), Serbo-Croatian 558 (26.9%), German 28, Slovenian 22, total 2,074
- 1910: Italian 1,494 (68%), Serbo-Croatian 630 (28.7%), German 19, Slovene 14, other 2, foreign 37, total 2,196
- Zadar
- 1890: Italian 7,423 (64.6%), Serbo-Croatian 2,652 (23%), German 561, other 164, total 11,496
- 1900: Italian 9,018 (69.3%), Serbo-Croatian 2,551 (19.6%), German 581, other 150, total 13,016
- 1910: Italian 9,318 (66.3%), Serbo-Croatian 3,532 (25.1%), German 397, other 191, foreign 618, total 14,056
- Šibenik
- 1890: Italian 1,018 (14.5%), Serbo-Croatian 5,881 (83.8%), German 17, other 5, total 7,014
- 1900: Italian 858 (8.5%), Serbo-Croatian 9,031 (89.6%), German 17, other 28, total 10,072
- 1910: Italian 810 (6.4%), Serbo-Croatian 10,819 (85.9%), German 249 (2%), other 129, foreign 581, total 12,588
- Split
- 1890: Italian 1,969 (12.5%), Serbo-Croatian 12,961 (82.5%), German 193 (1.2%), other 63, total 15,697
- 1900: Italian 1,049 (5.6%), Serbo-Croatian 16,622 (89.6%), German 131 (0.7%), other 107, total 18,547
- 1910: Italian 2,082 (9.7%), Serbo-Croatian 18,235 (85.2%), German 92 (0.4%), other 127, foreign 871, total 21,407
- Dubrovnik
- 1890: Italian 331 (4.6%), Serbo-Croatian 5,198 (72.8%), German 249 (3.5%), other 73, total 7,143
- 1900: Italian 548 (6.5%), Serbo-Croatian 6,100 (72.3%), German 254 (3%), other 247, total 8,437
- 1910: Italian 409 (4.6%), Serbo-Croatian 6,466 (72.2%), German 322 (3.6%), other 175, foreign 1,586, total 8,958
- Kotor
- 1890: Italian 623 (18.7%), Serbo-Croatian 1,349 (40.5%), German 320 (9.6%), other 598, total 3,329
- 1900: Italian 338 (11.2%), Serbo-Croatian 1,498 (49.6%), German 193 (6.4%), other 95, total 3,021
- 1910: Italian 257 (8%), Serbo-Croatian 1,489 (46.8%), German 152 (4.8%), other 73, foreign 1 207, total 3,178
In other Dalmatian localities, according to the Austrian censuses, the Italians experienced an even more sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910 alone, in the municipality of Rab they went from 225 to 151, in Vis from 352 to 92, in Pag from 787 to 23, in Risan from 70 to 26, disappearing completely in almost all inland locations.[30]
Modern-day presence in Dalmatia
Demographics
The Dalmatian Italians were a fundamental presence in Dalmatia, when the process of political unification of the Italians, Croats and Serbs started at the beginning of the 19th century. The 1816 Austro-Hungarian census registered 66,000 Italian speaking people between the 301,000 inhabitants of Dalmatia, or 22% of the total Dalmatian population.[31]
The main communities are located in the following coastal cities:
Following the Italian emigration from Dalmatia and the events following World War II,[32] the Dalmatian Italian communities were drastically reduced in their numbers. The Italian community in Dalmatia, according to the official 2011 censuses, is made up of 349 residents in Croatia,[1] and 135 residents in Montenegro.[7][8] This number rises to about 1,500 for Croatia, considering the data provided by the local Comunità degli Italiani, and to about 450 on the coast of Montenegro.[9] However, it is estimated that in Croatian Dalmatia the actual number is higher, as there is still a widespread fear of declaring oneself Italian.[33]
Following the collapse of the communist regime and the dissolution of Yugoslavia, there was a timid awakening of the identity of the last Dalmatian Italians who set up Italian communities in Zadar, Split, Hvar, those of the Kvarner area in Cres, Mali Lošinj, Krk and the one in Montenegro.[34] In particular, according to the official Croatian census of 2011, there are 83 Dalmatian Italians in Split (equal to 0.05% of the total population), 16 in Šibenik (0.03%) and 27 in Dubrovnik (0.06%).[35] According to the official Croatian census of 2021, there are 63 Dalmatian Italians in Zadar (equal to 0.09% of the total population).[36] According to the official Montenegrin census of 2011, there are 31 Dalmatian Italians in Kotor (equal to 0.14% of the total population).[37]
Education and Italian language
In Zadar the local Comunità degli Italiani requested the creation of an Italian asylum since 2009. After considerable government opposition,[38][39] with the imposition of a national filter that imposed the obligation to possess Italian citizenship for registration, and by 2013 it was opened hosting the first 25 children.[40] This kindergarten is the first Italian educational institution opened in Dalmatia after the closure of the last Italian school, which operated there until 1953.
Croatian Venetists
A contemporary reaction to both the Italian irredentist movement and the inadequate legal representation of Italians of Croatia by the Republic of Croatia (and hence the European Union), appears to have spawned a number of self identifying markers among the descendants of (both titled & untitled) former merchant classes of mixed Croatian (mostly Istrian and/or Dalmatian) and North Italian (mostly Venetian, and/or Friulian) extractions. The two most popular self identifications of this kind remain; Croatian Venetists, and Venetian Lombards (most of which explicitly self identify as Croatian, and implicitly as mentioned above).
How they perceive Italy and the general Italian ethnicity remains unclear. However, while its historical context, in part by the colonial elements of the Republic of Venice, Italian unification & the legacy of two world wars, remains a controversial issue at best, it does suggest a much larger presence of people of Italian and Venetian descent in Croatia than previously thought.
Since Croatia's much talked about adoption of Italian as one of the national languages of Croatia (particularly in Istria), curtailing language rights for Venetian speakers however, may have triggered conflicting identity issues of cultural affiliations between Italians of various regions of Italy, and Croatia. Particular note of reference point towards the 2014 Venetian independence referendum, and Venetian autonomy referendum, 2017 in Italy, which may have weakened the Italian in the northern Adriatic Basin since.
Main Dalmatian Italian associations
In contemporary Dalmatia there are several associations of Dalmatian Italians, mainly located in important coastal cities:
- The Italian Community of Zadar (Comunità Italiana di Zara). Founded in 1991 in Zadar, with an Assembly of around 500 members. The current president is Rina Villani (who has been recently elected [41] in the Zadar county, or Županija). The former president of the CI, Dr. Libero Grubišić, started the first Italian courses in the city after the close of all the Italian school in Zadar in 1953. The actual vice president, Silvio Duiella, has promoted the creation of an Italian Choral of Zadar under the direction of Adriana Grubelić. In the new offices, the CI has a library and organizes several courses of Italian and conferences.[42] The office of the community was the target of a criminal fire in 2004.
- The Italian Community of Split (Comunità Italiana di Spalato). Was created in 1993 in Split, with an office near the city's trademark Riva seashore. The president is Eugenio Dalmas and the legal director is Mladen Dalbello. In the office, the CI organises Italian language courses and conferences.[43] This CI has 97 members.
- The Italian Community of Mali Lošinj (Comunità Italiana di Lussinpiccolo). Created in 1990 in the northern Dalmatian island of Lošinj. This CI was founded thanks to Stelio Cappelli (first president) in this little island, that was part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1918 to 1947. It has 461 members under the actual leadership of Anna Maria Saganici, Livia Andrijčić and Andrino Maglievaz. The activities are run in a place offered by the local authorities. The library has been donated by the local Rotary Club.[44]
- The Italian Community of Kotor (Comunità Italiana di Cattaro), in Kotor is being registered officially (with the "Unione Italiana") as the Italian Community of Montenegro (Comunità degli Italiani del Montenegro). In connection with this registration, the "Center for Dalmatian Cultural Research" (Centro di Ricerche Culturali Dalmate) has opened in 2007 the Venetian house in Kotor to celebrate the Venetian heritage in coastal Montenegro.
- The Dante Alighieri Society is an Italian government organization promotes Italian culture and language in the world with the help of the Italian speaking communities outside Italy. In Dalmatia is actually present in:
Culture
The legacy from Venice in Dalmatia is huge and very important, mainly in the cultural and artistic area. Venice was one of the centers of Italian Renaissance, when the Republic of Venice dominated Dalmatia, and the Venetian Dalmatia enjoyed the benefits of this fact. From Giorgio Orsini to the influence on the early contemporary Croatian literature, Venice made its Dalmatia the most western-oriented civilized area of the Balkans, mostly in the cities.
Some architectural works from that period of Dalmatia are of European importance, and would contribute to further development of the Renaissance: the Cathedral of St James in Šibenik and the Chapel of Blessed John in Trogir.
Indeed, the Croatian renaissance, strongly influenced by Venetian and Italian literature, was thoroughly developed on the coastal parts of Croatia. The beginning of the Croatian 16th-century literal activity was marked by a Dalmatian humanist Marco Marulo and his epic book Judita, which has been written by incorporating peculiar motives and events from the classical Bible, and adapting them to the contemporary literature in Europe.[49]
In 1997 the historical city-island of Trogir (called "Tragurium" in Latin when was one of the Dalmatian City-States and "Traù" in venetian) was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List. "The orthogonal street plan of this island...was embellished by successive rulers with many fine public and domestic buildings and fortifications. Its beautiful Romanesque churches are complemented by the outstanding Renaissance and Baroque buildings from the Venetian period", says the UNESCO report. Trogir is the best-preserved Romanesque-Gothic complex not only in the Adriatic, but in all of Central Europe. Trogir's medieval core, surrounded by walls, comprises a venetian well-preserved castle and tower (Kamerlengo Castle) and a series of dwellings and palaces from the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque periods. Trogir's grandest building is the church of St. Lawrence, whose main west portal is a masterpiece by Radovan, and the most significant work of the Romanesque-Gothic style in Croatia.
The Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition[50] states, in the "Antiquities" entry, of page 774, that:
... from Italy (and Venice) came the Romanesque. The belfry of S. Maria, at Zara, erected in 1105, is first in a long list of Romanesque buildings. At Arbe there is a beautiful Romanesque campanile which also belongs to the 12th century; but the finest example in this style is the cathedral of Trau. The 14th century Dominican and Franciscan convents in Ragusa are also noteworthy. Romanesque lingered on in Dalmatia until it was displaced by Venetian Gothic in the early years of the 15th century. The influence of Venice was then at its height. Even in the relatively hostile Republic of Ragusa the Romanesque of the custom-house and Rectors' palace is combined with Venetian Gothic, while the graceful balconies and ogee windows of the Prijeki closely follow their Venetian models. In 1441 Giorgio Orsini of Zara, summoned from Venice to design the cathedral of Sebenico, brought with him the influence of the Italian Renaissance. The new forms which he introduced were eagerly imitated and developed by other architects, until the period of decadence - which virtually concludes the history of Dalmatian art - set in during the latter half of the 17th century. Special mention must be made of the carved woodwork, embroideries and plate preserved in many churches. The silver statuette and the reliquary of St. Biagio at Ragusa, and the silver ark of St. Simeon at Zara, are fine specimens of Italian jewelers' work, ranging in date from the 11th or 12th to the 17th century ...
In the 19th century the cultural influence from Italy originated the editing in Zadar of the first Dalmatian newspaper, in Italian and Croatian: Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin, founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806. The Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin was stamped in the typography of the Dalmatian Italian Antonio Luigi Battara and was the first done in Croatian.
The Dalmatian Italians contributed to the cultural development of theater and opera in Dalmatia. The Verdi Theater in Zadar was their main symbol until 1945.[51]
The Croatian cuisine of Dalmatia was influenced by Italian cuisine, given the historical presence of Dalmatian Italians, influence that has eased after the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus.[52][53] For example, the influence of Italian cuisine on Croatian dishes can be seen in the pršut (similar to Italian prosciutto) and on the preparation of homemade pasta.[54]
The Moresca as a weapon dance and pageant portraying a battle between Christians and Saracens was known in Italy at least as early as the 15th century but seems to have died out by the middle of the 19th century. It still exists on the Dalmatian coast in Croatia as Moreška but the battle here is between the Moors and the Turks. The dance is known from Split (in Italian Spalato), Korčula (Curzola) and Lastovo (Lagosta). There are differing accounts of the origin of the Dalmatian dance, some tracing to Italian and others to Slavic roots.[55] Andrea Alibranti has proposed that the first appearance of the dance in Korčula came after the defeat of the corsair Uluz Ali by the local inhabitants in 1571.[56]
Dalmatian Italians
Across the centuries Dalmatian Italians made with their life and their works a large influence on Dalmatia. However, it would somehow arbitrary to attribute a nationality to the Dalmatians living before the Napoleonic time. Indeed, only at the beginning of the 19th century the concept of national identity started to build up. For this reason, hereafter are reported some notable Dalmatian Italians who are considered Croat too, in chronological order of birth.
Scientists
- Giorgio Baglivi (Dubrovnik) – physician
- Roger Joseph Boscovich (Dubrovnik) – astronomer, physicist, philosopher who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat
- Silvio Ballarin (Zadar) – mathematician
- Francesco Carrara (Split) - archaeologist
- Roberto de Visiani (Šibenik) – botanist
- Spiridon Brusina (Zadar) – malacologist
- Simone Stratigo (Zadar) – mathematician
- Carlo Viola (Zadar) – geologist
- Angelo Antonio Frari (Šibenik) – physician
- Luigi Frari (Šibenik) – medical doctor
Artists
- Giorgio da Sebenico or Giorgio Orsini or Juraj Dalmatinac (Zadar) - sculptor who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat
- Luciano Laurana (Vrana) - architect
- Francesco Laurana or Frane Vranjanin (Vrana) - sculptor who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat
- Giovanni Dalmata or Ivan Duknovic (Vinišće) - sculptor who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat
- Andrea Schiavone or Andrea Meldolla or Andrija Medulić (Zadar) - painter
- Tullio Crali (Igalo) – painter
- Roberto Ferruzzi (Šibenik) – painter
- Tino Pattiera (Cavtat) – tenor
- Mila Schön (Trogir) – stilist
- Antonio Pini-Corsi (Zadar) – operatic baritone
- Ida Quaiatti (Split) - lyric soprano
Writers
- Anselmo Banduri (Dubrovnik) – archaeologist
- Serafino Cerva (Dubrovnik) – historian
- Sebastiano Dolci or Sebastijan Slade (Dubrovnik) – linguist and historian who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat
- Bernardo Zamagna (Dubrovnik) – writer
- Pier Alessandro Paravia (Zadar) – writer
- Niccolò Tommaseo (Šibenik) – linguist, journalist and essayist
- Aldo Duro (Zadar) – linguist and lexicographer
- Adolf Mussafia (Split) - philologist
- Nino Nutrizio (Trogir) - journalist
- Arturo Colautti (Zadar) – journalist, writer and opera composer
- Alessandro Dudan (Vrlika) – historian
- Giorgio Politeo (Split) - philosopher
- Enzo Bettiza (Split) – journalist and international writer
- Renzo de' Vidovich (Zadar) – writer, journalist and director of "Il Dalmata"
- Carlo Tivaroni (Zadar) – historian
- Riccardo Forster (Zadar) – poet
- Arnolfo Bacotich (Split) - historian and journalist
- Ivo Lapenna (Split) - law professor
Politicians
- Vincenzo Duplancich (Zadar) - deputy in the Diet of Dalmatia
- Antonio Bajamonti (Split) – Italian mayor of Split
- Federico Seismit-Doda (Dubrovnik) – minister in Kingdom of Italy
- Lovro Monti (Knin) - last Italian mayor of Knin and deputy in the Diet of Dalmatia
- Enrico Tivaroni (Zadar) – magistrate and senator in Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
- Luigi Ziliotto (Zadar) – Italian irredentist podestà of Zadar and senator of Italian Kingdom
- Roberto Ghiglianovich (Zadar) – senator of Italian Kingdom
- Francesco Salata (Osor) – senator of Italian Kingdom and ambassador
- Antonio Cippico (Zadar) – senator of Italian Kingdom
- Antonio Tacconi (Split) – fascist senator and last Italian mayor or podestà of Split
- Antonio De Berti (Pag) - Italian irredentist and deputy in Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)
- Lucio Toth (Zadar) – senator in Senate of the Republic (Italy)
Cinema
- Gianni Garko (Zadar) – actor
- Tullio Carminati (Zadar) – actor
- Gastone Medin (Split) - art director
- Xenia Valderi (Split) - actress
Sport
- Gabre Gabric (Imotski) – Athlete
- Armando Marenzi (Šibenik) – football manager
- Giovanni Rosso (Split) – Former footballer for the Croatia national team
- Latino Galasso (Zadar) – rower
- Bernarda Pera (Zadar) – tennis player
- Ivan Santini (Zadar) – footballer
- Carlo Toniatti (Zadar) – rower
- Sergio Vatta (Zadar) – footballer
- Antonio Calebotta (Split) - basketball player
- Vinko Cuzzi (Split) - footballer
- Deni Fiorentini (Split) - water polo player
- Goran Fiorentini (Split) - water polo player
- Ante Nardelli (Split) - water polo player
- Ante Palaversa (Split) - footballer
- Romeo Romanutti (Split) - basketball player
- Enzo Sovitti (Zadar) - basketball coach
Military members
- Attilio Bandiera (Split) - Italian patriot
- Francesco Rismondo (Split) - awarded military volunteer
- Furio Lauri (Zadar) – naval officer
- Luigi Missoni (Gruž) - awarded military
- Antonio Varisco (Zadar) – carabinier
Business
- Girolamo Manfrin (Zadar) – entrepreneur
- Ottavio Missoni (Dubrovnik) – the founder of Italian luxury fashion house Missoni
- Franco Luxardo (Zadar) – manager in Girolamo Luxardo SpA
- Ana Grepo (Split) – model and entrepreneur
- Pascual Baburizza (Koločep) – entrepreneur based in Chile
Organizations and periodicals
Many Dalmatian Italians are organized in associations such as:
- Associazione nazionale Venezia Giulia e Dalmazia[57]
- Comunità di Lussinpiccolo.[58]
- Comunità chersina nel mondo [59]
- Libero Comune di Zara in esilio (Free Commune of Zadar in exile)
- Società Dalmata di Storia Patria[60]
The most popular periodical for Dalmatian Italians is Il Dalmata, published in Trieste by Renzo de' Vidovich.[41]
See also
- Dalmatia
- History of Dalmatia
- Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
- Istrian Italians
- Italian language in Croatia
- Italianization
- Italian Governatorate of Dalmatia
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ^ a b c "Central Bureau of Statistics". Retrieved 10 November 2018.
- ^ Ministero dell'economia nazionale, Direzione generale della statistica, Ufficio del censimento, Censimento della popolazione del Regno d'Italia al 1º dicembre 1921, vol. III Venezia Giulia, Provveditorato generale dello Stato, Rome, 1926, pp. 192-208 (In Italian)
- ^ a b Bartoli, Matteo (1919). Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia (in Italian). Tipografia italo-orientale. p. 16.[ISBN unspecified]
- ^ a b Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925. Methuen. p. 107. ISBN 9780416189407.
- ^ a b Š.Peričić, O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća, in Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru, n. 45/2003, p. 342
- ^ For example in the Austrian Census of 1857 the Dalmatian Italians were only 45,000 -or nearly 15% of the Dalmatia without the Quarner islands (read [1]
- ^ a b "STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NACIONALNOJ, ODNOSNO ETNIČKOJ PRIPADNOSTI PO OPŠTINAMA" (PDF). Retrieved 10 November 2018.
- ^ a b Situazione attuale dei dalmati italiani in Croazia
- ^ a b Membri, Comunità degli Italiani di Montenegro
- ^ "Comunità Nazionale Italiana, Unione Italiana". Unione-italiana.hr. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ "Le Comunità degli Italiani". Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ Theodor Mommsen in his book "The Provinces of the Roman Empire"
- ^ Ivetic 2022, pp. 64, 73.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 325–327.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 772–776. . In
- ^ "WHKMLA : History of Croatia, 1301–1526". Zum.de. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ Bartoli, Matteo. Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia
- ^ ""L'Adriatico orientale e la sterile ricerca delle nazionalità delle persone" di Kristijan Knez; La Voce del Popolo (quotidiano di Fiume) del 2/10/2002" (in Italian). Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971
- ^ Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra, Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)
- ^ Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop (1993). Homo scribens : Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung (in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 279. ISBN 3484311347.
- ^ Peričić, Šime (19 September 2003). "O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća". Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru (in Croatian) (45): 342. ISSN 1330-0474.
- ^ "Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919" (in German). Archived from the original on 29 May 2013.
- ^ Raimondo Deranez (1919). Particolari del martirio della Dalmazia (in Italian). Ancona: Stabilimento Tipografico dell'Ordine.
- ^ Angelo Filipuzzi (1966). La campagna del 1866 nei documenti militari austriaci: operazioni terrestri (in Italian). University of Padova. p. 396.[ISBN unspecified]
- ^ Guerrino Perselli, I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936, Centro di Ricerche Storiche - Rovigno, Unione Italiana - Fiume, Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno, 1993
- ^ "Dalmazia", Dizionario enciclopedico italiano (in Italian), vol. III, Treccani, 1970, p. 730
- ^ Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925. pp. 47–48
- ^ Colella, Amedeo. L'esodo dalle terre adriatiche. Rilevazioni statistiche. p. 54
- ^ a b Guerrino Perselli, I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936, Centro di Ricerche Storiche - Rovigno, Unione Italiana - Fiume, Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno, 1993
- ^ Montani, Carlo. Venezia Giulia, Dalmazia – Sommario Storico – An Historical Outline
- ^ Petacco, Arrigo. L'esodo, la tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia
- ^ Petacco, Arrigo. L'esodo. La tragedia negata. p. 109
- ^ "Il sito della Comunità Nazionale Italiana in Slovenia e in Croazia, con l'elenco delle Comunità degli Italiani". Archived from the original on 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Central Bureau of Statistics". Retrieved 27 August 2018.
- ^ "Central Bureau of Statistics". Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ "STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NACIONALNOJ, ODNOSNO ETNIČKOJ PRIPADNOSTI PO OPŠTINAMA" (PDF). Retrieved 10 November 2018.
- ^ Reazioni scandalizzate per il rifiuto governativo croato ad autorizzare un asilo italiano a Zara
- ^ Zara: ok all'apertura dell'asilo italiano
- ^ Aperto “Pinocchio”, primo asilo italiano nella città di Zara
- ^ a b "Fondazione scientifico culturale Eugenio e Maria Rustia Traine". Dalmaziaeu.it. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ "Unione Italiana - Talijanska unija - Italijanska Unija". Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
- ^ "Unione Italiana - Talijanska unija - Italijanska Unija". Archived from the original on 1 April 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "LE NOSTRE SEDI". Ladante.it. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ "LE NOSTRE SEDI". Ladante.it. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ "LE NOSTRE SEDI". Ladante.it. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ "LE NOSTRE SEDI". Ladante.it. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ Dunja Fališevac, Krešimir Nemec, Darko Novaković (2000). Leksikon hrvatskih pisaca. Zagreb: Školska knjiga d.d. ISBN 953-0-61107-2.
- ^ Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 07 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 772–776. . In
- ^ "Comunita degli Italiani di Zara Zajednica Talijana Zadar" (PDF). Italianidizara.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ "Cucina Croata. I piatti della cucina della Croazia" (in Italian). 19 June 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
- ^ "I sopravvissuti: i 10 gioielli della cucina istriana" (in Italian). 23 March 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
- ^ "Assaporate il cibo dell'Istria: il paradiso gastronomico della Croazia" (in Italian). 21 May 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ^ Galanti, Bianca Maria (1942). La danza della spada in Italia. Rome: Edizione Italiane.
- ^ Gjivoje, Marinko (1951). "Prilog datiranju postanka korčulanske moreške". Historijski zbornik (Zagreb). 4: 151–156.
- ^ "Home". Anvgd.it. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ "Lussinpiccolo : Home". Lussinpiccolo-italia.net. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ "Comunitachersina.com". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ "SOCIETA' DALMATA di STORIA PATRIA chi siamo". Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
Bibliography
- Bartoli, Matteo. Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia. Tipografia italo-orientale. Grottaferrata 1919.
- Colella, Amedeo. L'esodo dalle terre adriatiche. Rilevazioni statistiche. Edizioni Opera per Profughi. Roma, 1958
- Čermelj, Lavo. Sloveni e Croati in Italia tra le due guerre. Editoriale Stampa Triestina, Trieste, 1974.
- Ivetic, Egidio (2022). Povijest Jadrana: More i njegove civilizacije [History of the Adriatic: A Sea and Its Civilization] (in Croatian and English). Srednja Europa, Polity Press. ISBN 9789538281747.
- Montani, Carlo. Venezia Giulia, Dalmazia – Sommario Storico – An Historical Outline. terza edizione ampliata e riveduta. Edizioni Ades. Trieste, 2002
- Monzali, Luciano. The Italians of Dalmatia: from Italian Unification to World War I, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2009.
- Monzali, Luciano (2016). "A Difficult and Silent Return: Italian Exiles from Dalmatia and Yugoslav Zadar/Zara after the Second World War". Balcanica (47): 317–328. doi:10.2298/BALC1647317M. hdl:11586/186368.
- Perselli, Guerrino. I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste, e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936. Centro di ricerche storiche – Rovigno, Trieste – Rovigno 1993.
- Petacco, Arrigo. L'esodo, la tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia, Mondadori, Milano, 1999.
- Pupo, Raoul; Spazzali, Roberto. Foibe. Bruno Mondadori, Milano 2003.
- Rocchi, Flaminio. L'esodo dei 350.000 giuliani, fiumani e dalmati. Difesa Adriatica editore. Roma, 1970
- Seton-Watson, "Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925", John Murray Publishers, Londra 1967.
- Tomaz, Luigi, Il confine d'Italia in Istria e Dalmazia, Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2007.
- Tomaz Luigi, In Adriatico nel secondo millennio, Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2010.
- Ezio e Luciano Giuricin (2015) Mezzo secolo di collaborazione (1964-2014) Lineamenti per la storia delle relazioni tra la Comunità italiana in Istria, Fiume e Dalmazia e la Nazione madre