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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}} |
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[[File:Milk glass.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Dairy products are derived from [[milk]].]] |
[[File:Milk glass.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Dairy products are derived from [[milk]].]] |
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[[File:Milkproducts v2.svg|thumb|upright=1. |
[[File:Milkproducts v2.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Milk products and production relationships]] |
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'''Dairy products''', '''milk products''' or '''''lacticinia'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=34465|title=Dictionary : LACTICINIA|website=www.catholicculture.org}}</ref> are a type of [[food]] produced from or containing the [[milk]] of [[mammal]]s |
'''Dairy products''', '''milk products''' or '''''lacticinia'''''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=34465 |title=Dictionary : LACTICINIA |website=www.catholicculture.org |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092549/https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=34465 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> are a type of [[food]] produced from or containing the [[milk]] of [[mammal]]s. They are primarily produced from mammals such as [[cattle]], [[water buffalo]]es, [[dairy goat|goats]], [[domestic sheep|sheep]], [[camel]]s and [[human]]s. Dairy products include [[food]] items such as [[yogurt]], [[cheese]] and [[butter]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clemson.edu/centers-institutes/sullivan/ourservices/patients/nutrition101/Dairy/|title=Dairy {{!}} Clemson University, South Carolina|website=www.clemson.edu|access-date=2016-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075653/http://www.clemson.edu/centers-institutes/sullivan/ourservices/patients/nutrition101/Dairy/|archive-date=31 December 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://authoritynutrition.com/is-butter-dairy/ |title=Is Butter a Dairy Product, and Does it Contain Lactose? |date=2016-07-01 |newspaper=Authority Nutrition |language=en-US |access-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128171255/https://authoritynutrition.com/is-butter-dairy/ |archive-date=28 January 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A facility that produces dairy products is known as a [[dairy]], or dairy factory.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dairy |title=Definition of DAIRY |website=www.merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030001827/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dairy |archive-date=30 October 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Dairy products are consumed worldwide, with the exception of most of East and Southeast Asia and parts of central Africa.<ref name="fao" /> |
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==Types of dairy product== |
== Types of dairy product == |
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{{See also|List of dairy products}} |
{{See also|List of dairy products}} |
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[[File:Dairy Farm at Dalkeith - geograph.org.uk - 85941.jpg|alt=|thumb|A [[dairy farm]]]] |
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[[File:Dairy Belle 3 products.jpg|upright|thumb|Three South African dairy products: a box of full cream, long-life milk, a bottle of strawberry drinking yogurt, and a carton of passionfruit yogurt]] |
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[[File:Pccmilkjf.JPG|thumb|The milk products of water buffalo (super carabaos, [[Philippine Carabao Center]])]][[Milk]] is produced after optional [[Homogenization (chemistry)|homogenization]] or [[pasteurization]], in several grades after standardization of the fat level, and possible addition of the bacteria ''Streptococcus lactis'' and ''Leuconostoc citrovorum.'' [[Milk]] can be broken down into several different categories based on type of product produced, including cream, butter, cheese, infant formula, and yogurt. |
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=== Milk === |
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*[[Cream]] and fermented cream |
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[[File:Dairy Farm at Dalkeith - geograph.org.uk - 85941.jpg|thumb|alt=|A [[dairy farm]]]] |
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**Single cream, double cream and [[whipped cream]] |
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[[File:Dairy Belle 3 products.jpg|upright|thumb|Three South African dairy products: a box of full cream, long-life milk, a bottle of strawberry drinking yogurt, and a carton of passionfruit yogurt]] |
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**[[Clotted cream]], thick, spoonable cream made by heating milk |
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[[File:Pccmilkjf.JPG|thumb|The milk products of water buffalo (super carabaos, [[Philippine Carabao Center]])]] [[Milk]] is produced after optional [[Homogenization (chemistry)|homogenization]] or [[pasteurization]], in several grades after standardization of the fat level, and possible addition of the bacteria ''Streptococcus lactis'' and ''Leuconostoc citrovorum.'' [[Milk]] can be broken down into several different categories based on type of product produced, including cream, butter, cheese, infant formula, and yogurt. |
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**[[Kaymak]] |
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**[[Sour cream]] |
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**[[Smetana (dairy product)|Smetana]], Central and Eastern European variety of sour cream |
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**[[Crème fraîche]], slightly fermented cream |
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*[[Soured milk]] obtained by fermentation with [[Mesophile|mesophilic bacteria]], mainly ''[[Lactococcus lactis]]'' and other bacterial cultures and yeasts |
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**[[Buttermilk|Cultured buttermilk]] resembling buttermilk, but uses different yeast and bacterial cultures |
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**[[Clabber (food)|Clabber]], milk naturally fermented to a yogurt-like state |
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**[[Filmjölk]] |
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**[[Ymer (dairy product)|Ymer]] |
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**[[Viili]] |
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**[[Kefir]], fermented milk drink from the [[Northern Caucasus]] |
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**[[Kumis]], fermented mares' milk popular in [[Central Asia]] |
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**[[Amasi]] |
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**[[Mursik]] |
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*[[Yogurt]], milk fermented by [[Thermophile|thermophilic bacteria]], mainly''[[Streptococcus]] salivarius'' ssp. ''thermophilus'' and [[Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus|''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' ssp. ''bulgaricus'']] sometimes with additional bacteria, such as ''[[Lactobacillus]] acidophilus'' |
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**[[Acidophiline]] |
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**[[Matzoon]] |
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**[[Skyr]] |
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**[[Strained yogurt]] |
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**[[Qatyq]] |
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**[[Ryazhenka]] |
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**[[Varenets]] |
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**[[Ayran]] |
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**[[Doogh]] |
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**[[Lassi]], Indian subcontinent |
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**[[Leben (food)|Leben]] |
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Milk varies in fat content. [[Skim milk]] is milk with zero fat, while [[whole milk]] products contain fat. |
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*[[Baked milk]], milk simmered on low heat for long time which results in mild [[caramelization]]. Particularly popular in [[Eastern Europe]]. |
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*[[Scalded milk]] |
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*[[Skim milk]] |
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* Whole milk products |
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*[[Condensed milk]], milk which has been concentrated by evaporation, with sugar added for reduced process time and longer life in an opened can |
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**[[Dulce de leche]] |
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*[[Evaporated milk]], (less concentrated than condensed) milk without added sugar |
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*[[Malai]] |
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*[[Khoa]], milk which has been completely concentrated by evaporation, used in [[Indian cuisine]] |
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*[[Powdered milk]] (or milk powder), produced by removing the water from (usually skim) milk |
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*[[Whey]], the liquid drained from curds and used for further processing or as a livestock feed |
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*[[Buttermilk]], the liquid left over after producing butter from cream, often dried as [[livestock]] feed |
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* [[Scalded milk]] |
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*[[Infant formula]], dried milk powder with specific additives for feeding human infants |
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* [[Condensed milk]], milk which has been concentrated by evaporation, with sugar added for reduced process time and longer life in an opened can |
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* [[Evaporated milk]], (less concentrated than condensed) milk without added sugar |
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* [[Baked milk]] is milk simmered on low heat for long time which results in mild [[caramelization]]. Particularly popular in [[Eastern Europe]]. |
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* [[Dulce de leche]] |
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* [[Malai]] |
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* [[Powdered milk]] (or milk powder), produced by removing the water from (usually skim) milk |
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* [[Khoa]], milk which has been completely concentrated by evaporation, used in [[Indian cuisine]] |
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* [[Infant formula]], dried milk powder with specific additives for feeding human infants |
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* High milk-fat and nutritional products (for infant formulas) |
* High milk-fat and nutritional products (for infant formulas) |
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* [[Whey]], the liquid drained from curds and used for further processing or as a livestock feed |
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* Confectionery products |
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* [[Buttermilk]], the liquid left over after producing butter from cream, often dried as [[livestock]] feed |
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** Milk chocolate |
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* [[Milk skin]] |
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[[File:Sealed Milk.jpg|thumb|Sealed Milk Boxes for longer shelf life]] |
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Milk is an ingredient in many confectioneries. Milk can be added to chocolate to produce [[Milk Chocolate|Milk chocolate]]. |
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=== Fermented milk === |
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*[[Butter]], mostly milk fat, produced by churning cream |
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* [[Soured milk]] obtained by fermentation with [[Mesophile|mesophilic bacteria]], mainly ''[[Lactococcus lactis]]'' and other bacterial cultures and yeasts |
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**''[[Ghee]]'', clarified butter, by gentle heating of butter and removal of the solid matter |
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* [[Buttermilk|Cultured buttermilk]] resembling buttermilk, but uses different yeast and bacterial cultures |
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* [[Clabber (food)|Clabber]], milk naturally fermented to a yogurt-like state |
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* [[Filmjölk]] |
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* [[Ymer (dairy product)|Ymer]] |
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* [[Viili]] |
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* [[Kefir]], fermented milk drink from the [[Northern Caucasus]] |
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* [[Kumis]], fermented mares' milk popular in [[Central Asia]] |
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* [[Amasi]] |
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* [[Mursik]] |
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=== Yogurt === |
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[[Yogurt]], milk fermented by [[Thermophile|thermophilic bacteria]], mainly''[[Streptococcus]] salivarius'' ssp. ''thermophilus'' and [[Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus|''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' ssp. ''bulgaricus'']] sometimes with additional bacteria, such as ''[[Lactobacillus]] acidophilus'' |
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*[[Acidophiline]] |
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*[[Matzoon]] |
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*[[Skyr]] |
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*[[Strained yogurt]] |
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*[[Qatyq]] |
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*[[Ryazhenka]] |
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*[[Varenets]] |
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*[[Ayran]] |
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*[[Doogh]] |
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*[[Lassi]], Indian subcontinent |
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*[[Leben (food)|Leben]] |
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=== Cream === |
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[[Cream]] and fermented cream |
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* Single cream, double cream and [[whipped cream]] |
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*[[Clotted cream]], thick, spoonable cream made by heating milk |
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*[[Kaymak]] |
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*[[Sour cream]] |
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*[[Smetana (dairy product)|Smetana]], Central and Eastern European variety of sour cream |
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*[[Crème fraîche]], slightly fermented cream |
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=== Butter === |
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[[Butter]], mostly milk fat, produced by churning cream |
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* ''[[Ghee]]'', clarified butter, by gentle heating of butter and removal of the solid matter |
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**''[[Smen]]'', a fermented, clarified butter used in Moroccan cooking |
**''[[Smen]]'', a fermented, clarified butter used in Moroccan cooking |
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**[[Anhydrous]] milkfat ([[clarified butter]]) |
**[[Anhydrous]] milkfat ([[clarified butter]]) |
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=== Cheese === |
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*[[Cheese]], produced by coagulating milk, separating from whey and letting it ripen, generally with [[bacteria]] and sometimes also with certain [[mold]]s |
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[[Cheese]], produced by coagulating milk, separating from whey and letting it ripen, generally with [[bacteria]] and sometimes also with certain [[mold]]s |
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*[[Fresh cheese]]s and [[curd]]s, the soft, curdled part of milk (or skim milk) used to make cheese |
*[[Fresh cheese]]s and [[curd]]s, the soft, curdled part of milk (or skim milk) used to make cheese |
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**[[Cottage cheese]] |
**[[Cottage cheese]] |
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**[[Cream cheese]], produced by the addition of cream to milk and then curdled to form a rich curd or cheese |
**[[Cream cheese]], produced by the addition of cream to milk and then curdled to form a rich curd or cheese |
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**[[Ricotta]], acidified whey cheese |
**[[Ricotta]], acidified whey cheese |
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*[[Casein]] are |
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** Caseinates, sodium or calcium salts of casein |
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** Milk protein concentrates and isolates |
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** Whey protein concentrates and isolates, reduced lactose whey |
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** Hydrolysates, milk treated with proteolytic enzymes to alter functionality |
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**[[Mineral]] concentrates, byproduct of demineralizing whey |
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*[[Ice cream]], slowly frozen cream, milk, flavors and emulsifying additives (dairy ice cream) |
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**[[Gelato]], slowly frozen milk and water, lesser fat than ice cream |
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**[[Ice milk]], low-fat version of ice cream |
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**[[Frozen custard]] |
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**[[Frozen yogurt]], yogurt with emulsifiers |
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*[[Custard]] |
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**''[[Vla]]'' |
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== |
=== Casein === |
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[[Casein]] |
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Dairy products can cause problems for individuals who have [[lactose intolerance]] or a [[milk allergy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Lactose intolerance|url = http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/lactose-intolerance|website = Genetics Home Reference|date = 2016-02-08|access-date = 2016-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Milk Allergy – Food Allergy Research & Education|url = http://www.foodallergy.org/allergens/milk-allergy|website = www.foodallergy.org|access-date = 2016-02-12}}</ref> |
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* Caseinates, sodium or calcium salts of casein |
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Excessive consumption of dairy products can contribute significant amounts of [[cholesterol]] and saturated fat to the diet, which can increase the risk of heart disease, and cause other serious health problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/Saturated-Fats_UCM_301110_Article.jsp#.V2JJUOxv5dg | title=Saturated Fat|accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref> |
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* Milk protein concentrates and isolates |
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* Whey protein concentrates and isolates, reduced lactose whey |
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* Hydrolysates, milk treated with proteolytic enzymes to alter functionality |
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*[[Mineral]] concentrates, byproduct of demineralizing whey |
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=== Ice cream === |
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[[Ice cream]], slowly frozen cream, milk, flavors and emulsifying additives (dairy ice cream) |
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*[[Gelato]], slowly frozen milk and water, lesser fat than ice cream |
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*[[Ice milk]], low-fat version of ice cream |
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*[[Frozen custard]] |
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*[[Frozen yogurt]], yogurt with emulsifiers |
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=== Custard === |
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[[Custard]] |
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*''[[Vla]]'' |
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== Health == |
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Dairy products can cause problems for individuals who have [[lactose intolerance]] or a [[milk allergy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lactose intolerance |url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/lactose-intolerance |website=Genetics Home Reference |date=2016-02-08 |access-date=2016-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125220304/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/lactose-intolerance |archive-date=25 January 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Milk Allergy – Food Allergy Research & Education |url=http://www.foodallergy.org/allergens/milk-allergy |website=www.foodallergy.org |access-date=2016-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208163510/http://www.foodallergy.org/allergens/milk-allergy |archive-date=8 February 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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Excessive consumption of dairy products can contribute significant amounts of [[cholesterol]] and saturated fat to the diet, which can increase the risk of heart disease, and cause other serious health problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/Saturated-Fats_UCM_301110_Article.jsp#.V2JJUOxv5dg |title=Saturated Fat |accessdate=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616154955/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/Saturated-Fats_UCM_301110_Article.jsp#.V2JJUOxv5dg |archive-date=16 June 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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There is no excess cardiovascular risk with dietary calcium intake, but calcium supplements are associated with a higher risk of coronary artery [[calcification]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson JJ, Kruszka B, Delaney JA, et al. |date=October 2016 |title=Calcium intake from diet and supplements and the risk of coronary artery calcification and its progression among older adults: 10-year follow-up of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) |journal=J Am Heart Assoc |volume=5 |issue=10 |page=e003815 |doi=10.1161/jaha.116.003815 |pmc=5121484 |pmid=27729333}}</ref> |
There is no excess cardiovascular risk with dietary calcium intake, but calcium supplements are associated with a higher risk of coronary artery [[calcification]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson JJ, Kruszka B, Delaney JA, et al. |date=October 2016 |title=Calcium intake from diet and supplements and the risk of coronary artery calcification and its progression among older adults: 10-year follow-up of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) |journal=J Am Heart Assoc |volume=5 |issue=10 |page=e003815 |doi=10.1161/jaha.116.003815 |pmc=5121484 |pmid=27729333}}</ref> |
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Consumption of dairy products does not cause mucus production, and will not make cold or asthma symptoms worse.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinnock |first1=CB |last2=Graham |first2=NM |last3=Mylvaganam |first3=A |last4=Douglas |first4=RM |title=Relationship between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with rhinovirus-2 |journal=The American Review of Respiratory Disease |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=352–56 |date=1990 |pmid=2154152 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm/141.2.352}}</ref> This widely held belief stems from some people mistaking the thin coat of residue left behind after consuming milk or ice cream for mucus.<ref>Michigan Dairy Review "Ten Common Myths about Dairy Foods Zey Ustunol |
Consumption of dairy products does not cause mucus production, and will not make cold or asthma symptoms worse.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinnock |first1=CB |last2=Graham |first2=NM |last3=Mylvaganam |first3=A |last4=Douglas |first4=RM |title=Relationship between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with rhinovirus-2 |journal=The American Review of Respiratory Disease |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=352–56 |date=1990 |pmid=2154152 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm/141.2.352}}</ref> This widely held belief stems from some people mistaking the thin coat of residue left behind after consuming milk or ice cream for mucus.<ref> |
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Michigan Dairy Review "Ten Common Myths about Dairy Foods Zey Ustunol |
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Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition https://msu.edu/~mdr/vol15no2/myths.html |
Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition https://msu.edu/~mdr/vol15no2/myths.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106010927/https://msu.edu/~mdr/vol15no2/myths.html |date=6 January 2017 }} |
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</ref> |
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[[Lactose intolerance]] – people who experience lactose intolerance usually prefer to avoid milk and other dairy products for health reasons, as they may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea. |
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==Consumption patterns worldwide== |
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== Consumption patterns worldwide == |
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Rates of dairy consumption vary widely worldwide. High-consumption countries consume more than 150 kg per capita per year. These countries are: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Costa Rica, most European counties, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, North America and Pakistan. Medium-consumption countries consume 30 to 150 kg per capita per year. These countries are: India, Iran, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, North and Southern Africa, most of the Middle East, and most of Latin America and the Caribbean. Low-consumption countries consume under 30 kg per capita per year. These countries are: Senegal, most of Central Africa, and most of East and Southeast Asia.<ref name="fao">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, "Dairy production and products: Milk and milk products" [http://www.fao.org/agriculture/dairy-gateway/milk-and-milk-products/en/#.WBTleuErLdQ]<!--text is almost verbatim from the source, but these are just lists of facts cf. [[Idea–expression divide]]--></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/3_foodconsumption/en/index4.html|title=WHO {{!}} 3. Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends|website=WHO|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref> |
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Rates of dairy consumption vary widely worldwide. High-consumption countries consume more than 150 kg per capita per year. These countries are: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Costa Rica, most European counties, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, North America and Pakistan. Medium-consumption countries consume 30 to 150 kg per capita per year. These countries are: India, Iran, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, North and Southern Africa, most of the Middle East, and most of Latin America and the Caribbean. Low-consumption countries consume under 30 kg per capita per year. These countries are: Senegal, most of Central Africa, and most of East and Southeast Asia.<ref name="fao">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, "Dairy production and products: Milk and milk products" [http://www.fao.org/agriculture/dairy-gateway/milk-and-milk-products/en/#.WBTleuErLdQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027154749/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/dairy-gateway/milk-and-milk-products/en/#.WBTleuErLdQ |date=27 October 2016 }}<!--text is almost verbatim from the source, but these are just lists of facts cf. [[Idea–expression divide]]--></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/3_foodconsumption/en/index4.html|title=WHO {{!}} 3. Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends|website=WHO|access-date=2019-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312153655/https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/3_foodconsumption/en/index4.html|archive-date=12 March 2019|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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==Avoidance== |
== Avoidance (non health related) == |
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Some groups avoid dairy products for non-health related reasons: |
Some groups avoid dairy products for non-health related reasons: |
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* Religious – Some religions restrict or do not allow for the consumption of dairy products. For example, some scholars of [[Jain vegetarianism|Jainism]] advocate not consuming any dairy products because dairy is perceived to involve violence against cows. Orthodox [[Kosher|Judaism]] requires that meat and dairy products not be served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together, as prescribed in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|14:21}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meat.tamu.edu/ansc-307-honors/kosher-halal/|title=Kosher and Halal|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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* Vegans – [[Veganism]] is the avoidance of all animal products, including dairy products, most often due to the ethics regarding how dairy products are produced. The [[Ethics of eating meat|ethical reasons for avoiding dairy]] include how dairy is produced, how the animals are handled, and the environmental effect of dairy production.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dummies.com/food-drink/special-diets/dairy-free/ethical-reasons-to-give-up-dairy-products/|title=Ethical Reasons to Give Up Dairy Products - dummies|newspaper=dummies|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/my-year-of-eating-ethically-2013871.html|title=My year of eating ethically|date=2010-06-30|newspaper=The Independent|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> |
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* [[lactose intolerance|Lactose intolerance]] - people who experience lactose intolerance usually prefer to avoid milk and other dairy products for health reasons, as they may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea. |
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Religious – Some religions restrict or do not allow for the consumption of dairy products. For example, some scholars of [[Jain vegetarianism|Jainism]] advocate not consuming any dairy products because dairy is perceived to involve violence against cows.<ref name="Wiley 2004 p. 78">{{cite book |last=Wiley |first=K.L. |title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism |publisher=Scarecrow Press |series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8108-6558-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCT-CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |access-date=15 April 2019 |page=78 |quote=In recent times, out of concern for the treatment of cows in commercial dairy farming, some Jains in the diaspora and in India now observe a vegan diet and discourage the use of dairy products in temple rituals.}}</ref> Orthodox [[Kosher|Judaism]] requires that meat and dairy products not be served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together, as prescribed in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|14:21}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meat.tamu.edu/ansc-307-honors/kosher-halal/|title=Kosher and Halal|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317103210/https://meat.tamu.edu/ansc-307-honors/kosher-halal/|archive-date=17 March 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{portal|Food|Agriculture and Agronomy}} |
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Vegans – [[Veganism]] is the avoidance of all animal products, including dairy products, most often due to the ethics regarding how dairy products are produced. The [[Ethics of eating meat|ethical reasons for avoiding dairy]] include how dairy is produced, how the animals are handled, and the environmental effect of dairy production.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dummies.com/food-drink/special-diets/dairy-free/ethical-reasons-to-give-up-dairy-products/ |title=Ethical Reasons to Give Up Dairy Products – dummies |newspaper=dummies |language=en-US |access-date=2017-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005842/http://www.dummies.com/food-drink/special-diets/dairy-free/ethical-reasons-to-give-up-dairy-products/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/my-year-of-eating-ethically-2013871.html |title=My year of eating ethically |date=2010-06-30 |newspaper=The Independent |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000822/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/my-year-of-eating-ethically-2013871.html |archive-date=29 September 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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{{portal|Agriculture and Agronomy|Food}} |
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* [[Fermented milk products]] |
* [[Fermented milk products]] |
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* [[List of dairy products]] |
* [[List of dairy products]] |
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* [[Plant milk]] |
* [[Plant milk]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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* {{cite web|last1=Britannica|first1=Enclyclopaedia|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/149947/dairy-product}} |
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==Further reading== |
== Further reading == |
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* Rankin, H. F. (1922) ''Imbucase: the Story of the B. C. I. C. of the Ministry of Food''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Press (B.C.I.C.=Butter and Cheese Imports Committee) |
* Rankin, H. F. (1922) ''Imbucase: the Story of the B. C. I. C. of the Ministry of Food''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Press (B.C.I.C.=Butter and Cheese Imports Committee) |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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{{cookbook}} |
{{cookbook}} |
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* [http://www.food-info.net/uk/qa/dairy.htm Questions and Answers on dairy products] |
* [http://www.food-info.net/uk/qa/dairy.htm Questions and Answers on dairy products] |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dairy Product}} |
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[[Category:Dairy products| ]] |
[[Category:Dairy products| ]] |