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The [[continent]] of Asia is commonly divided into |
The [[continent]] of Asia is commonly divided into geographic and cultural [[subregion]]s, including [[Central Asia]], [[East Asia]], [[North Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], and [[West Asia]]. While linked together on a geographical continent, there has been little unity or common history between the many cultures and peoples there. [[Asian art]], [[Asian music|music]], and [[Asian cuisine|cuisine]], as well as [[Asian literature|literature]] are all important parts of Asian culture. [[Eastern philosophy]] and religion, including [[Hinduism]], [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]], also play major roles. One of the most complex parts of modern Asian culture is the [[East-West dichotomy]], as increasing Western influence clashes with traditional ideals. |
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== Nationalities and ethnic groups == |
== Nationalities and ethnic groups == |
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There is an abundance of ethnic and racial groups throughout Asia, with adaptations to the climate zones of Asia. Some groups are primarily [[hunter-gatherer]]s, some practice [[transhumance]] (nomadic lifestyle), others have been agrarian/rural for millennia and others are becoming industrial/urban. Some nationalities are completely urban, like in [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]]. Colonial rule in Asia largely died out by the late 20th century due to national drives for independence and self-determination across the continent. |
There is an abundance of ethnic and racial groups throughout Asia, with adaptations to the climate zones of Asia. Some groups are primarily [[hunter-gatherer]]s, some practice [[transhumance]] (nomadic lifestyle), others have been agrarian/rural for millennia and others are becoming industrial/urban. Some nationalities are completely urban, like in [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]]. Colonial rule in Asia largely died out by the late 20th century due to national drives for independence and self-determination across the continent. |
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{{Main|East Asian cultural sphere|East Asia}} |
{{Main|East Asian cultural sphere|East Asia}} |
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[[File:East Asian Cultural Sphere.png|thumb|right|East Asia cultural region]] |
[[File:East Asian Cultural Sphere.png|thumb|right|East Asia cultural region]] |
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[[East Asia]] is usually thought to consist of [[China]], [[Japan]], [[North Korea]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Vietnam]]. The dominant influence [[history of East Asia|historically]] has been China, though in modern times, cultural exchange has flowed more bi-directionally. Major characteristics of this region include shared Chinese-derived language characteristics, as well as shared religion, especially [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]]. There is also a shared social and moral philosophy derived from [[Confucianism]]. Most of East Asia practices [[Mahayana Buddhism]]. |
[[East Asia]] is usually thought to consist of [[China]], [[Japan]], [[North Korea]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref>Kort, Michael (2005). ''The Handbook Of East Asia''. Lerner Publishing Group. p. 7. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0761326724|978-0761326724]].</ref> The dominant influence [[history of East Asia|historically]] has been China, though in modern times, cultural exchange has flowed more bi-directionally. Major characteristics of this region include shared Chinese-derived language characteristics, as well as shared religion, especially [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]]. There is also a shared social and moral philosophy derived from [[Confucianism]]. Most of East Asia practices [[Mahayana Buddhism]]. |
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The [[Chinese writing|Chinese script]] is the oldest continuously used writing system in the world, and has long been a unifying force in East Asia as the medium for conveying Chinese culture. It's historically used throughout the region, and is still used in by ethnic Chinese throughout the world, as well as in Japan and to a small and waning extent in South Korea. Within China, the meanings of the characters remain generally unchanged from region to region, though their pronunciations differ. This is because [[Classical Chinese]] was long the written language of all China, and was replaced by [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] as the national written language in the twentieth century. |
The [[Chinese writing|Chinese script]] is the oldest continuously used writing system in the world, and has long been a unifying force in East Asia as the medium for conveying Chinese culture. It's historically used throughout the region, and is still used in by ethnic Chinese throughout the world, as well as in Japan and to a small and waning extent in South Korea. Within China, the meanings of the characters remain generally unchanged from region to region, though their pronunciations differ. This is because [[Classical Chinese]] was long the written language of all China, and was replaced by [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] as the national written language in the twentieth century. |
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Chinese writing was passed to [[Japan]] and [[Vietnam]] in the post-classical era. In Japan, the set of Chinese characters used are called [[Kanji]] and form a major component of the Japanese writing system. In the 9th century, the Japanese developed their own writing system called [[Kana]] ([[Hiragana]] and [[Katakana]]) which support Kanji, thus establishing the Japanese language. Today, both [[ideograph]] Kanji and [[syllabary]] Kana is used in mixture in Japanese. In Vietnam, Chinese script (Han Tu) was used during the millennium under the influence of China, with the vernacular [[Chu Nom]] script are also used since 13th century. However, this has now (since the early 20th century) been replaced completely by the Latin Alphabet-based [[Quoc Ngu]]. In the 15th century, Korea developed an alphabet system called Hangul to make writing and communication easier for its commoners. |
Chinese writing was passed to [[Japan]] and [[Vietnam]] in the post-classical era. In Japan, the set of Chinese characters used are called [[Kanji]] and form a major component of the Japanese writing system. In the 9th century, the Japanese developed their own writing system called [[Kana]] ([[Hiragana]] and [[Katakana]]) which support Kanji, thus establishing the Japanese language. Today, both [[ideograph]] Kanji and [[syllabary]] Kana is used in mixture in Japanese. In Vietnam, Chinese script (Han Tu) was used during the millennium under the influence of China, with the vernacular [[Chu Nom]] script are also used since 13th century. However, this has now (since the early 20th century) been replaced completely by the Latin Alphabet-based [[Quoc Ngu]]. In the 15th century, Korea developed an alphabet system called Hangul to make writing and communication easier for its commoners. |
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Though Korea, Japan and Vietnam are not Chinese speaking regions, their languages have been influenced by the Chinese greatly. However, most of these languages are different enough from Chinese |
Though Korea, Japan and Vietnam are not Chinese speaking regions, their languages have been influenced by the Chinese greatly. However, most of these languages are different enough from Chinese to be considered parts of different language families, such as [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], an [[Austro-Asiatic language]]; [[Japanese language|Japanese]], a [[Japonic language]]; and Korean, a [[Koreanic language]]; all differing from [[Chinese language|Chinese]], a [[Sino-Tibetan language]]. Even though their writing systems have changed over time, Chinese is still found in the historical roots of many borrowed words. In modern times, Chinese is also influenced by other Asian languages, such as by modern technical and political terms created in Japan to represent western concepts. For example, 文化 (culture), 文明 (civilization), 人民 (people), 経済 (economy), 共和 (republic) and 哲学 (philosophy) are borrowed words from Japanese to Chinese, known as ''[[wasei-kango]]''. |
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Apart from the unifying influence of [[Confucianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Chinese characters]], and other [[Culture of China|Chinese Cultural Influences]], there is nevertheless much diversity between the countries of the region such as different religions, national costumes, languages, writing systems, cuisines, traditional music and so on. |
Apart from the unifying influence of [[Confucianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Chinese characters]], and other [[Culture of China|Chinese Cultural Influences]], there is nevertheless much diversity between the countries of the region such as different religions, national costumes, languages, writing systems, cuisines, traditional music and so on. |
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[[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Islam]] are the major world religions founded in South Asia. While about 80% of Indians and Nepalis are Hindus, [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bhutan]] have a majority of Buddhists. [[Islam]] is the predominant religion of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Maldives]] (99%), [[Pakistan]] (96%) and [[Bangladesh]] (90%). [[Catholicism]] has a minor presence due to the efforts of colonial missionaries. About 2% of Indians are Catholics. |
[[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Islam]] are the major world religions founded in South Asia. While about 80% of Indians and Nepalis are Hindus, [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bhutan]] have a majority of Buddhists. [[Islam]] is the predominant religion of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Maldives]] (99%), [[Pakistan]] (96%) and [[Bangladesh]] (90%). [[Catholicism]] has a minor presence due to the efforts of colonial missionaries. About 2% of Indians are Catholics. |
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Much |
Much like China is the cultural center of East Asia, India is the cultural center of South Asia. |
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[[Pakistan]] is split with its two western regions of [[Baluchistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] sharing a greater [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] heritage due to the native [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] people of the regions. Its two eastern regions of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] share cultural links to Northwest India. [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] share a common heritage and culture based on the [[Bengali language]]. The [[Culture of India]] is diverse and a complex mixture of many influences. [[Nepal]] is culturally linked to both India and Tibet and the varied ethnic groups of the country share many of the festivals and cultural traditions used and celebrated in [[North India|North]] and [[East India]] and Tibet. [[Nepali language|Nepali]], the dominant language of Nepal uses the [[Devanagari]] alphabet which is also used to write many North Indian languages.<ref>https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JzFROpFVYRAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_26_02_01.pdf</ref> [[Bhutan]] is a culturally linked to Tibet with significant influences from India. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is the dominant religion in Bhutan and the [[Tibetan alphabet]] is used to write [[Dzongkha]], the dominant language of Bhutan. There is a cultural and linguistic divide between North and South India. [[Sri Lanka]] is culturally tied to both India and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mendis|first1=V.L.B|title=Foreign Relations of Sri Lanka: Earliest Times to 1965|date=1985| |
[[Pakistan]] is split with its two western regions of [[Baluchistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] sharing a greater [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] heritage due to the native [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] people of the regions. Its two eastern regions of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] share cultural links to Northwest India. [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] share a common heritage and culture based on the [[Bengali language]]. The [[Culture of India]] is diverse and a complex mixture of many influences. [[Nepal]] is culturally linked to both India and Tibet and the varied ethnic groups of the country share many of the festivals and cultural traditions used and celebrated in [[North India|North]] and [[East India]] and Tibet. [[Nepali language|Nepali]], the dominant language of Nepal uses the [[Devanagari]] alphabet which is also used to write many North Indian languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JzFROpFVYRAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization - Dor Bahadur Bista - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.au |date= |accessdate=2018-01-15}}</ref><ref>http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_26_02_01.pdf</ref> [[Bhutan]] is a culturally linked to Tibet with significant influences from India. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is the dominant religion in Bhutan and the [[Tibetan alphabet]] is used to write [[Dzongkha]], the dominant language of Bhutan. There is a cultural and linguistic divide between North and South India. [[Sri Lanka]] is culturally tied to both India and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mendis|first1=V.L.B|title=Foreign Relations of Sri Lanka: Earliest Times to 1965|date=1985|pages=113-16|publisher=Tisara Prakasakayo}}</ref> [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]], the dominant language in the country is written in the [[Sinhalese alphabet]] which is derived from the [[Kadamba alphabet|Kadamba]]-[[Pallava alphabet]], and aspects of its [[Sri Lankan cuisine|cuisine]], for example, show South Indian influences. Certain cultural traditions, festivals and [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]], the dominant religion in Sri Lanka, show a [[mainland Southeast Asia]]n affinity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=CdUUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Relations ... - W. M. Sirisena - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.au |date= |accessdate=2018-01-15}}</ref> |
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[[Indo-Aryan languages]] are spoken in [[Pakistan]], Sinhalese of [[Sri Lanka]] and most of North, [[West India|West]] and East India and [[Nepal]]. [[Dravidian languages]] are spoken in [[South India]] and in [[Sri Lanka]] by the [[Sri Lankan Tamil|Tamil]] community. [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] are spoken in the [[North India|North]] and [[North East India]]. [[Iranian Languages|Iranic Languages]] are spoken in [[Baluchistan, Pakistan|Baluchistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in [[Pakistan]]. The main languages of Afghanistan are [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and [[Dari language|Dari]]. |
[[Indo-Aryan languages]] are spoken in [[Pakistan]], Sinhalese of [[Sri Lanka]] and most of North, [[West India|West]] and East India and [[Nepal]]. [[Dravidian languages]] are spoken in [[South India]] and in [[Sri Lanka]] by the [[Sri Lankan Tamil|Tamil]] community. [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] are spoken in the [[North India|North]] and [[North East India]]. [[Iranian Languages|Iranic Languages]] are spoken in [[Baluchistan, Pakistan|Baluchistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in [[Pakistan]]. The main languages of Afghanistan are [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and [[Dari language|Dari]]. |
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Southeast Asia consists of [[Indochina|Mainland Southeast Asia]], and [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]. Southeast Asia is usually thought to include [[Myanmar|Myanmar (previously known as Burma)]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]] and [[East Timor]]. As the crossroads of the maritime [[Silk Road]] trade network since ancient times, the region has been greatly influenced by the cultures and religions of the neighboring regions of India and China as well as by the religions [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. The culture of Southeast Asian nations is diverse, ranging from tribal culture to sophisticated civilizations that created architectural wonders such as [[Angkor]] of Cambodia and [[Borobudur]] of Indonesia. |
Southeast Asia consists of [[Indochina|Mainland Southeast Asia]], and [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]. Southeast Asia is usually thought to include [[Myanmar|Myanmar (previously known as Burma)]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]] and [[East Timor]]. As the crossroads of the maritime [[Silk Road]] trade network since ancient times, the region has been greatly influenced by the cultures and religions of the neighboring regions of India and China as well as by the religions [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. The culture of Southeast Asian nations is diverse, ranging from tribal culture to sophisticated civilizations that created architectural wonders such as [[Angkor]] of Cambodia and [[Borobudur]] of Indonesia. |
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Buddhist culture has a lasting and significant impact in mainland Indochina nations(Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam); most Buddhists in Indochina practice [[Theravada Buddhism]]. In the case of Vietnam, it is also influenced much by [[Confucianism]] and the culture of China. [[Myanmar]] has also been exposed to Indian cultural influences. Before the 14th century, [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] were the dominant religions of Southeast Asia. Thereafter, Islam became dominant in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. Southeast Asia has also had a lot of [[Western culture|Western]] influence due to the lasting legacy of [[colonialism]]. One example is the Philippines which has been heavily influenced by America and Spain, with Christianity ([[Catholicism]]) as the dominant religion. [[East Timor]] also demonstrates [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] influence through colonialism, as it is a predominantly Christian nation. |
Buddhist culture has a lasting and significant impact in mainland Indochina nations (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam); most Buddhists in Indochina practice [[Theravada Buddhism]]. In the case of Vietnam, it is also influenced much by [[Confucianism]] and the culture of China. [[Myanmar]] has also been exposed to Indian cultural influences. Before the 14th century, [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] were the dominant religions of Southeast Asia. Thereafter, Islam became dominant in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. Southeast Asia has also had a lot of [[Western culture|Western]] influence due to the lasting legacy of [[colonialism]]. One example is the Philippines which has been heavily influenced by America and Spain, with Christianity ([[Catholicism]]) as the dominant religion. [[East Timor]] also demonstrates [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] influence through colonialism, as it is a predominantly Christian nation. |
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A common feature found around the region are [[stilt house]]s. These houses are elevated on stilts so that water can easily pass below them in case of a flood. Another shared feature is [[rice paddy]] agriculture, which originated in Southeast Asia thousands of years ago. Dance drama is also a very important feature of the culture, utilizing movements of the hands and feet perfected over thousands of years. Furthermore, the [[arts]] and [[literature]] of [[Southeast Asia]] is very distinctive as some have been influenced by [[demographics of India|Indian]], [[Hindu]], [[Chinese literature|Chinese]], [[Buddhist]], and [[Islamic]] literature. |
A common feature found around the region are [[stilt house]]s. These houses are elevated on stilts so that water can easily pass below them in case of a flood. Another shared feature is [[rice paddy]] agriculture, which originated in Southeast Asia thousands of years ago. Dance drama is also a very important feature of the culture, utilizing movements of the hands and feet perfected over thousands of years. Furthermore, the [[arts]] and [[literature]] of [[Southeast Asia]] is very distinctive as some have been influenced by [[demographics of India|Indian]], [[Hindu]], [[Chinese literature|Chinese]], [[Buddhist]], and [[Islamic]] literature. |
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=== West Asia === |
=== West Asia === |
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[[File:Grand Mosque (Kuwait).jpg|thumb|right|[[Grand Mosque (Kuwait)|Grand Mosque]] in [[Kuwait City]] is one of the biggest mosques in the region]] |
[[File:Grand Mosque (Kuwait).jpg|thumb|right|[[Grand Mosque (Kuwait)|Grand Mosque]] in [[Kuwait City]] is one of the biggest mosques in the region]] |
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West Asia largely corresponds with the term 'Middle East', although some prefer 'West Asia' due to perceived Eurocentrism in the former. West Asia consists of [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Armenia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Palestinian territories]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Oman]] and [[Yemen]]. It is also where the 3 [[Abrahamic faiths]] originated: [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. Other indigenous religions include [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Yazidis |
West Asia largely corresponds with the term 'Middle East', although some prefer 'West Asia' due to perceived Eurocentrism in the former. West Asia consists of [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Armenia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Palestinian territories]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Oman]] and [[Yemen]]. It is also where the 3 [[Abrahamic faiths]] originated: [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. Other indigenous religions include [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Yazidis]]m, [[Alevism]], [[Druze]] and the [[Bahá'í Faith]]. |
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Today, the region is almost 93% Muslim and is dominated by [[Islamism|Islamic]] politics, although one country (Israel) is mostly [[Judaism|Jewish]]. Two countries are Christian, namely Armenia and Georgia, with Lebanon being half-Christian. Culturally, the region is [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persian people|Persian]], [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and [[Jews|Hebrew]]. There exists minority indigenous groups such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Druze]], [[Samaritans]], [[Yazidis]] and [[Mandeans]]. Many countries in the [[Middle East]] are [[desert]] and thus many nomadic groups exist today. On the other hand, modern metropolises also exist on the shifting sands: [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Amman]], [[Riyadh]], [[Tel Aviv]], [[Doha]] and [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]. |
Today, the region is almost 93% Muslim and is dominated by [[Islamism|Islamic]] politics, although one country (Israel) is mostly [[Judaism|Jewish]]. Two countries are Christian, namely Armenia and Georgia, with Lebanon being half-Christian. Culturally, the region is [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Persian people|Persian]], [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], and [[Jews|Hebrew]]. There exists minority indigenous groups such as [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Druze]], [[Samaritans]], [[Yazidis]] and [[Mandeans]]. Many countries in the [[Middle East]] are [[desert]] and thus many nomadic groups exist today. On the other hand, modern metropolises also exist on the shifting sands: [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Amman]], [[Riyadh]], [[Tel Aviv]], [[Doha]] and [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]. |
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[[Middle Eastern cuisine|West Asian cuisine]] is immensely rich and diverse. The literature is also immensely rich with [[Arabic literature|Arabic]], [[Hebrew literature|Jewish]], [[Persian literature|Persian]], and [[Turkish literature|Turkish]] dominating. |
[[Middle Eastern cuisine|West Asian cuisine]] is immensely rich and diverse. The literature is also immensely rich with [[Arabic literature|Arabic]], [[Hebrew literature|Jewish]], [[Persian literature|Persian]], and [[Turkish literature|Turkish]] dominating. |
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The [[Central Asian music|music of Central Asia]] is rich and varied. [[Central Asian cuisine]] is one of the most prominent cuisines of Asia, with cuisines from [[Pakistan]], India, China and [[Azerbaijan]] especially showing significant influence from the foods of Central Asia. Some of the most famous Central Asian foods are [[Manti (dumpling)|manti]] and [[pilaf]]. |
The [[Central Asian music|music of Central Asia]] is rich and varied. [[Central Asian cuisine]] is one of the most prominent cuisines of Asia, with cuisines from [[Pakistan]], India, China and [[Azerbaijan]] especially showing significant influence from the foods of Central Asia. Some of the most famous Central Asian foods are [[Manti (dumpling)|manti]] and [[pilaf]]. |
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The (ancient) literature of Central Asia is linked with [[Persian literature]] as historically the region has long been part of the [[Persian Empire]]. Furthermore, being at the junction of the [[Silk Road]] it has numerous Chinese, Indian and [[Arabian]] literary works. However, [[Kyrgyzs|Kyrgyz]] has the longest epos in the world [[Epic of Manas]] |
The (ancient) literature of Central Asia is linked with [[Persian literature]] as historically the region has long been part of the [[Persian Empire]]. Furthermore, being at the junction of the [[Silk Road]] it has numerous Chinese, Indian and [[Arabian]] literary works. However, [[Kyrgyzs|Kyrgyz]] has the longest epos in the world [[Epic of Manas]]. |
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[[″]] |
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=== North Asia === |
=== North Asia === |
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Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries. The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. Since the Tang Dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. |
Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries. The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. Since the Tang Dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. |
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Many [[Buddhist]] temples are well-known examples of Chinese architecture.'''Chinese architecture''' refers to a style of |
Many [[Buddhist]] temples are well-known examples of Chinese architecture.'''Chinese architecture''' refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries. The structural principles of '''Chinese architecture''' have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. |
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===India=== |
===India=== |
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The Indonesian architectute reflects the diversity of [[Culture of Indonesia|cultural]], [[History of Indonesia|historical]] and [[Geography of Indonesia|geographic]] influences that have shaped [[Indonesia]] as a whole. It ranges from native vernacular architecture, Hindu-Buddhist temples, colonial architecture, to modern architecture. |
The Indonesian architectute reflects the diversity of [[Culture of Indonesia|cultural]], [[History of Indonesia|historical]] and [[Geography of Indonesia|geographic]] influences that have shaped [[Indonesia]] as a whole. It ranges from native vernacular architecture, Hindu-Buddhist temples, colonial architecture, to modern architecture. |
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Indonesian vernacular architecture is called ''[[rumah adat]]''. The houses hold social significance in society and demonstrate local ingenuity in their relations to environment and spatial organisation.<ref name |
Indonesian vernacular architecture is called ''[[rumah adat]]''. The houses hold social significance in society and demonstrate local ingenuity in their relations to environment and spatial organisation.<ref name="Indonesian Houses">{{cite book | title = Indonesian Houses: Tradition and Transformation in Vernacular Architecture |editor1=Reimar Schefold |editor2=P. Nas |editor3=Gaudenz Domenig | publisher = NUS Press| year = 2004 | isbn = 9789971692926 | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Oup15S3lTDAC&hl=id&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>{{rp|5}} Notable examples include [[Rumah Gadang]], [[Tongkonan]], [[Balinese architecture|Balinese houses]] and Javanese [[Joglo]]. Hindu-Buddhist temple monument called ''[[Candi of Indonesia|candi]]'', with the best example are [[Borobudur]] massive stone mandala-stupa and [[Prambanan]] Hindu temple dedicated to [[Trimurti]] gods. By 16th century, the Portuguese followed by the Dutch colonize Indonesian archipelago, and developed European architecture technique and developed [[Colonial architecture of Indonesia|colonial architecture]]. |
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===Japan=== |
===Japan=== |
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===Malay Peninsula=== |
===Malay Peninsula=== |
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{{Main|Malay Architecture}} |
{{Main|Malay Architecture}} |
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Various cultural influences, notably Chinese, Indian and Europeans, played a major role in forming Malay architecture.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Back from utopia: the challenge of the modern movement|publisher = 010 Publishers|year = 2002|isbn = 90-6450-483-0|location = Rotterdam|pages = |author1=Jan Henket, Hubert |author2=Heynen, Hilde }}</ref> Until recent time, wood was the principal material used for all Malay traditional buildings.<ref>{{Cite book|title = World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, New York|last = Marshall Cavendish|isbn = 978-076-1476-31-3|location = |pages = }}</ref>However, numerous stone structures were also discovered particularly the religious complexes from the time of Srivijaya and ancient isthmian Malay kingdoms. |
Various cultural influences, notably Chinese, Indian and Europeans, played a major role in forming Malay architecture.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Back from utopia: the challenge of the modern movement|publisher = 010 Publishers|year = 2002|isbn = 90-6450-483-0|location = Rotterdam|pages = |author1=Jan Henket, Hubert |author2=Heynen, Hilde }}</ref> Until recent time, wood was the principal material used for all Malay traditional buildings.<ref>{{Cite book|title = World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, New York|last = Marshall Cavendish|isbn = 978-076-1476-31-3|location = |pages = }}</ref> However, numerous stone structures were also discovered particularly the religious complexes from the time of Srivijaya and ancient isthmian Malay kingdoms. |
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== Art == |
== Art == |
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{{Main|Asian literature}} |
{{Main|Asian literature}} |
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[[File:LiBai.jpg|thumb|right|125px|[[Tang dynasty]] [[Chinese language poets|Chinese poet]] [[Li Bai]], in a 13th-century depiction by [[Liang Kai]]]] |
[[File:LiBai.jpg|thumb|right|125px|[[Tang dynasty]] [[Chinese language poets|Chinese poet]] [[Li Bai]], in a 13th-century depiction by [[Liang Kai]]]] |
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== Classical literature == |
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=== Arabic === |
=== Arabic === |
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{{Main|Arabic literature}} |
{{Main|Arabic literature}} |
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Arabic literature is the writing, both [[prose]] and [[poetry]], produced by writers in the [[Arabic language]]. One of the most famous literary works of West Asia is [[1001 Arabian Nights|One Thousand and One Arabian Nights]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cachia|first=P.J.E.|date=January 1960|title=Modern Arabic Literature|url=|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=29|pages=282-296|via=}}</ref> |
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One of the most famous literary works of West Asia is [[1001 Arabian Nights]]. |
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=== Chinese === |
=== Chinese === |
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== Family == |
== Family == |
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Families in Asia has a very strong family value. They teach their kids that the family is their protection and the major source of their identity. They expect loyalty from their children. Parents define the law and the children are expected to obey them. This is called filial piety, the respect for one's parents and elders. <ref>{{ |
Families in Asia has a very strong family value. They teach their kids that the family is their protection and the major source of their identity. They expect loyalty from their children. Parents define the law and the children are expected to obey them. This is called filial piety, the respect for one's parents and elders. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dimensionsofculture.com/2010/10/cultural-values-of-asian-patients-and-families/|title=Cultural Values of Asian Patients and Families – Dimensions of Culture|website=www.dimensionsofculture.com|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> They are expected to have self-control, thus making it hard for them to express emotions, they are also expected to show respect through their motions and the way they speak. Children are expected to look after their parents when they grow older. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiasociety.org/education/value-and-meaning-korean-family|title=The Value and Meaning of the Korean Family|website=Asia Society|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> Sons are expected to stay home, while daughters go and live with their husband's family. |
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== Philosophy == |
== Philosophy == |
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== Religions == |
== Religions == |
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[[File:Lightmatter buddha3.jpg|thumb|upright|A stone image of the [[Gautam Buddha|Buddha]]]]{{Main|Religion in Asia|}}[[File:الكنيسة الخضراء احدى اقدم الكنائس السريانية في العالم تقع وسط مدينة تكريت تم تفجيرها يوم الخميس 25-9-2014.jpg|thumb|240px|The [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] [[Saint Ahoadamah Church, Tikrit|Saint Ahoadamah Church]] was a 7th-century church building in the city of [[Tikrit]], one of the oldest in the world until its destruction by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] on 25 September 2014.]]Asia is the birthplace of many religions such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Islam]], [[Jainism]], [[Judaism]], [[Shintoism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Taoism]], and [[Zoroastranism]]. All major religious traditions are practiced in the region and new forms are constantly emerging. The largest religions in Asia are Islam and Hinduism, both with approximately 1.1 billion adherents. In 2010, the [[Pew Research Center]] five of the ten most religiously diverse regions in the world to be in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/04/Religious-Diversity-appendix-1.pdf|title=Religious Diversity Index|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>[[File:Israel-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg|thumb|[[Dome of the Rock]], an Islamic shrine in [[Jerusalem]].]] |
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[[File:Lightmatter buddha3.jpg|thumb|upright|A stone image of the [[Gautam Buddha|Buddha]]]] |
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⚫ | Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated in India, a country of South Asia. In East Asia, particularly in China and Japan, Confucianism, Taoism, [[Zen|Zen Buddhism]] and Shinto took shape. Other religions of Asia include the [[Bahá'í Faith]], [[Shamanism]] practiced in [[Siberia]], and [[Animism]] practiced in the eastern parts of the [[South Asia|Indian subcontinent]]. |
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[[File:الكنيسة الخضراء احدى اقدم الكنائس السريانية في العالم تقع وسط مدينة تكريت تم تفجيرها يوم الخميس 25-9-2014.jpg|thumb|240px|The [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] [[Saint Ahoadamah Church, Tikrit|Saint Ahoadamah Church]] was a 7th-century church building in the city of [[Tikrit]], one of the oldest in the world until its destruction by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] on 25 September 2014.]] |
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[[File:Israel-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg|thumb|[[Dome of the Rock]], an Islamic shrine in [[Jerusalem]].]] |
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Over 60% of the global Muslim population is in Asia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://guides.library.cornell.edu/IslamAsiaExhibit/MuslimPopulations|title=LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: Muslim Populations|last=Houissa|first=Ali|website=guides.library.cornell.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref> About 25% of [[Muslims]] live in the South Asian region, mainly in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives. If Afghanistan is counted, this number is even higher. The world's largest single Muslim community (within the bounds of one nation) is in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guides.library.cornell.edu/IslamAsiaExhibit/IslamSEAsia|title=LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: Islam in Southeast Asia|last=Houissa|first=Ali|website=guides.library.cornell.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref> There are also significant Muslim populations in the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, China, Russia, Central Asia and West Asia.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In the |
In the Philippines and [[East Timor]], [[Roman Catholicism]] is the predominant religion; it was introduced by the Spaniards and the Portuguese, respectively. In [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russia]], [[Georgian Orthodox Church|Georgia]], and [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenia]], [[Orthodox Christianity]] is the predominant religion. [[Eastern Christian]] sects are the most dominant denomination in Asia, having adherents in portions of the Middle East (the [[Levant]]) and South Asia. Eastern churches include [[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Maronite Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], among others. [[Judaism]] is the major religion of [[Israel]]. |
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Religions founded in Asia and with a majority of their contemporary adherents in Asia include: |
Religions founded in Asia and with a majority of their contemporary adherents in Asia include: |
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{{Main|Sports in Asia}} |
{{Main|Sports in Asia}} |
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Due to the vastness of Asia, popularity of |
Due to the vastness of Asia, popularity of sports varies greatly across the continent. |
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[[Association football]] is widely popular in Asia. [[Boxing]], [[badminton]], and [[table tennis]] are very popular in East Asia. [[Baseball]] is popular in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. [[Cricket]] is especially popular in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. |
[[Association football]] is widely popular in Asia. [[Boxing]], [[badminton]], and [[table tennis]] are very popular in East Asia. [[Baseball]] is popular in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. [[Cricket]] is especially popular in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. |
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In [[Philippine cuisine|Filipino banquet]], many unique dishes have arisen because of the country's long years of colonization and interactions with other neighboring cultures and nations; it has inherited Latin, Malay, Chinese, and American influences to its people's local blend. |
In [[Philippine cuisine|Filipino banquet]], many unique dishes have arisen because of the country's long years of colonization and interactions with other neighboring cultures and nations; it has inherited Latin, Malay, Chinese, and American influences to its people's local blend. |
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<gallery> |
<gallery mode=packed> |
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File:Tandoorimumbai.jpg|[[Chicken tikka]], a well-known dish across the globe, reflects the amalgamation of South Asian cooking styles with those from [[Central Asia]]. |
File:Tandoorimumbai.jpg|[[Chicken tikka]], a well-known dish across the globe, reflects the amalgamation of South Asian cooking styles with those from [[Central Asia]]. |
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File:Philippine Food.jpg|[[Philippine cuisine]] |
File:Philippine Food.jpg|[[Philippine cuisine]] |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{portal|Asia|Culture}} |
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*[[Culture of |
* [[Culture of Africa]] |
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*[[Culture of |
* [[Culture of Europe]] |
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*[[Culture of |
* [[Culture of North America]] |
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*[[Culture of |
* [[Culture of Oceania]] |
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* [[Culture of South America]] |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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<ref> http://www.dimensionsofculture.com/2010/10/cultural-values-of-asian-patients-and-families/ </ref> |
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==Further reading== |
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<ref> http://asiasociety.org/education/value-and-meaning-korean-family </ref> |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.dimensionsofculture.com/2010/10/cultural-values-of-asian-patients-and-families/ |title=Cultural Values of Asian Patients and Families – Dimensions of Culture |publisher=Dimensionsofculture.com |date= |accessdate=2018-01-15}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://asiasociety.org/education/value-and-meaning-korean-family |title=The Value and Meaning of the Korean Family |publisher=Asia Society |date=2008-08-20 |accessdate=2018-01-15}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221084222/http://www.city.fukuoka.jp/asiaprize/english/index.html '' Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize ''] was established to honor the outstanding work of individuals or groups/organizations to preserve and create unique and diverse cultures of Asia. |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221084222/http://www.city.fukuoka.jp/asiaprize/english/index.html '' Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize ''] was established to honor the outstanding work of individuals or groups/organizations to preserve and create unique and diverse cultures of Asia. |
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{{Asia topics}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture of Asia}} |