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{{Short description|Idolization of a leader}} |
{{Short description|Idolization of a leader}} |
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{{For|the song by Living Colour|Cult of Personality (song)}} |
{{For|the song by Living Colour|Cult of Personality (song)}} |
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{{Use American English|date=February 2022}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2022}} |
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{{AFI}} |
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{{Expand Finnish|Henkilöpalvonta (politiikka)|fa=yes|date=July 2021}} |
{{Expand Finnish|Henkilöpalvonta (politiikka)|fa=yes|date=July 2021}} |
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[[File:Poster of Azerbaijan 1938. Constitutions.jpg|thumb|upright| |
[[File:Poster of Azerbaijan 1938. Constitutions.jpg|thumb|upright|Soviet poster featuring [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Azerbaijan]], 1938]] |
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A '''cult of personality''', or '''cult of the leader''',<ref name=mudde>[[Cas Mudde|Mudde, Cas]] and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) ''Populism: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63. {{isbn|978-0-19-023487-4}}</ref> |
A '''cult of personality''', or '''cult of the leader''',<ref name="mudde">[[Cas Mudde|Mudde, Cas]] and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) ''Populism: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63. {{isbn|978-0-19-023487-4}}</ref> is the phenomenon to describe the effort made by a government to create an idealized and heroic image of a leader, often through unquestioning [[flattery]] and [[praise]], it historically has developed through techniques of mass media, propaganda, the [[big lie]], [[spectacle]], [[the arts]], patriotism, and [[government-organized demonstration]]s and rallies. A [[cult]] of personality is similar to [[apotheosis]], except that it is established by modern [[social engineering (political science)|social engineering techniques]], usually by the state or the party in [[one-party state]]s and [[dominant-party state]]s. A cult of personality often accompanies the leader of a [[totalitarian]] or [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] countries. It can also be seen in some [[Monarchy|monarchies]], [[theocracy|theocracies]], and [[Failed state|failed democracies]]. |
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The term |
The term was coined in 1956, by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in his speech "[[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences]]". This speech was famously given on the final day of the [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]. In the speech, Khrushchev, speaking as the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|First Secretary of the Communist Party]] – in effect, the leader of the country – criticized the [[Stalin's cult of personality|lionization, and idealization]], as well as the policies of [[Joseph Stalin]], his predecessor. By criticizing Stalin in this manner it can be implied Khrushchev was also giving condemnation to his communist contemporary [[Mao Zedong's cult of personality|Mao Zedong]], as contradicting [[Marxism|Marxist doctrine]]. The speech was later made public and was part of the "[[de-Stalinization]]" process in the Soviet Union. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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[[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Augustus of Prima Porta]], 1st century CE]] |
[[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Augustus of Prima Porta]], 1st century CE]] |
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Throughout history, monarchs and other [[Head of state|heads of state]] were often held in enormous reverence and imputed super-human qualities. Through the principle of the [[divine right of kings]], in medieval Europe for example, rulers were said to hold office by the will of God. [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Imperial Japan]], the [[Inca]], the [[Aztecs]], Tibet, Siam (now [[Thailand]]), and the [[Roman Empire]] are especially noted for redefining monarchs as "god-kings". Furthermore, the [[Imperial cult of ancient Rome]] identified [[emperors]] and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority ([[auctoritas]]) of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman State]]. |
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The spread of democratic and secular ideas in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries made it increasingly difficult for monarchs to preserve this aura. However, the subsequent development of |
The spread of democratic and secular ideas in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries made it increasingly difficult for monarchs to preserve this aura. However, the subsequent development of mass media, such as radio, enabled political leaders to project a positive image of themselves onto the masses as never before. It was from these circumstances in the 20th century that the most notorious personality cults arose. Often these cults are a form of [[political religion]].{{sfn|Plamper|2012|pp=13–14}} |
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The term "cult of personality" probably appeared in English around 1800–1850, along with the French and German use.<ref name="Heller2004">{{ |
The term "cult of personality" probably appeared in English around 1800–1850, along with the French and German use.<ref name="Heller2004">{{Cite book |last=Heller |first=Klaus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CreuLAI0c9sC&pg=PA25 |title=Personality Cults in Stalinism/Personenkulte im Stalinismus |publisher=V&R Unipress |year=2004 |isbn=978-3-89971-191-2 |editor-last=Heller |editor-first=Klaus |location=Göttingen |pages=23–33 |editor-last2=Plamper |editor-first2=Jan}}</ref> At first, it had no political connotations, but was instead closely related to the [[Romanticism|Romanticist]] "cult of genius".<ref name="Heller2004" /> The first political use of the phrase appeared in a letter from [[Karl Marx]] to German political worker Wilhelm Blos dated to November 10, 1877:<ref name="Heller2004" /> |
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{{ |
{{blockquote|text=Neither of us cares a straw of popularity. Let me cite one proof of this: such was my aversion to the personality cult [orig. ''Personenkultus''] that at the time of the International, when plagued by numerous moves ... to accord me public honor, I never allowed one of these to enter the domain of publicity ...<ref name="Heller2004" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Blos |first=Wilhelm |title=Brief von Karl Marx an Wilhelm Blos |url=http://www.zeno.org/nid/20003602281 |access-date=22 February 2013 |website=Denkwürdigkeiten eines Sozialdemokraten}}</ref>}} |
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[[File:SAIGON (2039436871).jpg|thumb|left|[[Ho Chi Minh]] statue in front of the City Hall of [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (formerly known as Saigon) in [[Vietnam]]]] |
[[File:SAIGON (2039436871).jpg|thumb|left|[[Ho Chi Minh]] statue in front of the City Hall of [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (formerly known as Saigon) in [[Vietnam]]]] |
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==Characteristics== |
==Characteristics== |
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There are various views about what constitutes a cult of personality in a leader. Historian [[Jan Plamper]] |
There are various views about what constitutes a cult of personality in a leader. Historian [[Jan Plamper]] wrote that modern-day personality cults display five characteristics that set them apart from "their predecessors": The cults are secular and "anchored in popular sovereignty"; their objects are all males; they target the entire population, not only the well-to-do or just the ruling class; they use mass media; they exist where the mass media can be controlled enough to inhibit the introduction of "rival cults".{{sfn|Plamper|2012|p=222}} |
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In his 2013 paper, "What is character and why it really does matter", Thomas A. Wright |
In his 2013 paper, "''What is character and why it really does matter''", Thomas A. Wright stated, "The cult of personality phenomenon refers to the idealized, even god-like, public image of an individual consciously shaped and molded through constant propaganda and media exposure. As a result, one is able to manipulate others based entirely on the influence of public personality ... the cult of personality perspective focuses on the often shallow, external images that many public figures cultivate to create an idealized and heroic image."<ref name="autogenerated29">{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas A. |last2=Lauer |first2=Tyler L. |date=2013 |title=What is character and why it really does matter |url=https://fordham.bepress.com/gsb_facultypubs/2/ |journal=Fordham University: Business Faculty Publications. |publisher=[[Fordham University]] |volume=2 |page=29 |access-date=June 13, 2019}}</ref> |
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Adrian Teodor Popan |
Adrian Teodor Popan defined a cult of personality as a "quantitatively exaggerated and qualitatively extravagant public demonstration of praise of the leader." He also identified three causal "necessary, but not sufficient, structural conditions, and a path-dependent chain of events which, together, lead to the cult formation: a particular combination of [[patrimonialism]] and [[clientelism]], lack of dissidence, and systematic falsification pervading the society's culture."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Popan |first=Adrian Teodor |date=August 2015 |title=The ABC of Sycophancy: Structural Conditions for the Emergence of Dictators' Cults of Personality |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/46763/POPAN-DISSERTATION-2015.pdf |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |doi=10.15781/T2J960G15 |hdl=2152/46763}}</ref> |
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One underlying characteristic as explained by John Pittman is the nature of the cult of personalities to be a patriarch. The idea of the cult of personalities that coincides with the Marxist movements gains popular footing among the men in power with the idea that they would be the "fathers of the people". By the end of the 1920s, the male features of the cults became more extreme. Pittman identifies that these features became roles including the "formal role for a [male] 'great leader' as a cultural focus of the apparatus of the regime: reliance on top-down 'administrative measures': and a pyramidal structure of authority" which was created by a single ideal.<ref name="Pittman" /> |
One underlying characteristic, as explained by John Pittman, is the nature of the cult of personalities to be a patriarch. The idea of the cult of personalities that coincides with the Marxist movements gains popular footing among the men in power with the idea that they would be the "fathers of the people".{{According to whom|date=February 2022}} By the end of the 1920s, the male features of the cults became more extreme. Pittman identifies that these features became roles including the "formal role for a [male] 'great leader' as a cultural focus of the apparatus of the regime: reliance on top-down 'administrative measures': and a pyramidal structure of authority" which was created by a single ideal.<ref name="Pittman" /> |
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==The role of mass media== |
==The role of mass media== |
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The mass media have played an instrumental role in forging national leaders' cults of personality. The modern cult of personality has arisen in large part due to how the leader is presented through the media. The modern cult of personality developed alongside the media. The twentieth century brought technological advancements that made it possible for regimes to package propaganda in the form of [[Radio broadcasting|radio broadcasts]], [[film]]s, and later content on the internet. Today, governments are capable of isolating citizens from the outside world and creating a monopoly of what citizens have access to, making it much easier to foster a cult of personality. |
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The mass media have played an instrumental role in forging national leaders' cults of personality. |
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Thomas A. Wright in 2013 |
In 2013, Thomas A. Wright in 2013 wrote, "It is becoming evident that the [[charisma]]tic leader, especially in politics, has increasingly become the product of media and self-exposure."<ref name="autogenerated29" /> Focusing on the media in the United States, Robert N. Bellah added, "It is hard to determine the extent to which the media reflect the cult of personality in American politics and to what extent they have created it. Surely they did not create it all alone, but just as surely they have contributed to it. In any case, American politics is dominated by the personalities of political leaders to an extent rare in the modern world ... in the personalized politics of recent years the 'charisma' of the leader may be almost entirely a product of media exposure."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellah |first=Robert N. |date=1986 |title=The Meaning of Reputation in American Society |url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2003&context=californialawreview |url-status=dead |journal=[[California Law Review]] |volume=74 |issue=3 |page=747 |doi=10.15779/Z386730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426192935/https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2003&context=californialawreview |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=June 13, 2019}}</ref> |
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==Purpose== |
==Purpose== |
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[[File:Zhenxing, Dandong, Liaoning, China - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Mao Zedong]] in |
[[File:Zhenxing, Dandong, Liaoning, China - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Mao Zedong]] in China]] |
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Often, a single leader became associated with this revolutionary transformation and came to be treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation without whom the transformation to a better future could not occur. |
Often, a single leader became associated with this revolutionary transformation and came to be treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation without whom the claimed transformation to a better future could not occur. Generally, this has been the justification for personality cults that arose in totalitarian societies, such as those of [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and [[Mao Zedong]]. |
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Admiration for Mao Zedong has remained widespread in China. In December 2013, a ''[[Global Times]]'' poll revealed that over 85% of Chinese viewed Mao's achievements as outweighing his mistakes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 23, 2013 |title=Mao's achievements 'outweigh' mistakes: poll |work=[[al-Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2013/12/mao-achievements-outweigh-mistakes-poll-2013122553410272409.html}}</ref> |
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⚫ | [[Pierre du Bois de Dunilac]] argues that the Stalin cult was elaborately constructed to legitimize his rule. Many deliberate distortions and falsehoods were used.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=du Bois |first1=Pierre |title=Stalin – Genesis of a Myth |journal=Survey. A Journal of East & West Studies |date=1984 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=166–181}} See abstract in {{ |
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[[Jan Plamper]] argues while [[Napoleon III]] made some innovations in [[Second French Empire|France]], it was [[Benito Mussolini]] in Italy in the 1920s who originated the model of dictator-as-cult-figure that was emulated by Hitler, Stalin and the others, using the propaganda powers of a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian state]].{{sfn|Plamper|2012|pp=4, 12–14}} |
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⚫ | Historian [[David L. Hoffmann]] states "The Stalin cult was a central element of [[Stalinism]], and as such it was one of the most salient features of Soviet rule ... Many scholars of Stalinism cite the cult as integral to Stalin's power or as evidence of Stalin's megalomania."<ref>{{ |
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⚫ | [[Pierre du Bois de Dunilac]] argues that the Stalin cult was elaborately constructed to legitimize his rule. Many deliberate distortions and falsehoods were used.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=du Bois |first1=Pierre |title=Stalin – Genesis of a Myth |journal=Survey. A Journal of East & West Studies |date=1984 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=166–181}} See abstract in {{Cite book |first=David R.last=Egan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_7Xh2euykoC&pg=PA157 |title=Joseph Stalin: An Annotated Bibliography of English-Language Periodical Literature to 2005 |last2=Melinda A. Egan |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0810866713 |page=157}}</ref> The [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] refused access to archival records that might reveal the truth, and key documents were destroyed. Photographs were altered and documents were invented.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Strong |first1=Carol |last2=Killingsworth |first2=Matt |date=2011 |title=Stalin the Charismatic Leader?: Explaining the 'Cult of Personality' as a legitimation technique |journal=Politics, Religion & Ideology |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=391–411 |doi=10.1080/21567689.2011.624410 |s2cid=144628885}}</ref> People who knew Stalin were forced to provide "official" accounts to meet the ideological demands of the cult, especially as Stalin himself presented it in 1938 in ''[[the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)|Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]]'', which became the official history.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maslov |first=N. N. |date=1989 |title=Short Course of the History of the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) – An Encyclopedia of Stalin's Personality Cult |journal=Soviet Studies in History |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=41–68 |doi=10.2753/RSH1061-1983280341}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In |
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⚫ | Historian [[David L. Hoffmann]] states "The Stalin cult was a central element of [[Stalinism]], and as such it was one of the most salient features of Soviet rule ... Many scholars of Stalinism cite the cult as integral to Stalin's power or as evidence of Stalin's megalomania."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoffmann |first=David L. |author-link=David L. Hoffmann |date=2013 |title=The Stalin Cult |journal=The Historian |volume=75 |issue=4 |page=909 |doi=10.1111/hisn.12023_65 |s2cid=145070443}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In Latin America, [[Cas Mudde]] and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser link the "cult of the leader" to the concept of the ''[[caudillo]]'', a strong leader "who exercises a power that is independent of any office and free of any constraint." These [[populism|populist]] [[strongman (politics)|strongmen]] are portrayed as "masculine and potentially violent" and enhance their authority through the use of the cult of personality. Mudde and Kaltwasser trace the linkage back to [[Juan Peron]] of [[Argentina]].<ref name=mudde /> |
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==States and systems with personality cults== |
==States and systems with personality cults== |
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{{See also|Peronism|Evita Perón}} |
{{See also|Peronism|Evita Perón}} |
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[[Juan Perón]], elected three times as [[President of Argentina]], and his second wife, [[Eva Perón|Eva "Evita" Perón]], were immensely popular among many of the Argentine people, and to this day they are still considered icons by the leading [[Justicialist Party]]. |
[[Juan Perón]], who was elected three times as [[President of Argentina]], and his second wife, [[Eva Perón|Eva "Evita" Perón]], were immensely popular among many of the Argentine people, and to this day they are still considered icons by the leading [[Justicialist Party]]. In contrast, academics and detractors often considered him a [[demagogue]] and a dictator. |
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Peron sympathised with the [[Axis powers]] when he was a colonel and Minister of War<ref>{{ |
Peron sympathised with the [[Axis powers]] when he was a colonel and Minister of War<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 18, 1946 |title=Neighbor Accused |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792573,00.html |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129121752/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792573,00.html |archive-date=January 29, 2009}}</ref> and even served as a diplomatic envoy to [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]]. During his regime he kept close ties with [[Francoist Spain]]. |
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He ferociously persecuted dissents and potential political rivals as political arrests were common during his first two terms |
He ferociously persecuted dissents and potential political rivals, as political arrests were common during his first two terms. He eroded the [[Republicanism|republican]] principles of the country as a way to stay in power and forced statewide censorship on most media.<ref name="Martínez Eloy">{{Cite magazine |last=Martínez |first=Tomás Eloy |date=January 20, 1997 |title=The woman behind the fantasy. prostitute, fascist, profligate – Eva Perón was much maligned, mostly unfairly |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1997/int/970120/cinema.the_woman.html |url-status=dead |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011221053805/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1997/int/970120/cinema.the_woman.html |archive-date=December 21, 2001 |access-date=January 28, 2009}}</ref> Following his election, he built a personality cult around both himself and his wife so pervasive it is still a part of Argentina's current political life.<ref>''Politics and Education in Argentina'', 1946–1962, by Mónica Esti Rein; trans by Martha Grenzeback. Published by M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY/London, 1998, pp. 79–80.</ref> |
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During his regime schools were forced to read Evita's biography ''[[La Razón de mi Vida]]'', union and government jobs were only given to those who could prove themselves to be a fervent Peronist, newspapers were censored and television and radio networks were |
During his regime, schools were forced to read Evita's biography ''[[La Razón de mi Vida]]'', union and government jobs were only given to those who could prove themselves to be a fervent Peronist, newspapers were censored and television and radio networks were nationalized, and only state media was allowed. He often showed contempt for any opponents, regularly characterizing them as traitors and agents of foreign powers. |
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Those who didn't fall in line or were perceived as a threat to Perón's political power |
Those who didn't fall in line or were perceived as a threat to Perón's political power were subject to losing their jobs, threats, violence and harassment. Perón fired over 20,000 university professors and faculty members from all major public education institutions.<ref name="rock">{{Cite book |last=Rock |first=David |title=Argentina, 1516–1982 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1987}}</ref> Universities were then intervened, the faculty was pressured to get in line and those who resisted were [[blacklisted]], fired or exiled. Numerous prominent cultural and intellectual figures were imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palermo online |url=http://www.palermonline.com.ar/noticias_2008/nota104_literatos_tos.htm |access-date=January 27, 2011 |website=Palermonline.com.ar}}</ref> Thousands of artists, scientists, writers and academics left the country, migrated to North America or Europe. Union leader and political rivals were arrested and tortured for years<ref name="eh-Pigna">{{Cite web |last=Pigna |first=Felipe |title=Ricardo Balbín |url=http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/b/balbin.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128221706/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/b/balbin.php |archive-date=November 28, 2011 |access-date=December 14, 2020 |website=Elhistoriador.com.ar |publisher=El Historiador |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Feitlowitz |first=Marguerite |title=A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002}}</ref> and were only released after Perón was deposed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2001 |title=Clarín |url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/08/02/p-02401.htm |access-date=January 27, 2011 |website=Clarin.com}}</ref> |
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===China=== |
===China=== |
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===Fascist Italy=== |
===Fascist Italy=== |
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{{Main article|Propaganda of Fascist Italy}} |
{{Main article|Propaganda of Fascist Italy}} |
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[[File:1936-prima-classe-061.jpg|thumb|upright|"Kids, you have to love [[Benito Mussolini]]. He always works for the good of the Fatherland and the Italian people. You have heard this many times, from your dad, |
[[File:1936-prima-classe-061.jpg|thumb|upright|"Kids, you have to love [[Benito Mussolini]]. He always works for the good of the Fatherland and the Italian people. You have heard this many times, from your dad, mother, or teacher: If Italy is now far more powerful than before, we owe it to him." (1936 [[textbook]])]] |
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[[Benito Mussolini]] was portrayed as the embodiment of [[Italian Fascism]] and was keen to be seen as such.{{sfn|Hamilton|1973|p=73}} Mussolini was styled by other Italian fascists as [[Il Duce]] ("The Leader"). Since Mussolini was represented as an almost omniscient leader, a common saying in Italy during Mussolini's rule was "The Duce is always right |
[[Benito Mussolini]] was portrayed as the embodiment of [[Italian Fascism]] and was keen to be seen as such.{{sfn|Hamilton|1973|p=73}} Mussolini was styled by other Italian fascists{{Who|date=February 2022}} as [[Il Duce]] ("The Leader"). Since Mussolini was represented as an almost omniscient leader, a common saying in Italy during Mussolini's rule was "The Duce is always right" (Italian: ''Il Duce ha sempre ragione'').{{sfn|Bosworth|2006|p=3}} Mussolini became a unifying force in Italy in order for ordinary Italians to put their difference to one side with local officials. The personality cult surrounding Mussolini became a way for him to justify his personal rule and it acted as a way to enable social and political integration. |
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Mussolini's military service in [[World War I]] and survival of failed assassination attempts were used to convey a mysterious |
Mussolini's military service in [[World War I]] and survival of failed assassination attempts were used to convey a mysterious aura around him.{{sfn|Falasca-Zamponi|2000|pp=72–73}} Fascist propaganda stated that Mussolini's body had been pierced by shrapnel just like [[Saint Sebastian|St. Sebastian]] had been pierced by arrows, the difference being that Mussolini had survived this ordeal.{{sfn|Falasca-Zamponi|2000|pp=72–73}} Mussolini was also compared to [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis of Assisi]], who had, like Mussolini, "suffered and sacrificed himself for others".{{sfn|Falasca-Zamponi|2000|pp=65–66}} |
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The press were given |
The press were given instructions on what and what not to write about Mussolini.{{sfn|Hamilton|1973|p=73}} Mussolini himself authorized which photographs of him were allowed to be published and rejected any photographs which made him appear weak or less prominent than he wanted to be portrayed as in a particular group.{{sfn|Gallo|1973|pp=206–207}} |
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[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italy's war against Ethiopia]] (1935–37) was portrayed in propaganda as a revival of the [[Roman Empire]], with Mussolini as the first Roman emperor [[Augustus]].{{sfn|Brendon|2016|p=329}} To improve his own image, as well as the image of Fascism in the [[Arab world]], Mussolini declared himself to be the "Protector of [[Islam]]" during an official visit to [[Italian Libya|Libya]] in 1937.{{sfn|Williams|2006|p=112}} |
[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italy's war against Ethiopia]] (1935–37) was portrayed in propaganda as a revival of the [[Roman Empire]], with Mussolini as the first Roman emperor [[Augustus]].{{sfn|Brendon|2016|p=329}} To improve his own image, as well as the image of Fascism in the [[Arab world]], Mussolini declared himself to be the "Protector of [[Islam]]" during an official visit to [[Italian Libya|Libya]] in 1937.{{sfn|Williams|2006|p=112}} |
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=== India === |
=== India === |
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India's first |
India's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was known to foster a personality cult around himself. Many leaders opposed Nehru's style of functioning, his economic policies, and his [[Socialism|socialist]] agenda. [[C Rajagopalachari]] criticized the personality cult surrounding Nehru, saying that there should be an opposition group within the Congress because it was running with "accelerators and no brakes" without a true opposition. Rajagopalachari later formed the liberal [[Swatantra Party]] because of his opposition to Nehru's style of functioning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Lounge |date=May 24, 2014 |title=Nehru's India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9x8RPd562DusWqVQQ91NfN/Nehrus-India.html |website=mint}}</ref> The expression '[[Nehruvian socialism|Nehruvian consensus]]' reflects the dominance of Nehruvian ideals, a product of Nehru's personality cult and the associated statism, i.e. the overarching faith in the state and the leadership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rise, and Demise of Nehruvian Consensus: A Historical Review |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/61434/1/MPRA_paper_61434.pdf}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] has been accused of propagating a personality cult centered around Nehru, his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] & the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chacha's Musty Coat-Tails |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/chachas-musty-coat-tails/292513 |website=https://www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref> |
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Current Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] is often |
Current Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] is often criticized for creating a personality cult around him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vaidyanathan |first=Rajini |title=The 'personality politics' of Narendra Modi and Donald Trump |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48332141 |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Manini |date=May 13, 2019 |title=I, me, myself: The Modi cult could threaten the BJP too |publisher=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/i-me-myself-the-cult-of-narendra-modi-could-threaten-the-bjp-too/cid/1690410 |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref> Despite bad governance and several political setbacks,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vaishnav |first=Milan |date=May 25, 2019 |title=Opinion: If it's 'the economy, stupid,' why did Modi win? |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/05/25/if-its-economy-stupid-why-did-modi-win/ |access-date=July 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khare |first=Harish |date=November 25, 2016 |title=The Cult of the Leader: Demonetisation and Modi Worship |publisher=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/economy/demonetisation-modi-stalinism |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Safi |first=Michael |date=May 23, 2019 |title=India election results 2019: Modi claims landslide victory |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/23/india-election-results-narendra-modi-bjp-victory |access-date=July 31, 2021}}</ref> Modi's charisma and popularity was a key factor that helped the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) return to power in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Parliament elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Ambar Kumar |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Decoding the Modi personality cult |publisher=QRIUS |url=https://qrius.com/decoding-the-modi-personality-cult/ |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref> [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], the chief minister of the country's [[Madhya Pradesh|second largest state]], said in 2022, "He is superhuman and has traces of god in him."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=February 2, 2022 |title=Narendra Modi has traces of god in him, says BJP minister as personality cult grows |language=en |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/narendra-modi-has-traces-of-god-in-him-says-bjp-minister-as-personality-cult-grows-thr5nj637 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> Opposition often accused Modi for spreading propaganda using popular media such as movies, television and web series,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Saptarshi |date=April 13, 2019 |title=How Narendra Modi has tried to co-opt Bollywood to push his cult of personality |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/04/13/narendra-modi-has-tried-co-opt-bollywood-push-cult-personality/ |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |date=May 28, 2019 |title=India's Cult of Modi |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/narendra-modi-india-election-personality-cult-by-shashi-tharoor-2019-05?barrier=accesspaylog |access-date=September 29, 2019 |website=Project Syndicate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sohini |first=C |date=February 5, 2019 |title=The triumph of Modi propaganda in Bollywood |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2184614/triumph-modi-propaganda-bollywood |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Samrudhi |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Vivek Agnihotri: PM Narendra Modi did not even run for 7 days. This is what happens to propaganda films |publisher=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vivek-agnihotri-pm-narendra-modi-did-not-even-run-for-7-days-this-is-what-happens-to-propaganda-films-1555977-2019-06-25 |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref> while the BJP has protested against a reality show in [[Tamil Nadu]] in which two children performed a skit about a vain and foppish king.<ref name=":0" /> |
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===Nazi Germany=== |
===Nazi Germany=== |
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[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2006-0329-502, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, Adolf Hitler vor Lichtdom.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Adolf Hitler at the Nuremberg Rally in 1936]] |
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2006-0329-502, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, Adolf Hitler vor Lichtdom.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Adolf Hitler at the Nuremberg Rally in 1936]] |
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Starting in the 1920s, during the early years of the [[Nazi Party]], [[Nazi propaganda]] began to depict the Nazi leader [[Adolf Hitler]] as a [[demagogue]] figure who was the almighty defender and |
Starting in the 1920s, during the early years of the [[Nazi Party]], [[Nazi propaganda]] began to depict the Nazi leader [[Adolf Hitler]] as a [[demagogue]] figure who was the almighty defender and savior of Germany. After the [[end of World War I]] and the [[Treaty of Versailles]], the German people were left in turmoil under the [[Weimar Republic]], and, according to Nazi propaganda, only Hitler could save them and restore Germany's greatness, which in turn gave rise to the "[[Führer]]-cult".<ref name="spiegel1">{{Cite news |date=January 30, 2008 |title=The Führer Myth How Hitler Won Over the German People |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-fuehrer-myth-how-hitler-won-over-the-german-people-a-531909.html}}</ref> During the five election campaigns in 1932, the Nazi newspaper ''[[Völkischer Beobachter]]'' portrayed Hitler as a man who had a mass movement united behind him, a man with one mission to solely save Germany as the 'Leader of the coming Germany'.{{sfn|Kershaw|1998|pp=36–37}} The [[Night of the Long Knives]] in 1934 – after which Hitler referred to himself as being single-handedly "responsible for the fate of the German people" – also helped to reinforce the myth that Hitler was the sole protector of the ''[[Volksgemeinschaft]]'', the ethnic community of the German people.{{sfn|Kershaw|1998|p=95}} |
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Nazi Propaganda Minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] cultivated an image of Hitler as a "heroic genius".<ref name=spiegel1 /> The myth also gave rise to the saying and concept, "If only the Führer knew". Germans thought that problems which they ascribed to the Nazi hierarchy would not have occurred if Hitler had been aware of the situation; thus Nazi bigwigs were blamed, and Hitler escaped criticism.{{sfn|Kershaw|1998|p=95}} |
Nazi Propaganda Minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] cultivated an image of Hitler as a "heroic genius".<ref name=spiegel1 /> The myth also gave rise to the saying and concept, "If only the Führer knew". Germans thought that problems which they ascribed to the Nazi hierarchy would not have occurred if Hitler had been aware of the situation; thus Nazi bigwigs were blamed, and Hitler escaped criticism.{{sfn|Kershaw|1998|p=95}} |
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British historian [[Ian Kershaw]] published his book ''[[The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich]]'' in 1987 and wrote: |
British historian [[Ian Kershaw]] published his book ''[[The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich]]'' in 1987 and wrote: |
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{{ |
{{blockquote|Hitler stood for at least some things they [German people] admired, and for many had become the symbol and embodiment of the national revival which the Third Reich had in many respects been perceived to accomplish.{{sfn|Kershaw|1998|p=71}}}} |
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During the early 1930s, the myth was given credence due to Hitler's perceived ability to revive the [[Economy of Germany|German economy]] during the [[Great Depression]]. However, [[Albert Speer]] wrote that by 1939, the myth was under threat and the Nazis had to |
During the early 1930s, the myth was given credence due to Hitler's perceived ability to revive the [[Economy of Germany|German economy]] during the [[Great Depression]]. However, [[Albert Speer]] wrote that by 1939, the myth was under threat and the Nazis had to organize cheering crowds to turn up to events. Speer wrote: |
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{{ |
{{blockquote|The shift in the mood of the population, the drooping morale which began to be felt throughout Germany in 1939, was evident in the necessity to organize cheering crowds where two years earlier Hitler had been able to count on spontaneity. What is more, he himself had meanwhile moved away from the admiring masses. He tended to be angry and impatient more often than in the past when, as still occasionally happened, a crowd on [[Wilhelmplatz|Wilhelmsplatz]] began clamoring for him to appear. Two years before he had often stepped out on the "historic balcony." Now he sometimes snapped at his adjutants when they came to him with the request that he show himself: "Stop bothering me with that!"{{sfn|Speer|2009|p=158}}|author=|title=|source=}} |
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The myth helped to unite the German people during [[World War II]], especially against the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]]. During Hitler's early victories against [[Invasion of Poland|Poland]] and [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Europe]] the myth was at its peak, but when it became obvious to most Germans that the war was lost then the myth was exposed and Hitler's popularity declined. |
The myth helped to unite the German people during [[World War II]], especially against the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]]. During Hitler's early victories against [[Invasion of Poland|Poland]] and [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Europe]] the myth was at its peak, but when it became obvious to most Germans that the war was lost then the myth was exposed and Hitler's popularity declined. |
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A report given in the little [[Bavaria]]n town of [[Marktschellenberg|Markt Schellenberg]] on |
A report is given in the little [[Bavaria]]n town of [[Marktschellenberg|Markt Schellenberg]] on March 11, 1945: |
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{{ |
{{blockquote|When the leader of the [[Wehrmacht]] unit at the end of his speech called for a [[Sieg Heil]] for the Führer, it was returned neither by the Wehrmacht present, nor by the [[Volkssturm]], nor by the spectators of the civilian population who had turned up. This silence of the masses ... probably reflects better than anything else, the attitudes of the population.{{sfn|Kershaw|2001|p=766}}|author=|title=|source=}} |
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===North Korea=== |
===North Korea=== |
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{{Main|North Korean cult of personality}} |
{{Main|North Korean cult of personality}} |
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[[File:Kim Il-sung.jpg|thumb|left |
[[File:Kim Il-sung.jpg|thumb|left|North Korean poster featuring [[Kim Il-Sung]]]] |
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The |
The North Korean cult of personality surrounding its ruling family, the [[Kim dynasty (North Korea)|Kim family]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williamson |first=Lucy |date=December 27, 2011 |title=Delving into North Korea's mystical cult of personality |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16336991 |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202083328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16336991 |archive-date=February 2, 2013}}</ref> has existed for decades and can be found in many examples of [[North Korean culture]].<ref>Choe, Yong-ho., Lee, Peter H., and de Barry, Wm. Theodore., eds. ''Sources of Korean Tradition'', Chichester, NY: Columbia University Press, p. 419, 2000.</ref> Although not acknowledged by the [[North Korean government]], many [[North Korean defectors|defectors]] and [[Tourism in North Korea|Western visitors]] state there are often stiff penalties for those who criticize or do not show "proper" respect for the regime.<ref name="Forer">{{Cite web |last=Forer |first=Ben |date=January 12, 2012 |title=North Korea Reportedly Punishing Insincere Mourners |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/01/north-korea-reportedly-punishing-insincere-mourners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414203420/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/01/north-korea-reportedly-punishing-insincere-mourners/ |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2013 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2011 |title=DPRK, Criminal Penalties |url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_988.html#criminal_penalties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101184313/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_988.html |archive-date=January 1, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2013 |publisher=US State Dept}}</ref> The personality cult began soon after [[Kim Il-sung]] took power in 1948, and was greatly expanded after [[Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung|his death]] in 1994. |
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The pervasiveness and extreme nature of North Korea's personality cult surpasses [[Joseph Stalin's cult of personality|that of even Joseph Stalin]] or [[Mao Zedong's cult of personality|Mao Zedong]].<ref name="Armstrong 2013 222">{{ |
The pervasiveness and extreme nature of North Korea's personality cult surpasses [[Joseph Stalin's cult of personality|that of even Joseph Stalin]] or [[Mao Zedong's cult of personality|Mao Zedong]].<ref name="Armstrong 2013 222">{{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Charles K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUf-_XACg3UC&pg=PA222 |title=The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8014-6879-7 |location=Ithaca |page=222}}</ref> The cult is also marked by the intensity of the people's feelings for and devotion to their leaders,<ref name="HelenHunter">{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Helen-Louise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrz5OJvCkmIC&pg=PA25 |title=Kim Il-song's North Korea |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1999 |isbn=9780275962968 |page=25 |access-date=August 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111161606/http://books.google.com/books?id=lrz5OJvCkmIC&pg=PA25 |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the key role played by a Confucianized ideology of [[familism]] both in maintaining the cult and thereby in sustaining the regime itself. The North Korean cult of personality is a large part of [[Juche|North Korean communism]] and [[totalitarianism]]. {{clear left}} |
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===Philippines=== |
===Philippines=== |
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{{Main|Ferdinand Marcos' cult of personality}} |
{{Main|Ferdinand Marcos' cult of personality}}{{Empty section|date=February 2022}} |
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===Soviet Union=== |
===Soviet Union=== |
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[[File:Poster of Azerbaijan 1938. Stalin, Lenin.jpg|thumb|upright|Propaganda poster of Lenin and Stalin]] |
[[File:Poster of Azerbaijan 1938. Stalin, Lenin.jpg|thumb|upright|Propaganda poster of Lenin and Stalin]] |
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The |
The first cult of personality to take shape in the USSR was Vladimir Lenin. Up until the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the USSR]], Lenin's portrait and quotes were a ubiquitous part of the culture. However, during his lifetime, Lenin vehemently denounced any effort to build a cult of personality as in his eyes was antithetical to Marxism.<ref name="Tucker">{{Cite journal |last=Tucker |first=Robert |date=1979 |title=The Rise of Stalin's Personality Cult |url=http://bclearningnetwork.com/LOR/media/hist12/Reading/Stalin.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=347–366 |doi=10.2307/1855137 |jstor=1855137 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227131726/http://bclearningnetwork.com/LOR/media/hist12/Reading/Stalin.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2018}}</ref> Despite this, members of the Communist Party further used Lenin's image as the all knowing revolutionary who would liberate the [[proletariat]]. Lenin attempted to take action against this however it was halted as Lenin was nearly assassinated in August 1918. His health would only further decline as he suffered numerous severe strokes with the worst in May 1922 and March 1923. In this state Lenin would lose the ability to walk and speak. It was during this time that the Communist Party began to promote the accomplishments of Lenin as the basis for his cult of personality, using him as an image of morality and revolutionary ideas.<ref name="Pittman">{{Cite journal |last=Pittman |first=John |date=2017 |title=Thoughts on the "Cult of Personality" in Communist History |url=https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/siso.2017.81.4.533?journalCode=siso |journal=The Russian Revolution One Century Later |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=533–547 |doi=10.1521/siso.2017.81.4.533 |via=[[Guilford Press Periodicals]]}}</ref> |
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After [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s death in 1924 and the exile of [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Joseph Stalin]] came to embody the [[Soviet Union]]. Once Lenin's cult of personality had risen in power, creating enough influence, Stalin integrated his ideals |
After [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s death in 1924 and the exile of [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Joseph Stalin]] came to embody the [[Soviet Union]]. Once Lenin's cult of personality had risen in power, creating enough influence, Stalin integrated his ideals into his own cult.<ref name="Tucker" /> Unlike other cults of personalities, the Lenin and Stalin cults were not created to give the leaders power, they were created to give power, and validation to the Communist Party. Stalin initially spoke out against the cult and other outrageous and false claims centered around him. However Stalin's attitude began to shift in favor of the cult in the 1930s and he began to encourage it following the [[Great Purge]].<ref name="Pisch">{{Cite book |last=Pisch |first=Anita |title=The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 192901953 |publisher=ANU Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781760460624 |location=Australia |pages=87–190}}</ref> Seldom did Stalin object to state actions that furthered his cult of personality, however he did oppose some initiatives from Soviet propagandists. When [[Nikolai Yezhov]] proposed to rename [[Moscow]] to "Stalinodar", which translates to "gift of Stalin", Stalin objected.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kotkin|first=Stephen|date=1995|title=Review of Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/131639|journal=The Russian Review|volume=54|issue=4|pages=635–637|doi=10.2307/131639|issn=0036-0341}}</ref> To merge the idea of the Lenin and Stalin cults together, Stalin changed aspects of Lenin's life in the public's eye in order to place himself in power. This kept the two cults in a line that showed that both Lenin and Stalin had the same ideas and that Stalin was the rightful successor of Lenin, leading the USSR in the fashion Lenin would have.<ref name="Tucker" /> |
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In December 1929, Stalin celebrated his 50th birthday which made Stalin become a prominent feature in the Soviet press.{{sfn|Gill|1980}} The [[Printed media in the Soviet Union|Soviet press]] used positive adjectives like, "Great", "Beloved", "Bold", "Wise", "Inspirer", and "Genius" to describe him.{{sfn|Gunther|1936|pp=516–517, 530–532, 534–535}} Similarly, speeches that were given by people to the peasants described Stalin as "Our Best Collective Farm Worker", "Our [[Udarnik|Shockworker]], Our Best of Best", and "Our Darling, Our Guiding Star".{{sfn|Gunther|1936|pp=516–517, 530–532, 534–535}} By 1934, under Stalin's full control of the country, [[socialist realism]] became the endorsed method of art and literature.<ref name="Pisch" /> Even under the communist regime, the Stalin cult of personality portrayed Stalin's leadership as |
In December 1929, Stalin celebrated his 50th birthday which made Stalin become a prominent feature in the Soviet press.{{sfn|Gill|1980}} The [[Printed media in the Soviet Union|Soviet press]] used positive adjectives like, "Great", "Beloved", "Bold", "Wise", "Inspirer", and "Genius" to describe him.{{sfn|Gunther|1936|pp=516–517, 530–532, 534–535}} Similarly, speeches that were given by people to the peasants described Stalin as "Our Best Collective Farm Worker", "Our [[Udarnik|Shockworker]], Our Best of Best", and "Our Darling, Our Guiding Star".{{sfn|Gunther|1936|pp=516–517, 530–532, 534–535}} By 1934, under Stalin's full control of the country, [[socialist realism]] became the endorsed method of art and literature.<ref name="Pisch" /> Even under the communist regime, the Stalin cult of personality portrayed Stalin's leadership as patriarchy under the features laid out during Khrushchev's speech.<ref name="Pittman" /> After 1936, the Soviet press described Stalin as the "Father of Nations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2017 |title=Joseph Stalin's Cult Of Personality |url=https://historycollection.com/joseph-stalin-cult-personality/ |website=History Collection}}</ref> |
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One key element of [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Soviet propaganda]] was interactions between Stalin and the children of the Soviet Union. He was often photographed with children of different ethnic backgrounds of the Soviet Union and was often photographed giving gifts to children. In 1935 the phrase, "Thank You Dear Comrade Stalin for a Happy Childhood!" started to appear above doorways at nurseries, orphanages, and schools; children also chanted this slogan at festivals.{{sfn|Kelly|2005|pp=206–207}} Another key element of Soviet propaganda was the imagery of Stalin and Lenin. In many posters, Stalin and Lenin were placed together to show that their ideals were one. Throughout the 1930s, posters with both images were used as a way to bring the nation and the military together under the policies of the Communist Party during [[World War II]], with the idea of Lenin as the father of the revolutionary ideas and Stalin as the |
One key element of [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Soviet propaganda]] was interactions between Stalin and the children of the Soviet Union. He was often photographed with children of different ethnic backgrounds of the Soviet Union and was often photographed giving gifts to children. In 1935 the phrase, "Thank You, Dear Comrade Stalin, for a Happy Childhood!" started to appear above doorways at nurseries, orphanages, and schools; children also chanted this slogan at festivals.{{sfn|Kelly|2005|pp=206–207}} Another key element of Soviet propaganda was the imagery of Stalin and Lenin. In many posters, Stalin and Lenin were placed together to show that their ideals were one. Throughout the 1930s, posters with both images were used as a way to bring the nation and the military together under the policies of the Communist Party during [[World War II]], with the idea of Lenin as the father of the revolutionary ideas and Stalin as the disciple who would fulfill the communist ideals.<ref name="Pisch" /> Stalin was also portrayed in numerous films produced by [[Mosfilm]], which remained a Soviet-led company until the fall of the Soviet Union. |
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===Turkey=== |
===Turkey=== |
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{{Main article|List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Neo-Ottomanism|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality|Kemalism|Public image of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğanism}} |
{{Main article|List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Neo-Ottomanism|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality|Kemalism|Public image of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğanism}}{{Empty section|date=February 2022}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{div col|colwidth=22em}} |
{{div col|colwidth=22em}} |
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* [[Authoritarian personality]] |
* [[Authoritarian personality]] |
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⚫ | |||
* [[Bolivarianism]] |
* [[Bolivarianism]] |
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* [[Bonapartism]] |
* [[Bonapartism]] |
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⚫ | |||
* [[Bread and circuses]] |
* [[Bread and circuses]] |
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* [[Celebrity worship syndrome]] |
* [[Celebrity worship syndrome]] |
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* [[Chavismo]] |
* [[Chavismo]] |
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* [[Communism]] |
* [[Communism]] |
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* [[Cult of Personality (song)]] |
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* [[Dictatorship]] |
* [[Dictatorship]] |
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* [[Erdoğanism]] |
* [[Erdoğanism]] |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Richard J. B. |title=Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Dictatorship, 1915–1945 |publisher=Penguin Adult |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-14-101291-9}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Richard J. B. |title=Mussolini |publisher=A&C Black |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-84966-024-2}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Brendon |first=Piers |title=The Dark Valley |publisher=Random House |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4464-9632-9}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Falasca-Zamponi |first=Simonetta |title=Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-520-22677-7}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Gallo |first=Max |title=Mussolini's Italy; Twenty Years of the Fascist Era |publisher=Macmillan |year=1973}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite journal |last=Gill |first=Graeme |year=1980 |title=The Soviet Leader Cult: Reflections on the Structure of Leadership in the Soviet Union |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=10 |issue=167 |pages=167–186 |doi=10.1017/S0007123400002088}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last1=Gundle |first1=Stephen |title=The cult of the Duce: Mussolini and the Italians |last2=Duggan |first2=Christopher |last3=Pieri |first3=Giuliana |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-5261-0141-9}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Gunther |first=John |title=Inside Europe |publisher=Harper & brothers |year=1936}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Alastair |title=Appeal of Fascism |publisher=Harper Mass Market Paperbacks (Mm) |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-380-01025-7}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Catriona |year=2005 |title=Riding the Magic Carpet: Children and Leader Cult in the Stalin Era |journal=The Slavic and East European Journal |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=199–224 |doi=10.2307/20058260 |jstor=20058260}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Kershaw |first=Ian |title=The 'Hitler Myth'. Image and Reality in the Third Reich |year=1998}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Kershaw |first=Ian |title=Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-14-192581-3}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Plamper |first=Jan |title=The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power |publisher=New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0300169522}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Speer |first=Albert |title=Inside The Third Reich |publisher=Orion |year=2009 |isbn=978-1842127353}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Manuela |title=Mussolini's Propaganda Abroad: Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, 1935–1940 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-203-00477-7}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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* Apor, Balázs; Behrends, Jan C.; Jones, Polly; and Rees, E. A. (2004) eds. ''The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships: Stalin and the Eastern Bloc''. London: Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|1403934436}}. |
* Apor, Balázs; Behrends, Jan C.; Jones, Polly; and Rees, E. A. (2004) eds. ''The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships: Stalin and the Eastern Bloc''. London: Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|1403934436}}. |
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⚫ | * {{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Yves |date=2007 |title=The cult of number one in an age of leaders |url=https://www.academia.edu/5851322 |journal=Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=597–634 |doi=10.1353/kri.2007.0032 |access-date=September 7, 2018 |s2cid=144730066}} |
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* {{ |
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⚫ | * {{ |
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* {{ |
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* Morgan, Kevin (2017) ''International Communism and the Cult of the Individual Leaders, Tribunes and Martyrs under Lenin and Stalin''. London: Palgrave Macmillan. {{isbn|978-1349953370}} |
* Morgan, Kevin (2017) ''International Communism and the Cult of the Individual Leaders, Tribunes and Martyrs under Lenin and Stalin''. London: Palgrave Macmillan. {{isbn|978-1349953370}} |
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*{{Cite journal |last=Paltiel |first=Jeremy |date=1983 |title=The Cult of Personality: Some Comparative Reflections on Political Culture in Leninist Regimes |journal=Studies in Comparative Communism |volume=16 |issue=1–2 |pages=49–64 |doi=10.1016/0039-3592(83)90043-1}} |
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* Petrone, Karen (2004) "Cult of Personality" in Millar, J. R. ed. ''Encyclopedia of Russian History''. v. 1, pp. 348–350 |
* Petrone, Karen (2004) "Cult of Personality" in Millar, J. R. ed. ''Encyclopedia of Russian History''. v. 1, pp. 348–350 |
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* {{Cite journal |last1=Polese |first1=Abel |last2=Horák |first2=Slavomir |date=2015 |title=A tale of two presidents: personality cult and symbolic nation-building in Turkmenistan |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=457–478 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2015.1028913 |s2cid=142510277}} |
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* Rutland, P. (2011) "Cult of Personality" i. Kurian, G. T. ed, ''The Encyclopedia of Political Science''. Washington. D.C.: CQ Press. v. 1, p. 365 |
* Rutland, P. (2011) "Cult of Personality" i. Kurian, G. T. ed, ''The Encyclopedia of Political Science''. Washington. D.C.: CQ Press. v. 1, p. 365 |
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* Vassilev, Rossen (2008) "Cult of Personality" in Darity, W. A., Jr. ed. ''International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences''. |
* Vassilev, Rossen (2008) "Cult of Personality" in Darity, W. A., Jr. ed. ''International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences''. |