93.143.104.25 (talk) Aiming to neutralise the article Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Vladimir.copic (talk | contribs) More accurate lead sentence with sources. Tags: harv-error Visual edit |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} |
||
The '''Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (CRB)''' ({{Lang-hr|Hrvatsko Revolucionarno Bratstvo}} or '''HRB''') |
The '''Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (CRB)''' ({{Lang-hr|Hrvatsko Revolucionarno Bratstvo}} or '''HRB'''), also known as '''Ustasha,''' was an Australian-based [[Croatian nationalism|Croatian separatist]] terrorist organisation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaensch |first=Dean |url=http://archive.org/details/macmillandiction0000jaen_o1b5 |title=The Macmillan Dictionary of Australian politics |date=1992 |publisher=Macmillan |others= |isbn=978-0-7329-1445-5 |location=Melbourne |pages=215}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |url=http://archive.org/details/terrorismreferen0000atki |title=Terrorism: A Reference Handbook |date=1992 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |others= |isbn=978-0-87436-670-9 |location=Santa Barbara. Calif. |pages=109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aarons |first=Mark |title=War Criminals Welcome: Australia, A Sanctuary for Fugitive War Criminals Since 1945 |publisher=Black Inc. |year=2001 |location=Melbourne |pages=15}}</ref>{{Sfn|Koschade|2009|p=12, 296}} |
||
The organisation was created by [[Croats|Croatian]] migrants to Australia from Europe after [[World War II]], those who actively fought for the [[Independent State of Croatia]]. The organisation carried out actions in [[Europe]] and [[Australia]].<ref name="Cain 1994 pp. 206–207">{{cite book |last=Cain |first=Frank |chapter=ASIO in the 1960s and 1970s |title=The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History |publisher=F. Cass |publication-place=Abington; New York, NY |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-136-29385-6 |oclc=819635772 |pages=206–207 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/australiansecuri00cain/page/206/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The organisation was active throughout the territory of Yugoslavia in the early and mid-1960s. Its aim was to start an uprising in Yugoslavia and to establish an independent Croatia. This mission failed due to the intervention of the [[State Security Administration (Yugoslavia)|State Security Administration]], the Yugoslav [[secret police]].<ref name="Hockenos 2003 pp. 60–61">{{cite book |last=Hockenos |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Hockenos |chapter=Chapter 3: The Avengers of Bleiburg |title=Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-5017-2565-4 |doi=10.7591/9781501725654 |oclc=606993935 |pages=60–61}}</ref> |
|||
==Actions== |
==Actions== |
||
Line 24: | Line 26: | ||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
*[[Bugojno group]] |
|||
*[[Croatian National Resistance]] |
*[[Croatian National Resistance]] |
||
*[[Croatian Revolution Hackers]] |
*[[Croatian Revolution Hackers]] |
||
== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
||
*{{cite book |last1=Adriano |first1=Pino |last2=Cingolani |first2=Giorgio |chapter=Epilogue The Question of the Ustasha between Yugoslavia and the Vatican, 1952–72 |title=Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelić and Ustasha Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War |publisher=Central European University Press |publication-place=Budapest; New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-963-386-206-3 |oclc=8182808968 |jstor=10.7829/j.ctv4cbhsr |pages=409–436}} |
*{{cite book |last1=Adriano |first1=Pino |last2=Cingolani |first2=Giorgio |chapter=Epilogue The Question of the Ustasha between Yugoslavia and the Vatican, 1952–72 |title=Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelić and Ustasha Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War |publisher=Central European University Press |publication-place=Budapest; New York |year=2018 |isbn=978-963-386-206-3 |oclc=8182808968 |jstor=10.7829/j.ctv4cbhsr |pages=409–436}} |
||
*{{Cite book |last=Koschade |first=Stuart |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780981865492 |title=Doomed to Repeat: Terrorism and the Lessons of History |publisher=New Academic Publishing |editor-last=Brawley |editor-first=Sean |location=Washington DC |pages=227–303 |chapter=The Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood: Action Kangaroo |url-access=registration}} |
|||
{{Cro45-89parties}} |
{{Cro45-89parties}} |
Revision as of 10:14, 31 July 2023
The Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (CRB) (Croatian: Hrvatsko Revolucionarno Bratstvo or HRB), also known as Ustasha, was an Australian-based Croatian separatist terrorist organisation.[1][2][3][4]
The organisation was created by Croatian migrants to Australia from Europe after World War II, those who actively fought for the Independent State of Croatia. The organisation carried out actions in Europe and Australia.[5] The organisation was active throughout the territory of Yugoslavia in the early and mid-1960s. Its aim was to start an uprising in Yugoslavia and to establish an independent Croatia. This mission failed due to the intervention of the State Security Administration, the Yugoslav secret police.[6]
Actions
- Belgrade cinema bombing in 1968
- Belgrade train station bombing in 1968
- Uprising attempt in Bugojno, 1972[7][8]
- Action Kaktus; a sabotage attempt on the 1975 tourist season[9][10]
Notable members
Some CRB members were:
These people were also members of Ante Pavelić's Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP) but they left that organisation because they decided they would not achieve their goals through the political route.
UDBA, the Yugoslav secret police, attempted to curb the group's terrorist activities by engaging in covert assassinations of its members. Geza Pašti was killed in Nice in 1965, and Marijan Šimundić was killed in Stuttgart in 1967.[11]
The CRB/HRB's motto was: "Život za Hrvatsku" ["Life for Croatia"].
See also
References
- ^ Jaensch, Dean (1992). The Macmillan Dictionary of Australian politics. Melbourne: Macmillan. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-7329-1445-5.
- ^ Atkins, Stephen E. (1992). Terrorism: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara. Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-87436-670-9.
- ^ Aarons, Mark (2001). War Criminals Welcome: Australia, A Sanctuary for Fugitive War Criminals Since 1945. Melbourne: Black Inc. p. 15.
- ^ Koschade 2009, p. 12, 296.
- ^ Cain, Frank (1994). "ASIO in the 1960s and 1970s". The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History. Abington; New York, NY: F. Cass. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-1-136-29385-6. OCLC 819635772 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Hockenos, Paul (2003). "Chapter 3: The Avengers of Bleiburg". Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars. pp. 60–61. doi:10.7591/9781501725654. ISBN 978-1-5017-2565-4. OCLC 606993935.
- ^ Adriano & Cingolani 2018, pp. 434–435.
- ^ Tokic, Mate Nikola (6 August 2012). "The End of 'Historical-Ideological Bedazzlement': Cold War Politics and Emigre Croatian Separatist Violence, 1950-1980". Social Science History. 36 (3). Duke University Press: 421–445. doi:10.1215/01455532-1595408. ISSN 0145-5532. JSTOR 23258106.
- ^ Tokić, Mate Nikola (2011). "Party Politics, National Security, and Émigré Political Violence in Australia, 1949–1973". In Heitmeyer, Wilhelm; Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard; Malthaner, Stefan; Kirschner, Andrea (eds.). Control of Violence. New York, NY: Springer New York. p. 395-396. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0383-9. ISBN 978-1-4419-0382-2. OCLC 695388665.
- ^ Brawley, Sean (2009). Doomed to Repeat? Terrorism and the Lessons of History. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, LLC. pp. 283–298. ISBN 978-1-955835-04-6. OCLC 1265464219.
- ^ Adriano & Cingolani 2018, p. 434.
Bibliography
- Adriano, Pino; Cingolani, Giorgio (2018). "Epilogue The Question of the Ustasha between Yugoslavia and the Vatican, 1952–72". Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelić and Ustasha Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War. Budapest; New York: Central European University Press. pp. 409–436. ISBN 978-963-386-206-3. JSTOR 10.7829/j.ctv4cbhsr. OCLC 8182808968.
- Koschade, Stuart. "The Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood: Action Kangaroo". In Brawley, Sean (ed.). Doomed to Repeat: Terrorism and the Lessons of History. Washington DC: New Academic Publishing. pp. 227–303.