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== Orthodox Croats == |
== Orthodox Croats == |
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[[Sokollu Mehmed Pasha]] 1566 issued an order in which he says that roman friars of [[Buda]], [[Timișoara]] and [[Dubrovnik]] and of all Croatian nation do not ask for charity if these people(Croats) belongs to the Greek Patriarch.<ref> (Krunoslav Draganović - O. Dominik Mandić, Herceg-Bosna i Hrvatska, Laus, Split, 1991, https://www.academia.edu/28688943/Herceg_Bosna_i_Hrvatska._Herzeg-Bosnia_and_Croatia_# page= 47</ref> |
[[Sokollu Mehmed Pasha]] 1566 issued an order in which he says that roman friars of [[Buda]], [[Timișoara]] and [[Dubrovnik]] and of all Croatian nation do not ask for charity if these people(Croats) belongs to the Greek Patriarch([[Greek Orthodoxy]]).<ref> (Krunoslav Draganović - O. Dominik Mandić, Herceg-Bosna i Hrvatska, Laus, Split, 1991, https://www.academia.edu/28688943/Herceg_Bosna_i_Hrvatska._Herzeg-Bosnia_and_Croatia_# page= 47</ref> |
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From [[Syrmia]] 1634 we have a report on the Catholics which convert to Orthodoxy: more than 10 villages, i.e. Soljani, Veliki Remete, [[ Golubinci ]], [[ Ruma ]], Vojinci,[[ Manđelos ]] and [[ Sremska Mitrovica ]]"<ref>{{Sono andate al rito Raseiano piu di 10 ville eioe Soljani,Velike Remete, Golubinei, Ruma, Vojinei, Mangjeloš e Mitrovica,magior parte e fra tutto sarrano case 200 e |
From [[Syrmia]] 1634 we have a report on the Catholics which convert to Orthodoxy: more than 10 villages, i.e. Soljani, Veliki Remete, [[ Golubinci ]], [[ Ruma ]], Vojinci, [[ Manđelos ]] and [[ Sremska Mitrovica ]]"<ref>{{Sono andate al rito Raseiano piu di 10 ville eioe Soljani,Velike Remete, Golubinei, Ruma, Vojinei, Mangjeloš e Mitrovica,magior parte e fra tutto sarrano case 200 e |
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piO https://www.academia.edu/28086638/Masovni_prijelazi_katolika_na_pravoslavlje_hrvatskog_govornog_podru%C4%8Dja_u_vrijeme_vladavine_Turaka._The_Massive_transfer_of_Catholics_to_Orthodoxy_in_the_Croatian_speaking_regions_during_the_Ottoman_reign_ |
piO https://www.academia.edu/28086638/Masovni_prijelazi_katolika_na_pravoslavlje_hrvatskog_govornog_podru%C4%8Dja_u_vrijeme_vladavine_Turaka._The_Massive_transfer_of_Catholics_to_Orthodoxy_in_the_Croatian_speaking_regions_during_the_Ottoman_reign_ |
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Krunoslav Draganović #page=76}}</ref> |
Krunoslav Draganović #page=76}}</ref> |
Revision as of 21:13, 8 November 2019
Croatian Orthodox Church Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva | |
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Language | Croatian and Church Slavonic |
Headquarters | Zagreb |
Territory | Central and Southeastern Europe (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Montenegro and Serbia) |
Origin | 1942 |
Defunct | 1945 |
The Croatian Orthodox Church (Croatian: Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva) was an autocephalous Orthodox Church established during World War II (1942-1945) in the Independent State of Croatia, and a Religious community and association created in 2010.
Organized religion in Croatia started in the province of Dalmatia during ancient times. In the medieval period the Councils of Split in 925 were held, which were presided over by King Tomislav I. The Councils of Split were the turning point in which the Croatian Church was established. From 1708 until 1848 the Metropolitanate of Karlovci was established and their leader was given among others the title of Croatian Patriarch[1] which can be seen in the coat of arms of Patriarch Arsenije IV. After 1848 the Metropolitanate of Karlovci was given the title Patriarchate of Karlovci and Emperor Franz Joseph I also confirmed the title "Patriarch of Serbia", during this time it was under the protection and jurisdiction of the Habsburg monarchy. The Patriarchate of Karlovci was abolished with the creation of the Serbian Orthodox Church by decree of Prince Regent Alexander of Yugoslavia. After the invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, the idea of a separate Croatian Orthodox Church became a reality. In order to unite all Orthodox communities (Croats, Serbs, Vlachs etc.) in the newly formed Independent State of Croatia, the Croatian Orthodox Church was created. It was a state-based autocephalous Orthodox Church which was in full communion with the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Romanian Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[2] In 1945 communist persecuted Croatian Orthodox clergy and executed even lay members of the Orthodox Church. In 1990 with the reestablishment and independence of Croatia the idea to resurrect the Croatian Orthodox Church was once again mentioned, since 2010 an organization of the same name operates as a religious community.
Early history
In the medieval period the Councils of Split in 925 were held, which were presided over by King Tomislav I. The Councils of Split were the turning point in which the Croatian Church was established. Which regulated the language, especially Church SLavic which was used by Glagolitic clergy.[3] In the Council of 928 the Archbishop of Split was given right to govern all parishes on the Croatian territory.[4] With this The supremacy of the metropolitan Archbishopric of Split was confirmed, and the Diocese of Nin was abolished.[5] With the Church Council of 1067 promoted Latin, but did not ban Galgolitic or Church Slavonic. This would be the end of the Byzantine influence and the start of the domination of the Latin influence.
Orthodox Croats
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha 1566 issued an order in which he says that roman friars of Buda, Timișoara and Dubrovnik and of all Croatian nation do not ask for charity if these people(Croats) belongs to the Greek Patriarch(Greek Orthodoxy).[6] From Syrmia 1634 we have a report on the Catholics which convert to Orthodoxy: more than 10 villages, i.e. Soljani, Veliki Remete, Golubinci , Ruma , Vojinci, Manđelos and Sremska Mitrovica "[7] In 1635, Bishop Franjo Ergelski of Zagreb claimed that among Orthodox Vlachs nearly half were Catholics and that peasants who fled among the Vlachs abandoned the Catholic faith and convert to Orthodoxy. Orthodox priests according to Bishop Ergelski baptized Catholic children and performed other religious services for them[8] There are records in the literature of the late 18th and early 19th centurie that point to the existence of Orthodox Croats. D. Teleki von Szék claims in 1795 that Croats were mostly Catholics and that to a lesser extent Grenzers of Military Frontier belong the Greek Orthodox Church . An 18th-century source after describing the fighting in which Croatian units participated, says that "there were three Greek priests with the Croats and two with the Hungarians. The Austrian writer Carl Christian Viktor writes in his book "Chronicon viennense" 1790 how the "Turkish Croats" invaded the emperor's land and plundered villages under the protection of "Pasha and Sanjak", while the "emperor Croats" in turn pursued those robbers and plundered the villages of "Turkish Croats". It can be assumed that part of the Turkish Croats are and Orthodox. According to Emperor Joseph II (1785) in addition to Catholic Croats, there were also Croats of "Greek religion"[9]That the Orthodox were not all considered as Serbs but many as Croats not in the regional sense can be conclude on the basis of the national self-determination of their descendants who as migrants were arriving by ships to America via Ellis Island near New York. Statements of emigrants were recorded by US officials or retrieved from shipping lists and entered into a computer database that covers the period 1892-1924. The database is available at the link[10]Records that testify existence of Orthodox who called themselves as Croats and came from western and southwestern jekavian area exist in large numbers.[11] [12] Most Catholics of southern Herzegovina especially in the central parts of the diocese in the 15th century or earlier convert to Orthodoxy.[13] Adolfo Veber Tkalčević in a book "Trip to Constantinople" in 1886 talking with the Balkan peoples that live in Constantinople and they mentione Vlachs. This is part of the conversation: Tkalcevic says "How Croats, but they call themselves as Serbs in homeland if they are Orthodox. The person from Constantinople answers "I do not know how someone calling himself now in homeland because I have been in Constantinople for a long time but everyone here either Vlachs or Catholics call themselves as Croats . It's a name from old times!"[14]Existence of Croats as Orthodox priests in the late 19th century testifies Serbian newspaper Srbobran in which was stated complaint that among Orthodox priests exist some "Orthodox Croats" priests.[15]
Modern era and attempts
The basis was on the Metropolitanate of Karlovci created in the 18th century on Croatian crown lands under the Habsburgs, during that time the Head of the Church held the title of Croatian Patriarch,[16] which can be even seen in the coat of arms of Patriarch Arsenije IV. In 1848 Croatian Ban Josip Count Jelačić Bužimski in an attempt to gain Serb support pushed for Metropolit Josip Rajačić to be elevated to Patriarch of the new Patriarchate of Karlovci and gaining autonomy for the Serbian Vojvodina, which would result in him gaining the title Patriarch of the Serbs and even enthrone Jelačić as the Ban of Croatia.[17] This started a support for creating a separate Croatian Orthodox Church under Croatian administration and territory, which was advocated especially during the reign of Croatian Ban Josip Baron Šokčević.[18] The idea never came to life and the Patriarchate of Karlovci was left as it is until 1920 when it was abolished by a state decree under Prince Regent Alexander of Yugoslavia. When the Yugoslav regime and state broke down during the April War a new Croatian State was proclaimed. It was controlled under the Ustaše regime and saw many crimes committed against the Serbs, which was viewed as an act of revenge. During the first year the Orthodox question was brought up, since the Orthodox population was largely formed by Serbs, then Croats, then Vlachs etc. In an act to normalize relationship with the Orthodox and specially Serb population an idea to proclaim an independent Orthodox Church was established.
Croatian Orthodox Church (1942-1945)
The Croatian Orthodox Church was created, to be considered one of the three faiths to which Croats could officially belong (the main being Catholicism and Islam). The reason for the creation of this Church was a loss of a significant part of the territory to Partisans and Chetniks, as well as the additional German pressure over growing anarchy in the country, which is why concession to the Serb population was deemed necessary.[19]
The church was formed by a government statute (No. XC-800-Z-1942) on 4 April 1942. On 5 June, using a statute issued by the government, the church's constitution was passed. On 7 June, Germogen became the only Orthodox Metropolitan of Zagreb. The church lasted until the collapse of the NDH. Its leader Germogen, Metropolitan of Zagreb and previously a priest of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, who is said to have had Uniate sympathies, was shot dead by Partisans after the war. Many or most of the church's priests were Orthodox Croatians, as well as Serbs and many Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox priests (émigré priests from Russia).
The Croatian Orthodox Church was in full communion with three other Churches. Its autocephaly was recognized in 1942 by the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Romanian Orthodox Church and on 27 July 1942 by Ecumenical Patriarchate (Benjamin I).[20]
Proposals for a revival
On 6 March 1993, Juraj Kolaric, dean of the Catholic Faculty of Theology in Zagreb, was reported by the Tanjug news agency as stating that the "Orthodox Church in Croatia should be organized along the Macedonian principle, with its patriarch, and break away as far as territory was concerned, from Serbia”.[21] Kolaric tried several times to establish such a church by the "Croat Orthodox believers and possible Croatian Orthodox clergy, because then all the conditions for an autocephalous church would be met".
Since 2010 the Croatian Orthodox Church, an association of Orthodox believers is active and currently waiting for the state to change the status from communion to Church.
Insignia and symbols
Since the reestablishment of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci in the 18th century, the Croatian coat of arms was part of the official coat of arms as well as present on the Metropolitanatian throne, this can be seen in the coat of arms above the throne of Patriarch Arsenije IV, as well as from the Church flag from 1748. Since 1848 the Croatian tricolor was used alone or sometimes together with the Serbian tricolor flag (if mixed population) in local areas, as well as bishops and archbishops palaces. In 1942 the Croatian tricolor flag with the Croatian coat of arms with a blue Orthodox Greek Cross was used as the official insignia of the Croatian Orthodox Church.
References
- ^ Pećki patrijarsi i Karlovački mitropoliti u 18 veku, publisher= Glasnik Istoriskog društva u Novom Sadu, No 4, author=Radoslav Grujić, date=1931, pp=13-34
- ^ Croatian Orthodox Church - with facts against falsification, 22 October 2018 (Retrieved 28 December 2018)
- ^ Članci i rasprave iz starije hrvatske povijesti, publisher= Hrvatsko kulturno društvo sv. Jeronima, author=Zelić-Bučan, date=1994, pp=130-136
- ^ Članci i rasprave iz starije hrvatske povijesti, publisher=Hrvatsko kulturno društvo sv. Jeronima, author=Zelić-Bučan, date=1994, pp=136
- ^ Prva stoljeća Hrvatske, publisher= Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, author=Neven Budak, date=1994, pp=32
- ^ (Krunoslav Draganović - O. Dominik Mandić, Herceg-Bosna i Hrvatska, Laus, Split, 1991, https://www.academia.edu/28688943/Herceg_Bosna_i_Hrvatska._Herzeg-Bosnia_and_Croatia_# page= 47
- ^ {{Sono andate al rito Raseiano piu di 10 ville eioe Soljani,Velike Remete, Golubinei, Ruma, Vojinei, Mangjeloš e Mitrovica,magior parte e fra tutto sarrano case 200 e piO https://www.academia.edu/28086638/Masovni_prijelazi_katolika_na_pravoslavlje_hrvatskog_govornog_podru%C4%8Dja_u_vrijeme_vladavine_Turaka._The_Massive_transfer_of_Catholics_to_Orthodoxy_in_the_Croatian_speaking_regions_during_the_Ottoman_reign_ Krunoslav Draganović #page=76}}
- ^ O preseljavanju ‘‘odbjeglih kmetova” u Varaždinski generalat. Prilog poznavanju ranonovovjekovnih migracija na dijelu prostora današnje sjeverozapadne Hrvatske, Hrvoje Petrić, 2011. https://hrcak.srce.hr/85405#page=59
- ^ Jernej Kopitar as a strategist of Karadžić’s reform of the literary language, Mario Grčević, 2009. https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68920 #page=27
- ^ https://www.libertyellisfoundation.org/passenger
- ^ Jernej Kopitar as a strategist of Karadžić’s reform of the literary language, Mario Grčević, 2009. https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68920 #page=24
- ^ {{S prezimenom »Tesla« upisano je u bazi 89 osoba, od toga 29 Hrvata i 5 Srba. Oni koji su u bazi evidentirani kao Hrvati, zovu se »Vasilj«, »Vasily«, »Stevan«, »Simo«, »Sava«, »Rade«, »Petar«, »Marko«, »Mile«, a dolaze iz mjestâ kao npr. »Medak«, »Vojnic«, »Vrbovsko«, »Mitrovica«. Hrvatima se izjašnjavaju i doseljenici s prezimenom »Desnica« (pristigli 1906.— 1913.) (»Vasilj«, »Stojan«, »Stefan«, »Siwo«, »Nicola«, »Mile«, »Joan«, itd.) iz mjesta »Srbovcina«, »Serb«, »Srb«, »Kimocac«, »Kozin«, itd. Prezime »Desnica« u bazi ima 20 nositelja, od čega je za 10 evidentirano da su Hrvati, a 3 Srbi; prezime »Momcilovic« ima 48 nositelja, od čega 30 Hrvata, 10 Srba. Pod etničke Hrvate upisano je svih 11 osoba koje se prezivaju »Srbljan« (1905.—1913.) (»Jovo«, »Rade«, »Slavko«, itd.), iako baza evidentira da ima samo 9 Hrvata s tim prezimenom. Za usporedbu, prezime »Horvat« ima 1248 nositelja, među kojima su u bazi 382 osobe evidentirane kao Hrvati, a 5 kao Srbi. Pod prezimenom »Gjukic« u bazi je upisano 67 osoba, od toga 42 Hrvata i 4 Srbina; prezime »Mihajlovic« ima 75 nositelja, od toga 27 Hrvata, 8 Srba; prezime »Mihailovic« ima 41 nositelj, od toga 26 Hrvata, 1 Srbin; prezime »Dubaic« ima 12 nositelja, od toga 7 Hrvata, 2 Srbina; prezime »Raskovic« ima 41 nositelj, od toga 15 Hrvata, 4 Srbina; prezime »Lazarevic« imaju 32 nositelja, od toga 7 Hrvata, 4 Srbina; prezime »Milosevic« imaju 273 nositelja, od toga 116 Hrvata, 16 Srba (»Milosevich« 32, 9 Srba, nema Hrvata); prezime »Ciganovic« ima 45 nositelja, od toga 27 Hrvata, 7 Srba; prezime »Gutesa« ima 12 nositelja, od toga 6 Hrvata, nema Srba; prezime »Jerosimic« ima 5 nositelja, od toga 4 Hrvata, nema Srba; prezime »Trkulja« ima 98 nositelja, od toga 60 Hrvata, 4 Srba; prezime »Rakic« ima 159 nositelja, od toga 70 Hrvata, 29 Srba, prezime »Uzelac« ima 211 nositelja, od toga 121 Hrvat, 16 Srba, prezime »Vukasavljevic« ima jednu potvrdu, Hrvat; prezime »Strbac« ima 58 nositelja, od toga 23 Hrvata, 11 Srba; prezime »Pupovac« ima 36 nositelja, od toga 9 Hrvata, 3 Srbina; prezime »Dimitrovic« ima 35 nositelja, od toga 13 Hrvata, 8 Srba, itd.https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68920 #page=24,25 }}
- ^ https://www.academia.edu/28086638/Masovni_prijelazi_katolika_na_pravoslavlje_hrvatskog_govornog_podru%C4%8Dja_u_vrijeme_vladavine_Turaka._The_Massive_transfer_of_Catholics_to_Orthodoxy_in_the_Croatian_speaking_regions_during_the_Ottoman_reign_ Krunoslav Draganović #page=51,52
- ^ https://digitalna.nsk.hr/pb/?object=view&id=11813&tify={%22pages%22:[181],%22panX%22:0.576,%22panY%22:0.327,%22view%22:%22s%20can%22,%22zoom%22:0.717}&tify={%22pages%22:[1],%22view%22:%22scan%22}#page=171,181
- ^ {{Jernej Kopitar as a strategist of Karadžić’s reform of the literary language, Mario Grčević, 2009. ; "Da je takvih pravoslavnih svećenika bilo još i krajem 19. stoljeća, kazuje pritužba u časopisu Srbobran da među pravoslavnim svećenicima »zatekosmo čak neke da su ›pravoslavni Hrvati‹ koji sa amvona srpskog prosvjetitelja Save hrvatsku misao propovijedahu" https://hrcak.srce.hr/44341#page=33}}
- ^ Pećki patrijarsi i Karlovački mitropoliti u 18 veku, publisher= Glasnik Istoriskog društva u Novom Sadu, No 4, author= Radoslav Grujić, date=1931, pp=13-34
- ^ 1848 in Croatia, publisher= Croatian Historic Museum, date=1998, pp=30-50
- ^ Hrvatsko Slovo, author= Mate Kovačević, date=2013, pp=14
- ^ Kolaric 2007, pp. 232–234
- ^ Croatian Orthodox Church - with facts against falsification, 22 October 2018 (Retrieved 28 December 2018)
- ^ "The Orthodox Church in Croatia". Vreme News Digest Agency. 15 March 1993. Retrieved 11 Nov 2016.
Sources
- Veljko Đ. Đurić (1989). Ustaše i pravoslavlje: hrvatska pravoslavna crkva. Beletra.
- Novak, Viktor (2011). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. Vol. 1. Jagodina: Gambit.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Novak, Viktor (2011). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. Vol. 2. Jagodina: Gambit.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Stojanović, Aleksandar (2017). "A Beleaguered Church: The Serbian Orthodox Church in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 1941-1945". Balcanica. 48: 269–287.
External links
- Croatian Orthodox Church, official site, accessed 27 December 2018 Template:Hr icon
- Official website of the Croatian Orthodox Community, hrvatskipravoslavci.com; accessed 20 April 2015 Template:Hr icon