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Clarify, and I suppose some of this fits |
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The '''Colonial Spanish horse''' is the term, |
The '''Colonial Spanish horse''' is the term, popularized by Dr. D. Philip Sponenberg, for a group of [[horse breed]]s descended from the original [[Iberian horse]] stock brought from [[Spain]] to the [[Americas]].<ref name=Sponenberg2011>{{cite web|title=North American Colonial Spanish Horse Update July 2011 |last=Sponenberg|first=D. Philip |url=http://www.centerforamericasfirsthorse.org/north-american-colonial-spanish-horse.html|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref> The ancestral type from which these horses descend was a product of the horse populations that blended between the [[Iberian horse]] and the North African [[Barb (horse)|Barb]].<ref name=Luis/>The term encompasses many strains or breeds now found primarily in [[North America]]. The [[Conservation status|status]] of the Colonial Spanish Horse is considered threatened overall,<ref name=LC-CSH>{{cite web | title=Colonial Spanish Horse | url=http://www.livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/colonialspanish |website=The Livestock Conservancy |accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref> and six strains are listed as critical.<ref name=LC-Priority>{{cite web | title=Conservation Priority | url=http://www.livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/conservation-priority-list#Horses |website=The Livestock Conservancy |accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref> The horses are registered by several entities.<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /> |
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The |
The Colonial Spanish Horse is not to be confused with the modern [[Spanish Mustang]], which is one Colonial Spanish breed, derived from the first concerted effort of conservationists in the United States to preserve horses of Spanish type.<ref>http://www.horseoftheamericas.com/uploads/3/1/3/7/3137829/preservation_of_the_colonial_spanish_horse_patterson.pdf</ref><ref name=Sponenberg2011 /> Colonial Spanish Horse type and DNA exist in some [[Mustang (horse)|Mustang]]s, but there has been considerable [[crossbreeding]] in many of the [[feral horse]] herds. For that reason, the true Spanish type is rare in feral herds. But where such animals have been found, the [[Bureau of Land Management]] (BLM) and other agencies attempt to blood-type and preserve them.<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /> |
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Small groups of horses of |
Small groups of horses of Colonial Spanish Horse type have been located in various groups of ranch-bred, [[Mission (station)|mission]], and [[Native American]] horses, mostly among those in private ownership.<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /> |
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==Characteristics== |
==Characteristics== |
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Colonial Spanish Horses are generally small; the usual height is around {{hands|14}}, and most vary from {{hands|13.2|to|14}}. Weight varies with height, but most are around {{convert|700|to|800|lb}}. Their heads vary somewhat between long, finely made to shorter and deeper, generally havlng straight to concave (rarely slightly convex) foreheads and a nose that is straight or slightly convex. The muzzle is usually very fine, and from the side the upper lip is usually longer than the lower, although the teeth meet evenly. Nostrils are usually small and crescent shaped. They typically have narrow but deep chests, with the front legs leaving the body fairly close together. When viewed from the front, the front legs join the chest in an "A" shape rather than straight across as in most other modern breeds that have wider chests. The withers are usually sharp instead of low and meaty. The croup is sloped, and the tail is characteristically set low on the body. From the rear view they are usually "rafter hipped" meaning the muscling of the hip tapers up so the backbone is the highest point. Hooves are small and upright rather than flat.<ref name=LC-CSH>{{cite web | title=Colonial Spanish Horse | url=http://www.livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/colonialspanish |website=The Livestock Conservancy |accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref> |
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==Origins== |
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The horses typically have narrow but deep chests, with the front legs leaving the body fairly close together. When viewed from the front, the front legs join the chest in an "A" shape rather than straight across as in most other modern breeds that have wider chests. The withers are usually sharp instead of low and meaty. The croup is sloped, and the tail is characteristically set low on the body. From the rear view they are usually "rafter hipped" meaning the muscling of the hip tapers up so the backbone is the highest point. Hooves are small and upright rather than flat.<ref name=LC-CSH>{{cite web | title=Colonial Spanish Horse | url=http://www.livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/colonialspanish |website=The Livestock Conservancy |accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Horses first returned to the Americas with the [[conquistador]]s, beginning with [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]], who imported horses from [[Spain]] to the [[West Indies]] on his second voyage in 1493.<ref name=Bennett14>Bennett, p. 14</ref> Domesticated horses came to the mainland with the arrival of [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]] in 1519.<ref>Bennett, p. 193</ref> By 1525, Cortés had imported enough horses to create a nucleus of horse-breeding in Mexico.<ref>Bennett, p. 205</ref> Horses arrived in South America beginning in 1531, and, by 1538, Florida, and scattered throughout the Americas. By one estimate there were at least 10,000 free-roaming horses in Mexico by 1553.<ref name=Luis/> |
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==Modern horses== |
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⚫ | DNA analysis has been used to identify horses of Spanish type. One of the lead researchers in this area has been Dr. Gus Cothran of [[Texas A&M University]]. Some breeders and horse associations use it to trace the connections among the breeds, but preservation programs urge caution, noting that some horses of Spanish type may not carry the expected Iberian blood types. Conversely, some horses that lack Spanish type, such as certain strains of the [[American Quarter Horse]], may have DNA markers but not the proper [[phenotype]]. For that reason, DNA data is used in conjunction with an analysis of Spanish phenotype.<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /> |
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{{see|Florida Cracker Horse#History|Banker horse#Breed_history|Carolina Marsh Tacky#History}} |
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The wide array of horses considered to be near-pure descendants of original Spanish stock carry a variety of names. Though many are described as [[horse breed]]s, genecists debate whether some of the North American horses are separate breeds or multiple strains of a single large breed.<ref name=LC-CSH/> They include the following: |
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===1493–1600 === |
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⚫ | Horses first returned to the Americas with the [[conquistador]]s, beginning with [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]], who imported horses from [[Spain]] to the [[West Indies]] on his second voyage in 1493.<ref name=Bennett14>Bennett, p. 14</ref> Domesticated horses came to the mainland with the arrival of [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]] in 1519.<ref>Bennett, p. 193</ref> By 1525, Cortés had imported enough horses to create a nucleus of horse-breeding in Mexico.<ref>Bennett, p. 205</ref> |
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One hypothesis held that horse populations north of Mexico originated in the mid-1500s with the expeditions of [[Narváez expedition|Narváez]], [[Hernando de Soto|de Soto]] or [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado|Coronado]], but it has been refuted.<ref name=HainesJan1938>Haines, "Plains Indians," January 1938</ref><ref name="Bennett329-331">Bennett, pp. 329-331</ref> Horse breeding in sufficient numbers to establish a self-sustaining population developed in what today is the southwestern United States starting in 1598 when [[Juan de Oñate]] founded [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]]. From 75 horses in his original expedition, he expanded his herd to 800, and from there the horse population increased rapidly.<ref name="Bennett329-331"/> |
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[[File:Final Dispersal Map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Dispersal of horses, 1600-1775<ref name=HainesJul1938-430/>]] |
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===17th and 18th century dispersal=== |
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Native American people readily integrated use of the horse into their cultures. They quickly adopted the horse as a primary means of transportation. Horses replaced the dog as a [[travois]] puller and greatly improved success in battles, trade, and hunts, particularly [[American bison|bison]] hunts.<ref>[http://www.ccmuseumedres.com/tour.php?action=details&record=37 "Seeds of Change."], Corpus Christi Museum, Science and History educational resources. Accessed June 1, 2007. {{wayback|url=http://www.ccmuseumedres.com/tour.php?action=details&record=37 |date=20070211001910 }}</ref><!--This will be rewritten with better sources, but moving for placement--> |
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Santa Fe became a major trading center in the 1600s.<ref name=HainesJan1938-117>Haines, "Plains Indians," January 1938 p 117</ref> Although Spanish laws prohibited [[Native Americans]] from riding horses, the Spanish used Native people as servants, and some were tasked to care for livestock, thus learning horse-handling skills.<ref name=HainesJul1938-430>Haines, "Northward Spread" July 1938 p 430</ref> Oñates' colonists also lost many of their horses.<ref>De Steiguer, p 70</ref> Some wandered off because the Spanish generally did not keep them in fenced enclosures,<ref name="Bennett330">Bennett, p 330</ref> and Native people in the area captured some of these [[estray]]s.<ref name=SIhorsenation>{{cite web|title=Horses Spread Across the Land|url=http://www.nmai.si.edu/exhibitions/horsenation/spread.html|website=A Song for the Horse Nation|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=June 14, 2015}}</ref> Other horses were traded by Oñates' settlers for food, women or other goods.<ref name="Bennett329-331" /> Initially, horses obtained by Native people were simply eaten, along with any cattle that were captured or stolen.<ref name=Dobie36>Dobie, p. 36</ref> But as individuals with horse-handling skills fled Spanish control, sometimes with a few trained horses, the local tribes began using horses for riding and as pack animals. By 1659, settlements reported being raided for horses, and in the 1660s the "Apache"{{efn|"Apache" was a Pueblo word meaning "enemy," and some early accounts referred to all hostile tribes generically as "Apaches" regardless of which tribe was involved.<ref name=Dobie36/>}} were trading human captives for horses.<ref name=HainesJul1938-431>Haines, "Northward Spread" July 1938 p 431</ref> The [[Pueblo Revolt]] of 1680 also resulted in large numbers of horses coming into the hands of Native people, the largest one-time influx in history.<ref name=SIhorsenation/> |
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From the [[Pueblo people]], horses were traded to the [[Apache]], [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and [[Ute people|Utes]]. The [[Comanche]] acquired horses and provided them to the [[Shoshone]].<ref name=SIHorseTrading>{{cite web|title=Horse Trading Among Nations |url=http://www.nmai.si.edu/exhibitions/horsenation/trading.html|website=A Song for the Horse Nation|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate= June 14, 2015}}</ref> The [[Eastern Shoshone]] and [[Southern Ute Indian Reservation|Southern Utes]] became traders who distributed horses and horse culture from New Mexico to the northern plains.<ref name=Britannica46>{{cite book|title=American Indians of California, the Great Basin, and the Southwest | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adObAAAAQBAJ |editor=Kuiper, Kathleen| publisher=Britannica Educational Publications |date=2011 | page=46}}</ref> West of the [[Continental Divide]], horses distribution moved north quite rapidly along the western slopes of the [[Rocky Mountains]], skirting desert regions<ref name=HainesJan1938-117 /> such as the [[Great Basin]] and the western [[Colorado Plateau]].<ref name=Britannica46 />{{efn|Horses did not arrive in the Great Basin until the 1850s.<ref name=Britannica46 />}} Horses reached what today is southern [[Idaho]] by 1690.<ref name=HainesJul1938-430/> The [[Northern Shoshone]] people in the [[Snake River]] valley had horses in 1700.<ref name=Bennett388>Bennett, p 388</ref>{{efn|The [[Western Shoshone]] occupied the interior of the Great Basin, and did not have access to horses until after 1850.<ref name=Britannica46 />}} By 1730, they reached the [[Columbia Basin]] and were east of the Continental divide in the northern Great Plains.<ref name=HainesJul1938-430/> By 1769, most [[Plain Indians]] had horses.<ref name=Bennett388/><ref name=Dobie41>Dobie, p. 41</ref> |
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In this period, [[Spanish missions in the Americas|Spanish Missions]] were also a source of estray and stolen livestock, particularly in what today is Texas and California.<ref>De Steiguer, pp 73-74</ref> The Spanish brought horses to California for use at their missions and ranches, where permanent settlements were established in 1769.<ref name=Dobie41/> Horse numbers grew rapidly, with a population of 24,000 horses reported by 1800.<ref>Bennett, p. 374</ref> By 1805, there were so many horses in California that people began to simply kill unwanted animals to reduce overpopulation.<ref name=DeSteiguer76>De Steiguer, p 76</ref> However, due to the barriers presented by mountain ranges and deserts, the California population did not significantly influence horse numbers elsewhere at the time.<ref name=Dobie41/>{{efn | It was there and the southern Great Plains where Dobie stated the "Spanish horses found vast American ranges corresponding in climate and soil to the arid lands of Spain, northern Africa and Arabia in which they originated".<ref>Dobie, ''The Mustangs'' p. 23</ref>}} Horses in California were described as being of "exceptional quality."<ref name=DeSteiguer76/> |
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Although horses were brought from Mexico to Texas as early as 1542, a stable population did not exist until 1686, when [[Alonso de León]]'s expedition arrived with 700 horses. From there, later groups brought up thousands more, deliberately leaving some horses and cattle to fend for themselves at various locations, while others strayed.<ref>De Steiguer, p 74</ref> These free-roaming, or feral, horses became known as "mestengo's," which was adopted by the Americans and became "mustang". By 1787, they had multiplied to the point that a roundup gathered nearly 8,000 "free-roaming mustangs and cattle."<ref>De Steiguer, p 75</ref> West-central Texas, between the [[Rio Grande River]] and [[Palo Duro Canyon]], was said to have the most concentrated population of mestengos in the Americas.<ref name=McKnight511/> Throughout the west, horses escaped human control and formed feral herds, and by the late 1700s, the largest numbers were found in what today are the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico.<ref name=McKnight511>McKnight, pp 511-13</ref> |
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===19th century=== |
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Estimates of when the peak population of mestengos occurred and total numbers vary widely between sources. Some sources simply state that "millions" of mestengos once roamed western North America.<ref name="Ryden129">Ryden, ''America's Last Wild Horses'' p. 129</ref><ref>Wyman ''Wild Horse'' p. 91</ref> In 1959, geographer Tom L. McKnight{{efn|Tom L. McKnight c. 1929–2004, PhD Wisconsin 1955, professor of geography, UCLA.<ref name="McKnight Obit">{{cite web|title=Tom McKnight obituary|url=http://www.aag.org/cs/membership/tributes_memorials/mr/mcknight_tom|website=Association of American Geographers|accessdate=28 June 2015|date=2004}}</ref>}} suggested that the population peaked in the late 1700s or early 1800s, and the "best guesses apparently lie between two and five million".<ref name=McKnight511 /> Historian [[J. Frank Dobie]] hypothesized that the population peaked around the end of the [[Mexican–American War]] in 1848, stating, "My own guess is that at no time were there more than a million mustangs in Texas and no more than a million others scattered over the remainder of the West."<ref>Dobie p. 108</ref> J. Edward de Steiguer{{efn |"Ed" de Steiguer PhD, professor at the University of Arizona. His doctorate is in forestry.<ref>{{cite web |title=J. Edward de Steiguer |url=http://desteiguer.com/page6.php |website=deSteiguer.com |accessdate=July 4, 2015|date=}}</ref>}} questioned Dobie's lower guess as still being too high.<ref>de Steiguer, loc2253''Chapter 7 America sweeps onto the Great Plains''</ref> |
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In 1839, the numbers of mestengo in Texas had been augmented by animals abandoned by Mexican settlers who had been ordered to leave the [[Nueces Strip]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Ford|first=John Salmon|title=Rip Ford's Texas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bY7LrDMjc8UC |publisher=University of Texas Press |date=2010 |origyear=1987 |ISBN=0-292-77034-0 |pages=143–144}}</ref><ref name="Dobie108">Dobie, ''The Mustangs'' pp. 108-109</ref>{{efn|The area was also known as the "Wild Horse Desert"<ref name=Givens>{{cite web|last=Givens |first=Murphy |title=Chasing mustangs in the Wild Horse Desert |url=http://www.caller.com/opinion/columnists/murphy-givens/chasing-mustangs-in-the-wild-horse-desert|website=Corpus Christi Caller Times |accessdate=June 29, 2015|date=November 23, 2011}}</ref> or "Mustang Desert".<ref>Dobie, p. 108</ref>}} When the area was finally ceded to the U.S. in 1848, these horses and others in the surrounding areas were rounded up and trailed north and east,<ref>Dobie, ''The Mustangs'' p. 316</ref> resulting in the near elimination of mestengos in that area by 1860.<ref name=Givens /> |
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===20th century=== |
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By 1920, Bob Brislawn, who had worked as a cowboy, recognized that the mestengos were disappearing, and was making an effort to preserve them, ultimately establishing the [[Spanish Mustang | Spanish Mustang Registry]].<ref>http://www.horseoftheamericas.com/uploads/3/1/3/7/3137829/preservation_of_the_colonial_spanish_horse_patterson.pdf</ref> <!--need to verify from source: By 1930, mestengos had been eliminated from Texas.<ref>Wyman page 159</ref>.--> In 1934, Dobie stated that there were just "a few wild [feral] horses in [[Nevada]], [[Wyoming]] and other Western states" and that "only a trace of Spanish blood is left in most of them"<ref name="Dobie321">Dobie, ''The Mustangs'' p. 321</ref> remaining. Other sources agree that by that time, only "pockets" of mustangs that retained Colonial Spanish Horse type remained.<ref>Amaral ''Mustang'' p. 12</ref> |
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==NACSH Breeds/Strains== |
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It can be debated whether the various types of NACSH are separate breeds or multiple strains of a single large breed, but the Livestock Conservancy considers them one breed,<ref name=LC-CSH/> however it divides the conservation status of the strains between threatened and critical.<ref name=LC-Priority>{{cite web | title=Conservation Priority | url=http://www.livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/conservation-priority-list#Horses |website=The Livestock Conservancy |accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref> The strains include the following: |
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*The [[Spanish Mustang]] was created by the early interbreeding of several strains. |
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*Other North American horses proposed to have direct Colonial Spanish influence: |
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**[[Banker horse]] (eastern USA, Corolla and Shackleford Islands)<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /><ref name=LC-Priority>{{cite web | title=Conservation Priority | url=http://www.livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/conservation-priority-list#Horses |website=The Livestock Conservancy |accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref> |
**[[Banker horse]] (eastern USA, Corolla and Shackleford Islands)<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /><ref name=LC-Priority>{{cite web | title=Conservation Priority | url=http://www.livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/conservation-priority-list#Horses |website=The Livestock Conservancy |accessdate=August 16, 2015}}</ref> |
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**[[Carolina Marsh Tacky]]<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /><ref name=LC-Priority /> |
**[[Carolina Marsh Tacky]]<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /><ref name=LC-Priority /> |
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**[[Wilbur-Cruce Mission horse]]<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /><ref name=LC-Priority /> |
**[[Wilbur-Cruce Mission horse]]<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /><ref name=LC-Priority /> |
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**[[Santa-Cruz Island Horses]] <ref name=Sponenberg2011 /><ref name=LC-Priority /> |
**[[Santa-Cruz Island Horses]] <ref name=Sponenberg2011 /><ref name=LC-Priority /> |
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**[[Sulphur Mustang]]<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /><!--Sponenberg calls them "Sulphur"--><ref>http://www.americanspanishsulphur.org/GusCothran.html</ref> |
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**[[Cerbat Mustang]]<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /> |
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*Caribbean: |
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**[[Barb (horse)#Abaco Barbs|Abaco Barb]]<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /> |
**[[Barb (horse)#Abaco Barbs|Abaco Barb]]<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /> |
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*A number of breeds in Latin America with Iberian DNA markers are not classified under the Colonial Spanish Horse label, but are of Spanish type and origin.<ref name=Luis>{{cite journal|last1=Luis|first1=Cristina|last2=Bastos-Silveira|first2=Cristiane|last3=Cothran|first3=E. Gus|last4=Oom|first4=Maria do Mar|title=Iberian Origins of New World Horse Breeds|journal=Journal of Heredity|date=17 February 2006|volume=97|issue=2|pages=107–113|doi=10.1093/jhered/esj020|http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/2/107.long|accessdate=22 August 2015|pmid=16489143}}</ref> This include: |
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⚫ | DNA analysis has been used to identify horses of Spanish type. One of the lead researchers in this area has been Dr. Gus Cothran of [[Texas A&M University]]. Some breeders and horse associations use it to trace the connections among the breeds, but preservation programs urge caution, noting that some horses of Spanish type may not carry the expected Iberian blood types. Conversely, some horses that lack Spanish type, such as certain strains of the [[American Quarter Horse]], may have DNA markers but not the proper [[phenotype]]. For that reason, DNA data is used in conjunction with an analysis of Spanish phenotype.<ref name=Sponenberg2011 /> |
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**[[Criollo horse|Argentine Criollo]] |
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==Notes== |
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**[[Criollo horse|Brazilian Criollo]] <ref name=Luis/> |
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{{notelist}} |
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**[[Campolina]] <ref name=Luis/> |
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**[[Chilean horse|Chilean Criollo]] <ref name=Luis/> |
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**[[Chilote]] <ref name=Luis/> |
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**[[Mangalarga]]<ref name=Luis/> |
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**[[Mangalarga Marchador]] <ref name=Luis/> |
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**[[Pantaneiro]] <ref name=Luis/> |
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**[[Paso Fino]] <ref name=Luis/> |
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**[[Peruvian Paso]] <ref name=Luis/> |
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**[[Venezuelan Spanish]] <ref name=Luis/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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*{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=Deb|title=Conquerors : the roots of New World horsemanship|date=1998|publisher=Amigo Publications|location=Solvang, Calif.|isbn=0-9658533-0-6|edition=1st|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IaN-YaOMhX4C}} |
*{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=Deb|title=Conquerors : the roots of New World horsemanship|date=1998|publisher=Amigo Publications|location=Solvang, Calif.|isbn=0-9658533-0-6|edition=1st|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IaN-YaOMhX4C}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Budiansky|first1=Stephen|title=The nature of horses : exploring equine evolution, intelligence, and behavior|date=1997|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|isbn=9780684827681|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=266YZUrbG00C}} |
*{{cite book|last1=Budiansky|first1=Stephen|title=The nature of horses : exploring equine evolution, intelligence, and behavior|date=1997|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|isbn=9780684827681|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=266YZUrbG00C}} |
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*{{cite web | title= A microsatellite analysis of five Colonial Spanish horse populations of the southeastern United States | url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/221725699_A_microsatellite_analysis_of_five_Colonial_Spanish_horse_populations_of_the_southeastern_United_States | last1=Conant | first1=E.K. | last2=Juras |first2=Rytis |last3=Cothran |first3=E.G. |publisher=Animal Genetics}} |
*{{cite web | title= A microsatellite analysis of five Colonial Spanish horse populations of the southeastern United States | url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/221725699_A_microsatellite_analysis_of_five_Colonial_Spanish_horse_populations_of_the_southeastern_United_States | last1=Conant | first1=E.K. | last2=Juras |first2=Rytis |last3=Cothran |first3=E.G. |publisher=Animal Genetics}} |
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==Further reading=== |
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*{{cite book|last1=De Steiguer|first1=J.Edward|title=Wild Horses of the West: History and Politics of America's Mustangs|date=2011|publisher=University of Arizona Press|location=Tucson|isbn= 9780816528264 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Wild_Horses_of_the_West.html?id=SwGdfAVhmSUC}} |
*{{cite book|last1=De Steiguer|first1=J.Edward|title=Wild Horses of the West: History and Politics of America's Mustangs|date=2011|publisher=University of Arizona Press|location=Tucson|isbn= 9780816528264 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Wild_Horses_of_the_West.html?id=SwGdfAVhmSUC}} |
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*{{Cite book | last = Dobie | first = Frank | title = The Mustangs | publisher = Little, Brown and Company | year = 1952 |edition= paperback, 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogEoCDJbX68C | location = Boston | isbn = 9780803266506 }}<!--1952 is the date on my hardcopy, if I need to check pages not in Google books--> |
*{{Cite book | last = Dobie | first = Frank | title = The Mustangs | publisher = Little, Brown and Company | year = 1952 |edition= paperback, 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogEoCDJbX68C | location = Boston | isbn = 9780803266506 }}<!--1952 is the date on my hardcopy, if I need to check pages not in Google books--> |
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*{{cite journal|last=Haines |first=Francis |title= The Northward Spread of Horses Among the Plains Indians |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=40|issue= 3| date=July 1938|pages= 429–437| url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1525/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060/asset/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060.pdf?v=1&t=iaw0pl93&s=ef6d0dc07dd297469b62158a0e5e5e0fb236ddc4|accessdate=June 13, 2015 |doi=10.1525/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060}} |
*{{cite journal|last=Haines |first=Francis |title= The Northward Spread of Horses Among the Plains Indians |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=40|issue= 3| date=July 1938|pages= 429–437| url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1525/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060/asset/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060.pdf?v=1&t=iaw0pl93&s=ef6d0dc07dd297469b62158a0e5e5e0fb236ddc4|accessdate=June 13, 2015 |doi=10.1525/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Haines|first1=Francis|title=Where Did the Plains Indians Get Their Horses?|journal=American Anthropologist|date=January 1938|volume=40|issue=1|pages=112–117 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110/asset/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110.pdf;jsessionid=7008E7BBD5A66ED3364307082955A2AC.f03t02?v=1&t=iat0wnap&s=5757a062a419446c1bd9957cbbdc6a4ba34c9e77|accessdate=May 19, 2015|doi=10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110}} |
*{{cite journal|last1=Haines|first1=Francis|title=Where Did the Plains Indians Get Their Horses?|journal=American Anthropologist|date=January 1938|volume=40|issue=1|pages=112–117 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110/asset/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110.pdf;jsessionid=7008E7BBD5A66ED3364307082955A2AC.f03t02?v=1&t=iat0wnap&s=5757a062a419446c1bd9957cbbdc6a4ba34c9e77|accessdate=May 19, 2015|doi=10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=McKnight|first1=Tom L.|title=The Feral Horse in Anglo-America|journal=Geographical Review|date=October 1959|volume=49|issue=4|pages=506–525 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/212210?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|accessdate=June 14, 2015|doi=10.2307/212210}} |
*{{cite journal|last1=McKnight|first1=Tom L.|title=The Feral Horse in Anglo-America|journal=Geographical Review|date=October 1959|volume=49|issue=4|pages=506–525 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/212210?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|accessdate=June 14, 2015|doi=10.2307/212210}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Wyman|first=Walker D.|title=The Wild Horse of the West | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXxYpn1JDdsC |publisher=University of Nebraska Press| location=Lincoln |date=1966 | origyear=1945.}} |
*{{cite book|last=Wyman|first=Walker D.|title=The Wild Horse of the West | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXxYpn1JDdsC |publisher=University of Nebraska Press| location=Lincoln |date=1966 | origyear=1945.}} |
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[[Category:Horse breeds]] |
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[[Category:Types of horse]] |
[[Category:Types of horse]] |
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[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]] |
[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]] |
Revision as of 10:01, 7 February 2016
The Colonial Spanish horse is the term, popularized by Dr. D. Philip Sponenberg, for a group of horse breeds descended from the original Iberian horse stock brought from Spain to the Americas.[1] The ancestral type from which these horses descend was a product of the horse populations that blended between the Iberian horse and the North African Barb.[2]The term encompasses many strains or breeds now found primarily in North America. The status of the Colonial Spanish Horse is considered threatened overall,[3] and six strains are listed as critical.[4] The horses are registered by several entities.[1]
The Colonial Spanish Horse is not to be confused with the modern Spanish Mustang, which is one Colonial Spanish breed, derived from the first concerted effort of conservationists in the United States to preserve horses of Spanish type.[5][1] Colonial Spanish Horse type and DNA exist in some Mustangs, but there has been considerable crossbreeding in many of the feral horse herds. For that reason, the true Spanish type is rare in feral herds. But where such animals have been found, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and other agencies attempt to blood-type and preserve them.[1]
Small groups of horses of Colonial Spanish Horse type have been located in various groups of ranch-bred, mission, and Native American horses, mostly among those in private ownership.[1]
Characteristics
Colonial Spanish Horses are generally small; the usual height is around 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm), and most vary from 13.2 to 14 hands (54 to 56 inches, 137 to 142 cm). Weight varies with height, but most are around 700 to 800 pounds (320 to 360 kg). Their heads vary somewhat between long, finely made to shorter and deeper, generally havlng straight to concave (rarely slightly convex) foreheads and a nose that is straight or slightly convex. The muzzle is usually very fine, and from the side the upper lip is usually longer than the lower, although the teeth meet evenly. Nostrils are usually small and crescent shaped. They typically have narrow but deep chests, with the front legs leaving the body fairly close together. When viewed from the front, the front legs join the chest in an "A" shape rather than straight across as in most other modern breeds that have wider chests. The withers are usually sharp instead of low and meaty. The croup is sloped, and the tail is characteristically set low on the body. From the rear view they are usually "rafter hipped" meaning the muscling of the hip tapers up so the backbone is the highest point. Hooves are small and upright rather than flat.[3]
Origins
Horses first returned to the Americas with the conquistadors, beginning with Columbus, who imported horses from Spain to the West Indies on his second voyage in 1493.[6] Domesticated horses came to the mainland with the arrival of Cortés in 1519.[7] By 1525, Cortés had imported enough horses to create a nucleus of horse-breeding in Mexico.[8] Horses arrived in South America beginning in 1531, and, by 1538, Florida, and scattered throughout the Americas. By one estimate there were at least 10,000 free-roaming horses in Mexico by 1553.[2]
Modern horses
DNA analysis has been used to identify horses of Spanish type. One of the lead researchers in this area has been Dr. Gus Cothran of Texas A&M University. Some breeders and horse associations use it to trace the connections among the breeds, but preservation programs urge caution, noting that some horses of Spanish type may not carry the expected Iberian blood types. Conversely, some horses that lack Spanish type, such as certain strains of the American Quarter Horse, may have DNA markers but not the proper phenotype. For that reason, DNA data is used in conjunction with an analysis of Spanish phenotype.[1]
The wide array of horses considered to be near-pure descendants of original Spanish stock carry a variety of names. Though many are described as horse breeds, genecists debate whether some of the North American horses are separate breeds or multiple strains of a single large breed.[3] They include the following:
- North America:
- Spanish Mustang[1]
- Galiceno (Mexico) [1]
- Banker horse (eastern USA, Corolla and Shackleford Islands)[1][4]
- Carolina Marsh Tacky[1][4]
- Chickasaw horse[1]
- Choctaw horse[1][4]
- Chincoteague pony (Assateague horse) - dubious, but widely asserted
- Florida Cracker Horse[1][4]
- Gila Bend Mustang[9][dubious ]
- Wilbur-Cruce Mission horse[1][4]
- Santa-Cruz Island Horses [1][4]
- Mustangs considered to be Colonial Spanish strains:
- Caribbean:
- A number of breeds in Latin America with Iberian DNA markers are not classified under the Colonial Spanish Horse label, but are of Spanish type and origin.[2] This include:
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sponenberg, D. Philip. "North American Colonial Spanish Horse Update July 2011". Retrieved August 16, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Luis, Cristina; Bastos-Silveira, Cristiane; Cothran, E. Gus; Oom, Maria do Mar (17 February 2006). "Iberian Origins of New World Horse Breeds". Journal of Heredity. 97 (2): 107–113. doi:10.1093/jhered/esj020. PMID 16489143.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Text "http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/2/107.long" ignored (help) - ^ a b c "Colonial Spanish Horse". The Livestock Conservancy. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Conservation Priority". The Livestock Conservancy. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
- ^ http://www.horseoftheamericas.com/uploads/3/1/3/7/3137829/preservation_of_the_colonial_spanish_horse_patterson.pdf
- ^ Bennett, p. 14
- ^ Bennett, p. 193
- ^ Bennett, p. 205
- ^ "Gila Herd". International Society for the Protection of Mustangs and Burros. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
- ^ http://www.americanspanishsulphur.org/GusCothran.html
Sources
- Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors : the roots of New World horsemanship (1st ed.). Solvang, Calif.: Amigo Publications. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6.
- Budiansky, Stephen (1997). The nature of horses : exploring equine evolution, intelligence, and behavior. New York: Free Press. ISBN 9780684827681.
- Conant, E.K.; Juras, Rytis; Cothran, E.G. "A microsatellite analysis of five Colonial Spanish horse populations of the southeastern United States". Animal Genetics.
Further reading=
- De Steiguer, J.Edward (2011). Wild Horses of the West: History and Politics of America's Mustangs. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816528264.
- Dobie, Frank (1952). The Mustangs (paperback, 2005 ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 9780803266506.
- Haines, Francis (July 1938). "The Northward Spread of Horses Among the Plains Indians" (PDF). American Anthropologist. 40 (3): 429–437. doi:10.1525/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
- Haines, Francis (January 1938). "Where Did the Plains Indians Get Their Horses?". American Anthropologist. 40 (1): 112–117. doi:10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
- McKnight, Tom L. (October 1959). "The Feral Horse in Anglo-America". Geographical Review. 49 (4): 506–525. doi:10.2307/212210. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
- Wyman, Walker D. (1966) [1945.]. The Wild Horse of the West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.