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[[File:Ecstasy monogram.jpg|thumb|right|170px|A selection of [[MDMA]] pills, which are often nicknamed "Ecstasy" or "E".]] |
[[File:Ecstasy monogram.jpg|thumb|right|170px|A selection of [[MDMA]] pills, which are often nicknamed "Ecstasy" or "E".]] |
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'''Club drugs''', also called '''rave drugs''', or '''party drugs''' are a loosely defined category of [[recreational drug]]s which are associated with [[disco|discothèques]] in the 1970s and [[nightclub |
'''Club drugs''', also called '''rave drugs''', or '''party drugs''' are a loosely defined category of [[recreational drug]]s which are associated with [[disco|discothèques]] in the 1970s and [[nightclub]]s, [[dance club]]s, [[electronic dance music]] parties, and [[rave]]s in the 1980s to the 2010s.<ref>*[http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=6889 Erowid reference 6889] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302230707/http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=6889 |date=2008-03-02 }}</ref> Unlike many other categories, such as [[opiate]]s, which are established according to pharmaceutical or chemical properties, club drugs are a "category of convenience", in which drugs are included due to the locations they are consumed and/or where the user goes while under the influence of the drugs. Club drugs are generally used by teens and young adults.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/clubdrugs.html |title=Club Drugs: MedlinePlus |author= |date= |website=medlineplus.gov |accessdate=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222115925/https://medlineplus.gov/clubdrugs.html |archive-date=22 December 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This group of drugs are also called "[[designer drug]]s", as most are synthesized in a chemical lab (e.g., MDMA, ketamine, LSD) rather than being sourced from plants (as with [[marijuana]], which comes from the [[cannabis]] plant).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/mobileart-emh.asp?articlekey=59033 |title=What Are Club Drugs? Effects, Types, List of Street Names |author= |date= |website=emedicinehealth.com |accessdate=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916202341/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/mobileart-emh.asp?articlekey=59033 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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[[File:RaveOn.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Some club drug users take the drugs because they believe that the substances' effects enhance the experience of [[rave]] and [[electronic dance music]] clubs' pulsating lights, brightly colored projected images and massive sound systems with heavy [[bassline]]s.]] |
[[File:RaveOn.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Some club drug users take the drugs because they believe that the substances' effects enhance the experience of [[rave]] and [[electronic dance music]] clubs' pulsating lights, brightly colored projected images and massive sound systems with heavy [[bassline]]s.]] |
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Club drugs range from [[entactogens]] such as [[MDMA]] ("ecstasy"), [[2C-B]] ("nexus") and [[inhalant]]s (e.g., [[nitrous oxide]] and [[poppers]]) to [[stimulant]]s (e.g., [[amphetamine]] and [[cocaine]]), depressants/sedatives ([[Quaaludes]], [[gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]], [[Rohypnol]]) and [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] and hallucinogenic drugs ([[LSD]], [[Magic mushrooms|Magic Mushrooms]] & [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]). Dancers at all-night parties and dance events have used some of these drugs for their stimulating properties since the 1960s [[Mod subculture]] in U.K., whose members took [[amphetamine]]s to stay up all night. In the 1970s disco scene, the club drugs of choice shifted to the stimulant cocaine and the depressant Quaaludes. Quaaludes were so common at disco clubs that the drug was nicknamed "disco biscuits". In the 1990s and 2000s, [[methamphetamine]]s and [[MDMA]] are sold and used in many clubs. |
Club drugs range from [[entactogens]] such as [[MDMA]] ("ecstasy"), [[2C-B]] ("nexus") and [[inhalant]]s (e.g., [[nitrous oxide]] and [[poppers]]) to [[stimulant]]s (e.g., [[amphetamine]] and [[cocaine]]), depressants/sedatives ([[Quaaludes]], [[gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]], [[Rohypnol]]) and [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] and hallucinogenic drugs ([[LSD]], [[Magic mushrooms|Magic Mushrooms]] & [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]). Dancers at all-night parties and dance events have used some of these drugs for their stimulating properties since the 1960s [[Mod subculture]] in U.K., whose members took [[amphetamine]]s to stay up all night. In the 1970s disco scene, the club drugs of choice shifted to the stimulant cocaine and the depressant Quaaludes. Quaaludes were so common at disco clubs that the drug was nicknamed "disco biscuits". In the 1990s and 2000s, [[methamphetamine]]s and [[MDMA]] are sold and used in many clubs. "Club drugs" vary by country and region; in some regions, even [[opiates]] such as [[heroin]] and [[morphine]] have been sold at clubs, though this practice is relatively uncommon.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/p_5wpuls.txt |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608082835/http://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/p_5wpuls.txt |archive-date=2008-06-08 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref> Narconon states that other synthetic drugs used in clubs, or which are sold as "Ecstasy" include [[harmaline]]; [[piperazines]] (e.g., [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]] and [[TFMPP]]); [[para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]]/PMMA; [[mephedrone]] (generally used outside the US) and [[MDPV]].<ref name="narconon.ca">{{cite web |url=http://www.narconon.ca/drug-abuse/club-drugs/effects.html |title=Club Drugs and Their Effects |author= |date= |website=Narconon International |accessdate=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131230457/http://www.narconon.ca/drug-abuse/club-drugs/effects.html |archive-date=31 January 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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The legal status of club drugs varies according to the region and the drug. Some drugs are legal in some jurisdictions, such as "poppers" (which are often sold as "room deodorizer" or "leather polish" to get around drug laws) and nitrous oxide (which is legal when used from a whipped cream can). Other club drugs, such as amphetamine or MDMA are generally illegal, unless the individual has a lawful prescription from a doctor. Some club drugs are almost always illegal, such as [[cocaine]]. |
The legal status of club drugs varies according to the region and the drug. Some drugs are legal in some jurisdictions, such as "poppers" (which are often sold as "room deodorizer" or "leather polish" to get around drug laws) and nitrous oxide (which is legal when used from a whipped cream can). Other club drugs, such as amphetamine or MDMA are generally illegal, unless the individual has a lawful prescription from a doctor. Some club drugs are almost always illegal, such as [[cocaine]]. |
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There are a range of risks from using club drugs. As with all drugs, |
There are a range of risks from using club drugs. As with all drugs, from legal drugs like [[alcohol]] to illegal drugs like [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]], usage can increase the risk of injury due to falls, dangerous or risky behavior (e.g., [[unsafe sex]]) and, if the user drives, injury or death due to [[impaired driving]] accidents. Some club drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, are addictive, and regular use can lead to the user craving more of the drug. Some club drugs are more associated with overdoses. Some club drugs can cause adverse health effects which can be harmful to the user, such as the dehydration associated with MDMA use in an all-night dance club setting.<ref name="Tilstone Savage Clark 2006 p. 131">{{cite book |last=Tilstone |first=W.J. |last2=Savage |first2=K.A. |last3=Clark |first3=L.A. |title=Forensic Science: An Encyclopedia of History, Methods, and Techniques |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-57607-194-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIRQOssWbaoC&pg=PA131 |access-date=7 August 2018 |page=131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807053945/https://books.google.com/books?id=zIRQOssWbaoC&pg=PA131 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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==Types== |
== Types == |
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===Ecstasy=== |
=== Ecstasy === |
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[[File:MDMA capsules.JPG|thumb|right|170px|MDMA capsules]] |
[[File:MDMA capsules.JPG|thumb|right|170px|MDMA capsules]] |
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[[MDMA]] (ecstasy) is a popular club drug in the [[rave]] and [[electronic dance music]] scenes and in [[nightclub]]s. It is known under many nicknames, including "e" and "Molly". MDMA is often considered the drug of choice within the [[rave]] culture and is also used at clubs, festivals, [[house party|house parties]] and [[free party|free parties]] .<ref name="pmid22392347">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L |title=Toxicity of amphetamines: an update |journal=Arch. Toxicol. |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1167–1231 |date=August 2012 |
[[MDMA]] (ecstasy) is a popular club drug in the [[rave]] and [[electronic dance music]] scenes and in [[nightclub]]s. It is known under many nicknames, including "e" and "Molly". MDMA is often considered the drug of choice within the [[rave]] culture and is also used at clubs, festivals, [[house party|house parties]] and [[free party|free parties]] .<ref name="pmid22392347">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L |title=Toxicity of amphetamines: an update |journal=Arch. Toxicol. |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1167–1231 |date=August 2012 |pmid=22392347 |doi=10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5}}</ref> In the rave environment, the sensory effects from the music and lighting are often highly [[Synergy|synergistic]] with the drug. The psychedelic quality of MDMA and its [[amphetamine]]-like energizing effect offers multiple reasons for its appeal to users in the rave setting. Some users enjoy the feeling of mass communion from the inhibition-reducing effects of the drug, while others use it as "party fuel" for all-night dancing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Simon |title=Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture |year=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92373-6 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=tGaRJiXe74UC&pg=PA81&dq=Generation+Ecstasy+MDMA#v=onepage&q=Generation%20Ecstasy%20MDMA&f=false}}</ref> |
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MDMA is taken by users less frequently than other stimulants, typically less than once per week.<ref name=Epstein2013>{{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=edited by Barbara S. McCrady, Elizabeth E.|title=Addictions : a comprehensive guidebook|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn= |
MDMA is taken by users less frequently than other stimulants, typically less than once per week.<ref name=Epstein2013>{{cite book |last1=Epstein |first1=edited by Barbara S. McCrady, Elizabeth E. |title=Addictions : a comprehensive guidebook |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-975366-6 |page=299 |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUYfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299}}</ref> Effects include "[g]reater enjoyment of dancing", "[d]istortions of perceptions, particularly light, music and touch"; and "[a]rtificial feelings of empathy and emotional warmth".<ref name="narconon.ca1">{{cite web |url=http://www.narconon.ca/drug-abuse/club-drugs/effects.html |title=Club Drugs and Their Effects |author= |date= |website=Narconon International |accessdate=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131230457/http://www.narconon.ca/drug-abuse/club-drugs/effects.html |archive-date=31 January 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> MDMA is sometimes taken in conjunction with other psychoactive drugs, such as [[LSD]], [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], |
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[[psilocybin mushroom]]s and [[2C-B]]. Users sometimes use [[menthol]]ated products while taking MDMA for its cooling sensation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.drugabuse.gov/DirReports/DirRep500/DirectorReport5.html |title=Director's Report to the National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |date=May 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203222445/http://archives.drugabuse.gov/DirReports/DirRep500/DirectorReport5.html |archivedate=3 February 2016 |
[[psilocybin mushroom]]s and [[2C-B]]. Users sometimes use [[menthol]]ated products while taking MDMA for its cooling sensation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.drugabuse.gov/DirReports/DirRep500/DirectorReport5.html |title=Director's Report to the National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |date=May 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203222445/http://archives.drugabuse.gov/DirReports/DirRep500/DirectorReport5.html |archivedate=3 February 2016}}</ref> |
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===Stimulants=== |
=== Stimulants === |
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{{Main|Stimulant}}[[File:Blue Crystal Meth.jpg|thumb|left|120px|A blue form of [[crystal meth]].]] |
{{Main|Stimulant}}[[File:Blue Crystal Meth.jpg|thumb|left|120px|A blue form of [[crystal meth]].]] |
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A number of stimulants are used as club drugs. Various [[amphetamines]] and [[methamphetamines]] are used as stimulants, as is [[cocaine]]. These drugs enable clubgoers to dance all night. Cocaine is a powerful nervous system stimulant.<ref name=WHO2004>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9OhG-dZdAwC&pg=PA89 |title=Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence |page=89|isbn=9789241562355}}</ref> Its effects can last from fifteen or thirty minutes to an hour. The duration of cocaine's effects depends on the amount taken and the route of administration.<ref name=WHO2007>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ptVjyRs7AdsC&pg=PA242 |title=International medical guide for ships |page=242|isbn=9789241547208}}</ref> Cocaine can be in the form of fine white powder, bitter to the taste. When inhaled or injected, it causes a numbing effect. Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being and [[euphoria]], energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality. Cocaine's stimulant effects are similar to that of [[amphetamine]], however, these effects tend to be much shorter lasting and more prominent.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} |
A number of stimulants are used as club drugs. Various [[amphetamines]] and [[methamphetamines]] are used as stimulants, as is [[cocaine]]. These drugs enable clubgoers to dance all night. Cocaine is a powerful nervous system stimulant.<ref name=WHO2004>{{cite book |author=World Health Organization |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9OhG-dZdAwC&pg=PA89 |title=Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence |page=89 |isbn=9789241562355}}</ref> Its effects can last from fifteen or thirty minutes to an hour. The duration of cocaine's effects depends on the amount taken and the route of administration.<ref name=WHO2007>{{cite book |author=World Health Organization |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ptVjyRs7AdsC&pg=PA242 |title=International medical guide for ships |page=242 |isbn=9789241547208}}</ref> Cocaine can be in the form of fine white powder, bitter to the taste. When inhaled or injected, it causes a numbing effect. Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being and [[euphoria]], energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality. Cocaine's stimulant effects are similar to that of [[amphetamine]], however, these effects tend to be much shorter lasting and more prominent.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} |
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===Depressants/sedatives=== |
=== Depressants/sedatives === |
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{{Main|Sedative}} |
{{Main|Sedative}} |
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[[File:Quaalude.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A variety of Quaalude pills and capsules.]] |
[[File:Quaalude.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A variety of Quaalude pills and capsules.]] |
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[[Methaqualone]] (Quaaludes) became increasingly popular as a [[recreational drug]] in the late 1960s and 1970s, known variously as "ludes" or "sopers" (also "soaps") in the U.S. and "mandrakes" and "mandies" in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. The drug was often used by hippies and by people who went dancing at [[glam rock]] clubs in the 1970s and at [[Discothèque|discos]] (one slang term for Quaaludes in the disco era was "disco biscuits"). In the mid-1970s, there were bars in Manhattan called "juice bars" that only served non-alcoholic drinks that catered to people who liked to dance on methaqualone.<ref name="lude 1">{{cite web |title=METHAQUALONE |url=http://www.drugtext.org/Recreational-Drugs/methaqualone.html|work=Drug Text|publisher=International Substance Use Library|accessdate=27 July 2012 |author=Lawrence Young|date=31 January 2010}}</ref> Purported methaqualone is in a significant minority of cases found to be inert, or contain diphenhydramine or benzodiazepines. Methaqualone is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs in [[South Africa]].<ref name="SA">{{cite web|url=http://www.drugaware.co.za/mandrax.html|title=Mandrax|year=2003|work=DrugAware|publisher=Reality Media|accessdate=2009-08-13}}</ref><ref name="Cochrane">{{cite journal | |
[[Methaqualone]] (Quaaludes) became increasingly popular as a [[recreational drug]] in the late 1960s and 1970s, known variously as "ludes" or "sopers" (also "soaps") in the U.S. and "mandrakes" and "mandies" in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. The drug was often used by hippies and by people who went dancing at [[glam rock]] clubs in the 1970s and at [[Discothèque|discos]] (one slang term for Quaaludes in the disco era was "disco biscuits"). In the mid-1970s, there were bars in Manhattan called "juice bars" that only served non-alcoholic drinks that catered to people who liked to dance on methaqualone.<ref name="lude 1">{{cite web |title=METHAQUALONE |url=http://www.drugtext.org/Recreational-Drugs/methaqualone.html |work=Drug Text |publisher=International Substance Use Library |accessdate=27 July 2012 |author=Lawrence Young |date=31 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423045455/https://www.drugtext.org/Recreational-Drugs/methaqualone.html |archive-date=23 April 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Purported methaqualone is in a significant minority of cases found to be inert, or contain diphenhydramine or benzodiazepines. Methaqualone is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs in [[South Africa]].<ref name="SA">{{cite web |url=http://www.drugaware.co.za/mandrax.html |title=Mandrax |year=2003 |work=DrugAware |publisher=Reality Media |accessdate=2009-08-13 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HcAieDWD?url=http://www.drugaware.co.za/mandrax.html |archive-date=2013-06-24 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref><ref name="Cochrane">{{cite journal |pmid=15846700 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004146.pub2 |issue=2 |title=Treatment for methaqualone dependence in adults |year=2005 |pages=CD004146 |journal=Reviews |last1=McCarthy |first1=G |last2=Myers |first2=B |last3=Siegfried |first3=N}}</ref> It is also popular elsewhere in Africa and in India.<ref name="Cochrane" /> Commonly known as Mandrax, M-pills, buttons, or smarties, a mixture of crushed mandrax and [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] is smoked, usually through a [[Tobacco pipe|smoking pipe]] made from the neck of a broken bottle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandrax Information |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/3296/DaSilva_Effects(2007).pdf?sequence=1 |accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> |
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The depressant [[gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]] (also used by assailants as a [[date rape drug]], in which case they slip it into a victim's drink) is intentionally taken by some users as a party drug and club drug. |
The depressant [[gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]] (also used by assailants as a [[date rape drug]], in which case they slip it into a victim's drink) is intentionally taken by some users as a party drug and club drug. |
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[[Rohypnol]] (also used as a [[date rape drug]]) is a sedative/hypnotic that causes intoxication and impairs [[cognitive]] functions. This may appear as lack of concentration, [[confusion]] and [[anterograde amnesia]]. It can be described as a [[hangover]]-like effect which can persist to the next day.<ref name=Residual2004>{{cite journal | |
[[Rohypnol]] (also used as a [[date rape drug]]) is a sedative/hypnotic that causes intoxication and impairs [[cognitive]] functions. This may appear as lack of concentration, [[confusion]] and [[anterograde amnesia]]. It can be described as a [[hangover]]-like effect which can persist to the next day.<ref name=Residual2004>{{cite journal |author=Vermeeren A. |year=2004 |title=Residual effects of hypnotics: epidemiology and clinical implications |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=297–328 |pmid=15089115 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200418050-00003}}</ref> It also impairs psychomotor functions similar to other benzodiazepines and [[nonbenzodiazepine]] [[hypnotic]] drugs.<ref name="Mets-2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Mets |first1=MA. |last2=Volkerts |first2=ER. |last3=Olivier |first3=B. |last4=Verster |first4=JC. |title=Effect of hypnotic drugs on body balance and standing steadiness |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=14 |date=February 2010 |issue=4 |pages=259–67 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.008 |pmid=20171127}}</ref> |
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The previously mentioned selection of drugs are generally categorized as club drugs by the media and the [[United States]] government, this distinction probably does not have an accurate correlation to real usage patterns. For example, [[alcoholic beverages]] ([[beer]], [[wine]], [[hard liquor]]) is generally not included under the category of club drugs, even though it is probably used more than any other drug at clubs, particularly those that are liquor-licensed [[nightclub]]s or [[bar]]s. |
The previously mentioned selection of drugs are generally categorized as club drugs by the media and the [[United States]] government, this distinction probably does not have an accurate correlation to real usage patterns. For example, [[alcoholic beverages]] ([[beer]], [[wine]], [[hard liquor]]) is generally not included under the category of club drugs, even though it is probably used more than any other drug at clubs, particularly those that are liquor-licensed [[nightclub]]s or [[bar]]s. |
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===Psychedelic drugs=== |
=== Psychedelic drugs === |
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{{Main|Psychedelic drug}} |
{{Main|Psychedelic drug}} |
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[[File:Pink Elephants on Parade Blotter LSD Dumbo.jpg|thumb|[[LSD]] is widely known as a psychedelic drug and often features [[psychedelic art]]work on its [[Blotting paper#Drugs|blotters]]]] |
[[File:Pink Elephants on Parade Blotter LSD Dumbo.jpg|thumb|[[LSD]] is widely known as a psychedelic drug and often features [[psychedelic art]]work on its [[Blotting paper#Drugs|blotters]]]] |
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A psychedelic drug is a [[drug|medication]] whose primary action is to alter [[cognition]] and [[perception]], typically by [[serotonin receptor agonist|agonising serotonin receptors]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v21/n1s/full/1395318a.html|title=Serotonin and Hallucinogens|work=Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews | |
A psychedelic drug is a [[drug|medication]] whose primary action is to alter [[cognition]] and [[perception]], typically by [[serotonin receptor agonist|agonising serotonin receptors]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v21/n1s/full/1395318a.html |title=Serotonin and Hallucinogens |work=Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews |doi=10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00135-3 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=16S–23S |journal= |access-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130093135/http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v21/n1s/full/1395318a.html |archive-date=2015-01-30 |dead-url=no |df= |year=1999 |last1=Aghajanian |first1=G }}</ref> causing thought and visual/auditory changes, and heightened state of consciousness.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/apr/19/brain-scans-reveal-mind-opening-response-to-psychedelic-drug-trip-lsd-ketamine-psilocybin Psychedelic drugs induce 'heightened state of consciousness', brain scans show] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424223057/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/apr/19/brain-scans-reveal-mind-opening-response-to-psychedelic-drug-trip-lsd-ketamine-psilocybin |date=2017-04-24 }}, guardian.com. Retrieved: 23 April 2017.</ref> Major psychedelic drugs include [[Bufotenin]], [[Racemorphan]], [[LSD]], [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and [[psilocybin mushroom]]s. |
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Not to be confused with psychoactive drugs, such as [[stimulant]]s and [[opioid]]s, which induce states of altered consciousness, psychedelics tend to affect the mind in ways that result in the experience being qualitatively different from those of ordinary consciousness. Whereas stimulants cause an energized feeling and opiates produce a dreamy, relaxed state, the [[psychedelic experience]] is often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as [[trance]], [[meditation]], [[yoga]], [[religious ecstasy]], [[dream]]ing and even [[near-death experience]]s. With a few exceptions, most psychedelic drugs fall into one of the three following families of chemical compounds; [[tryptamine]]s, [[phenethylamine]]s, and [[lysergamides]]. Many psychedelic drugs are illegal worldwide under the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs|UN conventions]] unless used in a medical or religious context. Despite these regulations, recreational use of psychedelics is common, including at [[rave]]s and EDM concerts and festivals. |
Not to be confused with psychoactive drugs, such as [[stimulant]]s and [[opioid]]s, which induce states of altered consciousness, psychedelics tend to affect the mind in ways that result in the experience being qualitatively different from those of ordinary consciousness. Whereas stimulants cause an energized feeling and opiates produce a dreamy, relaxed state, the [[psychedelic experience]] is often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as [[trance]], [[meditation]], [[yoga]], [[religious ecstasy]], [[dream]]ing and even [[near-death experience]]s. With a few exceptions, most psychedelic drugs fall into one of the three following families of chemical compounds; [[tryptamine]]s, [[phenethylamine]]s, and [[lysergamides]]. Many psychedelic drugs are illegal worldwide under the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs|UN conventions]] unless used in a medical or religious context. Despite these regulations, recreational use of psychedelics is common, including at [[rave]]s and EDM concerts and festivals. |
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===Inhalants=== |
=== Inhalants === |
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{{Main|Inhalants}} |
{{Main|Inhalants}} |
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"[[Poppers]]" are small bottles of volatile drugs which are inhaled by clubgoers for the "rush" or "high" that they can create. Nitrites such as [[alkyl nitrite]] originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open, which led to the nickname "poppers." The drug became popular in the US first on the [[disco]]/club scene of the 1970s, where dancers used the drug for the "rush" it provides, and because it was perceived to enhance the experience of dancing to loud, bass-heavy disco. The drug became popular again in the mid-1980s and 1990s [[rave]] and [[electronic dance music]] scenes. As with disco clubgoers, rave participants and EDM enthusiasts used the drug because its "rush" or "high" was perceived to enhance the experience of dancing to pulsating music and lights. |
"[[Poppers]]" are small bottles of volatile drugs which are inhaled by clubgoers for the "rush" or "high" that they can create. Nitrites such as [[alkyl nitrite]] originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open, which led to the nickname "poppers." The drug became popular in the US first on the [[disco]]/club scene of the 1970s, where dancers used the drug for the "rush" it provides, and because it was perceived to enhance the experience of dancing to loud, bass-heavy disco. The drug became popular again in the mid-1980s and 1990s [[rave]] and [[electronic dance music]] scenes. As with disco clubgoers, rave participants and EDM enthusiasts used the drug because its "rush" or "high" was perceived to enhance the experience of dancing to pulsating music and lights. |
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[[Recreational use of nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide]] is a [[dissociative]] [[inhalant]] that can cause [[depersonalisation]], [[derealisation]] (feeling like the world is not real), [[dizziness]], [[euphoria (emotion)|euphoria]], and some sound distortion ([[flanging]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Giannini |first=A. J. |year=1991 |title=Volatiles |page=396 |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=N. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?doi=VgetLfJBQv0C&pg=PA396 |booktitle=Comprehensive Handbook of Drug and Alcohol Addiction |place=New York |publisher=Marcel Dekker |isbn=0-8247-8474- |
[[Recreational use of nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide]] is a [[dissociative]] [[inhalant]] that can cause [[depersonalisation]], [[derealisation]] (feeling like the world is not real), [[dizziness]], [[euphoria (emotion)|euphoria]], and some sound distortion ([[flanging]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Giannini |first=A. J. |year=1991 |title=Volatiles |page=396 |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=N. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?doi=VgetLfJBQv0C&pg=PA396 |booktitle=Comprehensive Handbook of Drug and Alcohol Addiction |place=New York |publisher=Marcel Dekker |isbn=978-0-8247-8474-4}}</ref> In some cases, it may cause slight [[hallucination]]s and have a mild [[aphrodisiac]] effect.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} While medical grade nitrous oxide is only available to dentists and other licensed health care providers, recreational users often obtain the drug by inhaling the nitrous oxide used in whipped cream aerosol cans. Nitrous oxide users also buy small "whippet" canisters of nitrous oxide intended for use in restaurant whipped cream dispensers and then "crack" open these canisters to inhale the gas. Users typically transfer the gas to a plastic bag or balloon prior to inhaling it. |
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===Ketamine=== |
=== Ketamine === |
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[[File:G 'o' K.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ketamine from the street drug trade, in the form of crystals.]] |
[[File:G 'o' K.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ketamine from the street drug trade, in the form of crystals.]] |
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[[Ketamine]], a [[dissociative anesthetic]], has a long history of being used in clubs and was one of the most popular substances used in the New York [[club kids|Club Kid]] scene. Ketamine produces a dissociative state, characterized by a sense of detachment from one's physical body and the external world which is known as [[depersonalization]] and [[derealization]]. Effects include hallucinations, changes in the perception of distances, relative scale, color and durations/time, as well as a slowing of the visual system's ability to update what the user is seeing.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} |
[[Ketamine]], a [[dissociative anesthetic]], has a long history of being used in clubs and was one of the most popular substances used in the New York [[club kids|Club Kid]] scene. Ketamine produces a dissociative state, characterized by a sense of detachment from one's physical body and the external world which is known as [[depersonalization]] and [[derealization]]. Effects include hallucinations, changes in the perception of distances, relative scale, color and durations/time, as well as a slowing of the visual system's ability to update what the user is seeing.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} |
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===Other=== |
=== Other === |
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In the 2000s, synthetic [[phenethylamines]] such as [[2C-I]], [[2C-B]] and [[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine|DOB]] have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature (and their chemical relationship with [[MDMA]]).<ref>*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/onelife/drink_drugs/2ci/ BBC-2C-I]</ref> By late 2012, derivates of the psychedelic 2C-X drugs, the [[NBOMe]]s and especially [[25I-NBOMe]], had become common at raves in Europe. The drug organization Norconon states that other synthetic drugs used in clubs, or which are sold as "Ecstasy" include [[harmaline]]; [[piperazines]] (e.g., [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]] and [[TFMPP]]); [[para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]]/PMMA; [[mephedrone]] (generally used outside the US) and [[MDPV]].<ref name="narconon.ca"/> |
In the 2000s, synthetic [[phenethylamines]] such as [[2C-I]], [[2C-B]] and [[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine|DOB]] have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature (and their chemical relationship with [[MDMA]]).<ref>*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/onelife/drink_drugs/2ci/ BBC-2C-I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012081433/http://www.bbc.co.uk/onelife/drink_drugs/2ci/ |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref> By late 2012, derivates of the psychedelic 2C-X drugs, the [[NBOMe]]s and especially [[25I-NBOMe]], had become common at raves in Europe. The drug organization Norconon states that other synthetic drugs used in clubs, or which are sold as "Ecstasy" include [[harmaline]]; [[piperazines]] (e.g., [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]] and [[TFMPP]]); [[para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]]/PMMA; [[mephedrone]] (generally used outside the US) and [[MDPV]].<ref name="narconon.ca" /> |
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Though far less common than other "club drugs" like MDMA, ketamine, or [[LSD]], [[heroin]] can be found in some of New York City's clubs. Marijuana and related cannabis products are used by some clubgoers; for example, some Rohypnol and ketamine users mix the powdered drug with marijuana and smoke it.<ref name="narconon.ca1"/> |
Though far less common than other "club drugs" like MDMA, ketamine, or [[LSD]], [[heroin]] can be found in some of New York City's clubs. Marijuana and related cannabis products are used by some clubgoers; for example, some Rohypnol and ketamine users mix the powdered drug with marijuana and smoke it.<ref name="narconon.ca1" /> |
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==Effects== |
== Effects == |
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{{medref|section|date=April 2017}} |
{{medref|section|date=April 2017}} |
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===Desired effects=== |
=== Desired effects === |
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Although each club drug has different effects, their use in clubs reflects their perceived contribution to the user's experience dancing to a beat as lights flash to the music. Club drug users are generally taking the drugs to "enhance social intimacy and sensory stimulation" from the dance club experience.<ref name="auto">Gahlinger, Paul. "Club Drugs: MDMA, Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Rohypnol, and Ketamine". In Am Fam Physician. 2004 Jun 1;69(11):2619-2627.</ref> |
Although each club drug has different effects, their use in clubs reflects their perceived contribution to the user's experience dancing to a beat as lights flash to the music. Club drug users are generally taking the drugs to "enhance social intimacy and sensory stimulation" from the dance club experience.<ref name="auto">Gahlinger, Paul. "Club Drugs: MDMA, Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Rohypnol, and Ketamine". In Am Fam Physician. 2004 Jun 1;69(11):2619-2627.</ref> Some club drugs' popularity stems from their ability to induce [[euphoria]], lowered inhibition and an intoxicated feeling. Some drugs, such as amphetamine and cocaine, give the dancer hyperactivity and energy to dance all night. Many drugs produce a feeling of heightened physical sensation, and increased libido and sexual pleasure. Some club drugs, such as LSD, DMT, MDMA, 2C-B and ketamine enhance the experience of being in a nightclub with pulsating lights and flashing lasers and throbbing dance music, because they cause hallucinations or unusual perception effects. |
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===Risks and adverse effects=== |
=== Risks and adverse effects === |
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Although research continues into the full scope of the effects of illegal drugs, regular and unsafe use of club drugs is widely accepted to have damaging side effects and carry a risk of addiction. Increased heart rate, a steep increase in body temperature, increase in blood pressure, spasms and dehydration are all common side effects of MDMA and methamphetamine. Breathing and respiratory issues, drowsiness, nausea and confusion are common side effects of said drugs. They can also make the user anxious, stressed and panicked, or even hallucinate. Withdrawal is also a risk with many club drugs. Drug cravings as the chemical leaves the user's body can be complicated by sleep deprivation, dehydration and hypoglycaemia to result in debilitating 'come downs' which can result in depression-like symptoms. In the worst instance, club drugs result in the death of the user from cardiac arrest or water intoxication due to the increase in heart rate and thirstiness induced. Inconsistency in the strength and exact composition of the supplied drug causing users to overdose. Wide variance in the measured rate of deaths caused by drugs such as ecstasy across countries suggest that user and societal/environmental factors may also affect the lethality of club drugs. |
Although research continues into the full scope of the effects of illegal drugs, regular and unsafe use of club drugs is widely accepted to have damaging side effects and carry a risk of addiction. Increased heart rate, a steep increase in body temperature, increase in blood pressure, spasms and dehydration are all common side effects of MDMA and methamphetamine. Breathing and respiratory issues, drowsiness, nausea and confusion are common side effects of said drugs. They can also make the user anxious, stressed and panicked, or even hallucinate. Withdrawal is also a risk with many club drugs. Drug cravings as the chemical leaves the user's body can be complicated by sleep deprivation, dehydration and hypoglycaemia to result in debilitating 'come downs' which can result in depression-like symptoms. In the worst instance, club drugs result in the death of the user from cardiac arrest or water intoxication due to the increase in heart rate and thirstiness induced. Inconsistency in the strength and exact composition of the supplied drug causing users to overdose. Wide variance in the measured rate of deaths caused by drugs such as ecstasy across countries suggest that user and societal/environmental factors may also affect the lethality of club drugs. |
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====Drug interactions==== |
==== Drug interactions ==== |
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[[File:Drug addicted in Tallinn tram.JPG|thumb|right|160px|An unconscious teen on a tram car.]] |
[[File:Drug addicted in Tallinn tram.JPG|thumb|right|160px|An unconscious teen on a tram car.]] |
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Another risk is drug interactions. Some club drug users take multiple drugs at the same time. |
Another risk is drug interactions. Some club drug users take multiple drugs at the same time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebody.com/content/art32407.html |title=Club Drugs and Their Effects |author= |date= |website=thebody.com |accessdate=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204637/http://www.thebody.com/content/art32407.html |archive-date=22 March 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> "Club drugs often are taken together, with alcohol, or with other drugs to enhance their effect."<ref name="auto" /> Drug interactions can cause hazardous side effects. When club drug users are in a liquor-licensed [[nightclub]], users may mix pills or powders (MDMA, 2C-B, GHB, ketamine) with consumption of [[alcoholic drinks]] such as beer, wine or hard liquor. Some depressants, such as [[Rohypnol]], are dangerous to take while drinking alcohol. "Ketamine often is taken in "trail mixes" of methamphetamine, phencyclidine, cocaine, sildenafil citrate (Viagra), morphine or heroin."<ref name="auto" /> |
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====Injury or death due to risky behaviour==== |
==== Injury or death due to risky behaviour ==== |
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Another risk with club drugs is one shared by all drugs, from legal drugs like [[alcohol]] to abused over-the-counter drugs (taking large amounts of [[dextromethorphan]] cough syrup) and illegal drugs ([[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]], [[amphetamine]]s, etc.): while impaired, the user is more likely to be injured, engage in dangerous or risky behaviour (e.g., [[unsafe sex]]) or, if she or he drives, have an accident resulting in injury or death due to [[impaired driving]]. |
Another risk with club drugs is one shared by all drugs, from legal drugs like [[alcohol]] to abused over-the-counter drugs (taking large amounts of [[dextromethorphan]] cough syrup) and illegal drugs ([[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]], [[amphetamine]]s, etc.): while impaired, the user is more likely to be injured, engage in dangerous or risky behaviour (e.g., [[unsafe sex]]) or, if she or he drives, have an accident resulting in injury or death due to [[impaired driving]]. |
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====Misrepresentation==== |
==== Misrepresentation ==== |
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[[File:Bzptablet.jpg|right|thumb|120px|A tablet sold as MDMA. It contained no MDMA; instead, it contained [[benzylpiperazine]] (BZP), [[methamphetamine]], and [[caffeine]].]] |
[[File:Bzptablet.jpg|right|thumb|120px|A tablet sold as MDMA. It contained no MDMA; instead, it contained [[benzylpiperazine]] (BZP), [[methamphetamine]], and [[caffeine]].]] |
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In many cases, illegal club drugs are misrepresented. |
In many cases, illegal club drugs are misrepresented.<ref name="auto" /> That is, a dealer will tell a purchaser that she/he has a certain illegal drug for sale, while in fact the dealer's pills, capsules or bags of powder do not contain that chemical. For example, MDMA ("ecstasy") is very hard to synthesize in illegal underground labs, and methamphetamine is much easier (it can be made from household chemicals and over-the-counter cold remedies containing [[pseudoephedrine]]). As such, what dealers sell as MDMA is often methamphetamine powder. Similarly, pills sold by drug dealers as [[LSD]], a drug which only the top chemists have the training to synthesize, most often contain no LSD; instead, they often contain [[Phencyclidine|PCP]], a veterinary tranquilizer which produces disassociation and hallucinations in humans. In some cases, the dealer has intentionally substituted a less expensive, more available illegal drug for another drug. In other cases, the substitution was made by a higher-level drug cartel or organization, and the dealer may in fact believe that the bogus product is MDMA or LSD. |
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===="Cutting", adulteration and "spiking"==== |
==== "Cutting", adulteration and "spiking" ==== |
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[[File:Flavcocaine.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Baggies of cocaine adulterated with fruit-flavoured powder and colouring.]] |
[[File:Flavcocaine.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Baggies of cocaine adulterated with fruit-flavoured powder and colouring.]] |
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With the exception of [[marijuana]], which typically is uncut and unlaced, many illegal drugs, especially those which come in a powder or pill form are "cut" with other substances or "spiked" with other drugs.{{cn|date=April 2017}} Cocaine, amphetamines and other stimulants often have [[caffeine]] powder added, as this increases the dealer's profit by bulking out the powder, so that less expensive cocaine or amphetamine has to be used in making the product. Some substances used to "cut" illegal drugs are not inherently harmful, as they are just used to "pad" or "bulk out" a quantity of the illegal drug and increase profits, such as the [[lactose]] (milk sugar), a white powder often added to [[heroin]]. Even fairly innocuous powders that are added to illegal drugs, though, can have adverse effects with some routes of illegal drug administration, such as injection. With some drugs, adulterants are sometimes added to make the product more appealing. For example, "flavoured cocaine" has flavoured powder added to the drug. |
With the exception of [[marijuana]], which typically is uncut and unlaced, many illegal drugs, especially those which come in a powder or pill form are "cut" with other substances or "spiked" with other drugs.{{cn|date=April 2017}} Cocaine, amphetamines and other stimulants often have [[caffeine]] powder added, as this increases the dealer's profit by bulking out the powder, so that less expensive cocaine or amphetamine has to be used in making the product. Some substances used to "cut" illegal drugs are not inherently harmful, as they are just used to "pad" or "bulk out" a quantity of the illegal drug and increase profits, such as the [[lactose]] (milk sugar), a white powder often added to [[heroin]]. Even fairly innocuous powders that are added to illegal drugs, though, can have adverse effects with some routes of illegal drug administration, such as injection. With some drugs, adulterants are sometimes added to make the product more appealing. For example, "flavoured cocaine" has flavoured powder added to the drug. |
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Whereas the main goal of "cutting" is to bulk out a quantity of pure, expensive illegal drugs with an innocuous and not overly harmful substance ([[lactose]]) or fairly low-impact product (e.g., caffeine in amphetamine pills), the goal of "spiking" is to try to make lower-quality illegal drug or a lower-potency source of illegal drugs give the user the type of "high" or psychedelic experience she or he is seeking. While it was earlier stated that marijuana is most often uncut and un-spiked, some dealers add PCP to marijuana (this is nicknamed "wet marijuana"), because adding this disassociative psychedelic to low-grade, low-THC marijuana can convert it into a cannabis that creates striking hallucinogenic effects. Drug researchers learned that some dealers were spiking marijuana when they tested US teens who stated that they had only used a single illegal drug (marijuana) and the teens tested positive for marijuana and PCP. Some dealers who have a very small quantity of MDMA powder to sell "spike" it with less expensive and easier to produce methamphetamine powder. |
Whereas the main goal of "cutting" is to bulk out a quantity of pure, expensive illegal drugs with an innocuous and not overly harmful substance ([[lactose]]) or fairly low-impact product (e.g., caffeine in amphetamine pills), the goal of "spiking" is to try to make lower-quality illegal drug or a lower-potency source of illegal drugs give the user the type of "high" or psychedelic experience she or he is seeking. While it was earlier stated that marijuana is most often uncut and un-spiked, some dealers add PCP to marijuana (this is nicknamed "wet marijuana"), because adding this disassociative psychedelic to low-grade, low-THC marijuana can convert it into a cannabis that creates striking hallucinogenic effects. Drug researchers learned that some dealers were spiking marijuana when they tested US teens who stated that they had only used a single illegal drug (marijuana) and the teens tested positive for marijuana and PCP. Some dealers who have a very small quantity of MDMA powder to sell "spike" it with less expensive and easier to produce methamphetamine powder. |
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⚫ | * Street cocaine is often adulterated or "cut" with [[talc]], [[lactose]], [[sucrose]], [[glucose]], [[mannitol]], [[inositol]], [[caffeine]], [[procaine]], [[phencyclidine]], [[phenytoin]], [[lignocaine]], [[strychnine]], [[amphetamine]], or [[heroin]].<ref>{{citation |author=VV Pillay |title=Modern Medical Toxicology |edition=4th |year=2013 |publisher=Jaypee |isbn=978-93-5025-965-8 |pages=553–554}}</ref> |
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⚫ | * A common methamphetamine adulterant is [[dimethyl sulfone]], a solvent and cosmetic base without known effect on the nervous system; other adulterants include [[dimethylamphetamine]] HCl, ephedrine HCl, [[sodium thiosulfate]], [[sodium chloride]], [[sodium glutamate]], and a mixture of [[caffeine]] with [[sodium benzoate]].<ref name="Inoue">{{cite journal |url=http://jhs.pharm.or.jp/data/54%286%29/54_615.pdf |format=PDF |title=Characterization and Profiling of Methamphetamine Seizures |author=Hiroyuki Inoue ''et al. '' |journal=Journal of Health Science |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=615–622 |year=2008 |doi=10.1248/jhs.54.615 |access-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624074759/http://jhs.pharm.or.jp/data/54%286%29/54_615.pdf |archive-date=2012-06-24 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref> |
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⚫ | *Street cocaine is often adulterated or "cut" with [[talc]], [[lactose]], [[sucrose]], [[glucose]], [[mannitol]], [[inositol]], [[caffeine]], [[procaine]], [[phencyclidine]], [[phenytoin]], [[lignocaine]], [[strychnine]], [[amphetamine]], or [[heroin]].<ref>{{citation | |
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⚫ | Not all club drugs are addictive (e.g. nitrous oxide). However, some club drugs are addictive. [[Amphetamine]] heavily used in recreational fashion pose a risk of [[addiction]].<ref name="NHM-Addiction doses">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |editor=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 |page=368 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders |quote=Such agents also have important therapeutic uses; cocaine, for example, is used as a local anesthetic (Chapter 2), and amphetamines and methylphenidate are used in low doses to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in higher doses to treat narcolepsy (Chapter 12). Despite their clinical uses, these drugs are strongly reinforcing, and their long-term use at high doses is linked with potential addiction, especially when they are rapidly administered or when high-potency forms are given.}}</ref> |
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⚫ | [[Cocaine addiction]] is a psychological desire to use [[cocaine]] regularly. Cocaine overdose may result in cardiovascular and [[brain damage]], such as: [[Vasoconstriction|constricting blood vessels]] in the brain, causing [[stroke]]s and constricting arteries in the heart; causing [[Myocardial infarction|heart attacks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/cocaine-use-and-its-effects |title=Cocaine: How It Works, Effects, and Risks |author= |date= |website=webmd.com |accessdate=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227105910/http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/cocaine-use-and-its-effects |archive-date=27 February 2014 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The use of cocaine creates euphoria and high amounts of energy. If taken in large, unsafe doses, it is possible to cause [[mood swings]], [[paranoia]], [[insomnia]], [[psychosis]], [[high blood pressure]], a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], [[panic attacks]], [[Cognitive dysfunction|cognitive impairments]] and drastic changes in personality. The symptoms of cocaine withdrawal (also known as [[Comedown (drugs)|''comedown or crash'']]) range from moderate to severe: [[dysphoria]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[anxiety]], [[weakness|psychological and physical weakness]], [[pain]], and compulsive [[Craving (withdrawal)|cravings]]. |
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⚫ | *A common methamphetamine adulterant is [[dimethyl sulfone]], a solvent and cosmetic base without known effect on the nervous system; other adulterants include [[dimethylamphetamine]] HCl, ephedrine HCl, [[sodium thiosulfate]], [[sodium chloride]], [[sodium glutamate]], and a mixture of [[caffeine]] with [[sodium benzoate]].<ref name="Inoue">{{cite journal|url=http://jhs.pharm.or.jp/data/54%286%29/54_615.pdf|format=PDF|title=Characterization and Profiling of Methamphetamine Seizures |author=Hiroyuki Inoue ''et al. ''|journal=Journal of Health Science|volume=54|issue=6|pages=615–622|year=2008|doi=10.1248/jhs.54.615}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Not all club drugs are addictive (e.g. nitrous oxide). However, some club drugs are addictive. [[Amphetamine]] heavily used in recreational fashion pose a risk of [[addiction]].<ref name="NHM-Addiction doses">{{cite book | |
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⚫ | [[Cocaine addiction]] is a psychological desire to use [[cocaine]] regularly. Cocaine overdose may result in cardiovascular and [[brain damage]], such as: [[Vasoconstriction|constricting blood vessels]] in the brain, causing [[stroke]]s and constricting arteries in the heart; causing [[Myocardial infarction|heart attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/cocaine-use-and-its-effects|title=Cocaine: How It Works, Effects, and Risks|author=|date=|website=webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref> The use of cocaine creates euphoria and high amounts of energy. If taken in large, unsafe doses, it is possible to cause [[mood swings]], [[paranoia]], [[insomnia]], [[psychosis]], [[high blood pressure]], a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], [[panic attacks]], [[Cognitive dysfunction|cognitive impairments]] and drastic changes in personality. The symptoms of cocaine withdrawal (also known as [[Comedown (drugs)|''comedown or crash'']]) range from moderate to severe: [[dysphoria]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[anxiety]], [[weakness|psychological and physical weakness]], [[pain]], and compulsive [[Craving (withdrawal)|cravings]]. |
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[[File:GHB - Do's and don'ts - Drugslab.webm|thumb|right|200px|A video warning about the dangers of GHB.]] |
[[File:GHB - Do's and don'ts - Drugslab.webm|thumb|right|200px|A video warning about the dangers of GHB.]] |
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GHB addiction occurs when repeated drug use disrupts the normal balance of brain circuits that control rewards, memory and cognition, ultimately leading to compulsive drug taking.<ref>Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (ages 12 years and up); American Heart Association; Johns Hopkins University study, Principles of Addiction Medicine; Psychology Today; National Gambling Impact Commission Study; National Council on Problem Gambling; Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery; Society for Advancement of Sexual Health; All Psych Journal</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/interactive/0,31813,1640235,00.html Addiction and the Brain]. Time</ref> Although there have been reported fatalities due to GHB withdrawal, reports are inconclusive and further research is needed.<ref name="autogenerated1997">{{cite journal|vauthors=Galloway GP, Frederick SL, Staggers FE, Gonzales M, Stalcup SA, Smith DE |pmid=9060200|title=Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence|year=1997|volume=92|issue=1|pages=89–96|journal=Addiction (Abingdon, England)|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03640.x}}</ref> |
GHB addiction occurs when repeated drug use disrupts the normal balance of brain circuits that control rewards, memory and cognition, ultimately leading to compulsive drug taking.<ref>Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (ages 12 years and up); American Heart Association; Johns Hopkins University study, Principles of Addiction Medicine; Psychology Today; National Gambling Impact Commission Study; National Council on Problem Gambling; Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery; Society for Advancement of Sexual Health; All Psych Journal</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/interactive/0,31813,1640235,00.html Addiction and the Brain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724223231/http://www.time.com/time/interactive/0,31813,1640235,00.html |date=2010-07-24 }}. Time</ref> Although there have been reported fatalities due to GHB withdrawal, reports are inconclusive and further research is needed.<ref name="autogenerated1997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galloway GP, Frederick SL, Staggers FE, Gonzales M, Stalcup SA, Smith DE |pmid=9060200 |title=Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence |year=1997 |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=89–96 |journal=Addiction (Abingdon, England) |doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03640.x}}</ref> |
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====Ketamine risks==== |
==== Ketamine risks ==== |
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Ketamine use as a recreational drug has been implicated in deaths globally, with more than 90 deaths in England and Wales in the years of |
Ketamine use as a recreational drug has been implicated in deaths globally, with more than 90 deaths in England and Wales in the years of 2005–2013.<ref name=DalyVice14 /> They include accidental poisonings, drownings, traffic accidents, and suicides.<ref name=DalyVice14>See Max Daly, 2014, "The Sad Demise of Nancy Lee, One of Britain's Ketamine Casualties," at ''Vice'' (online), July 23, 2014, see [https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/ketamine-slowly-ruins-your-bladder-and-kills-you-863] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607022331/http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/ketamine-slowly-ruins-your-bladder-and-kills-you-863 |date=2015-06-07 }}, accessed 7 June 2015.</ref> The majority of deaths were among young people.<ref name=TheCrownONS13>The Crown, 2013, "Drug related deaths involving ketamine in England and Wales," a report of the Mortality team, Life Events and Population Sources Division, Office for National Statistics, the Crown (U.K.), see [http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/health/october-2013/drug-related-deaths-involving-ketamine-by-age-group.xls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607212436/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/health/october-2013/drug-related-deaths-involving-ketamine-by-age-group.xls |date=2015-06-07 }} and [https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-health3/deaths-related-to-drug-poisoning/2012/stb---deaths-related-to-drug-poisoning-2012.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619235310/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-health3/deaths-related-to-drug-poisoning/2012/stb---deaths-related-to-drug-poisoning-2012.html |date=2015-06-19 }}, accessed 7 June 2015.</ref> This has led to increased regulation (e.g., upgrading ketamine from a Class C to a Class B banned substance in the U.K.).<ref name=DixonTelegraph14>Hayley Dixon, 2014, "Ketamine death of public schoolgirl an 'act of stupidity which destroyed family'," at ''The Telegraph'' (online), February 12, 2014, see [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10633700/Ketamine-death-of-public-schoolgirl-an-act-of-stupidity-which-destroyed-family.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824233230/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10633700/Ketamine-death-of-public-schoolgirl-an-act-of-stupidity-which-destroyed-family.html |date=2017-08-24 }}, accessed 7 June 2015.</ref> At sufficiently high doses, Ketamine users may experience what is called the "[[K-hole]]", a state of extreme dissociation with visual and auditory hallucinations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Giannini |first=AJ |title=Drug Abuse |publisher=Health Information Press |location=Los Angeles |year=1999 |page=104 |isbn=978-1-885987-11-2}}</ref> |
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==Acute treatment== |
== Acute treatment == |
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[[File:Woodstock festival medical.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A music fan who has had a drug overdose at the [[Woodstock Music Festival]] is placed onto a wheeled cot by paramedics.]] |
[[File:Woodstock festival medical.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A music fan who has had a drug overdose at the [[Woodstock Music Festival]] is placed onto a wheeled cot by paramedics.]] |
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The main treatment for individuals facing acute medical issues due to club drug consumption or overdoses is "cardiorespiratory maintenance".<ref name="auto"/> Since club drug users may have consumed multiple drugs, a mix of drugs and alcohol, or a drug adulterated with other chemicals, it is hard for doctors to know what type of overdose to treat for, even if the user is conscious and can tell the medical team what drug they think they took. A doctor recommends "cardiac monitoring, pulse oximetry, urinalysis, and performance of a comprehensive chemistry panel to check for electrolyte imbalance, renal toxicity, and possible underlying disorders" and preventing "seizures". |
The main treatment for individuals facing acute medical issues due to club drug consumption or overdoses is "cardiorespiratory maintenance".<ref name="auto" /> Since club drug users may have consumed multiple drugs, a mix of drugs and alcohol, or a drug adulterated with other chemicals, it is hard for doctors to know what type of overdose to treat for, even if the user is conscious and can tell the medical team what drug they think they took. A doctor recommends "cardiac monitoring, pulse oximetry, urinalysis, and performance of a comprehensive chemistry panel to check for electrolyte imbalance, renal toxicity, and possible underlying disorders" and preventing "seizures".<ref name="auto" /> Some doctors use [[activated charcoal]] and a [[cathartic]]" to detoxify the drugs in the gastrointestinal system.<ref name="auto" /> Cooling the victim is recommended to avoid hyperthermia. If the victim overdosed on Rohypnol, the antidote [[flumazenil]] can be given; this is the only club drug for which there is an antidote.<ref name="auto" /> |
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==History== |
== History == |
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In the mid to late-1970s [[disco]] club scene, there was a thriving drug subculture, particularly for drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud dance music and the flashing lights on the dancefloor. Substances such as [[cocaine]]<ref>Gootenberg, Paul (1954). ''Between Coca and Cocaine: A Century or More of'', pp. 119–150. He says that, "The relationship of cocaine to 1970s disco culture cannot be stressed enough; ...".</ref> (nicknamed "blow"), amyl nitrite ("[[poppers]]"),<ref>Amyl, butyl and isobutyl nitrite (collectively known as alkyl nitrites) are clear, yellow liquids which are inhaled for their intoxicating effects. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open. This led to nitrites being given the name 'poppers' but this form of the drug is rarely found in the UK The drug became popular in the UK first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and rave venues in the 1980s and 1990s. Available at: {{cite web |url=http://www.drugscope.org.uk/druginfo/drugsearch/ds_results.asp?file=%5Cwip%5C11%5C1%5C1%5Cnitrites.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-04-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405132026/http://www.drugscope.org.uk/druginfo/drugsearch/ds_results.asp?file=%5Cwip%5C11%5C1%5C1%5Cnitrites.html |archivedate=2007-04-05 |df= |
In the mid to late-1970s [[disco]] club scene, there was a thriving drug subculture, particularly for drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud dance music and the flashing lights on the dancefloor. Substances such as [[cocaine]]<ref>Gootenberg, Paul (1954). ''Between Coca and Cocaine: A Century or More of'', pp. 119–150. He says that, "The relationship of cocaine to 1970s disco culture cannot be stressed enough; ...".</ref> (nicknamed "blow"), amyl nitrite ("[[poppers]]"),<ref>Amyl, butyl and isobutyl nitrite (collectively known as alkyl nitrites) are clear, yellow liquids which are inhaled for their intoxicating effects. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open. This led to nitrites being given the name 'poppers' but this form of the drug is rarely found in the UK The drug became popular in the UK first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and rave venues in the 1980s and 1990s. Available at: {{cite web |url=http://www.drugscope.org.uk/druginfo/drugsearch/ds_results.asp?file=%5Cwip%5C11%5C1%5C1%5Cnitrites.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-04-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405132026/http://www.drugscope.org.uk/druginfo/drugsearch/ds_results.asp?file=%5Cwip%5C11%5C1%5C1%5Cnitrites.html |archivedate=2007-04-05 |df=}}</ref> and [[Quaalude]]s. Quaaludes were described as [the] "...other quintessential 1970s club drug", which suspends [[motor coordination]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1999/7/1999_7_43.shtml |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205223044/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1999/7/1999_7_43.shtml |archivedate=2010-02-05 |df=}} – 76k -</ref>) According to [[Peter Braunstein]], "massive quantities of drugs were ingested in discothèques." |
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Throughout the 1980s, the use of club drugs expanded into colleges, social parties, and raves. As raves grew in popularity through the late 1980s and into the late 1990s, drug usage, especially [[MDMA]], grew with them. Much like discos, raves made use of flashing lights, loud [[techno]]/[[electronic dance music]] to enhance the user experience. Before their scheduling, some club drugs (especially [[ |
Throughout the 1980s, the use of club drugs expanded into colleges, social parties, and raves. As raves grew in popularity through the late 1980s and into the late 1990s, drug usage, especially [[MDMA]], grew with them. Much like discos, raves made use of flashing lights, loud [[techno]]/[[electronic dance music]] to enhance the user experience. Before their scheduling, some club drugs (especially [[designer drug]]s referred to as [[research chemical]]s) were advertised as alcohol-free and drug-free. Another reason that drug producers create new drugs is to avoid drug laws. |
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==In Australia== |
== In Australia == |
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Club drugs are used in Australia in a variety of dance clubs and nightclubs. One in ten Australians has used MDMA at least once in their lifetime; |
Club drugs are used in Australia in a variety of dance clubs and nightclubs. One in ten Australians has used MDMA at least once in their lifetime; one in thirty have used MDMA in the past 12 months. One in a hundred Australians has used ketamine at least once in their lives and a total of five hundred in the past 12 months. One in two hundred Australians have used GHB at least once in their lives and one in one thousand in the past 12 months. Regarding the entire Australian population, seven per cent of Australians have used cocaine at least once in their lifetime and two per cent of Australians have used it in the past 12 months.<ref>Australia Defence Force (ADF), n.d).</ref> In 2010-era generations, from teens to young adults and mature-aged people, these drugs are commonly used and sold nightclubs and pubs throughout Australia. |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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* [[Party pills]] |
* [[Party pills]] |
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* [[Rave]] |
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* [[Nightclub]] |
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* [[Route 36 (bar)|Route 36]], world's first cocaine bar |
* [[Route 36 (bar)|Route 36]], world's first cocaine bar |
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== References == |
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== Further reading == |
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* Hunt, Geoffrey; Moloney, Molly; and Evans, Kristin. ''Youth, Drugs, and Nightlife''. Routledge, 2010. |
* Hunt, Geoffrey; Moloney, Molly; and Evans, Kristin. ''Youth, Drugs, and Nightlife''. Routledge, 2010. |
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* Knowles, Cynthia R. ''Up all night: a closer look at club drugs and rave culture''. Red House Press, 2001. |
* Knowles, Cynthia R. ''Up all night: a closer look at club drugs and rave culture''. Red House Press, 2001. |
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* Sanders, Bill. ''Drugs, Clubs and Young People: Sociological and Public Health Perspectives''. Routledge, 2016. |
* Sanders, Bill. ''Drugs, Clubs and Young People: Sociological and Public Health Perspectives''. Routledge, 2016. |
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==References== |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101223075646/http://www.clubdrugs.gov/ Clubdrugs.gov], from the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101223075646/http://www.clubdrugs.gov/ Clubdrugs.gov], from the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] |
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* [http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=6889 Erowid reference 6889] |
* [http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=6889 Erowid reference 6889] |
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[[Category:Dance culture]] |
[[Category:Dance culture]] |
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[[Category:Drug culture]] |
[[Category:Drug culture]] |