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{{short description|the study of the rights and obligations of citizenry and government}} |
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'''Civics''' or '''civic education''' is the study of the theoretical, political and practical aspects of [[citizenship]], as well as its rights and duties. |
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It includes the study of [[Civil law (area)|civil law]] and [[civil code]], and the study of government with attention to the role of citizens―as opposed to external factors―in the operation and oversight of government.<ref name="BeachRines">Frederick Converse Beach, George Edwin Rines, [[Encyclopedia Americana|''The Americana: a universal reference library, comprising the arts and sciences, literature, history, biography, geography, commerce, etc., of the world'']], Volume 5, Scientific American compiling department, 1912, p.1</ref> |
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== Definition == |
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==History== |
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Within a given political or [[ethical tradition]], ''civics'' can refer to [[educating]] the [[citizens]]. The history of civics dates back to the earliest theories of civics by [[Confucius]] in ancient China and by [[Plato]] in [[ancient Greece]]. In China also along with Confucianism developed the tradition of [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]]. These traditions in the [[Eastern world|East]] and in the [[Western world|West]] developed to an extent differently, therefore, with bringing in the past different concepts of citizens' rights and the application of [[justice]], together with different [[ethics]] in public life.{{clarify|date=May 2016}} This was mainly valid before the translation of the Western legal tradition to Chinese which started in 1839, after which influence by Western tradition was brought{{by whom|date=May 2016}} to China, with periods of restoration of [[traditional Chinese law]] and influence by [[Soviet law]]; specific is the common ordinary language used in Chinese laws which has a significant educational role. |
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{{see|Civic education in the United States}} |
{{see|Civic education in the United States}} |
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{{Empty section|date=June 2017}} |
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==Criticism of civic education== |
== Criticism of civic education == |
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[[Sudbury school]]s contend that [[values]], [[social justice]] and [[democracy]] must be [[Experiential learning|learned through experience]]<ref>Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America – A View from Sudbury Valley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YQn_BA76TF4C&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=%E2%80%9DEthics%E2%80%9D+is+a+Course+Taught+By+Life+Experience,+DANIEL+GREENBERG,++EDUCATION+IN+AMERICA,+A+View+From+Sudbury+Valley&source=bl&ots=Mg-gISVCwd&sig=k0nRX2sR8yRek3fp3ymUI_JRGTo&hl=en&ei=XVbKSf_uNNKrjAee57TPAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#v=onepage&q=&f=false "'Ethics' is a Course Taught By Life Experience."] Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref><ref>Greenberg, D. (1987), The Sudbury Valley School Experience, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-UMqvLEcH0wC&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182&dq=Greenberg+The+Sudbury+Valley+School+Experience,+%22Teaching+Justice+Through+Experience%22&source=bl&ots=V0kSui-GxZ&sig=mUlXhloDKABCzPYzmguJOWqVHCA&hl=en&ei=LhjfSsPtFIr-mQOjocimAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false "Teaching Justice Through Experience."] Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref><ref name=Greenberg>Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America – A View from Sudbury Valley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YQn_BA76TF4C&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=Greenberg+Education+in+America+-+A+View+from+Sudbury+Valley+%22Democracy+Must+be+Experienced+to+be+Learned%22&source=bl&ots=Mg1fAMTBzg&sig=RU2ySV7AFFwxFNMqkAZQ6xHHP1I&hl=en&ei=qxnfSuCkB4_4mwOx4vWmAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=&f=false "Democracy Must be Experienced to be Learned."] Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref><ref>Greenberg, D. (1987) [http://www.sudval.com/05_onepersononevote.html#02 Chapter 35, "With Liberty and Justice for All,"] Free at Last – The Sudbury Valley School. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> as Aristotle said: ''"For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them."''<ref>Bynum, W.F. and Porter, R. (eds) (2005) ''Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations.'' Oxford University Press. 21:9.</ref> They adduce that for this purpose schools must encourage ethical behavior and personal responsibility. In order to achieve these goals schools must allow students the three great freedoms—freedom of choice, freedom of action and freedom to bear the results of action—that constitute personal responsibility.<ref>Greenberg, D. (1987) The Sudbury Valley School Experience [http://www.sudval.com/05_underlyingideas.html#09 "Back to Basics – Moral basics."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511175026/http://www.sudval.com/05_underlyingideas.html#09 |date=2011-05-11 }} Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> The "strongest, political rationale" for [[democratic schools]] is that they teach "the virtues of democratic deliberation for the sake of future citizenship."<ref>Curren, R. (2007) ''Philosophy of Education: An Anthology.'' Blackwell Publishing. p. 163.</ref> This type of education is often alluded to in the deliberative democracy literature as fulfilling the necessary and fundamental social and institutional changes necessary to develop a democracy that involves intensive participation in group decision making, negotiation, and social life of consequence. |
[[Sudbury school]]s contend that [[values]], [[social justice]] and [[democracy]] must be [[Experiential learning|learned through experience]]<ref>Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America – A View from Sudbury Valley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YQn_BA76TF4C&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=%E2%80%9DEthics%E2%80%9D+is+a+Course+Taught+By+Life+Experience,+DANIEL+GREENBERG,++EDUCATION+IN+AMERICA,+A+View+From+Sudbury+Valley&source=bl&ots=Mg-gISVCwd&sig=k0nRX2sR8yRek3fp3ymUI_JRGTo&hl=en&ei=XVbKSf_uNNKrjAee57TPAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#v=onepage&q=&f=false "'Ethics' is a Course Taught By Life Experience."] Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref><ref>Greenberg, D. (1987), The Sudbury Valley School Experience, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-UMqvLEcH0wC&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182&dq=Greenberg+The+Sudbury+Valley+School+Experience,+%22Teaching+Justice+Through+Experience%22&source=bl&ots=V0kSui-GxZ&sig=mUlXhloDKABCzPYzmguJOWqVHCA&hl=en&ei=LhjfSsPtFIr-mQOjocimAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false "Teaching Justice Through Experience."] Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref><ref name=Greenberg>Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America – A View from Sudbury Valley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YQn_BA76TF4C&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=Greenberg+Education+in+America+-+A+View+from+Sudbury+Valley+%22Democracy+Must+be+Experienced+to+be+Learned%22&source=bl&ots=Mg1fAMTBzg&sig=RU2ySV7AFFwxFNMqkAZQ6xHHP1I&hl=en&ei=qxnfSuCkB4_4mwOx4vWmAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=&f=false "Democracy Must be Experienced to be Learned."] Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref><ref>Greenberg, D. (1987) [http://www.sudval.com/05_onepersononevote.html#02 Chapter 35, "With Liberty and Justice for All,"] Free at Last – The Sudbury Valley School. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> as Aristotle said: ''"For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them."''<ref>Bynum, W.F. and Porter, R. (eds) (2005) ''Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations.'' Oxford University Press. 21:9.</ref> They adduce that for this purpose schools must encourage ethical behavior and personal responsibility. In order to achieve these goals schools must allow students the three great freedoms—freedom of choice, freedom of action and freedom to bear the results of action—that constitute personal responsibility.<ref>Greenberg, D. (1987) The Sudbury Valley School Experience [http://www.sudval.com/05_underlyingideas.html#09 "Back to Basics – Moral basics."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511175026/http://www.sudval.com/05_underlyingideas.html#09 |date=2011-05-11 }} Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> The "strongest, political rationale" for [[democratic schools]] is that they teach "the virtues of democratic deliberation for the sake of future citizenship."<ref>Curren, R. (2007) ''Philosophy of Education: An Anthology.'' Blackwell Publishing. p. 163.</ref> This type of education is often alluded to in the deliberative democracy literature as fulfilling the necessary and fundamental social and institutional changes necessary to develop a democracy that involves intensive participation in group decision making, negotiation, and social life of consequence. |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
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* [[Acculturation]] |
* [[Acculturation]] |
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* [[Citizenship]] |
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* [[Civic education in the United States]] |
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* [[Civic engagement]] |
* [[Civic engagement]] |
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* [[Community]] |
* [[Community]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{sisterlinks|Civics|wikt=civics}} |
{{sisterlinks|Civics|wikt=civics}} |
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*[http://www.annenbergclassroom.org Annenberg Classroom] The civics education site of the Annenberg Public Policy Center |
<!--*[http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/ Annenberg Classroom] The civics education site of the Annenberg Public Policy Center |
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* [http://www.crfcap.org/ Civic Action Project |
* [http://www.crfcap.org/ Civic Action Project] A practicum for high school students in civics and government. |
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* [http://www.spatialcitizenship.org Spatial Citizenship for Education] |
* [http://www.spatialcitizenship.org/ Spatial Citizenship for Education] |
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* [http://www.icivics.org/ [[iCivics |
* [http://www.icivics.org/ [[iCivics] ] Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]'s education site |
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* [http://new.civiced.org/home Center for Civic Education] Promoting the Principles and Practice of Democracy |
* [http://new.civiced.org/home Center for Civic Education] Promoting the Principles and Practice of Democracy |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208112817/http://civnet.org/ CIVNET.org] – in their own words, "a worldwide online civic education community of civic educators, scholars, policymakers, civic-minded journalists, NGOs, and other individuals promoting civic education" |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208112817/http://civnet.org/ CIVNET.org] – in their own words, "a worldwide online civic education community of civic educators, scholars, policymakers, civic-minded journalists, NGOs, and other individuals promoting civic education" |
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* [http://www.facinghistory.org Facing History and Ourselves] Engaging students of diverse backgrounds in an examination of racism, prejudice, and antisemitism in order to promote the development of a more humane and informed citizenry |
* [http://www.facinghistory.org/ Facing History and Ourselves] Engaging students of diverse backgrounds in an examination of racism, prejudice, and antisemitism in order to promote the development of a more humane and informed citizenry |
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* [http://www.polyarchy.org/paradigm/english/politics.html From fallacious politics to sound civics] An essay on discovering civics beyond politics. |
* [http://www.polyarchy.org/paradigm/english/politics.html From fallacious politics to sound civics] An essay on discovering civics beyond politics. |
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*[http://phrontistery.info/govern.html Word List: Types of Government] A Thinking Place |
* [http://phrontistery.info/govern.html Word List: Types of Government] A Thinking Place--> |
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{{Social sciences}} |
{{Social sciences}} |