Undid revision 899990101 by 2600:1700:BBD0:8050:8059:E9:573C:75BA (talk) this isn't a "military" conflict. Discuss before re adding first Tag: Undo |
put in chronological order then. makes no sense to lead off with "fears" and "critical views" (or the other) |
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[[File:Peter Navarro, Director of the White House National Trade Council, Addresses in the Oval Office before U.S. President Donald Trump Signs Executive Orders Regarding Trade on March 31, 2017 4.jpg|thumb|[[White House National Trade Council]] Director [[Peter Navarro]] speaks on trade with [[U.S. Vice President|Vice President]] [[Mike Pence]] and [[Secretary of Commerce|Commerce Secretary]] [[Wilbur Ross]] before the President signs [[Executive order (United States)|Executive Orders]] regarding trade.<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/03/31/presidential-executive-order-regarding-omnibus-report-significant-trade Presidential Executive Order Regarding the Omnibus Report on Significant Trade Deficits], [[White House]], 3/31/2016</ref><ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/03/31/presidential-executive-order-establishing-enhanced-collection-and Presidential Executive Order on Establishing Enhanced Collection and Enforcement of Antidumping and Countervailing Duties and Violations of Trade and Customs Laws], [[White House]], 3/31/2016</ref>]] |
[[File:Peter Navarro, Director of the White House National Trade Council, Addresses in the Oval Office before U.S. President Donald Trump Signs Executive Orders Regarding Trade on March 31, 2017 4.jpg|thumb|[[White House National Trade Council]] Director [[Peter Navarro]] speaks on trade with [[U.S. Vice President|Vice President]] [[Mike Pence]] and [[Secretary of Commerce|Commerce Secretary]] [[Wilbur Ross]] before the President signs [[Executive order (United States)|Executive Orders]] regarding trade.<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/03/31/presidential-executive-order-regarding-omnibus-report-significant-trade Presidential Executive Order Regarding the Omnibus Report on Significant Trade Deficits], [[White House]], 3/31/2016</ref><ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/03/31/presidential-executive-order-establishing-enhanced-collection-and Presidential Executive Order on Establishing Enhanced Collection and Enforcement of Antidumping and Countervailing Duties and Violations of Trade and Customs Laws], [[White House]], 3/31/2016</ref>]] |
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Since July 6, 2018, [[China]] and the [[United States]] have been engaged in a [[trade war]] involving the mutual placement of [[tariff]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=2018-07-05 |title=Trump’s Trade War With China Is Officially Underway |url |
Since July 6, 2018, [[China]] and the [[United States]] have been engaged in a [[trade war]] involving the mutual placement of [[tariff]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=2018-07-05 |title=Trump’s Trade War With China Is Officially Underway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/business/china-us-trade-war-trump-tariffs.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-05-26 }}</ref> The President of the United States, Donald Trump, has exercised authority granted by [[United States Congress|Congress]] in the [[Trade Act of 1974]], to unilaterally impose tariffs on $250 billion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/just-how-much-250-billion-tariffs-n903231 |title=Interactive: Just how much is $250 billion in tariffs? |website=NBC News |language=en |access-date=2019-05-31 }}</ref> of Chinese goods after the [[Office of the United States Trade Representative]] determined China's trade practices were unfairly limiting U.S. exports.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://piie.com/blogs/trade-investment-policy-watch/rogue-301-trump-dust-another-outdated-us-trade-law | title=Rogue 301: Trump to Dust Off another Outdated US Trade Law? |last=Bown |first=Chad |date=2017-08-03 |publisher=Peterson Institute for International Economics |access-date=2017-08-04 }}</ref> China’s Ministry of Commerce said in a statement that the United States "has launched the biggest trade war in economic history so far" and imposed retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods of a similar value.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-07/12/c_1123118675.htm|title=商务部发表声明-新华网|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> |
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The U.S. claims that Chinese policies put U.S. patent holders at a disadvantage in Chinese markets by encouraging foreign companies to engage in [[joint venture]]s with Chinese companies. This gives Chinese companies access and permission to use, improve, copy or illegally develop their technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-01/u-s-says-china-state-owned-co-stole-micron-trade-secrets|title=China State-Owned Company Charged With Micron Secrets Theft|last=McLaughlin|first=David|last2=Strohm|first2=Chris Strohm|date=November 1, 2018|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=December 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/china-is-using-economic-espionage-and-theft-to-grab-us-technology|title=China is using 'economic espionage' and 'theft' to grab US technology|last=Ciaccia|first=Chris|date=2018-11-29|website=[[Fox News]]|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref><ref name="InnovationWall">{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66753/adam-segal/chinas-innovation-wall|title=China's Innovation Wall|work=Foreign Affairs}}</ref> The Trump administration views the [[Made in China 2025]] industrialization plan as a threat to the U.S. economy and national security.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Donald J. Trump is Confronting China’s Unfair Trade Policies |url |
The U.S. claims that Chinese policies put U.S. patent holders at a disadvantage in Chinese markets by encouraging foreign companies to engage in [[joint venture]]s with Chinese companies. This gives Chinese companies access and permission to use, improve, copy or illegally develop their technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-01/u-s-says-china-state-owned-co-stole-micron-trade-secrets|title=China State-Owned Company Charged With Micron Secrets Theft|last=McLaughlin|first=David|last2=Strohm|first2=Chris Strohm|date=November 1, 2018|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=December 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/china-is-using-economic-espionage-and-theft-to-grab-us-technology|title=China is using 'economic espionage' and 'theft' to grab US technology|last=Ciaccia|first=Chris|date=2018-11-29|website=[[Fox News]]|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref><ref name="InnovationWall">{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66753/adam-segal/chinas-innovation-wall|title=China's Innovation Wall|work=Foreign Affairs}}</ref> The Trump administration views the [[Made in China 2025]] industrialization plan as a threat to the U.S. economy and national security.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Donald J. Trump is Confronting China’s Unfair Trade Policies |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-confronting-chinas-unfair-trade-policies/|website=[[White House]]|language=en-US|date= May 29, 2018|access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref> The White House has urged the Chinese to abandon the program.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/business/china-us-trade-talks.html |title = U.S.-China Trade Talks End With Strong Demands, but Few Signs of a Deal |first=Keith |last=Bradsher |date=May 4, 2018|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> China firmly opposes these U.S. trade practices, believing they represent "[[unilateralism]]" and "[[protectionism]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20180323/16042707_0.shtml|title=中国驻美大使馆:若美国执意打贸易战 中国将奉陪到底|website=finance.ifeng.com|language=zh|access-date=2019-02-19}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=June 2019}} |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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{{Main|China–United States relations#Economic relations}} |
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There are several areas of disagreement which preceded the trade war. In justifying some of the tariffs that the Trump administration would eventually impose [[Peter Navarro]], White House [[Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy]] Director, provided a number of the administration's explanations among them are that they are "purely defensive measures."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGbgNKtBJG8 "Trump tariffs on Chinese goods fulfill campaign promise: Peter Navarro], ''Fox Business'', June 19, 2018</ref> He claims that the cumulative trillions of dollars Americans transfer overseas as a result of yearly deficits, are then used by those countries to buy America's assets, as opposed to investing that money in the U.S. "If we do as we're doing . . . those trillions of dollars are in the hands of foreigners that they can then use to buy up America."<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/03/15/peter-navarro-talks-trade-and-tariffs.html "Peter Navarro talks trade and tariffs"], ''CNBC'', March 15, 2018</ref> U.S. Trade Representative [[Robert Lighthizer]], after a seven-month investigation into China and intellectual property, explained that the value of the tariffs imposed was based on U.S. estimates of the actual economic damage caused by China's alleged IP theft and the forced transfer of technology to Chinese companies.<ref name=WaPo>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/whats-intellectual-property-and-does-china-steal-it-quicktake/2018/03/22/83b980b8-2dd1-11e8-8dc9-3b51e028b845_story.html "What's Intellectual Property and Does China Steal It?"], ''Washington Post'', March 22, 2018</ref> |
There are several areas of disagreement which preceded the trade war. In justifying some of the tariffs that the Trump administration would eventually impose [[Peter Navarro]], White House [[Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy]] Director, provided a number of the administration's explanations among them are that they are "purely defensive measures."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGbgNKtBJG8 "Trump tariffs on Chinese goods fulfill campaign promise: Peter Navarro], ''Fox Business'', June 19, 2018</ref> He claims that the cumulative trillions of dollars Americans transfer overseas as a result of yearly deficits, are then used by those countries to buy America's assets, as opposed to investing that money in the U.S. "If we do as we're doing . . . those trillions of dollars are in the hands of foreigners that they can then use to buy up America."<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/03/15/peter-navarro-talks-trade-and-tariffs.html "Peter Navarro talks trade and tariffs"], ''CNBC'', March 15, 2018</ref> U.S. Trade Representative [[Robert Lighthizer]], after a seven-month investigation into China and intellectual property, explained that the value of the tariffs imposed was based on U.S. estimates of the actual economic damage caused by China's alleged IP theft and the forced transfer of technology to Chinese companies.<ref name=WaPo>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/whats-intellectual-property-and-does-china-steal-it-quicktake/2018/03/22/83b980b8-2dd1-11e8-8dc9-3b51e028b845_story.html "What's Intellectual Property and Does China Steal It?"], ''Washington Post'', March 22, 2018</ref> |
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Another area of disagreement concerns allegations of Chinese espionage against the United States. U.S. officials, businesspeoples, academics and organizations have accused China (through its intelligence services) of stealing American intellectual property and military technology.<ref>[https://aflcio.org/press/releases/strategic-tariffs-against-china-are-critical-part-trade-reform-create-more-jobs-and "Strategic Tariffs Against China Are Critical Part of Trade Reform to Create More Jobs and Better Pay"], AFL-CIO press release, March 22, 2018 |
Another area of disagreement concerns allegations of Chinese espionage against the United States. U.S. officials, businesspeoples, academics and organizations have accused China (through its intelligence services) of stealing American intellectual property and military technology.<ref>{{unbulleted list|[https://aflcio.org/press/releases/strategic-tariffs-against-china-are-critical-part-trade-reform-create-more-jobs-and "Strategic Tariffs Against China Are Critical Part of Trade Reform to Create More Jobs and Better Pay"], AFL-CIO press release, March 22, 2018|{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/international-affairs/346806-trump-takes-aim-at-chinas-bad-intellectual-property|title=Trump takes aim at China's bad intellectual property practices|date=2017-08-16|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}|{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china/some-u-s-businesses-urge-caution-in-china-intellectual-property-trade-push-idUSKBN1CF2OV|title=Some U.S. businesses urge caution in China intellectual property trade push|last=Schneider|first=Howard|access-date=2019-05-26|publisher=Reuters|location=Washington|publication-date=2017-10-10}}|{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/10/us/politics/china-spy-espionage-arrest.html|title=Chinese Officer Is Extradited to U.S. to Face Charges of Economic Espionage|last=Benner|first=Katie|date=2018-10-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-31|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}|{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/us/politics/us-and-other-nations-to-announce-china-crackdown.html|title=U.S. Accuses Chinese Nationals of Infiltrating Corporate and Government Technology|last=Sanger|first=David E.|date=2018-12-20|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-31|last2=Benner|first2=Katie|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-us-china-trade-war-ip-theft-20190221-story.html|title=Here are 5 cases where the U.S. says Chinese companies and workers stole American trade secrets|last=Liedtke|first=Paul Wiseman and Michael|website=Chicago Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/23/china-stealth-fighter-us-technology|title=Chinese stealth fighter jet may use US technology|date=23 January 2011|website=[[The Guardian]]}}|{{cite web|url=https://freebeacon.com/national-security/china-hacked-f22-f35-jet-secrets/|title=China Hacked F-22, F-35 Stealth Jet Secrets|date=24 March 2016|website=[[Washington Free Beacon]]}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/08/chinese-theft-of-sensitive-us-military-technology-still-huge-problem.html|title=Chinese theft of sensitive US military technology is still a 'huge problem,' says defense analyst|date=8 November 2017|website=[[CNBC]]}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/10/656280811/u-s-charges-alleged-chinese-government-spy-with-stealing-u-s-trade-secrets|title=U.S. Charges Alleged Chinese Government Spy With Stealing U.S. Trade Secrets|date=10 October 2018|website=[[NPR]]}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/china-stole-us-military-secrets-2013-5|title=PENTAGON: Chinese Hackers Have Stolen Data From 'Almost Every Major US Defense Contractor'|date=7 May 2013|website=Business Insider}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/defense/commentary/chinese-hackers-stole-us-weapons-system-designs|title=Chinese Hackers Stole U.S. Weapons System Designs|date=12 June 2013|website=[[The Heritage Foundation]]}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chinas-mysterious-predator-clone-is-finally-out-in-the-open-2012-11|title=China's Mysterious Predator Clone Is Finally Out In The Open|date=8 November 2012|website=[[Business Insider]]}} }}</ref><ref name="Grassley">{{Cite web|url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/grassley-on-chinese-espionage-its-called-cheating_and-its-only-getting-worse|title=Grassley on Chinese Espionage: It's called cheating. And it's only getting worse.|website=[[United States Senate]]|date=2018-11-28}}</ref><ref name="Andy Grove Bloomberg">Grove, Andrew. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-07-01/andy-grove-how-america-can-create-jobs "Andy Grove: How America Can Create Jobs"], ''Bloomberg News'', July 1, 2010</ref><ref name="Andy Grove NYT">[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/opinion/andy-groves-warning-to-silicon-valley.html "Andy Grove’s Warning to Silicon Valley"], ''New York Times'', March 26, 2016.</ref><ref name=piie>{{Cite web|url=https://piie.com/system/files/documents/pb18-13.pdf|title=China's Forced Technology Transfer Problem— And What to Do About It|last=Branstetter|first=Lee G.|date=June 2018|website=www.piie.com|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/30/us/politics/justice-department-china-espionage.html|title=Chinese Intelligence Officers Accused of Stealing Aerospace Secrets|date=30 October 2018|website=New York Times}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com" /> Former [[Director of the National Security Agency]] [[Keith B. Alexander]] called Chinese industrial espionage as "the greatest transfer of wealth in history."<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSA Chief: Cybercrime constitutes the "greatest transfer of wealth in history" |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/07/09/nsa-chief-cybercrime-constitutes-the-greatest-transfer-of-wealth-in-history/ |website=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=2012-07-09}}</ref> and in August 2017, U.S Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer opened a formal investigation of China in regard to alleged unfair trade practices,<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/8/21/16143350/trump-china-section-301-trade|title=Trump's new attack on the Chinese economy, explained|last=Aleem|first=Zeeshan|date=2017-08-21|website=Vox|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> which are thought to cost the U.S. an estimated $225–600 billion a year.<ref name="Alexander">Blair, Dennis; Alexander, Keith. [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/opinion/china-us-intellectual-property-trump.html "China's Intellectual Property Theft Must Stop"], ''The New York Times'', August 15, 2017</ref>><ref name=":16">{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/23/technology/china-us-trump-tariffs-ip-theft/index.html|title=How much has the US lost from China's intellectual property theft?|last1=Pham|first1=Sherisse|date=March 23, 2018|work=CNNMoney}}</ref> In January 2019, [[U.S. Homeland Security Secretary]] [[Kirstjen Nielsen]], Acting [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Matthew Whitaker]], [[Commerce Secretary]] [[Wilbur Ross]], and [[FBI Director]] [[Christopher A. Wray|Christopher Wray]] announces 23 criminal charges against China's [[Huawei]] and its CFO [[Wanzhou Meng]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/gallery/acting-attorney-general-whitaker-announces-national-security-related-criminal-charges|title=Acting Attorney General Whitaker Announces National Security-Related Criminal Charges Against Chinese Telecommunications Conglomerate Huawei|date=28 January 2019|website=[[U.S. Department of Justice]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/acting-attorney-general-matthew-whitaker-announces-national-security-related-criminal|title=Acting Attorney General Matthew Whitaker Announces National Security-Related Criminal Charges Against Chinese Telecommunications Conglomerate Huawei|date=28 January 2019|website=[[U.S. Department of Justice]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-telecommunications-device-manufacturer-and-its-us-affiliate-indicted-theft-trade|title=Chinese Telecommunications Device Manufacturer and its U.S. Affiliate Indicted for Theft of Trade Secrets, Wire Fraud, and Obstruction Of Justice|date=28 January 2019|website=[[U.S. Department of Justice]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-telecommunications-conglomerate-huawei-and-huawei-cfo-wanzhou-meng-charged-financial|title=Chinese Telecommunications Conglomerate Huawei and Huawei CFO Wanzhou Meng Charged With Financial Fraud|date=28 January 2019|website=[[U.S. Department of Justice]]}}</ref> In response PRC state media declared that the government's attitude toward the protection of intellectual property rights is clear and firm, and it has continuously strengthened protection at the legislative, law enforcement and judicial levels, and achieved remarkable results.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/28/c_137286993.htm|title=Full text: China and the World Trade Organization|last=|first=|date=|website=Xinhua|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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A further area of disagreement concerns the issue of technology transfer. In a 2018 survey of members of the [[American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China]] (AmCham China), over half its members thought that "leakage of intellectual property" was an important concern when doing business there.<ref name="Oh">[https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-is-the-us-accusing-china-of-stealing-intellectual-property-2018-04-05 "Why is the U.S. accusing China of stealing intellectual property?"], ''Marketwatch'', April 6, 2018</ref> Similarly, the [[European Union Chamber of Commerce in China]] has also complained that European companies wanting access to the Chinese market often had to agree to transfer vital technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-firms-in-china-frustration-is-growing/a-37833817|title=EU firms in China: 'Frustration is growing'|last=|first=|date=2017-03-07|website=DW|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> In response the Chinese government has denied that FTT is a policy<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-idUSKCN1IT11G|title=U.S. and China clash over 'technology transfer' at WTO|date=2018-05-29|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-06-01|language=en}}</ref> and former [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|U.S. treasury secretary]] [[Larry Summers]] asserted that Chinese companies’ leadership in some technologies were not the result of theft from the U.S. but from its investments in basic science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/27/larry-summers-china-does-not-need-to-steal-us-technology.html|title=Larry Summers praises China's state investment in tech, saying it doesn't need to steal from US|last=Belvedere|first=Matthew J.|date=2018-06-27|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> A senior policy specialist from the Institute for China-America Studies (a DC-based think tank established by Beijing<ref>{{cite news |last1=STONE FISH |first1=ISAAC |title=Beijing Establishes a D.C. Think Tank, and No One Notices |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/07/beijing-establishes-washington-dc-think-tank-south-china-sea/ |agency=FP |publisher=FP |date=JULY 7, 2016,}}</ref>) said that accusations involving FTT were "by and large invalid,", but that there "are grounds to believe that at the margins there might be some suspect practices."<ref name=":7" /> In March 2019, the [[National People's Congress]] endorsed a new foreign investment bill, to take effect in 2020, which explicitly prohibits FTT and grants stronger protection to foreign intellectual property and trade secrets. AmCham China policy committee chair Lester Ross felt that the draft text of the bill felt "rushed" and "broad", and also showed concern for a portion of the bill that grants the country power to retaliate against countries that impose restrictions on Chinese companies.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/24/china-is-reportedly-considering-law-against-forced-tech-transfers.html|title=China is reportedly considering a law to crack down on forced tech transfers|last=V|first=Harini|date=2018-12-24|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> |
A further area of disagreement concerns the issue of technology transfer. In a 2018 survey of members of the [[American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China]] (AmCham China), over half its members thought that "leakage of intellectual property" was an important concern when doing business there.<ref name="Oh">[https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-is-the-us-accusing-china-of-stealing-intellectual-property-2018-04-05 "Why is the U.S. accusing China of stealing intellectual property?"], ''Marketwatch'', April 6, 2018</ref> Similarly, the [[European Union Chamber of Commerce in China]] has also complained that European companies wanting access to the Chinese market often had to agree to transfer vital technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-firms-in-china-frustration-is-growing/a-37833817|title=EU firms in China: 'Frustration is growing'|last=|first=|date=2017-03-07|website=DW|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> In response the Chinese government has denied that FTT is a policy<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-idUSKCN1IT11G|title=U.S. and China clash over 'technology transfer' at WTO|date=2018-05-29|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-06-01|language=en}}</ref> and former [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|U.S. treasury secretary]] [[Larry Summers]] asserted that Chinese companies’ leadership in some technologies were not the result of theft from the U.S. but from its investments in basic science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/27/larry-summers-china-does-not-need-to-steal-us-technology.html|title=Larry Summers praises China's state investment in tech, saying it doesn't need to steal from US|last=Belvedere|first=Matthew J.|date=2018-06-27|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> A senior policy specialist from the Institute for China-America Studies (a DC-based think tank established by Beijing<ref>{{cite news |last1=STONE FISH |first1=ISAAC |title=Beijing Establishes a D.C. Think Tank, and No One Notices |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/07/beijing-establishes-washington-dc-think-tank-south-china-sea/ |agency=FP |publisher=FP |date=JULY 7, 2016,}}</ref>) said that accusations involving FTT were "by and large invalid,", but that there "are grounds to believe that at the margins there might be some suspect practices."<ref name=":7" /> In March 2019, the [[National People's Congress]] endorsed a new foreign investment bill, to take effect in 2020, which explicitly prohibits FTT and grants stronger protection to foreign intellectual property and trade secrets. AmCham China policy committee chair Lester Ross felt that the draft text of the bill felt "rushed" and "broad", and also showed concern for a portion of the bill that grants the country power to retaliate against countries that impose restrictions on Chinese companies.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/24/china-is-reportedly-considering-law-against-forced-tech-transfers.html|title=China is reportedly considering a law to crack down on forced tech transfers|last=V|first=Harini|date=2018-12-24|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2188885/china-make-forced-technology-transfer-illegal-beijing-tries|title=China to make forced technology transfer illegal to woo foreign investors|date=2019-03-06|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/chinas-new-foreign-investment-law-may-not-be-enough-for-us-trade-deal.html|title=China scrambled to show it'll change how it treats foreign firms — that may not be enough for Trump|last=Cheng|first=Evelyn|date=2019-03-15|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> |
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== Chronology == |
== Chronology == |
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*April 2, 2018. [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Commerce of China]] responded by imposing tariffs on 128 products it imports from America, including aluminium, airplanes, cars, pork, and soybeans (which have a 25% tariff), as well as fruit, nuts, and steel piping (15%).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-04/as-china-fires-back-in-trade-war-here-are-the-winners-and-losers |title=As China Fires Back in Trade War, Here Are the Winners and Losers |first=Thomas |last=Biesheuvel |date=April 4, 2018 |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=April 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-fires-back-at-trump-with-tariffs-on-106-us-products-including-soybeans-cars/2018/04/04/338134f4-37d8-11e8-b57c-9445cc4dfa5e_story.html |title=China fires back at Trump with the threat of tariffs on 106 U.S. products, including soybeans |last=Rauhala |first=Emily |date=April 4, 2018 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=April 4, 2018 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tridge.com/stories/global-soybean-trade-suffers-from-the-us-china-trade-war |title=Global Soybean Trade Suffers from the US-China Trade War |last=Chang |first=Eunyoo |date=July 6, 2018 |work=Tridge |access-date=July 6, 2018}}</ref> U.S. commerce secretary [[Wilbur Ross]] said that the planned Chinese tariffs only reflected 0.3% of U.S. [[gross domestic product]], and Press Secretary [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] stated that the moves would have "short-term pain" but bring "long-term success".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/04/china-tariffs-us-imports-trump-500163|title=White House sees 'short-term pain' as Trump stokes China trade war|work=Politico|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/04/donald-trump-we-are-not-in-a-trade-war-with-china-we-lost-that-war-many-years-ago.html|title=Trump: 'We are not in a trade war with China, that war was lost many years ago'|last=Sheetz|first=Michael|date=April 4, 2018|publisher=CNBC|access-date= May 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> On April 5, 2018, Trump responded saying that he was considering another round of tariffs on an additional $100 billion of Chinese imports as Beijing retaliates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2018-04-06/trump-weighs-additional-100-billion-tariffs-on-chinese-imports-101231136.html|title=Beijing to 'Fight Back at All Costs' Against New Trump Tariffs - Caixin Global|website=www.caixinglobal.com|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> The next day the World Trade Organization received request from China for consultations on new U.S. tariffs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://k.caixinglobal.com//web/detail_23497|title=WTO Says It Has Received China Complaint Over Proposed U.S. Tariffs|website=k.caixinglobal.com|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> |
*April 2, 2018. [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Commerce of China]] responded by imposing tariffs on 128 products it imports from America, including aluminium, airplanes, cars, pork, and soybeans (which have a 25% tariff), as well as fruit, nuts, and steel piping (15%).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-04/as-china-fires-back-in-trade-war-here-are-the-winners-and-losers |title=As China Fires Back in Trade War, Here Are the Winners and Losers |first=Thomas |last=Biesheuvel |date=April 4, 2018 |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=April 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-fires-back-at-trump-with-tariffs-on-106-us-products-including-soybeans-cars/2018/04/04/338134f4-37d8-11e8-b57c-9445cc4dfa5e_story.html |title=China fires back at Trump with the threat of tariffs on 106 U.S. products, including soybeans |last=Rauhala |first=Emily |date=April 4, 2018 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=April 4, 2018 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tridge.com/stories/global-soybean-trade-suffers-from-the-us-china-trade-war |title=Global Soybean Trade Suffers from the US-China Trade War |last=Chang |first=Eunyoo |date=July 6, 2018 |work=Tridge |access-date=July 6, 2018}}</ref> U.S. commerce secretary [[Wilbur Ross]] said that the planned Chinese tariffs only reflected 0.3% of U.S. [[gross domestic product]], and Press Secretary [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] stated that the moves would have "short-term pain" but bring "long-term success".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/04/china-tariffs-us-imports-trump-500163|title=White House sees 'short-term pain' as Trump stokes China trade war|work=Politico|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/04/donald-trump-we-are-not-in-a-trade-war-with-china-we-lost-that-war-many-years-ago.html|title=Trump: 'We are not in a trade war with China, that war was lost many years ago'|last=Sheetz|first=Michael|date=April 4, 2018|publisher=CNBC|access-date= May 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> On April 5, 2018, Trump responded saying that he was considering another round of tariffs on an additional $100 billion of Chinese imports as Beijing retaliates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2018-04-06/trump-weighs-additional-100-billion-tariffs-on-chinese-imports-101231136.html|title=Beijing to 'Fight Back at All Costs' Against New Trump Tariffs - Caixin Global|website=www.caixinglobal.com|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> The next day the World Trade Organization received request from China for consultations on new U.S. tariffs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://k.caixinglobal.com//web/detail_23497|title=WTO Says It Has Received China Complaint Over Proposed U.S. Tariffs|website=k.caixinglobal.com|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> |
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[[File:President Trump Talks Trade with the Vice Premier of the People’s Republic of China, Liu He, 2018 (27309127577).jpg|thumb|left|Chinese vice premier [[Liu He (politician)|Liu He]] meeting with U.S. president Donald Trump in May 2018.]] |
[[File:President Trump Talks Trade with the Vice Premier of the People’s Republic of China, Liu He, 2018 (27309127577).jpg|thumb|left|Chinese vice premier [[Liu He (politician)|Liu He]] meeting with U.S. president Donald Trump in May 2018.]] |
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*April 4, 2018. Trump denied the existence of a [[trade war]], saying "that war was lost many years ago by the foolish, or incompetent, people who represented the U.S." He added: "Now we have a [[trade deficit]] of $500 billion a year, with intellectual property (IP) theft of another $300 billion.{{NoteTag|As of 2016, the total amount of U.S. imports equaled $2,248,209 million dollars whereas the total imports of China stood at $1,587,921 million dollars.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |url |
*April 4, 2018. Trump denied the existence of a [[trade war]], saying "that war was lost many years ago by the foolish, or incompetent, people who represented the U.S." He added: "Now we have a [[trade deficit]] of $500 billion a year, with intellectual property (IP) theft of another $300 billion.{{NoteTag|As of 2016, the total amount of U.S. imports equaled $2,248,209 million dollars whereas the total imports of China stood at $1,587,921 million dollars.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |url=https://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/sijdeb |title = The US-China Trade Competition: An Overview |year = 2018 |website = SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS }}</ref> In regard to exports, U.S. exports were $1,450,457 million dollars whereas China exports were $2,097,637 million dollars.<ref name=":7" /> China has had a continuous trade surplus with the United States, amounting to $275.81 billion in 2017. Of the trade surplus, 68% of it is derived from the United States alone.<ref name=":7" /> While China experienced a trade surplus, the United States was faced with a trade deficit; therefore persuading the Trump Administration to take action.<ref name=":7" />}} We cannot let this continue."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/apr/04/trump-china-trade-war-concerns-import-taxes-stock-market |title = Trump plays down US-China trade war concerns: 'When you're $500bn down you can't lose' |last=Smith |first=David|date=April 4, 2018|website=The Guardian |access-date=May 28, 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/04/commerce-secretary-wilbur-ross-china-tariffs-amount-to-0-point-3-percent-of-us-gdp.html |title = Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross: China tariffs amount to only 0.3% of US GDP |last = Lovelace Jr. |first = Berkeley |date=April 4, 2018 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=May 28, 2018 }}</ref> |
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*May 15, 2018. [[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China|Vice Premier]] and [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo member]] [[Liu He (politician)|Liu He]], top economic adviser to [[President of the People's Republic of China|President of China]] and [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]], visited Washington for further trade talks.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2018-05-20/us-china-strike-trade-deal-ending-threat-of-protective-tariffs-101253055.html|title=U.S., China Strike Trade Deal, Ending Threat of Protective Tariffs - Caixin Global|website=www.caixinglobal.com|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> |
*May 15, 2018. [[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China|Vice Premier]] and [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo member]] [[Liu He (politician)|Liu He]], top economic adviser to [[President of the People's Republic of China|President of China]] and [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]], visited Washington for further trade talks.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2018-05-20/us-china-strike-trade-deal-ending-threat-of-protective-tariffs-101253055.html|title=U.S., China Strike Trade Deal, Ending Threat of Protective Tariffs - Caixin Global|website=www.caixinglobal.com|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> |
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On December 4, 2018, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] logs its worst day in nearly a month as it declines a near 600 points, to which some argue is in part due to the trade war.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/dow-futures-drop-100-points-as-doubts-over-us-china-trade-deal-emerge-2018-12-04|title=Dow closes down 800 points as U.S.-China trade, flattening yield curve spook investors|last=Matthews|first=Sue Chang, Chris|date=|website=MarketWatch|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> |
On December 4, 2018, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] logs its worst day in nearly a month as it declines a near 600 points, to which some argue is in part due to the trade war.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/dow-futures-drop-100-points-as-doubts-over-us-china-trade-deal-emerge-2018-12-04|title=Dow closes down 800 points as U.S.-China trade, flattening yield curve spook investors|last=Matthews|first=Sue Chang, Chris|date=|website=MarketWatch|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> |
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The trade war has forced China to import from Brazil and other soybean producers instead of from the U.S.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/12/chinas-soybean-purchase-just-a-drop-in-the-us-export-bucket.html|title=China bought 500,000 tons of U.S. soybeans. But that’s just a drop in the U.S. export bucket|author=John W. Schoen|date=Dec 12, 2018|website=CNBC|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> Forbes suggested that U.S. farmers should reduce soybean productions instead of depending on China. |
The trade war has forced China to import from Brazil and other soybean producers instead of from the U.S.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/12/chinas-soybean-purchase-just-a-drop-in-the-us-export-bucket.html|title=China bought 500,000 tons of U.S. soybeans. But that’s just a drop in the U.S. export bucket|author=John W. Schoen|date=Dec 12, 2018|website=CNBC|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> Forbes suggested that U.S. farmers should reduce soybean productions instead of depending on China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/12/chinas-soybean-purchase-just-a-drop-in-the-us-export-bucket.html|title=For American Farmers, China's Soy Tariffs Are Least Of Their Worries|author=Kenneth Rapoza|date=May 10, 2019|website=Forbes|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> President Trump responded that he will spend the tens of billions of dollars in tariffs from China to buy products with Great American Patriot Farmers and distribute the food to starving people in nations around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1127681372896800768|title=We are right where we want to be with China. Remember, they broke the deal with us & tried to renegotiate. We will be taking in Tens of Billions of Dollars in Tariffs from China. Buyers of product can make it themselves in the USA (ideal), or buy it from non-Tariffed countries...|author=Donald J. Trump|date=May 12, 2019|website=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1127681373966409730|title=....We will then spend (match or better) the money that China may no longer be spending with our Great Patriot Farmers (Agriculture), which is a small percentage of total Tariffs received, and distribute the food to starving people in nations around the world! GREAT! #MAGA|author=Donald J. Trump|date=May 12, 2019|website=Twitter}}</ref> |
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According to a January 14, 2019, article in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', despite US-imposed tariffs, in 2018 China's annual trade surplus was $323.32 billion, a record high.<ref name="WSJ_20190114">{{Cite news |ISSN = 0099-9660 | title = China’s Annual Trade Surplus With U.S. Hits Record Despite Trump's Tariff Offensive| work = Wall Street Journal | access-date = 2019-01-14 | date = 2019-01-14 |url |
According to a January 14, 2019, article in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', despite US-imposed tariffs, in 2018 China's annual trade surplus was $323.32 billion, a record high.<ref name="WSJ_20190114">{{Cite news |ISSN = 0099-9660 | title = China’s Annual Trade Surplus With U.S. Hits Record Despite Trump's Tariff Offensive| work = Wall Street Journal | access-date = 2019-01-14 | date = 2019-01-14 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-annual-trade-surplus-with-u-s-hits-record-despite-trumps-tariff-offensive-11547439977 }}</ref> On February 6, 2018, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that in 2017 the trade deficit had also reached a record high.<ref name="NYT_Swanson_20180807">{{cite news |ISSN = 0362-4331 |last = Swanson | first = Ana | title = U.S.-China Trade Deficit Hits Record, Fueling Trade Fight |work = The New York Times |access-date = 2019-01-14| date = February 6, 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/06/us/politics/us-china-trade-deficit.html}}</ref> In March 2019, the U.S. Department of Commerce stated that in 2018 the U.S. trade deficit reached $621 billion, the highest it had been since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/03/06/700650144/despite-trumps-promises-the-trade-deficit-is-only-getting-wider | title = Despite Trump's Promises, The Trade Deficit Is Only Getting Wider |last = Zarroli |first = Jim |date = March 6, 2019 |website = NPR | publisher = National Public Radio}}</ref> |
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==Reactions== |
==Reactions== |
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===US industry=== |
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[[John Ferriola]], the CEO and President of [[Nucor]], America's largest steel producer and its largest metal recycler, claimed that tariffs were not unfair, but were "simply leveling the playing field." He explained to TV host [[Jim Cramer]], that not only the "European Union, but most countries in the world, have a 25 percent or greater VAT, value-added tax, on products going into their countries from the United States. So if we impose a 25 percent tariff, all we are doing is treating them exactly as they treat us."<ref name=Ferriola>[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/05/nucor-ceo-trump-tariffs-are-treating-countries-how-they-treat-us.html "Nucor CEO on Trump tariffs: 'We're treating other countries how they treat us'"], ''CNBC'', March 5, 2018</ref> VAT ([[value added tax]]) is a sales tax which is charged regardless of origin, but, in the European form of VAT, is refunded only to manufacturers within a recognized VAT zone. European law does not recognize the US income tax system as a VAT. He further said that even with the tariffs on steel, the cost of an average $36,000 car would go up about $160, less than 1/2 of 1%, while a can of beer would only cost an extra penny more.<ref name=Ferriola/> |
[[John Ferriola]], the CEO and President of [[Nucor]], America's largest steel producer and its largest metal recycler, claimed that tariffs were not unfair, but were "simply leveling the playing field." He explained to TV host [[Jim Cramer]], that not only the "European Union, but most countries in the world, have a 25 percent or greater VAT, value-added tax, on products going into their countries from the United States. So if we impose a 25 percent tariff, all we are doing is treating them exactly as they treat us."<ref name=Ferriola>[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/05/nucor-ceo-trump-tariffs-are-treating-countries-how-they-treat-us.html "Nucor CEO on Trump tariffs: 'We're treating other countries how they treat us'"], ''CNBC'', March 5, 2018</ref> VAT ([[value added tax]]) is a sales tax which is charged regardless of origin, but, in the European form of VAT, is refunded only to manufacturers within a recognized VAT zone. European law does not recognize the US income tax system as a VAT. He further said that even with the tariffs on steel, the cost of an average $36,000 car would go up about $160, less than 1/2 of 1%, while a can of beer would only cost an extra penny more.<ref name=Ferriola/> |
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⚫ | Following announcements of escalation of tariffs by the U.S. and China, representatives of several major U.S. industries expressed their fears of the effects on their businesses. Organizations critical of the intensifying trade war included [[Retail Industry Leaders Association]]. Several mayors representing towns with a heavy reliance on the manufacturing sector also expressed their concerns.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/07/06/business/ap-us-us-china-tariffs-reaction.html|title=Reaction to the Trade Battle Between China and the US|date=July 6, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref> In September, a business coalition announced a [[Lobbying in the United States|lobbying]] campaign called "Tariffs Hurt the Heartland" to protest the proposed tariffs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/11/trump-tariffs-targeted-in-new-campaign-by-business-group.html |title=Wide range of businesses step up campaign against Trump's tariffs |last=Dhue |first=Stephanie |date=September 12, 2018 |work=CNBC |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> The tariffs on Chinese steel, aluminium, and certain chemicals contributed to rising fertilizer and agricultural equipment costs in the United States.<ref>{{cite news| last = McCrimmon| first = Ryan| title = Farmers nearing crisis push back on Trump trade policies| newspaper = Politico| date = February 6, 2019| |
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On June 1, 2018, after similar action by the United States, the [[European Union]] launched [[WTO]] legal complaints against China's alleged forced ownership-granting and usage of technology that is claimed to discriminate foreign firms and undermine the intellectual property rights of EU companies. They are allegedly forced to establish [[joint ventures]] in order to gain access to the Chinese market. The [[European Commissioner for Trade]] [[Cecilia Malmström]] said "We cannot let any country force our companies to surrender this hard-earned knowledge at its border. This is against international rules that we have all agreed upon in the WTO."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4027_en.htm|title=EU launches WTO case against China's unfair technology transfers|agency=[[European Commission]]|date=2018-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theepochtimes.com/european-union-files-wto-complaint-against-china-on-unfair-intellectual-property-practices_2548925.html|title=European Union Files WTO Complaint Against China on Unfair Intellectual Property Practices|publisher=[[Epoch Times]]|date=2018-06-04}}</ref> American, European and Japanese officials have discussed joint strategy and taken actions against unfair competition by China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/07/business/european-union-trump-china-trade.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208002159/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/07/business/european-union-trump-china-trade.html |title=Europe and U.S. Agree on Chinese Threat, but Are Too Busy Feuding to Fight It|publisher=[[New York Times]]|date=2018-12-07|archive-date=2018-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://hbr.org/2018/11/how-the-u-s-the-eu-and-japan-are-trying-to-rein-in-chinas-state-capitalism|title=How the U.S., the EU, and Japan Are Trying to Rein in China’s State Capitalism|publisher=[[Harvard Business Review]]|date=2018-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/us-eu-japan-jointly-denounce-unfair-trade|title=US, EU, Japan jointly denounce unfair trade|publisher=[[Business Times (Singapore)|Business Times]]|date=2018-09-26}}</ref> The [[2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit|2018 G20 summit]] concluded the multilateral trading system "is currently falling short of its objectives... necessary reform of the [[WTO]] to improve its functioning."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theepochtimes.com/trumps-new-global-trade-order-aims-at-ramping-up-pressure-on-china_2685211.html|title=G20 leaders back WTO reform at summit|publisher=[[The Australian]]|date=2018-12-02}}</ref> |
On June 1, 2018, after similar action by the United States, the [[European Union]] launched [[WTO]] legal complaints against China's alleged forced ownership-granting and usage of technology that is claimed to discriminate foreign firms and undermine the intellectual property rights of EU companies. They are allegedly forced to establish [[joint ventures]] in order to gain access to the Chinese market. The [[European Commissioner for Trade]] [[Cecilia Malmström]] said "We cannot let any country force our companies to surrender this hard-earned knowledge at its border. This is against international rules that we have all agreed upon in the WTO."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4027_en.htm|title=EU launches WTO case against China's unfair technology transfers|agency=[[European Commission]]|date=2018-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theepochtimes.com/european-union-files-wto-complaint-against-china-on-unfair-intellectual-property-practices_2548925.html|title=European Union Files WTO Complaint Against China on Unfair Intellectual Property Practices|publisher=[[Epoch Times]]|date=2018-06-04}}</ref> American, European and Japanese officials have discussed joint strategy and taken actions against unfair competition by China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/07/business/european-union-trump-china-trade.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208002159/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/07/business/european-union-trump-china-trade.html |title=Europe and U.S. Agree on Chinese Threat, but Are Too Busy Feuding to Fight It|publisher=[[New York Times]]|date=2018-12-07|archive-date=2018-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://hbr.org/2018/11/how-the-u-s-the-eu-and-japan-are-trying-to-rein-in-chinas-state-capitalism|title=How the U.S., the EU, and Japan Are Trying to Rein in China’s State Capitalism|publisher=[[Harvard Business Review]]|date=2018-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/us-eu-japan-jointly-denounce-unfair-trade|title=US, EU, Japan jointly denounce unfair trade|publisher=[[Business Times (Singapore)|Business Times]]|date=2018-09-26}}</ref> The [[2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit|2018 G20 summit]] concluded the multilateral trading system "is currently falling short of its objectives... necessary reform of the [[WTO]] to improve its functioning."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theepochtimes.com/trumps-new-global-trade-order-aims-at-ramping-up-pressure-on-china_2685211.html|title=G20 leaders back WTO reform at summit|publisher=[[The Australian]]|date=2018-12-02}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Following announcements of escalation of tariffs by the U.S. and China, representatives of several major U.S. industries expressed their fears of the effects on their businesses. Organizations critical of the intensifying trade war included [[Retail Industry Leaders Association]]. Several mayors representing towns with a heavy reliance on the manufacturing sector also expressed their concerns.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/07/06/business/ap-us-us-china-tariffs-reaction.html|title=Reaction to the Trade Battle Between China and the US|date=July 6, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref> In September, a business coalition announced a [[Lobbying in the United States|lobbying]] campaign called "Tariffs Hurt the Heartland" to protest the proposed tariffs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/11/trump-tariffs-targeted-in-new-campaign-by-business-group.html |title=Wide range of businesses step up campaign against Trump's tariffs |last=Dhue |first=Stephanie |date=September 12, 2018 |work=CNBC |access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> The tariffs on Chinese steel, aluminium, and certain chemicals contributed to rising fertilizer and agricultural equipment costs in the United States.<ref>{{cite news| last = McCrimmon| first = Ryan| title = Farmers nearing crisis push back on Trump trade policies| newspaper = Politico| date = February 6, 2019|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/02/06/farm-crisis-trump-trade-policies-1147987| access-date = February 6, 2019}}</ref> Despite the trade war however, demand for freight services increased and imports from China into the U.S grew from US$38,230 million to US$50,032 million. Commentators have noted that counter to fears of falling trade, this actually signalled a growth of demand for goods from China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://logisym.org/trade-conflict-doom-or-boom-logisym-november-december-2018/|title=Trade Conflict, Doom or Boom? - LogiSYM November/December 2018|date=2018-12-19|website=LogiSYM|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref> |
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⚫ | On May 20, 2019 the Footwear Distributors & Retailers Of America (An industry [[trade association]] for [[footwear]]), issued an open letter to Donald Trump, part of which read: “On behalf of our hundreds of millions of footwear consumers and hundreds of thousands of employees, we ask that you immediately stop this action”, referring to the trade war.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-20/nike-adidas-call-tariffs-catastrophic-in-open-letter-to-trump</ref><ref>https://fdra.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/2019-Footwear-Tariff-Letter-1.pdf</ref> |
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===Congress=== |
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Senate Democratic Leader [[Chuck Schumer]] praised President Trump's higher tariffs against China's alleged taking advantage of the U.S. and said "Democrats, Republicans, Americans of every political ideology, every region in the country should support these actions." Other Democratic senators who supported Trump's actions include [[Bob Menendez]], [[Sherrod Brown]] and [[Ron Wyden]]<ref name="LAT180322">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-china-tariffs-20180322-story.html|title=Trump's China tariffs get bipartisan support, reflecting widespread U.S. disillusionment with Beijing|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2018-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democrats.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/schumer-wyden-brown-lead-33-senators-in-calling-on-trump-administration-to-put-american-jobs-national-security-before-china|title=Schumer, Wyden, Brown Lead 33 Senators In Calling On Trump Administration To Put American Jobs, National Security Before China ~ Senators: Trading American Security for Jobs in China is a Bad Deal|website=[[United States Senate]]|date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.menendez.senate.gov/news-and-events/press/menendez-democratic-senators-call-on-trump-administration-to-put-american-jobs-national-security-before-china|title=Menendez, Democratic Senators Call On Trump Administration To Put American Jobs, National Security Before China|website=[[United States Senate]]|date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/chuck-schumer-tells-trump-not-to-let-xi-play-him-on-china-trade-talks.html|title=Senate Democratic leader Chuck Schumer warns Trump: 'Don't let President Xi play you' on trade talks|website=CNBC|date=2018-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democrats.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/ahead-of-g-20-summit-schumer-wyden-and-brown-urge-president-trump-to-not-back-down-on-further-action-against-china-for-sake-of-weak-and-meaningless-agreement|title=Ahead Of G-20 Summit, Schumer, Wyden, And Brown Urge President Trump To Not Back Down On Further Action Against China For Sake Of Weak And Meaningless Agreement|website=[[United States Senate]]|date=2018-11-28}}</ref> Bipartisan support from the House of Representatives for Trump's actions came from [[Nancy Pelosi]]<ref name="Dem-Trump">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-elections-trade/democrat-led-house-seen-backing-trumps-china-trade-war-scrutinizing-talks-with-allies-idUSKCN1ND1HU|title=Democrat-led House seen backing Trump's China trade war, scrutinizing talks with allies|website=[[Reuters]]|date=2018-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pelosi.house.gov/news/press-releases/pelosi-statement-on-trump-administration-s-new-tariffs-on-china|title=Pelosi Statement on Trump Administration's New Tariffs on China|website=[[United States House of Representatives]]|date=2018-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democraticleader.gov/newsroom/52918-2/|title=Pelosi Statement on Trump Trade Brinkmanship|website=[[United States House of Representatives]]|date=2018-05-29}}</ref> and [[Brad Sherman]]<ref name="Sherman-Yoho">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/house-democrat-china-declared-trade-war-not-trump/|title=House Democrat: 'China declared trade war,' not Trump|website=[[Washington Examiner]]|date=2018-07-11}}</ref> [[Kevin Brady]]<ref name="LAT180322"/> and [[Ted Yoho]]<ref name="Sherman-Yoho"/> |
Senate Democratic Leader [[Chuck Schumer]] praised President Trump's higher tariffs against China's alleged taking advantage of the U.S. and said "Democrats, Republicans, Americans of every political ideology, every region in the country should support these actions." Other Democratic senators who supported Trump's actions include [[Bob Menendez]], [[Sherrod Brown]] and [[Ron Wyden]]<ref name="LAT180322">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-china-tariffs-20180322-story.html|title=Trump's China tariffs get bipartisan support, reflecting widespread U.S. disillusionment with Beijing|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2018-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democrats.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/schumer-wyden-brown-lead-33-senators-in-calling-on-trump-administration-to-put-american-jobs-national-security-before-china|title=Schumer, Wyden, Brown Lead 33 Senators In Calling On Trump Administration To Put American Jobs, National Security Before China ~ Senators: Trading American Security for Jobs in China is a Bad Deal|website=[[United States Senate]]|date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.menendez.senate.gov/news-and-events/press/menendez-democratic-senators-call-on-trump-administration-to-put-american-jobs-national-security-before-china|title=Menendez, Democratic Senators Call On Trump Administration To Put American Jobs, National Security Before China|website=[[United States Senate]]|date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/chuck-schumer-tells-trump-not-to-let-xi-play-him-on-china-trade-talks.html|title=Senate Democratic leader Chuck Schumer warns Trump: 'Don't let President Xi play you' on trade talks|website=CNBC|date=2018-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democrats.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/ahead-of-g-20-summit-schumer-wyden-and-brown-urge-president-trump-to-not-back-down-on-further-action-against-china-for-sake-of-weak-and-meaningless-agreement|title=Ahead Of G-20 Summit, Schumer, Wyden, And Brown Urge President Trump To Not Back Down On Further Action Against China For Sake Of Weak And Meaningless Agreement|website=[[United States Senate]]|date=2018-11-28}}</ref> Bipartisan support from the House of Representatives for Trump's actions came from [[Nancy Pelosi]]<ref name="Dem-Trump">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-elections-trade/democrat-led-house-seen-backing-trumps-china-trade-war-scrutinizing-talks-with-allies-idUSKCN1ND1HU|title=Democrat-led House seen backing Trump's China trade war, scrutinizing talks with allies|website=[[Reuters]]|date=2018-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pelosi.house.gov/news/press-releases/pelosi-statement-on-trump-administration-s-new-tariffs-on-china|title=Pelosi Statement on Trump Administration's New Tariffs on China|website=[[United States House of Representatives]]|date=2018-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democraticleader.gov/newsroom/52918-2/|title=Pelosi Statement on Trump Trade Brinkmanship|website=[[United States House of Representatives]]|date=2018-05-29}}</ref> and [[Brad Sherman]]<ref name="Sherman-Yoho">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/house-democrat-china-declared-trade-war-not-trump/|title=House Democrat: 'China declared trade war,' not Trump|website=[[Washington Examiner]]|date=2018-07-11}}</ref> [[Kevin Brady]]<ref name="LAT180322"/> and [[Ted Yoho]]<ref name="Sherman-Yoho"/> |
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===Media=== |
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In an article in Forbes, [[Harry G. Broadman]], a former U.S. trade negotiator, has argued that while the Trump administration's basic position that the Chinese do not abide by fair, systematic, transparent and market-based rules for global trade was broadly correct, its approach of employing tariffs as self-defeating and instead recommended that it pursue a coalition-based trade strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/harrybroadman/2018/04/09/the-coalition-based-trade-strategy-trump-should-pursue-toward-china/#a4e9f307b9e7|title=The Coalition-Based Trade Strategy Trump Should Pursue Toward China|last=Broadman|first=Harry|date=2018-04-09|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> |
In an article in Forbes, [[Harry G. Broadman]], a former U.S. trade negotiator, has argued that while the Trump administration's basic position that the Chinese do not abide by fair, systematic, transparent and market-based rules for global trade was broadly correct, its approach of employing tariffs as self-defeating and instead recommended that it pursue a coalition-based trade strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/harrybroadman/2018/04/09/the-coalition-based-trade-strategy-trump-should-pursue-toward-china/#a4e9f307b9e7|title=The Coalition-Based Trade Strategy Trump Should Pursue Toward China|last=Broadman|first=Harry|date=2018-04-09|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> |
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Analyst [[Zachary Karabell]] said that the administration's tariffs-based approach would not work as it would not "reverse what has already been transferred and will not do much to address the challenge of China today, which is no longer a manufacturing neophyte" and also argued that the assertion that more rigorous intellectual property protections would “level the playing field” was problematic.<ref name=trumpwired>[https://www.wired.com/story/why-trumps-misguided-china-tariffs-wont-help-the-us/ "Why Trump's Misguided China Tariffs Won't Help the U.S."], ''Wired'', March 31, 2018</ref> He recommended instead that the US focus on its relative advantages of economic openness and a culture of independence.<ref name=trumpwired/> |
Analyst [[Zachary Karabell]] said that the administration's tariffs-based approach would not work as it would not "reverse what has already been transferred and will not do much to address the challenge of China today, which is no longer a manufacturing neophyte" and also argued that the assertion that more rigorous intellectual property protections would “level the playing field” was problematic.<ref name=trumpwired>[https://www.wired.com/story/why-trumps-misguided-china-tariffs-wont-help-the-us/ "Why Trump's Misguided China Tariffs Won't Help the U.S."], ''Wired'', March 31, 2018</ref> He recommended instead that the US focus on its relative advantages of economic openness and a culture of independence.<ref name=trumpwired/> |
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⚫ | On May 20, 2019 the Footwear Distributors & Retailers Of America (An industry [[trade association]] for [[footwear]]), issued an open letter to Donald Trump, part of which read: “On behalf of our hundreds of millions of footwear consumers and hundreds of thousands of employees, we ask that you immediately stop this action”, referring to the trade war. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 01:48, 3 June 2019
Since July 6, 2018, China and the United States have been engaged in a trade war involving the mutual placement of tariffs.[3] The President of the United States, Donald Trump, has exercised authority granted by Congress in the Trade Act of 1974, to unilaterally impose tariffs on $250 billion[4] of Chinese goods after the Office of the United States Trade Representative determined China's trade practices were unfairly limiting U.S. exports.[5] China’s Ministry of Commerce said in a statement that the United States "has launched the biggest trade war in economic history so far" and imposed retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods of a similar value.[6]
The U.S. claims that Chinese policies put U.S. patent holders at a disadvantage in Chinese markets by encouraging foreign companies to engage in joint ventures with Chinese companies. This gives Chinese companies access and permission to use, improve, copy or illegally develop their technologies.[7][8][9] The Trump administration views the Made in China 2025 industrialization plan as a threat to the U.S. economy and national security.[10] The White House has urged the Chinese to abandon the program.[11] China firmly opposes these U.S. trade practices, believing they represent "unilateralism" and "protectionism".[12][additional citation(s) needed]
Background
There are several areas of disagreement which preceded the trade war. In justifying some of the tariffs that the Trump administration would eventually impose Peter Navarro, White House Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy Director, provided a number of the administration's explanations among them are that they are "purely defensive measures."[13] He claims that the cumulative trillions of dollars Americans transfer overseas as a result of yearly deficits, are then used by those countries to buy America's assets, as opposed to investing that money in the U.S. "If we do as we're doing . . . those trillions of dollars are in the hands of foreigners that they can then use to buy up America."[14] U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer, after a seven-month investigation into China and intellectual property, explained that the value of the tariffs imposed was based on U.S. estimates of the actual economic damage caused by China's alleged IP theft and the forced transfer of technology to Chinese companies.[15]
Another area of disagreement concerns allegations of Chinese espionage against the United States. U.S. officials, businesspeoples, academics and organizations have accused China (through its intelligence services) of stealing American intellectual property and military technology.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][22] Former Director of the National Security Agency Keith B. Alexander called Chinese industrial espionage as "the greatest transfer of wealth in history."[23] and in August 2017, U.S Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer opened a formal investigation of China in regard to alleged unfair trade practices,[24] which are thought to cost the U.S. an estimated $225–600 billion a year.[25]>[26] In January 2019, U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen, Acting Attorney General Matthew Whitaker, Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, and FBI Director Christopher Wray announces 23 criminal charges against China's Huawei and its CFO Wanzhou Meng.[27][28][29][30] In response PRC state media declared that the government's attitude toward the protection of intellectual property rights is clear and firm, and it has continuously strengthened protection at the legislative, law enforcement and judicial levels, and achieved remarkable results.[31]
A further area of disagreement concerns the issue of technology transfer. In a 2018 survey of members of the American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China (AmCham China), over half its members thought that "leakage of intellectual property" was an important concern when doing business there.[32] Similarly, the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China has also complained that European companies wanting access to the Chinese market often had to agree to transfer vital technology.[33] In response the Chinese government has denied that FTT is a policy[34] and former U.S. treasury secretary Larry Summers asserted that Chinese companies’ leadership in some technologies were not the result of theft from the U.S. but from its investments in basic science.[35] A senior policy specialist from the Institute for China-America Studies (a DC-based think tank established by Beijing[36]) said that accusations involving FTT were "by and large invalid,", but that there "are grounds to believe that at the margins there might be some suspect practices."[37] In March 2019, the National People's Congress endorsed a new foreign investment bill, to take effect in 2020, which explicitly prohibits FTT and grants stronger protection to foreign intellectual property and trade secrets. AmCham China policy committee chair Lester Ross felt that the draft text of the bill felt "rushed" and "broad", and also showed concern for a portion of the bill that grants the country power to retaliate against countries that impose restrictions on Chinese companies.[38][39][40]
Chronology
- In June 2016, as presidential candidate, Donald Trump vowed to cancel international trade deals and go on an offensive against Chinese economic practices, describing his promise as a reaction against "a leadership class that worships globalism."[41] Less than a year after he took office, the United States, European Union and Japan, agreed to work within the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other multilateral groups to eliminate unfair subsidies by countries, which create noncompetitive conditions through state-owned enterprises, “forced” technology transfers and local content requirements.[42]
- In April 2017, prior to a meeting between Trump and Xi, Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer described the president as being a "98-pound weakling" on Chinese trade, observing that Trump "talk[ed] a good game" and "sign[ed] a couple of executive orders that mean nothing. He hasn't saved one job — one job — that China is stealing."[43] After the meeting, Schumer further criticized Trump, arguing that he "had a golden opportunity to win concessions" but "[came] home empty handed", describing a "100-day plan" agreed upon during the meeting as "mean[ing] virtually nothing." Schumer agreed with Trump's overall rhetoric and rationale for his actions against China, but felt that the countries' respective administrations "haven't been strong enough to fight back."[44]
- In August 2017, Schumer and other senior Democrats backed a proposed inquiry into Chinese trade practices; Oregon senator Ron Wyden stated in a letter that the government needed to take action "to counter China's attempts to strong-arm U.S. innovators into giving up their intellectual property and drive U.S. firms further out of the Chinese market."[45]
- January 22, 2018. Donald Trump placed a 30% tariff on foreign solar panels, to be reduced to 15% after four years.[46][47] China, the world leader in solar panel manufacture, decried the tariffs.[48] That same day, tariffs of 20% were placed on washing machines for the first 1.2 million units imported during the year. In 2016, China exported $425 million worth of washers to the United States.[49][50]
- March 1, 2018. Trump imposed tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum. The tariff would have a greater effect on some other countries, including allies such as Canada and South Korea, than China.[51]
- March 22, 2018. Trump asked the United States Trade Representative (USTR) investigate applying tariffs on US$50–60 billion worth of Chinese goods.[52][53][54] He relied on Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 for doing so, stating that the proposed tariffs were "a response to the unfair trade practices of China over the years", including theft of U.S. intellectual property.[55][52] Over 1,300 categories of Chinese imports were listed for tariffs, including aircraft parts, batteries, flat-panel televisions, medical devices, satellites, and various weapons.[56][57]
- April 2, 2018. Ministry of Commerce of China responded by imposing tariffs on 128 products it imports from America, including aluminium, airplanes, cars, pork, and soybeans (which have a 25% tariff), as well as fruit, nuts, and steel piping (15%).[58][59][60] U.S. commerce secretary Wilbur Ross said that the planned Chinese tariffs only reflected 0.3% of U.S. gross domestic product, and Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders stated that the moves would have "short-term pain" but bring "long-term success".[61][62][63][64] On April 5, 2018, Trump responded saying that he was considering another round of tariffs on an additional $100 billion of Chinese imports as Beijing retaliates.[65] The next day the World Trade Organization received request from China for consultations on new U.S. tariffs.[66]
- April 4, 2018. Trump denied the existence of a trade war, saying "that war was lost many years ago by the foolish, or incompetent, people who represented the U.S." He added: "Now we have a trade deficit of $500 billion a year, with intellectual property (IP) theft of another $300 billion.[note 1] We cannot let this continue."[64][62]
- May 15, 2018. Vice Premier and Politburo member Liu He, top economic adviser to President of China and General Secretary Xi Jinping, visited Washington for further trade talks.[67][54]
- May 20, 2018. Chinese officials agreed to "substantially reduce" America's trade deficit with China[67] by committing to "significantly increase" its purchases of American goods. As a result, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announced that "We are putting the trade war on hold".[68] White House National Trade Council Director Peter Navarro, however, said that there was no "trade war," but that it was a "trade dispute, fair and simple. We lost the trade war long ago."[69]
- May 29, 2018. The White House announced that it would impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion of Chinese goods with "industrially significant technology;" the full list of products affected to be announced by June 15, 2018.[70] It also planned to impose investment restrictions and enhanced export controls on certain Chinese individuals and organizations to prevent them from acquiring U.S. technology.[71] China said it would discontinue trade talks with Washington if it imposed trade sanctions."[72]
- June 15, 2018. Trump declared that the United States would impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion of Chinese exports. $34 billion would start July 6, 2018, with a further $16 billion to begin at a later date.[73][74][75] China's Commerce Ministry accused the United States of launching a trade war and said China would respond in kind with similar tariffs for US imports, starting on July 6, 2018.[76] Three days later, the White House declared that the United States would impose additional 10% tariffs on another $200 billion worth of Chinese imports if China retaliated against these U.S. tariffs.[54] The list of products included in this round of tariffs was released on July 11, 2018, and was set to be implemented within 60 days.[77]
- June 19, 2018. China retaliates, threatening its own tariffs on $50 billion of U.S. goods, and claimed the United States had "launched a trade war." Import and export markets in a number of nations feared the tariffs would disrupt supply chains which could "ripple around the globe."[78]
- July 6, 2018. American tariffs on $34 billion of Chinese goods came into effect. China imposed retaliatory tariffs on US goods of a similar value. The tariffs accounted for 0.1% of the global gross domestic product.[79][80] On July 10, 2018, U.S. released an initial list of the additional $200 billion of Chinese goods that would be subject to a 10% tariff.[81] China vowed to retaliate with additional tariffs on American goods worth $60 billion annually two days later.[82]
- August 8, 2018. The Office of the United States Trade Representative published its finalized list of 279 Chinese goods, worth $16 Billion, to be subject to a 25% tariff from August 23, 2018.[83][84][54] In response, China imposed 25% tariffs on $16 billion of imports from the US, which was implemented in parallel with the US tariffs on August 23, 2018.[85]
- August 14, 2018. China filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO), claiming that US tariffs on foreign solar panels clash with WTO ruling and have destabilized the international market for solar PV products. China claimed the resulting impact directly harmed China's legitimate trade interests.[86]
- August 22, 2018. US Treasury Undersecretary David Malpass and Chinese Commerce Vice-Minister Wang Shouwen met in Washington, D.C. in a bid to reopen negotiations. Meanwhile, on August 23, 2018, the US and China's promised tariffs on $16 billion of goods took effect,[87] and on August 27, 2018, China filed a new WTO complaint against the US regarding the additional tariffs.[88]
- September 17, 2018. The US announced its 10% tariff on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods would begin on September 24, 2018, increasing to 25% by the end of the year. They also threatened tariffs on an additional $267 billion worth of imports if China retaliates,[89] which China promptly did on September 18 with 10% tariffs on $60 billion of US imports.[90][91] So far, China has either imposed or proposed tariffs on $110 billion of U.S. goods, representing most of its imports of American products.[89]
- November 10, 2018 - White House National Trade Council Director Peter Navarro alleges that a group of Wall Street billionaires are conducting an influence operation on behalf of the Chinese governmentby weakening the President and the U.S. negotiating position, and urges them to invest in the rust belt.[92][93]
- December 1, 2018. The planned increases in tariffs were postponed. The White House stated that both parties will "immediately begin negotiations on structural changes with respect to forced technology transfer, intellectual property protection, non-tariff barriers, cyber intrusions and cyber theft."[94][95] According to the Trump Administration, "If at the end of [90 days], the parties are unable to reach an agreement, the 10 percent tariffs will be raised to 25 percent."[96][97] The U.S. Trade Representative's office confirmed the hard deadline for China's structural changes is March 1, 2019.[98][99]
- December 4, 2018 New York Fed President John Williams says that he believes the US economy will stay strong in 2019.[100] Williams expects that increases in the interest rates will be necessary to maintain the economy. He stated, “Given this outlook of strong growth, strong labor market and inflation near our goal and taking account all the various risks around the outlook, I do expect further gradual increases in interest rates will best sponsor a sustained economic expansion."[100]
- November 30, 2018. President Trump signed the revised U.S.–Mexico–Canada Agreement in Buenos Aires, Argentina on November 30. The USMCA contains an article 32.10 which aims at preventing any non-market economy, especially China, to take advantage of the agreement.[101][102][103] Jorge Guajardo, former Mexican ambassador to China said "One thing the Chinese have had to acknowledge is that it wasn't a Trump issue; it was a world issue. Everybody's tired of the way China games the trading system and makes promises that never amount to anything."[104]
- May 5, 2019. Trump stated that the previous tariffs of 10% levied in $200 billion worth of Chinese goods would be raised to 25% on May 10.[105] With notification by USTR, the Federal Register on May 9th has published the modification of duty on or after 12:01 a.m. Eastern Time Zone May 10 to 25% for the products of China covered by the September 2018 action.[106]
- May 15, 2019. Trump signed the executive order 13873, which seeks to restrict the export of U.S. information and communications technology to "foreign adversaries" under national security grounds. The order did not make any references to specific companies or nations, but it was heavily implied that the order was meant to support United States allegations of espionage via Chinese telecommunications firms.[107][108]
Effects
In April 2018 China announced that it would eliminate laws that required global automakers and shipbuilders to work through state-owned partners.[109] President of China and General Secretary Xi Jinping reiterated those pledges, affirming a desire to increase imports, lower foreign-ownership limits on manufacturing and expand protection to intellectual property, all central issues in Trump's complaints about their trade imbalance.[110] Trump thanked Xi for his "kind words on tariffs and automobile barriers" and "his enlightenment" on intellectual property and technology transfers. "We will make great progress together!" the president added.[110]
By early July 2018, there were negative and positive results already showing up in the economy as a result of the tariffs, with a number of industries showing employment growth while others were planning on layoffs.[111] Regional commentators noted that consumer products were the most likely to be affected by the tariffs. A timeline of when costs would rise was uncertain as companies had to figure out if they could sustain a tariff hike without passing on the costs to consumers.[112]
On July 6 2018, when the tariffs went into effect, markets rebounded and rallied due to positive jobs report in the U.S.[113] Asian markets similarly rebounded, ending the day in a high note. According to the Associated Press, the positive reaction to the tariffs in U.S. and Asian markets was because of an end to uncertainty[113] and, according to Investor's Business Daily, because "markets had largely priced in the impact".
On August 4, 2018. China falls from second to third largest market capitalization, marking the effects of the ongoing trade war.[114]
On December 4, 2018, the Dow Jones Industrial Average logs its worst day in nearly a month as it declines a near 600 points, to which some argue is in part due to the trade war.[115]
The trade war has forced China to import from Brazil and other soybean producers instead of from the U.S.[116] Forbes suggested that U.S. farmers should reduce soybean productions instead of depending on China.[117] President Trump responded that he will spend the tens of billions of dollars in tariffs from China to buy products with Great American Patriot Farmers and distribute the food to starving people in nations around the world.[118][119]
According to a January 14, 2019, article in the Wall Street Journal, despite US-imposed tariffs, in 2018 China's annual trade surplus was $323.32 billion, a record high.[120] On February 6, 2018, The New York Times reported that in 2017 the trade deficit had also reached a record high.[121] In March 2019, the U.S. Department of Commerce stated that in 2018 the U.S. trade deficit reached $621 billion, the highest it had been since 2008.[122]
Reactions
US industry
John Ferriola, the CEO and President of Nucor, America's largest steel producer and its largest metal recycler, claimed that tariffs were not unfair, but were "simply leveling the playing field." He explained to TV host Jim Cramer, that not only the "European Union, but most countries in the world, have a 25 percent or greater VAT, value-added tax, on products going into their countries from the United States. So if we impose a 25 percent tariff, all we are doing is treating them exactly as they treat us."[123] VAT (value added tax) is a sales tax which is charged regardless of origin, but, in the European form of VAT, is refunded only to manufacturers within a recognized VAT zone. European law does not recognize the US income tax system as a VAT. He further said that even with the tariffs on steel, the cost of an average $36,000 car would go up about $160, less than 1/2 of 1%, while a can of beer would only cost an extra penny more.[123]
On June 1, 2018, after similar action by the United States, the European Union launched WTO legal complaints against China's alleged forced ownership-granting and usage of technology that is claimed to discriminate foreign firms and undermine the intellectual property rights of EU companies. They are allegedly forced to establish joint ventures in order to gain access to the Chinese market. The European Commissioner for Trade Cecilia Malmström said "We cannot let any country force our companies to surrender this hard-earned knowledge at its border. This is against international rules that we have all agreed upon in the WTO."[124][125] American, European and Japanese officials have discussed joint strategy and taken actions against unfair competition by China.[126][127][128] The 2018 G20 summit concluded the multilateral trading system "is currently falling short of its objectives... necessary reform of the WTO to improve its functioning."[129]
Scott Paul, president of the Alliance for American Manufacturing, is a proponent of the increased U.S. tariffs.[130]
Following announcements of escalation of tariffs by the U.S. and China, representatives of several major U.S. industries expressed their fears of the effects on their businesses. Organizations critical of the intensifying trade war included Retail Industry Leaders Association. Several mayors representing towns with a heavy reliance on the manufacturing sector also expressed their concerns.[130] In September, a business coalition announced a lobbying campaign called "Tariffs Hurt the Heartland" to protest the proposed tariffs.[131] The tariffs on Chinese steel, aluminium, and certain chemicals contributed to rising fertilizer and agricultural equipment costs in the United States.[132] Despite the trade war however, demand for freight services increased and imports from China into the U.S grew from US$38,230 million to US$50,032 million. Commentators have noted that counter to fears of falling trade, this actually signalled a growth of demand for goods from China.[133]
On May 20, 2019 the Footwear Distributors & Retailers Of America (An industry trade association for footwear), issued an open letter to Donald Trump, part of which read: “On behalf of our hundreds of millions of footwear consumers and hundreds of thousands of employees, we ask that you immediately stop this action”, referring to the trade war.[134][135]
Congress
Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer praised President Trump's higher tariffs against China's alleged taking advantage of the U.S. and said "Democrats, Republicans, Americans of every political ideology, every region in the country should support these actions." Other Democratic senators who supported Trump's actions include Bob Menendez, Sherrod Brown and Ron Wyden[136][137][138][139][140] Bipartisan support from the House of Representatives for Trump's actions came from Nancy Pelosi[141][142][143] and Brad Sherman[144] Kevin Brady[136] and Ted Yoho[144]
Media
In an article in Forbes, Harry G. Broadman, a former U.S. trade negotiator, has argued that while the Trump administration's basic position that the Chinese do not abide by fair, systematic, transparent and market-based rules for global trade was broadly correct, its approach of employing tariffs as self-defeating and instead recommended that it pursue a coalition-based trade strategy.[145]
Analyst Zachary Karabell said that the administration's tariffs-based approach would not work as it would not "reverse what has already been transferred and will not do much to address the challenge of China today, which is no longer a manufacturing neophyte" and also argued that the assertion that more rigorous intellectual property protections would “level the playing field” was problematic.[146] He recommended instead that the US focus on its relative advantages of economic openness and a culture of independence.[146]
See also
- Chinese espionage in the United States
- Congressional-Executive Commission on China
- Intellectual property in China
- Protectionism in the United States
- United States-China relations
Notes
- ^ As of 2016, the total amount of U.S. imports equaled $2,248,209 million dollars whereas the total imports of China stood at $1,587,921 million dollars.[37] In regard to exports, U.S. exports were $1,450,457 million dollars whereas China exports were $2,097,637 million dollars.[37] China has had a continuous trade surplus with the United States, amounting to $275.81 billion in 2017. Of the trade surplus, 68% of it is derived from the United States alone.[37] While China experienced a trade surplus, the United States was faced with a trade deficit; therefore persuading the Trump Administration to take action.[37]
References
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- ^ Donald J. Trump (May 12, 2019). "....We will then spend (match or better) the money that China may no longer be spending with our Great Patriot Farmers (Agriculture), which is a small percentage of total Tariffs received, and distribute the food to starving people in nations around the world! GREAT! #MAGA". Twitter.
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- ^ a b "Why Trump's Misguided China Tariffs Won't Help the U.S.", Wired, March 31, 2018
Further reading
- Meredith A. Crowley (ed.), 2019. Trade War: The Clash of Economic Systems Endangering Global Prosperity. CEPR Press.
External links
- Works related to The Facts and China’s Position on China–US Trade Friction at Wikisource